Chair of Control, Robotics and Computer Science, Poznan University of Technology, ... Next generation of database systems is intended to integrate information from .... q, {[Idemp : x,, salary : y,] | z, eMP,(Idemp : x,, salary : y,, Job : z,) Ъ y, 25k},.
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³FKLOGVHPDQWLFV´ RUE\SDUWLDOSUHRUGHULQJUHODWLRQ LQ³QHLJKERUVHPDQWLFV´ 7KHRWKHUW\SHRIUHOD[DWLRQGLVFXVVHGLQWKHSDSHUFRQVLVWV LQLQWURGXFLQJSDUWLDORUGHULQJLQWRVHWRITXHULHV7KXVLQVWHDGRIHYDOXDWLQJRULJLQDO TXHU\DTXHU\VXEVXPLQJLW PRUHJHQHUDO PD\EHHYDOXDWHG
,QWURGXFWLRQ
,Q FRQYHQWLRQDO GDWDEDVH V\VWHPV D TXHU\ ZULWWHQ LQ D IRUPDO TXHU\ ODQJXDJH LV DF FHSWHGHYDOXDWHGDJDLQVWDGDWDEDVHDQGWKHFRPSOHWHVHWRIWXSOHVVDWLVI\LQJ WKHTXHU\ WKH DQVZHU VHW LV UHWXUQHG ,Q &'%6 WKLV TXHU\DQVZHU SDUDGLJP LV DXJPHQWHG WR DOORZ WKH V\VWHPWR UHOD[ D TXHU\ LQVRPHFDVHV HJZKHQDTXHU\ IDLOV 7KHQDQDSSUR[LPDWHDQ VZHUPD\EHSURYLGHG5HOD[DWLRQRIDTXHU\PD\FRQVLVWLQUHZULWLQJLWLQWRDVHWRIPRUH JHQHUDO³UHODWHG´TXHULHV>@ ,Q WKH SDSHU ZH GLVFXVV DSSUR[LPDWH DQVZHUV WKURXJK UHOD[DWLRQ RI VHPDQWLFV RI WKH XQGHUO\LQJTXHU\ODQJXDJH,QSDUWLFXODUZHSURSRVHD³ZHDNHU´LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHV\P ERO³ ´LQDWRPLFIRUPXODV,QVWHDGRIHTXDOLW\WKHV\PEROPLJKWEHLQWHUSUHWHGDVDSDUWLDO RUGHULQJ UHODWLRQ LQ ³FKLOG VHPDQWLFV´ RU DV SDUWLDO SUHRUGHULQJ UHODWLRQ LQ ³QHLJKERU VHPDQWLFV´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± GDWDEDVHV\VWHPVPD\XVHGLIIHUHQWGDWDPRGHODQG VHPDQWLFKHWHURJHQHLW\ ± GDWDEDVH V\VWHPVPD\DJUHHRQDGDWDPRGHOEXWWKH\PD\KDYHLQGHSHQGHQWVSHFLILFDWLRQVRIGDWD 7KLV LV D VRXUFH RI KHWHURJHQHLW\ EHFDXVH PRVW GDWD PRGHOV RIIHU PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW ZD\VWR GHVFULEHWKHVRPHRUVLPLODULQIRUPDWLRQ
,Q RUGHU WR UHVROYH VHPDQWLF KHWHURJHQHLW\ LQ GDWDEDVHV JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ RI GDWD PD\ EH DSSOLHG$VWKHUHVXOWRIWKHJHQHUDOL]DWLRQGDWDKHWHURJHQHRXVDWDORZOHYHORIDEVWUDFWLRQ EHFRPH KRPRJHQRXV DW KLJKHU OHYHO >@ 7KXV LQ WKH SURFHVV RI TXHU\ HYDOXDWLRQ LI WKH H[DFWDQVZHUGRHVQRWH[LVWZHFDQXVHGDWDIURPGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRIJHQHUDOL]DWLRQ LQRUGHU WRREWDLQDQRQHPSW\ DSSUR[LPDWHDQVZHU 7KHSDSHULVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZV6HFWLRQIRUPDOL]HVDGDWDPRGHODQGDODQJXDJHLQ ZKLFKTXHULHVFDQEHH[SUHVVHG7KHIRUPDOVHPDQWLFVRIWKHODQJXDJHSURYLGHVWKHZD\IRU REWDLQLQJ H[DFW DQVZHUV WR WKH TXHULHV ,Q 6HFWLRQ ZH GLVFXVV WKUHH DSSURDFKHV WR DS SUR[LPDWHDQVZHULQJ7ZRRIWKHPDUHEDVHGRQUHOD[HG DSSUR[LPDWH VHPDQWLFVXVLQJWKH IDFWWKDWDWRPLFFRQVWDQWVLQWKHGRPDLQPD\EHSDUWLDOO\RUGHUHG7KHWKLUGPHWKRGDGGL WLRQDOO\DVVXPHVSDUWLDORUGHULQJRQDWWULEXWHVDQGUHODWLRQQDPHV 6HFWLRQFRQFOXGHVWKH SDSHU ([DFWDQVZHUV
/HW' EHDVHWRIDWRPLFFRQVWDQWV DQG$ EHDVHWRIDWWULEXWHV7KHUHODWLRQDOXQLYHUVH RYHU' DQG$ LVWKHOHDVWVHW55 VXFKWKDW ' 5
$Q\WXSOHU >$ D$Q DQ @ 5 DWXSOHLVDVHWRISDLUV $D $ $D ' $VDTXHU\ODQJXDJHZHDVVXPHWKHPXOWLW\SHGGRPDLQUHODWLRQDOFDOFXOXV '5& DILUVW RUGHUODQJXDJHRIWKHUHODWLRQXQLYHUVH55 7\SHV RI'5& DUH W 8 _>$ 8$Q 8 @8 ± WKHDWRPLFW\SH>$ 8$Q 8 @± DWXSOHW\SH $OSKDEHWRI'5& FRQVLVWVRI $WRPLFFRQVWDQWVDDRIW\SH8 DQGDWRPLFYDULDEOHV [[RIW\SH8 5HODWLRQQDPHV55 HDFKQDPH5 LVRIDWXSOHW\SHW (TXDOLW\ /RJLFDOV\PEROV :HOOIRUPHGIRUPXODVRI'5& W D _[ ± DWRPLFWHUPV X >$ W$Q WQ @± WXSOH WHUPV RIW\SH>$ 8$Q 8 @ D W W¶ _5 X ± DWRPLFIRUPXODV M D _M M¶_[M FRQMXQFWLYHIRUPXODV T ^X _M`± FRQMXQFWLYHTXHULHV 6HPDQWLFVRI'5& LVGHWHUPLQHGE\LWVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ , , D ' , 5 ± DILQLWHVXEVHWRIWXSOHVRIW\SHWZKHUH5 LVDUHODWLRQQDPHRIW\SHW DQGE\WKHVDWLVIDFWLRQ RIIRUPXODV ,Z _ [ D Z [ , D ,Z _ [ \ Z [ Z \ ,Z _ 5 $ [$Q [Q >$ Z [ $Q Z [Q @ , 5 ,Z _ M \ ,Z _ M DQG ,Z _ \ ,Z _ [M WKHUHLVD VXFKWKDW ,Z>[D@ _ M ZKHUHZ ; o 'LVDYDOXDWLRQRIYDULDEOHVZ>[D@LVDYDOXDWLRQLGHQWLFDOWRZ VXFKWKDW Z [ D ([DFWDQVZHU WRDTXHU\ E\LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ, ^X _M` , ^Z X _ ,Z _ M`
$SSUR[LPDWHDQVZHUV
0DQ\UHVHDUFKHV KDYH EHHQLQWHUHVWHGLQFRRSHUDWLYHDQGDSSUR[LPDWHDQVZHULQJ>@ :HH[SORUHWZRWHFKQLTXHV³FKLOG´DQG³QHLJKERU´VHPDQWLFVIURPDIRUPDOSRLQWRIYLHZ DQG SURSRVH D QHZDSSURDFK WR GHILQH SDUWLDORUGHULQJ VXEVXPSWLRQ RQ TXHULHV RQERWK WKH\ V\QWD[DQGDQVZHUV )XUWKHURQZHDVVXPHWKDW 'd LVDSDUWLDOO\RUGHUHGVHWRIDWRPLFFRQVWDQWVDQGWKHUH DUHKLHUDUFKLHVLQ' IRUPLQJURRWHGGLUHFWHGWUHHV &KLOGVHPDQWLFV
,QWKH³FKLOGVHPDQWLFV´HYHU\DWRPLFIRUPXODRIWKHIRUP[ D LV VDWLVILHGQRWRQO\E\ YDOXDWLRQVPDSSLQJ[ RQDEXWDOVRE\YDOXDWLRQVPDSSLQJ[ RQDQ\³FKLOG´RID LQWKHKL HUDUFK\)RUPDOO\WKHWZRILUVWUXOHVLQWKHGHILQLWLRQRIVDWLVIDFWLRQDUHUHIRUPXODWHG ,Z _ [ D , D d Z [ ,Z _ [ \ Z \ d Z [ DQGLQUXOHVWKHV\PERO_ LVUHSODFHGZLWK_ $QVZHU WRDTXHU\ZLWKUHVSHFWWR_ E\LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ, ^X _M` , ^Z X _ ,Z _ M` ([DPSOH $VVXPHWKDWLQWKHVHWRIDWRPLFFRQVWDQWVWKHKLHUDUFK\+ VKRZQLQ)LJ D KDV EHHQLGHQWLILHG/HW5 EHDUHODWLRQQDPHRIW\SH>$ 8% 8& 8@ZKLFKLQVWDQFH , 5 LVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJ E +
, 5 $
D E G
H
F I
J D
K M
L
% [ \ ]
& L I N
E
N
)LJ
7KHQWKHH[DFWDQVZHUWRWKHTXHU\ T ^>$ [% \@_] 5 $ [% \& ] ] F` LVHPSW\%XWDSSO\LQJWKHFKLOGVHPDQWLFVZHREWDLQ ^>$ % [@>$ % ]@` 1HLJKERUVHPDQWLFV
,QRUGHUWRGHILQHWKH³QHLJKERUVHPDQWLF´IRUHYHU\HOHPHQW YHUWH[ RIWKHKLHUDUFK\+ ZHGHILQHLWVGHSWK GHSWK D LID LVDURRW GHSWK D GHSWK D¶ LID¶ LVWKHSDUHQWRID )RU WZR HOHPHQWV D DQG D¶ EHORQJLQJ WR WKH VDPH SDWKV D d D¶ WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKHPLVJLYHQE\WKHIXQFWLRQ GLVW DD¶ GHSWK D¶ GHSWK D
)RUHYHU\D +WKHVHWRIDQFHVWRUV RIDRIGHJUHHQRWJUHDWHUWKDQL LVGHILQHGDV DQFL D ^D¶ + _GLVW D¶D d L` 7KHPHHW
RID D¶ + LVWKHLUSDUHQWLHD
D¶ D´ LID´ LVWKHSDUHQWRID DQGD¶ WKHJUHDWHVWORZHUERXQGRID DQGD¶ LQWKHPHDQVRIWKHODWWLFHWKHRU\ >@ 7KHIROORZLQJELQDU\UHODWLRQZLOOEHXVHGLQGHILQLWLRQRIQHLJKERUVHPDQWLFV D dL D¶ GHSWK D d GHSWK D¶ D
D¶ DQFL D ,QWXLWLYHO\LID dL D¶ WKHQD¶ LVDQHLJKERURIGHJUHHQRWJUHDWHUWKDQL RID1RWHWKDWIRUL ZHKDYHWKHFKLOGUHODWLRQVKLS,WFDQEHSURYHQWKDWdL LVDSDUWLDOSUHRUGHULQJUHODWLRQ LHLWLVUHIOH[LYHDQGWUDQVLWLYHEXWQRWDQWV\PPHWULF>@ 7KHRUHP /HW +d EHDSDUWLDOO\RUGHUHGDQGWUHHVWUXFWXUHGVHWRIFRQFHSWV7KHQWKH ELQDU\UHODWLRQdL LVDSDUWLDOSUHRUGHULJUHODWLRQRQ+ )RUWKHKLHUDUFK\LQ)LJZHKDYHHJ Hd [ IRU[ ^GHI`DQGHd [ IRUHYHU\[ ^GHIJKLMN` 7KHUXOHIRUHYDOXDWLQJTXHULHVLQWKHQHLJKERUVHPDQWLFVLV ^X _M` , ^Z X _ ,Z _ L M` ZKHUH ,Z _ L [ D , D dL Z [ ,Z _ L [ \ Z \ dL Z [ DQGUXOHVDUHPRGLILHGDFFRUGLQJO\ 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHQHLJKERUVHPDQWLFVWRWKHTXHU\IURPH[DPSOHJLYHV T , ^>$ % [@>$ % ]@` QHLJKERUKRRGRIGHJUHHQRWJUHDWHUWKHQ T , ^>$ % [@>$ % \@>$ % ]@` QHLJKERUKRRGRIGHJUHHQRWJUHDWHUWKHQ 6XEVXPSWLRQRQTXHULHV
,Q VRPH FDVHV RULJLQDO UHODWLRQV DUH QRW DYDLODEOH WR WKH XVHU RU WKH\ DUH VHPDQWLFDOO\ KHWHURJHQHRXV 6RJHQHUDOL]HG UHODWLRQVGHULYHGIURPRULJLQDORQHVVKRXOGEHXVHG1RZ ZHH[WHQGRXUPRGHODVIROORZV :HDVVXPHWKDWWKHVHW$ RIDWWULEXWHVLVSDUWLDOO\RUGHUHG6RWKHVHW $d$ LVFRQVLG HUHGLQWKHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHUHODWLRQDOXQLYHUVH55$GGLWLRQDOO\ZHDVVXPHWKDWWKHUHLVD GLVWLQJXLVKHGDWWULEXWH8VXFKWKDW8 d$ $IRUHYHU\$ (J6DODU\&DWHJRU\d$ 6DODU\ 7XSOHVLQ55 DUHSDUWLDOO\RUGHUHG,IUDQGU¶ DUHWXSOHVWKHU dN U¶LII $ D U $¶ D¶ U¶$ d $¶ D d D¶ (J >,G(PS 6DODU\&DWHJRU\ BN@dN >,G(PS 6DODU\ N-RE &ODUN@ 7KHUH DUH LQWHJULW\ FRQVWUDLQWV VWDWLQJ VXEVXPSWLRQV EHWZHHQ UHODWLRQ QDPHV VXFKFRQ VWUDLQWLVDQH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHIRUP 5 d5 5¶7KHVDWLVIDFWLRQRIWKHVXEVXPSWLRQ5 d5 5¶ LQWKHGDWDEDVHVWDWH, LVGHILQHGDV , _ 5 d5 5¶ U , 5 U¶ , 5¶ U d N U¶ U¶ , 5¶ U , 5 U d N U¶ (J , _ (03d5 (03¶LI, LVGHILQHGLQWKHIROORZLQJWDEOHV , (03 ,G(PS
6DODU\&DWHJRU\ BN BN
, (03¶ ,G(PS 6DODU\ N N
-RE &ODUN 'RFWRU
(YHU\YDULDEOHLQDTXHU\KDVDW\SH LQGXFHGE\LWVRFFXUUHQFHLQWKHTXHU\ WLOOQRZDOO YDULDEOHVZHUHDVVXPHGWREHRIWKHVDPHW\SH8 W\SH [ LI WKHUHLVDWHUPX LQTVXFKWKDW $ [ X WKHQ $ HOVH 8 (J)RUWKHTXHU\ ^>$ [% \& ]@_ YZ 5 $ [' Y \ Y ] Z Z D ` W\SH [ $W\SH \ &W\SH ] &W\SH Y 'W\SH Z 8 :HFDQGHILQHDSDUWLDORUGHULQJd(RQFRQMXQFWLYHTXHULHVRI'5& D d( D¶ , D d , D¶ [ d( [¶ W\SH [ d$ W\SH [¶ X d( X¶ $ W X $¶ W¶ $ d$ $¶ W d( W¶ W W d( W¶ W¶ W d( W¶ W d( W¶ 5 X d( 5¶ X¶ 5 d5 5¶ X d ( X¶ MMQ d( \\QN Ld L d QML d( \L [ M d( \ \ [ [ \ \ [ d( \ M d( \ ^X _M`d( ^X¶ _M¶` X d( X¶ M d( M¶
7KXVLQDSSUR[LPDWHDQVZHULQJWKHTXHU\ T¶ ^>,G(PS [¶6DODU\ \¶@_ ]¶ (03¶ ,G(PS [¶6DODU\ \¶-RE ]¶ \¶ N` PLJKWEHUHSODFHGZLWK T ^>,G(PS [6DODU\&DWHJRU\ \@_(03 ,G(PS [6DODU\&DWHJRU\ \ \ BN` VLQFH T d( T¶
7KHRUHP /HWT ^X _M`EHDFRQMXQFWLYHTXHU\LQ'5&7KHQE\DQ\LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ, KROG T , T , T , L T , LL t 0RUHRYHU T d( T¶ T , d6 T¶ , ZKHUH 4 d6 4¶ U¶ 4¶U 4U d N U¶ 3URRI 7KHWKHRUHPIROORZVIURPWKHIDFWWKDWFRQMXQFWLYHTXHULHVDUHPRQRWRQLF &RQFOXVLRQV
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
$SSUR[LPDWH VHPDQWLFV IRU RWKHU GDWD PRGHOV REMHFWRULHQWHG VHPLVWUXFWXUHG GHGXF WLYH ,QWHJUDWLRQ RI KHWHURJHQHRXV LQIRUPDWLRQ VWRUHG QRW RQO\ LQ FRQYHQWLRQDOGDWDEDVHV EXW DOVRLQILOHV\VWHPVWKH:HEDQGOHJDF\V\VWHPV5HVHDUFKFRQFHUQZUDSSHUV DQGPH GLDWRUV LQVXFKV\VWHPVZKLFKFRQYHUWGDWDIURPHDFKVRXUFHLQWRDFRPPRQPRGHODQG DOVRSURYLGHDFRPPRQTXHU\ODQJXDJH ([SODQDWLRQRIKRZDQGZK\DSSUR[LPDWHDQVZHUVZHUHGHULYHG:LWKRXWDQH[SODQDWLRQ LWLVKDUGWRHVWLPDWHXVHIXOQHVVRIWKHDQVZHU 5HIHUHQFHV
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
