Department of Computer Sciences, COmSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan. 2. Department of Computer Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan. Abstract: ...... for his msc in computer science,.
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R1RYHPEHU
6LQJOH,PDJH)DFH5HFRJQLWLRQ8VLQJ/DSODFLDQRI *DXVVLDQDQG'LVFUHWH&RVLQH7UDQVIRUPV 0XKDPPDG6KDULI6DMMDG0RKVLQ0XKDPPDG@WHFKQLTXH FDOOHG 3ULQFLSDO &RPSRQHQW $QDO\VLV 3&$ >@ +RZHYHU WKH UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH LJQRUHG D PDMRU DVSHFW RI IDFH UHFRJQLWLRQ LH VLQJOH LPDJH SHU SHUVRQ SUREOHP ZKLFK QHHGV WR EH DGGUHVVHG PRUH HIILFLHQWO\ DQG HIIHFWLYHO\ RYHU WKH \HDUV %HFDXVH RI LJQRULQJ VXFKDQLPSRUWDQWSUREOHPFHUWDLQZHOONQRZPHWKRGV LH (LJHQIDFH > @ )LVKHUIDFH >@ DQG HODVWLF EXQFKJUDSKPDWFKLQJ>@VKRZYHU\ORZUHFRJQLWLRQ DFFXUDF\RUHYHQIDLO
+LVWRU\RI3UREOHP 7KHKLVWRU\RIWKHSUREOHPWREHHODERUDWHGLVWKDWZH ZHUH SURYLGHG ZLWK D GDWDVHW RI RQH LPDJH DJDLQVW HYHU\SHUVRQ7KHSUHYLRXVWHFKQLTXHVXVHWKDWLPDJH WR UHFRJQL]H WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶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
&KDOOHQJHVWR3UREOHP 7KHFKDOOHQJHWRWKHDUHDZDVIRUWXQDWHO\WKHOHDUQLQJ PHFKDQLVP ZKLFK ZDV FRQVLGHUHG E\ UHVHDUFKHUV DQG LW KDV UHDOO\ DIIHFWHGWKH UHVXOWV RQWKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI IHZ IDFHVDPSOHV 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH UHDO ZRUOG DSSOLFDWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH DUHD RI ODZ
6LQJOH,PDJH)DFH5HFRJQLWLRQ8VLQJ/DSODFLDQRI*DXVVLDQDQG'LVFUHWH&RVLQH7UDQVIRUPV
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
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R1RYHPEHU
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
'LVFUHWH&RVLQH7UDQVIRUP
HOHFWURQLFVWKH*DXVVLDQILOWHUSURYLGHVWKHLQFOLQDWLRQ UHDFWLRQ DV WKH *DXVVLDQ UROH *DXVVLDQ ILOWHUV DUH FRQVLGHUHGWRJLYHQRJREH\RQGWRDVWHSIXQFWLRQNH\ ZKLFK UHGXFHV WKH WLPH 7KLV DFWLRQ LV VWURQJO\ DWWDFKHG WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKH *DXVVLDQ ILOWHU KDV WKH PLQLPXP SRVVLEOH FOXVWHU KLQGUDQFH 6FLHQWLILFDOO\ D *DXVVLDQ ILOWHU PRGLILHV WKH LQSXW VLJQDO E\ GHQVLW\ ZLWK D *DXVVLDQ IXQFWLRQ WKLV UHQRYDWLRQ LV DOVR NQRZQDVWKH³:HLHUVWUDVVWUDQVIRUP´
/DSODFLDQRI*DXVVLDQ)LOWHUV 7KH/DSODFLDQRI*DXVVLDQILOWHULVXVHGWRH[WUDFWWKH LQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHHGJHVRIWKHH[SRVHGLPDJHVDQG WKHQ WKH FRQVWUXFWHG LPDJHV DUH SURYLGHG ZLWK HQULFKHGLQIRUPDWLRQWRH[WUDFWJRRGUHVXOWV
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
7KH '&7 H[SOLFLWO\ H[SUHVVHV PDQ\ GDWD SRLQWV RI WKH LPDJHE\XVLQJWKHVXPRIWKHFRVLQHYDOXHVFRPSXWHG DW YDU\LQJ IUHTXHQFLHV '&7V DUH VLJQLILFDQWO\ XVHG QRZDGD\VWRZRUNRQYDULRXVDSSOLFDWLRQVIURPLPDJH FRPSUHVVLRQWRDXGLRDQGYLGHRKDQGOLQJ,WLVLQIDFW D PHWKRG IRU QXPHULFDO VROXWLRQ WR WKH SDUWLDO GLIIHUHQWLDO HTXDWLRQ 2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ LW VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKH FRQFHSWXDO XVH RI FRVLQH YDOXHV LV IDU EHWWHUWKDQ WKH VLQH YDOXHV IRU FRPSUHVVLRQ SXUSRVHLQ DQLPDJH7KLVLVEHFDXVHROGHUPHWKRGVUHTXLUHIHZHU FRVLQHYDOXHVWRFRPSXWHDW\SLFDOVLJQDORIDQLPDJH ,Q VRPH RWKHU FRQGLWLRQV WKH FRQFHSW RI ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQVZDVDOVRXWLOL]HGWRDGGUHVVWKHSUREOHP
*DXVVLDQ)LOWHULQJ )URPWKHILHOGRIVLJQDOLPDJHSURFHVVLQJDQG
$L M , L 9 KwM U ZKHUH M «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
L
¦¦
[ \
1
1
6LQJOH,PDJH)DFH5HFRJQLWLRQ8VLQJ/DSODFLDQRI*DXVVLDQDQG'LVFUHWH&RVLQH7UDQVIRUPV
:KHUHI[\
^
1 X 1 X
1
`
:KHUH 1 7RWDO QXPEHU RI LPDJHV LQ D GDWDVHW X UHSUHVHQWV/DSODFLDQRI*DXVVLDQ,PDJHYUHSUHVHQWV IHDWXUHVSDFHRI'&7LPDJHVDQG&LKROGLPDJHDIWHU /2*DQG'&7ILOWHULQJ
D X
&RPSXWH WKH IHDWXUH YHFWRU IRU HDFK LPDJH RI GDWDEDVH E\ PXOWLSO\LQJ Z ZLWK WKH VHOHFWHG (LJHQYHFWRUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
6HOHFW PLG IUHTXHQF\ FRHIILFLHQWV RI '&7 UHSUHVHQWLQJORZLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWDLQHGLQDQLPDJH &RQVWUXFW WKH IHDWXUH VSDFH E\ DSSHQGLQJ '&7 FRHIILFLHQWV RI WKH RULJLQDO LPDJH DQG /2* LPDJHV &RQVWUXFW WKH YHFWRU Z ZKHUH Z UHSUHVHQWV (LJHQYHFWRUVIRUWKHLPDJHVLQGDWDEDVH 7KHFRYDULDQFHPDWUL[LVFRPSXWHGDV' ' :KHUH[ &L
)LJXUH ,PDJHV DIWHU ILOWHULQJ RI /2* OHYHOV DQG DSSO\LQJ '&7
7KHEORFNGLDJUDPRIWKHSURSRVHGV\VWHPLVVKRZQ LQ)LJXUH
( > ; ; ; ; W @
3HUIRUPWKH(LJHQYDOXHGHFRPSRVLWLRQDV -; ;7' ;^;«;G` DUJPD[-; IRUM «G
)LJXUH)XQFWLRQDOLW\RIWKHSURSRVHGV\VWHP
ZKHUH DUJPD[ -; UHSUHVHQWV WRS (LJHQYHFWRUV )LJXUH GHILQHV WKH LPDJHV DIWHU OHYHO /2* ILOWHULQJ 7KH RSWLPDO SURMHFWLRQ D[LV ;«;G LV WKH RUWKRQRUPDO(LJHQYHFWRUVRI'FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKH ILUVWGODUJHVW(LJHQYDOXHV @ 352-(&7,21>@ /2*'&7 3URSRVHG
)LJXUH7KHUHVXOWVRQWKH25/IDFHGDWDVHWV
([SHULPHQWDO5HVXOWVRQ1HZ0HWKRGV
7DEOH FRPSDUHV WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ DFFXUDF\ RI VLQJOH LPDJH IDFH UHFRJQLWLRQ XVLQJ /DSODFLDQ RI *DXVVLDQ DQG GLVFUHWH FRVLQH WUDQVIRUP ZLWK '3&$ DQG 3&$ VXFK WKDW WKH SULPH IRFXV RI DFFXUDF\ SHUFHQWDJH LV RQ ELQDU\ '3&$ > @ )5XVLQJ /%' >@ ,//)5'&7 >@ LQ /5' 7KH FRPSXWHG UHVXOWV ZHUH SURYLGHG ZLWK D WRWDO RI LPDJHV RI GLIIHUHQW IDFHV DQG WKH PDWFKHG LPDJHV DJDLQVW WKHP DORQJZLWKWKHDFFXUDF\SHUFHQWDJH7KHWHVWEHGXVHG IRU WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV RI 7DEOH LV @ 352-(&7,21>@ /2*'&7 3URSRVHG
3&$ '3&$ /2*'&7 3URSRVHG %'3&$ )5XVLQJ/%' ,//)5'&7 LQ/5'
$FFXUDF\
3HUIRUPDQFH5HVXOWVRQ3,('DWDVHW 7KH3,(IDFLDOGDWDEDVHFRPSULVHVRILPDJHVZLWKD WRWDO RI LPDJHV IURP GLIIHUHQW DQJOHV 7KH LPDJHV RI WKLV GDWDEDVH ZHUH FDSWXUHG E\ V\QFKURQL]HG FDPHUDV IURP GLIIHUHQW GLUHFWLRQV XQGHU YDU\LQJ H[SUHVVLRQ LOOXPLQDWLRQ DQG SRVH YDULDWLRQ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH 7KLV SDSHU XVHV LPDJHVRIHDFKLQGLYLGXDOIRUWUDLQLQJDQGIRU WHVWLQJWKHDFFXUDF\SHUFHQWDJH
)LJXUH7KHUHVXOWVRQWKH25/IDFHGDWDVHWV
3HUIRUPDQFH5HVXOWVRQ@ DQG /2* '&7 7KH WHVW EHG XVHG IRU WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV LQ 7DEOH LV 3,( VWDQGDUG IDFH GDWDEDVH ZLWK DOO JUH\ VFDOH LPDJHV DQG UHVXOWV XVHG IRU FRPSDULVRQ DUH UHVXOWV RI DXWKRUV ZKRVH SDSHUV KDYHEHHQUHIHUHQFHGIRUFRPSDULVRQ 7DEOH7KH UHVXOWVRQWKH 3,(IDFHGDWDVHWV ZLWKFRPSDULVRQ RI (LJHQIDFHV )LVKHUIDFHV /DSODFLDQ IDFHV DQG SURSRVHG PHWKRG /2*'&7 0HWKRGV
$FFXUDF\
(LJHQIDFHV
)LVKHUIDFHV
/DSODFLDQ)DFHV
/2*'&7 3URSRVHG
6LQJOH,PDJH)DFH5HFRJQLWLRQ8VLQJ/DSODFLDQRI*DXVVLDQDQG'LVFUHWH&RVLQH7UDQVIRUPV
3HUIRUPDQFH5HVXOWVRQ065$'DWDVHW
3HUIRUPDQFH5HVXOWVRQ$5'DWDVHW
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
)LJXUH,PDJHVRIHLJKWLQGLYLGXDOVIURP065$GDWDEDVH
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
(UURU3HUFHQWDJH
(LJHQIDFHV
0HWKRGV
)LVKHUIDFHV '3&$ %'3&$ /DSODFLDQ)DFHV )5XVLQJ/%' ,//)5'&7 LQ/5' /2*'&7 3URSRVHG
$FFXUDF\
(UURU3HUFHQWDJH
(LJHQIDFHV
3URMHFWLRQ3& $
%'3&$
,//)5'&7 LQ/5'
)5XVLQJ/%'
/2*'&7 3URSRVHG
7DEOHSURYLGHVWLPHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHSURSRVHG PHWKRG ZLWK RWKHU FRQYHQWLRQDO PHWKRGV RQ $5 IDFH GDWDEDVH $V $5 LV KDUG GDWDVHW WR WHVW WKH DOJRULWKP WLPH EXW LW FDQ FKDQJH WR GUDVWLF DPRXQW GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ WKH PDFKLQH DQG FRQVLGHULQJ WKH FORFN F\FOHV PHFKDQLVP DV D PHGLXP IRU FRPSXWLQJ WKH IHDWXUH DQGUHFRJQLWLRQWLPH 7DEOH 7LPH FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG ZLWK RWKHU FRQYHQWLRQDOPHWKRGVRQ$5IDFHGDWDEDVH 0HWKRGV
)HDWXUHV7LPH
5HFRJQLWLRQ7LPH
(LJHQIDFHV
3URMHFWLRQ3& $
'3&$
//)5'&7 LQ/5'
)5XVLQJ/%'
/2*'&7 3URSRVHG
2YHUDOO3HUIRUPDQFH5HVXOWVRQ25/@ $UDQGMHORYLF2DQG&LSROOD5³$0HWKRGRORJ\ IRU 5DSLG ,OOXPLQDWLRQ,QYDULDQW )DFH 5HFRJQLWLRQ XVLQJ ,PDJH 3URFHVVLQJ )LOWHUV´ &RPSXWHU 9LVLRQ DQG ,PDJH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ YRO QRSS >@ $5 'DWDEDVH DYDLODEOH DW KWWSFREZHEHFQSXUGXHHGXaDOHL[DOHL[BIDFHB '%KWPOODVWYLVLWHG >@ %DWXU $ DQG +D\HV 0 ³/LQHDU 6XEVSDFH IRU ,OOXPLQDWLRQ 5REXVW )DFH 5HFRJQLWLRQ´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI &RPSXWHU 9LVLRQ YRO QRSS >@ %HOKXPHXU 3 +HVSDQKD - DQG .ULHJPDQ ' ³(LJHQIDFHV YV )LVKHUIDFHV 5HFRJQLWLRQ 8VLQJ &ODVV 6SHFLILF /LQHDU 3URMHFWLRQ´ ,(((
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@ >@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
7UDQVDFWLRQ 3DWWHUQ $QDO\VLV DQG 0DFKLQH ,QWHOOLJHQFHYROQRSS %HONLQ0DQG1L\RJL3³/DSODFLDQ(LJHQPDSV DQG 6SHFWUDO 7HFKQLTXHV IRU (PEHGGLQJ DQG &OXVWHULQJ´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI $GYDQFHV LQ 1HXUDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 3URFHVVLQJ 6\VWHPV SS %HONLQ 0 DQG 1L\RJL 3 ³8VLQJ 0DQLIROG 6WUXFWXUHIRU3DUWLDOO\/DEHOHG&ODVVLILFDWLRQ´LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI &RQIHUHQFH $GYDQFHV LQ 1HXUDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ3URFHVVLQJ6\VWHPSS %UDQG 0 ³&KDUWLQJ D 0DQLIROG´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI $GYDQFHVLQ 1HXUDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 3URFHVVLQJ6\VWHPVSS %UXQHOOL 5 DQG 3RJJLR 7 ³)DFH 5HFRJQLWLRQ )HDWXUHV9HUVXV7HPSODWHV´,(((7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 3DWWHUQ $QDO\VLV DQG 0DFKLQH ,QWHOOLJHQFH YROQRSS &KHQ 6 /LX - DQG =KRX = ³0DNLQJ )/'$ $SSOLFDEOH WR )DFH 5HFRJQLWLRQ ZLWK 2QH 6DPSOH SHU 3HUVRQ´ 3DWWHUQ 5HFRJQLWLRQ YRO QRSS &KXQJ ) 6SHFWUDO *UDSK 7KHRU\ $PHULFDQ 0DWKHPDWLFDO6RFLHW\ +DPPRQG ' DQG 6LPRQFHOOL ( ³1RQOLQHDU ,PDJH 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ YLD /RFDO 0XOWLVFDOH 2ULHQWDWLRQ´ 7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW &RXUDQW ,QVWLWXWH +H;@
>@ >@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
3HUVRQ )DFH 5HFRJQLWLRQ ZLWK ,PDJHV 6\QWKHVL]HG E\ 1RQ/LQHDU $SSUR[LPDWLRQ´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,((( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFHRQ,PDJH3URFHVVLQJSS 065$ 'DWDEDVH DYDLODEOH DW KWWSUHVHDUFK PLFURVRIWFRPHQXVSURMHFWVPVUDPPGDWD ODVW YLVLWHG 25/ DYDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZXNUHVHDUFK DWWFRPIDFHGDWDEDVHKWPOODVWYLVLWHG 3DUN87RQJ