facing ubiquitous computing research.â ... Social Exclusion (computing for all users, etc.) ... Do we really have priv
Lecture 13
Social Issues in Ubiquitous Computing Why are social issues important in Ubicomp? Privacy issues in Ubicomp Green/Eco issues in Ubicomp Psychological, Feeling and others Issue
Implications/Facts of Ubicomp
Invisible Computers/Devices Everywhere
Pervasive Networks/Communications/IoT Everywhere
7T x 150 Messages/day > 1015 messages (1P) per day
Information Sensing/Monitoring Everywhere
7 Billions People x 1,000 = 7 Trillions (1012) computers/devices
10T x 300KB/day x 365 > 1021 Bytes (106PB=103EB=1ZB) per year
“Smart/Intelligent” Things Everywhere
Zettabyte
Weiser’s words in his last days “If the computational system is invisible as well as extensive, it becomes hard to know what is controlling what, what is connected what, where information is flowing, how it is being used, what is broken, what are the consequences of any given action (including simply walking into a room). Maintaining simplicity and control simultaneously is still one of the major open questions facing ubiquitous computing research.” - IBM System Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4, 1999.
Light & Shadow of Context-Awareness Input
Context-Aware System
Output But, what may happen if your context info is gotten by others?
Context: • state of the user • state of the physical environment • state of the computing system • history of user-computer interaction • others
Light: You get more and better services by using context information
Shadow: Your personal information may be leaked and used by others!!
Can Be Always/Really Smart?
Smartness features in general -
Some kind/level of intelligence, but softer, wider and flexible than “intelligence” Anything from real to e/virtual ones, but with emphases of real/physical ones Felt relatively, not absolutely two co-exist facets: smart and stupid! Complicated or abstruse philosophical, culture social, ethical and other implications
Sound-aware System “Be Quiet” Reminder
Status/ absent
Room １
Room ２
Status/ attend RFID Reader
Room ３
Social Issues in Ubicomp
Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly affect a person or many members of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values, or both. - Wikipedia Major social issues related to IT & Ubicomp
Civil Right (information access, exchange, etc.) Crime (computer/cyber crime, etc.) Disability Right (web accessibility, ubi-assistance, etc.) Social Exclusion (computing for all users, etc.) Privacy (personal identity, information, control, etc.) Environments (green, eco, recycle, sustainable, etc.) Ethics (moral risks, ethic principles for design & use, etc.) Individual (psychology, personal behavior, growth, etc.) …
RFID-related Privacy Problem Wig Replacement hip
model #4456
medical part #459382
(cheap polyester)
Books and Their Names xxx, yyy, zzz
1500 USD in wallet 30 items of lingerie
Serial numbers: 597387,389473 …
What is Privacy?
Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively. – Wikipedia
Types of Privacy
considered inherently special or personally sensitive sometimes related to anonymity, the wish to remain unnoticed may be voluntarily sacrificed, normally for perceived benefits greatly varied depended up cultures, persons, situations, etc. Physical – intrusions into one's physical space or solitude Informational – personal date collection, view, use, change, …
Right of Privacy
It is our right to keep a domain around us, which includes all those things that are part of us. The right to privacy gives us the ability to choose which parts in this domain can be accessed by others, and to control the extent, manner and timing of the use of those parts we choose to disclose. - Yael Onn, et al, 2005.
Information Privacy “The desire of people to choose freely under what circumstances and to what extent they will expose themselves, their attitude and their behavior to others.” – Alan Westin, 1967
Privacy >> Secrecy! - M. Langheinrich
“The problem, while often couched in terms of privacy, is really one of control.” – M. Weiser & Brown, 1999
Computer and Internet Privacy
Computer Privacy – Personal data and the one’s use records/history kept in a computer/device Internet Privacy
Personal privacy concerning transactions/transmission of data via the Internet – a subset of Computer Privacy. What’s HTTP cookie?
Internet Privacy & Cloud Privacy
Internet Privacy
Personal privacy concerning transactions/transmission of data via the Internet – a subset of Computer Privacy. HTTP cookie is data stored on a user's computer that assists in automated access to websites or web features, or other state information required in complex web sites. It may also be used for user-tracking by storing special usage history data in a cookie. The same for Flush cookies, Ever cookies, ISP, etc. Social Networks (Facebook, etc.) keep track of all interactions used on their sites and save them for later use. Malware, Spyware, Web Bug, Phishing, …
Cloud Privacy
My data is in some “secure place” on the sky. Providers ensure all critical data are masked and only accessible by authorized users. Do we really have privacy when all our data on unknown clouds?
Ubicomp Privacy Implications & Challenges
Data Collection, Types & Access
How to inform subjects about data collections?
Without alienating user!
How to minimize data collection?
Who has it? How much of this is “my data“?
How to ensure confidentiality, and authenticity?
Unobtrusive but noticeable
How to provide access to stored data?
Scale (everywhere, anytime) Manner (inconspicuous, invisible) Motivation (context!) Observational instead of factual data Internet of Things (IoT)
What part of the “context“ is relevant?
How to obtain consent from data subjects?
Missing UIs? Do people understand implications
Benefits of Location-aware Services
Congestion Pricing
Location Based Services
Collaborative Traffic Probes (DASH)
Pay As You Drive (PAYD) Insurance
Research (London OpenStreetMap)
Location Privacy in Ubicomp
“… the claim of individuals to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent location information about them is communicated to others. (Duckham and Kulik, 2006) “… the ability to prevent other parties from learning one’s current or past location.“ (Beresford and Stajano, 2003) “It‘s not about where you are... It‘s where you have been!“ (Gary Gale, Yahoo! UK) Location records/profiles reveal/imply activities, interests, identities, etc. by others
Where I live / work Who I am (identity, name) Where I often go Where and when I spent in
Some possible (but insufficient) approaches
Anonymized access to location-aware service (if really need help?) Random user IDs (but ISP can identify your IP address, etc.?)
Do People Care About Location Privacy ? – John Krumm, Pervasive’07 • 74 U. Cambridge CS students • Would accept £10 to reveal 28 days of locations (£20 for commercial use)
(1)
• 226 Microsoft employees • 14 days of GPS tracks in return for 1 in 100 chance for $200 MP3 player • 62 Microsoft employees • Only 21% insisted on not sharing GPS data outside • 11 with location-sensitive message service in Seattle • Privacy concerns fairly light (2) • 55 Finland interviews on location-aware services • “It did not occur to most of the interviewees that they could be located while using the service.” (3) (1) (2)
Danezis, G., S. Lewis, R. Anderson. How Much is Location Privacy Worth? Workshop on the Economics of Information Security, 2005. Iachello, G., et al. Control, Deception, and Communication: Evaluating the Deployment of a Location-Enhanced Messaging Service. in
UbiComp 2005. (3)
Kaasinen, E., User Needs for Location-Aware Mobile Services. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 2003. 7(1): p. 70-79.
Pseudonimity for Location Tracks Pseudonimity • Replace owner name of each point with untraceable ID • One unique ID for each owner Example • “Larry Page” → “yellow” • “Bill Gates” → “red” Seattle Garmin Geko 201 $115 10,000 point memory median recording interval 6 seconds 63 meters
GPS Tracks → Home/Other Locations Largest Cluster – cluster points, take median of cluster with most points
Last Destination - median of last destination before 3 a.m.
Weighted Median – median of all points, weighted by time spent at point
GPS Tracks → Identity → Who
Windows Live (or GoogleMap) Search reverse white pages lookup Your Working Place Your rough Identity Who are you (via other info)
Andre has heart disease! “Anonymized”
“Public”
Hospital Patient Data (Name, ID are hidden)
Vote Registration Data (public info)
DOB
Sex
Zipcode
Disease
Name
DOB
Sex
Zipcode
1/21/76
Male
53715
Heart Disease
Andre
1/21/76
Male
53715
4/13/86
Female
53715
Hepatitis
2/28/76
Male
53703
Brochitis
Beth
1/10/81
Female
55410
1/21/76
Male
53703
Broken Arm
Carol
10/1/44
Female
90210
4/13/86
Female
53706
Flu
Dan
2/21/84
Male
02174
2/28/76
Female
53706
Hang Nail
Ellen
4/19/72
Female
02237
Green/Eco Ubicomp System
Ubicomp huge number of devices 7 Trillions given Computing/Com how much energy in total? Average Google Search 7g CO₂ (Alex), 0.2g CO₂ (Google searches can generate the same amount of CO2 as boiling a kettle)
Green Computing (Green IT)
refers to environmentally sustainable computing or IT (Wikipedia) the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems— such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems—efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. – by San Murugesan, 2008
Green Ubicomp Systems Challenge ubiquitous Comp & Com!!
Power/Energy Aware System Power/Energy Harvest System e-waste u-waste
Recycle of Ubicomp System/Devices
How much u-waste or u-garbage will be generated? How to reduce and further recycle them? Computer Recycling – Reuse of computers, devices, etc. Recycle of various ubiquitous computers and devices
Huge number, different size/shape, embedded, distributed, … How to collect them and separate the e-parts from other parts? How to sort, process and re-use them? Who are in charge of their collection, process, …? How to protect or fully destroy the data Secure Recycle? How about so many sensors distributed in environments? How about so many RFID tags in various goods? How to incorporate recycle into design, manufacture and use? …
Issues in Psychology, Feeling, etc.
Ubicomp brings huge impacts to human and society on almost all social aspects besides privacy/ethics, including Psychology
Feeling
Attention/sensitivity
Culture
Family/Friends
Habit
Growth/Evolution
Family/Friends
Etc.
…
UbicKids – Ubiquitous Care for Kids
UbicKids Objectives
- To develop a set of ubiquitous applications for assisting parents to take care of their kids with more convenient, prompt, reliable, precise, secure and trust services. - To study impacts and solutions of non-technical factors to both ubiquitous systems and users, especially children, their growth, character development, etc.
UbicKids Assumptions
- Usual family with one or more normal children (disabled, single par., grand par., …) - Typical spaces such as home, yard, park, street, station, car, school, office, clinic, … - Kids ages: ways in caring kids vary for kids in different ages, (families, cultures, …)
0
2
4
6
8
12
years old
UbicKids Functions – 3A
- Kids Awareness: knowing kids current & past status - Kids Assistance: helping kids in doing something - Kids Advice: advising/reminding kids and parents J. Ma, et al, Towards a Smart World and Ubiquitous Intelligence: A Walkthrough from Smart Things to Smart Hyperspaces and UbicKids, Journal of Pervasive Comp. and Comm., 1(1), March 2005.
UbicKids Functions - 3A Kids Awareness
Kids Assistance
Kids Advice
KidsWhere - KidsInOutHome - KidsInsideLocation - KidsOutsideLocation - KidsWhereWas KidsWhat - KidsDoingWhat - KidsWhenDidWhat - KidsForgetWhat - KidsWillDoWhat KidsState - KidsKickCover - KidsHealthMonitor - KidsADHDMonitor KidsSurrounding - KidsSurroundingWhat - KidsSurroundingWhere - KidsSurroundingRelation ……
ThingsFinder - ToyFinder - LostGoodFinder - ParentFinder ThingsNavigator - RoadNavigator - GameCornerNavigator ThingsAutoAdjustor - ReadingLightAdjustor - TemperatureAdjustor - AirconWindowOpenClose ThingsTeleOperator - TVProgramRecorder - ToyTeleController ThingsProvider - InformationProvider - OutsideGuard ……
KidsReminder - Key/Umbrella/ClothReminder - GoodHabitReminder - BackHomeReminder - ReadPostureReminder KidsAdvisor - Read/PlayTimingAdvisor - BeQuietAdvisor - SaftyAdvisor - Praise&Criticism ParentKidsCommunicator - JustInTimeMessage - KidsAwarePhoneCall ParentsAdvisor - GrowingRecorder - KidsAssesment - KidsCareRecommender ……
UbicKids – Thing Finder/Reminder Thing Finder -
toy game key …
Thing Reminder -
umbrella book pencil …
UbicKids - Non-Technical Factors Double-edged Sword
Seamless integrations of physical and digital world, - “a strange new world” (by Mattern, 2004)
Kids learn from everyday interactions with the environments help forming their characteristics, behaviors, habits, personalities, etc., influence their whole lives. A truly useful UbicKids system full considerations on non-technical factors, i.e., human, society, culture, physiology, psychology, moral, feeling, etc. Positive and negative impacts to kids be seriously investigated solutions must be discovered to overcome the negative aspects.
Non-Technical Factors
Common characteristics shared by many kids Special characteristics for individual kids Characteristic changes along with growing kids Relationships and roles of family members Features of kids care activities Heterogeneity in kids care Cultures and laws in kids care Psychological behavior in a smart space Child’s personality development Child’s habit and moral cultivation Child’s independence improvement Child’s intelligence increase Feeling/love enhancement of parents-kids Special care to disabled/incapacitated children Family of single parent, with nurse, etc.
…
Can Solve All Social Issues by Technology?
Human invented guns to protect selves, but killed many Human invented cars for convenience, but many are killed Technology Is Neither Good Nor Bad. Nor Is It Neutral. – M.C. Kranzberg All social issues cannot be solved by technology only However, we should
Keep these in our minds when doing our research/development Do what we can to overcome these problems at least partially Tell others what problems/risks new technologies may bring out
Expect sociologists, governments and so on to find other possible solutions
Laws/Regulations Education …
Social, Ethic & Political Issues and IT
Homework Read the documents below and access the related websites to learn more about privacy, green/eco and other social crucial issues in ubiquitous computing. Privacy in Ubiquitous Computing by M. Langheinrich Location Privacy and Location-aware Computing, Duckham & Kulik Privacy – Wikipedia, Internet privacy – Wikipedia Green computing – Wikipedia, Computer recycling – Wikipedia Computer ethics - Wikipedia Others you like Important to get materials from Web!!
Think about crucial issues/problems in Ubicomp.
