Jan 19, 2011 - Sacramento, CA 95814 .... race, income, commute time to work, home value, veteran status, ..... Mean Supp
SOUTHEAST ASIAN AMERICANS AT A GLANCE
Statistics on Southeast Asians adapted from the American Community Survey
Last Updated: 1/19/2011
Produced by: Southeast Asia Resource Action Center (SEARAC)
DC Office
CA Office
1628 16th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 Tel: (202) 667-4690 Fax: (202) 667-6449
1225 8th Street, Suite 590 Sacramento, CA 95814 Tel: (916) 428-7444 Fax: (916) 428-7293
Email:
[email protected] Website: www.searac.org
Mission & Vision: SEARAC is a national organization that advances the interests of Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese Americans by empowering communities through advocacy, leadership development and capacity building to create a socially just and equitable society. We envision a socially, politically and economically just society for all communities to enjoy for all generations.
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Table of Contents POPULATION, IMMIGRATION, & NATURALIZATION Percentages of People by Age Groups ......................................................................................................................................... 6 By Age Groups & Sex ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Refugee Arrivals to the U.S. from Southeast Asia (Fiscal Years 1975-2009) ................................................................................ 7 People from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, Naturalized as U.S. Citizens (Fiscal Years 1987-2009) ........................................... 8 Percentage of Foreign-Born People Naturalized as a U.S. Citizen ............................................................................................... 9 People Reporting Southeast Asian Heritage, Born in the United States...................................................................................... 9
EDUCATION Educational Attainment of People Aged 25 and Over ............................................................................................................... 11 Language Characteristics by Percentage of Population 5 Years and Older ............................................................................... 11 Percentages of Population 3 Years and Older Enrolled in School .............................................................................................. 11
INCOME, EMPLOYMENT, & HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE Poverty Rates ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Occupation for the Employed Civilian Population 16 Years and Older ...................................................................................... 14 Median Income & Per Capita Income ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Public Assistance Income for Households in Selected Communities ......................................................................................... 15 Health Insurance Coverage ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
HOUSING Households by Type ................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Percentage of Housing Units by Type ........................................................................................................................................ 19 Average Household Size by Housing Type ................................................................................................................................. 19
GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
3
About the Statistics Used in this Report: All statistics, unless otherwise specified, are from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS is a relatively new product from the U.S. Census Bureau that replaces the old long form from the 2000 Census. It collects information such as age, race, income, commute time to work, home value, veteran status, and other data. Data are collected throughout the year to produce 1‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year estimates. The statistics reported here are from the 2009 ACS 1-year estimates (accessed October 21, 2010 through the American FactFinder website). These estimates are based off a sample of the population collected throughout the year, and thus contain a certain margin of error.1 For this report, the margins of error have been omitted, but can be accessed via the FactFinder website. For the purposes of this statistical report, “Southeast Asian Americans” include people from the following countries: Vietnam (Vietnamese, Khmer Kampuchea Krom, Montagnards), Cambodia (Khmer, Cham, Khmer Loeu), and Laos (Hmong, Lao, Iu Mien, Khmu, Tai Dam, Tai Leu, and many other ethnic groups). In accordance with the Census Bureau, statistics for the Hmong population are disaggregated and treated separately in this report, rather than aggregating them with other Laotian groups. In this report, statistics for the category of “Asian overall” corresponds to the ACS category of “Asian alone or in combination with one or more other races.” Similarly, each of the Southeast Asian American subpopulations listed in this report corresponds to the respective ACS category of “alone or in any combination.” This means, for example, that the category of Cambodian corresponds to the ACS category of “Cambodian alone or in any combination.”
1
The margin of error provides an interval for which the population’s true measure is likely to fall between. For example, if a sample of the male population reports that the average height is 5 feet 8 inches, with a margin of error of plus or minus 3 inches, this means that the true average height of the male population is in the range of 5 feet 5 inches and 5 feet 11 inches. Margins of error depend on sample size and a pre-defined confidence level.
4
POPULATION, IMMIGRATION, & NATURALIZATION
5
Percentages of People by Age Groups U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Total population
307,006,556
15,733,402
275,379
236,434
234,384
1,651,796
Male
49.3%
48.3%
48.5%
52.1%
49.5%
49.6%
Female
50.7%
51.7%
51.5%
47.9%
50.5%
50.4%
U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Under 5 years
6.9%
8.1%
9.5%
13.0%
9.9%
8.7%
5 to 17 years
17.4%
18.2%
21.5%
31.1%
22.0%
20.2%
18 to 24 years
10.0%
9.5%
13.3%
16.2%
11.4%
8.5%
25 to 34 years
13.5%
16.4%
17.3%
16.9%
16.7%
14.4%
35 to 44 years
13.6%
16.4%
14.6%
9.5%
15.3%
19.2%
45 to 54 years
14.5%
13.2%
11.3%
6.6%
12.9%
11.9%
55 to 64 years
11.3%
9.4%
7.8%
3.7%
7.1%
9.1%
65 to 74 years
6.8%
5.1%
2.8%
1.7%
3.3%
5.0%
75 years and over
6.1%
3.7%
1.9%
1.4%
1.4%
2.9%
Percentages of People by Age Groups & Sex U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Median age
36.8
33.7
27.8
20.5
28.7
33.9
Under 18 years
74,496,983
4,143,351
85,363
104,082
74,718
478,004
Male
51.2%
50.8%
50.4%
54.0%
50.5%
51.4%
Female
48.8%
49.2%
49.6%
46.0%
49.5%
48.6%
18 years and over
232,509,573
11,590,051
190,016
132,352
159,666
1,173,792
Male
48.7%
47.4%
47.6%
50.6%
49.0%
48.8%
Female
51.3%
52.6%
52.4%
49.4%
51.0%
51.2%
18 to 34 years
71,930,767
4,079,654
84,380
78,397
65,955
378,633
Male
51.2%
49.3%
47.6%
50.5%
48.4%
48.4%
Female
48.8%
50.7%
52.4%
49.5%
51.6%
51.6%
35 to 64 years
121,072,158
6,116,927
92,603
46,739
82,723
664,935
Male
49.3%
47.2%
48.1%
52.2%
49.7%
49.5%
Female
50.7%
52.8%
51.9%
47.8%
50.3%
50.5%
65 years and older
39,506,648
1,393,470
13,033
7,216
10,988
130,224
Male
42.5%
42.9%
43.9%
42.3%
47.8%
47.0%
Female
57.5%
57.1%
56.1%
57.7%
52.2%
53.0%
6
Refugee Arrivals to the U.S. from Southeast Asia Fiscal Years 1975-20092
Fiscal Year 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Totals
Cambodia 4,600 1,100 300 1,300 6,000 16,000 38,194 6,246 13,041 19,727 19,175 9,845 1,786 2,897 2,162 2,329 179 163 63 15 6 5 9 7 0 0 23 0 4 7 3 3 9 15 8 145,221
Laos 800 10,200 400 8,000 30,200 55,500 19,777 3,616 2,907 7,218 5,195 12,313 13,394 14,597 12,560 8,715 9,232 7,285 6,944 6,211 3,682 2,203 915 9 19 64 22 18 13 6,005 8,517 830 117 59 14 257,551
Vietnam 125,000 3,200 1,900 11,100 44,500 95,200 65,279 27,396 22,819 24,856 25,222 21,700 19,656 17,571 21,924 27,797 28,396 26,795 31,401 34,110 32,250 16,107 6,612 10,266 9,622 2,839 3,109 2,855 1,354 979 2,009 3,039 1,500 1,112 1,486 770,961
Total 130,400 14,500 2,600 20,400 80,700 166,700 123,250 37,258 38,767 51,801 49,592 43,858 34,836 35,065 36,646 38,841 37,807 34,243 38,408 40,336 35,938 18,315 7,536 10,282 9,641 2,903 3,154 2,873 1,371 6,991 10,529 3,872 1,626 1,186 1,508 1,173,733
2
Sources: (1) Office of Refugee Resettlement. 1982-2001. Annual Reports to Congress (Fiscal Years 1981-2000). Washington, DC: Office of Refugee Resettlement, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2) FY 2000-2009 are from the 2009 Yearbook Immigration Statistics, Office of Immigration Statistics, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (3) Refugee Arrival statistics for FY 1975-1980 are from Rumbaut (2000: 182).
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People from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, Naturalized as U.S. Citizens Fiscal Years 1987-2009 Fiscal Year 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Totals
Cambodia 2,816 3,132 3,234 3,525 4,851 2,713 3,102 4,132 3,319 5,202 5,180 5,348 7,140 5,275 3,460 3,113 3,135 3,975 4,806 4,778 4,197 5,869 4,673 96,975
Laos 3,159 3,480 3,463 3,329 3,887 3,080 3,994 5,630 4,315 10,621 8,630 7,734 9,188 7,129 6,469 8,363 5,841 5,678 5,261 4,114 3,787 5,553 3,081 125,786
Vietnam 25,469 21,636 19,357 22,027 30,078 18,422 22,520 29,555 31,728 51,910 36,178 30,185 53,316 55,769 41,462 36,757 25,933 27,480 32,926 29,917 27,921 39,584 31,168 741,298
Total 31,444 28,248 26,054 28,881 38,816 24,215 29,616 39,317 39,362 67,733 49,988 43,267 69,644 68,173 51,391 48,233 34,909 37,133 42,993 38,809 35,905 51,006 38,922 964,059
Source: 2009 Statistical Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, U.S. Department of Homeland Security
8
Percentage of Foreign-Born People Naturalized as a U.S. Citizen U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
38,517,234
9,370598
151,046
100,287
125,380
1,065,813
16,846,397
5,413,961
99,145
60,991
82,075
786,861
Male
46.2%
45.3%
47.4%
47.8%
48.9%
49.8%
Female
53.8%
54.7%
52.6%
52.2%
51.1%
50.2%
21,670,837
3,956,637
51,901
39,296
43,305
278,952
Male
52.9%
47.7%
46.3%
51.5%
47.2%
43.6%
Female
47.1%
52.3%
53.7%
48.5%
52.8%
56.4%
Foreign born Naturalized U.S. citizen
Not a U.S. citizen
People Reporting Southeast Asian Heritage, Born in the United States U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Total
268,489,322
6,362,804
124,333
136,147
109,004
585,983
Male
49.2%
51.2%
50.2%
54.2%
50.8%
52.2%
Female
50.8%
48.8%
49.8%
45.8%
49.2%
47.8%
9
EDUCATION
10
Educational Attainment of People Aged 25 and Over U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Population 25 years and over
201,952,383
10,093,151
153,327
93,936
132,851
1,033,381
Less than high school diploma
14.7%
14.2%
38.5%
38.3%
37.5%
30.0%
High school graduate (includes equivalency)
28.5%
16.3%
24.2%
22.7%
26.6%
21.2%
Some college or associate's degree
28.9%
20.6%
23.5%
24.3%
23.5%
23.6%
Bachelor's degree
17.6%
29.1%
11.3%
11.1%
9.3%
18.4%
Graduate or professional degree
10.3%
19.8%
2.5%
3.5%
3.1%
6.7%
Language Characteristics, by Percentage of Population 5 Years and Older U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Population 5 years and over
285,797,349
14,456,046
249,233
205,768
211,230
1,507,832
English only
80.0%
29.4%
21.5%
9.6%
21.4%
14.8%
Language other than English
20.0%
70.6%
78.5%
90.4%
78.6%
85.2%
Speak English less than "very well"
8.6%
32.3%
41.1%
41.6%
38.7%
51.7%
Percentages of Population 3 Years and Older Enrolled in School U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Total
81,173,053
4,864,390
88,836
103,204
74,207
520,857
Nursery school, preschool
6.3%
6.9%
3.4%
4.2%
4.0%
5.5%
Kindergarten
5.1%
5.2%
4.7%
6.0%
6.5%
6.6%
Elementary school (grades 1-8)
40.0%
36.4%
41.4%
42.5%
40.5%
39.5%
High school (grades 9-12)
21.1%
17.3%
23.2%
24.9%
24.7%
18.2%
College or graduate school
27.4%
34.3%
27.2%
22.4%
24.2%
30.2%
11
INCOME, EMPLOYMENT, & HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE
12
Poverty Rates3
All families
U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
10.5%
8.7%
15.4%
26.9%
10.2%
13.6%
With related children under 18 years
16.6%
10.2%
18.1%
30.3%
11.7%
15.9%
With related children under 5 years only
17.9%
7.7%
17.1%
23.2%
10.0%
9.3%
5.1%
6.5%
9.2%
24.6%
5.3%
10.9%
7.5%
7.0%
9.4%
26.6%
4.8%
11.7%
Married-couple family With related children under 18 years
4
With related children under 5 years only
6.9%
5.0%
8.7%
15.2%
N
6.1%
Female householder, no husband present, family
29.4%
20.7%
30.1%
36.6%
21.3%
28.8%
With related children under 18 years
38.2%
28.4%
37.9%
38.3%
28.8%
37.4%
With related children under 5 years only
45.6%
31.9%
50.8%
43.8%
38.2%
34.1%
U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
14.3%
11.2%
16.4%
29.8%
13.8%
15.0%
Under 18 years
20.0%
11.5%
19.6%
35.7%
15.3%
16.9%
Related children under 18 years
19.7%
11.1%
19.3%
35.5%
14.9%
16.7%
Related children under 5 years
23.2%
10.4%
21.0%
30.5%
14.0%
13.3%
Related children 5 to 17 years
18.2%
11.5%
18.5%
37.6%
15.3%
18.1%
18 years and over
12.5%
11.0%
15.0%
25.1%
13.0%
14.3%
18 to 64 years
13.1%
10.8%
15.0%
25.0%
12.6%
13.8%
65 years and over
9.5%
13.1%
15.0%
27.4%
18.9%
18.0%
People in families
11.8%
8.4%
14.6%
28.8%
11.6%
12.8%
Unrelated individuals 15 years and over
25.4%
29.1%
33.4%
47.4%
32.0%
35.0%
All people
3
For the continental 48 states (i.e. excluding Hawaii and Alaska), in 2009, the federal poverty thresholds were $10,830; $14,570; $18,310; $22,050; $25,790; $29,530; $33,270; and $37,010 for families of size 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively. 4
An 'N' entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small.
13
Occupation for the Employed Civilian Population 16 Years and Older Occupation
U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Civilian employed population 16 years and over
140,602,470
7,377,213
115,726
80,163
99,085
744,590
Management, professional, and related occupations
35.7%
48.0%
21.5%
23.1%
19.8%
30.5%
Service occupations
17.8%
16.9%
22.1%
20.6%
21.9%
28.5%
Sales and office occupations
25.2%
22.1%
23.9%
22.4%
20.5%
16.9%
0.7%
0.2%
0.1%
0.9%
0.6%
0.3%
8.7%
3.4%
5.8%
3.3%
5.7%
5.5%
11.9%
9.4%
26.6%
29.7%
31.5%
18.3%
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Occupation
U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Male civilian employed population 16 years and over
73,606,852
3,872,566
57,676
42,975
49,353
385,329
Management, professional, and related occupations
32.6%
49.3%
21.8%
21.6%
20.0%
31.8%
Service occupations
14.7%
14.0%
20.1%
17.3%
18.9%
19.8%
Sales and office occupations
17.8%
18.2%
16.9%
17.7%
14.3%
15.2%
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
1.1%
0.2%
0.0%
0.6%
0.9%
0.4%
Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations
16.2%
6.2%
10.8%
6.0%
10.7%
9.9%
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
17.6%
12.0%
30.4%
36.8%
35.2%
22.9%
Occupation
U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Female civilian employed population 16 years and over
66,995,618
3,504,647
58,050
37,188
49,732
359,261
Management, professional, and related occupations
39.1%
46.6%
21.3%
24.8%
19.6%
29.0%
Service occupations
21.2%
20.0%
24.0%
24.5%
24.8%
37.9%
Sales and office occupations
33.3%
26.4%
30.8%
27.9%
26.8%
18.7%
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
1.3%
0.4%
0.1%
0.6%
0.4%
0.9%
0.1%
0.7%
0.8%
5.5%
6.6%
22.7%
21.5%
27.8%
13.3%
Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
14
Median Income & Per Capita Income U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Median household income
$50,221
$68,103
$49,609
$45,608
$53,125
$52,444
Median family income
$61,082
$78,064
$49,482
$45,611
$53,295
$56,279
Per capita income
$26,409
$28,000
$15,953
$10,874
$16,064
$20,100
Public Assistance Income for Households in Selected Communities U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Households
113,616,229
4,688,143
63,621
45,116
56,905
443,959
Median household income
$50,221
$68,103
$49,609
$45,608
$53,125
$52,444
79.5%
88.6%
89.8%
90.6%
90.7%
89.5%
$69,918
$89,918
$61,060
$53,279
$60,572
$70,616
With earnings Mean earnings
27.7%
16.6%
13.4%
12.8%
15.8%
14.8%
Mean Social Security income With Supplemental Security Income
With Social Security income
$15,443
$13,666
$10,569
$10,888
$10,308
$11,403
3.6%
3.9%
12.8%
14.4%
9.8%
8.0%
Mean Supplemental Security Income
$7,908
$8,276
$9,205
$8,700
$9,312
$9,200
2.6%
2.4%
6.6%
13.4%
5.5%
4.1%
$3,539
$4,433
$5,059
$5,148
$5,852
$3,971
17.4%
8.6%
4.0%
2.5%
4.3%
5.6%
$21,383
$21,381
$13,913
$5,149
$12,994
$14,063
10.3%
6.0%
16.8%
27.8%
15.4%
11.3%
With cash public assistance income Mean cash public assistance income With retirement income Mean retirement income With Food Stamp/SNAP benefits
15
Health Insurance Coverage5 U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Civilian Non-institutionalized Population
301,472,074
15,616,330
273,075
235,125
231,577
1,641,470
With private health insurance coverage
67.4%
71.7%
52.1%
46.0%
58.6%
59.0%
With public health coverage
28.5%
19.4%
29.7%
43.2%
25.7%
25.4%
No health insurance coverage
15.1%
14.1%
21.3%
15.9%
18.5%
18.7%
5
Note that each column does not total up to 100% because public and private health insurance categories are not always mutually exclusive options (e.g. Medicare Advantage plans)
16
HOUSING
17
Households by Type U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Households
113,616,229
4,688,143
63,621
45,116
56,905
443,959
Family households
66.5%
74.1%
84.8%
89.6%
83.6%
81.3%
30.3%
38.9%
50.2%
65.8%
49.1%
47.7%
49.1%
60.0%
52.1%
60.9%
55.9%
62.0%
20.6%
32.8%
32.5%
46.8%
32.2%
38.6%
12.7%
9.4%
21.6%
16.1%
17.2%
12.3%
7.4%
4.5%
11.3%
12.2%
10.8%
6.8%
33.5%
25.9%
15.2%
10.4%
16.4%
18.7%
15.6%
12.8%
8.0%
6.5%
7.7%
9.9%
Living alone
12.1%
9.4%
5.2%
5.2%
5.3%
7.5%
Not living alone
3.4%
3.4%
2.8%
1.3%
2.5%
2.4%
Female householder
17.9%
13.1%
7.1%
3.9%
8.6%
8.8%
Living alone
15.3%
10.3%
4.7%
2.6%
4.9%
6.6%
Not living alone
2.6%
2.8%
2.4%
1.4%
3.7%
2.2%
With own children under 18 years Married-couple family With own children under 18 years Female householder, no husband present, family With own children under 18 years Nonfamily households Male householder
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Percentage of Housing Units by Type U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Occupied housing units
113,616,229
4,688,143
63,621
45,116
56,905
443,959
Owner-occupied housing units
65.9%
59.0%
50.4%
47.6%
62.5%
63.7%
Renter-occupied housing units
34.1%
41.0%
49.6%
52.4%
37.5%
36.3%
Average Household Size by Housing Unit Type U.S. Overall
Asian Overall
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Vietnamese
Average household size of owner occupied unit
2.71
3.35
4.43
5.86
4.08
3.83
Average household size of renter occupied unit
2.48
2.66
3.61
4.53
3.37
2.95
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Glossary of Key Terms (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureaus’s American FactFinder Glossary) Civilian Any persons not in the active-duty military. Civilian Non-institutionalized Population The portion of the resident population not in the active-duty military and not residing in institutions. Such institutions consist primarily of nursing homes, prisons, jails, mental hospitals, and juvenile correctional facilities. Family A group of two or more people who reside together and are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Family Household A family includes a householder and one or more people living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption. All people in a household who are related to the householder are regarded as members of his or her family. A family household may contain people not related to the householder, but those people are not included as part of the householder's family in census tabulations. Thus, the number of family households is equal to the number of families, but family households may include more members than do families. A household can contain only one family for purposes of census tabulations. Not all households contain families since a household may comprise a group of unrelated people or one person living alone. Household A household includes all the people who occupy a housing unit as their usual place of residence. Median Income The median income divides the income distribution into two equal groups, one having incomes above the median, and other having incomes below the median. Per Capita Income Average obtained by dividing aggregate income by total population of an area. Poverty Following the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB's) Directive 14, the Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to detect who is poor. If the total income for a family or unrelated individual falls below the relevant poverty threshold, then the family or unrelated individual is classified as being "below the poverty level."
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Southeast Asia Resource Action Center (SEARAC) 1628 16TH Street, NW | Washington, DC | ph: 202.667.4690 | fax: 202.667.6449
[email protected] | www.searac.org 21
