DIgSILENT Technical Documentation
Static Generator
DIgSILENT GmbH Heinrich-Hertz-Strasse 9 D-72810 Gomaringen Tel.: +49 7072 9168 - 0 Fax: +49 7072 9168- 88 http://www.digsilent.de e-mail:
[email protected]
Static Generator Published by DIgSILENT GmbH, Germany Copyright 2009. All rights reserved. Unauthorised copying or publishing of this or any part of this document is prohibited.
Rev. Nr. 01
Author
Date
S.Weigel
15.04.2010
Static Generator
Reviewed by
Date
PF Version 14.0.516
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1 General Description ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Basic Data ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model........................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Load-Flow Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Local Voltage Controller Options ......................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 External Station Controller .................................................................................................................. 8 1.2.3 Primary frequency bias ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.4 Reactive Power Limits ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.5 Active Power Limits ......................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Short-Circuit Calculations ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 VDEC/IEC Short Circuit .................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2 Complete Short Circuit ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.3 ANSI Short Circuit ........................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.4 IEC 61361 ...................................................................................................................................... 17 1.4 Harmonics ........................................................................................................................................... 17 1.5 RMS Simulation .................................................................................................................................... 18 1.5.1 Current Source Model ...................................................................................................................... 18 1.5.2 Voltage Source Model ...................................................................................................................... 19 1.5.3 Negative/Zero Sequence Model......................................................................................................... 20 1.6 EMT Simulation .................................................................................................................................... 20 1.6.1 Current Source Model ...................................................................................................................... 21 1.6.2 Voltage Source Model ...................................................................................................................... 22 1.6.3 Zero Sequence? .............................................................................................................................. 22 2 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models .................................................................................... 23 2.1 Stability Model (RMS) ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1 Current Source Model ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.2 Voltage Source Model ...................................................................................................................... 24 2.2 EMT-Model .......................................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Current Source Model ...................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.2 Voltage Source Model ...................................................................................................................... 26 3 Input Parameter Definitions.............................................................................................................. 27 3.1 *.ElmGenstat ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Static Generator
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General Description
1 General Description The Static Generator is an easy-to-use model of any kind of static (no rotating) generator. Applications are:
Photovoltaic Generators
Fuel Cells
Storage devices
HVDC Terminals
Reactive Power Compensators
Wind Generators
Wind generators, which are connected through a full-size converter to the grid, can also be modelled as static generators, because the behaviour of the plant (from the view of the grid side) is determined by the converter.
1.1 Basic Data
Figure 1: Basic Data for the Static Generator The specific application of the static generator can be selected in the category box.
Static Generator
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General Description
Figure 2: Categories The number of parallel machines can be entered, as well as the MVA rating of a single generator. In general, the total MW and Mvar outputs of the static generator will be the rating of a single generator multiplied by the number of parallel machines specified. In the specific case of the Wind Generator category, the output will additionally be affected by the Wind Generation Scaling Factor of the zone to which it belongs.
Figure 3: Zone
1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model The negative sequence current is always set to zero. The zero sequence depends on the settings: Input Parameter:
iearthed : Earthed (option) - r0 : Zero-sequence Resistance, r0 (hidden if ieathed is disabled) - x0 : Zero-sequence Reactance, x0 (hidden if ieathed is disabled)
i2 = 0
u2
Figure 4: Negative Sequence Model
Static Generator
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General Description
r0
x0
i0
u0 Figure 5: Zero-sequence Model if option “Earthed” is enabled If the option is disabled the zero-sequence current is zero.
1.2 Load-Flow Analysis 1.2.1 Local Voltage Controller Options The local voltage controller could be set to three different modes (cos, V, droop) that are described in the the following sub chapters.
1.2.1.1 Power Factor control This option corresponds to a PQ bus type and its block diagram is shown in Figure 7 (1). With the power factor control the user can specify active and reactive power outputs at which the static generator will be operated (PQ bus). The way to specify these values will depend on the Input Mode selected.
Figure 6: Input Mode The voltage and droop value boxes are disabled for the Power Factor control option. Psum and Qsum will be controlled in unbalanced load flow.
Static Generator
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General Description
x
I
U , U
U r ,U i
Qmax (1) P, cos( ) (2) P,U (3) U, droop
Qmin Figure 7: Voltage Controller - Options
1.2.1.2 Voltage control This option correspondes to a PV bus type and its block diagram is shown in Figure 7 (2). Voltage control can be done locally, i.e. the reactive power output of the generator is controlled to achieve the specified local voltage at its terminal. The active power output is constant for the dispatch. When this option is selected, the voltage setpoint box is enabled and its value must be entered.
1.2.1.3 Droop control This option corresponds to a DV bus type and its block diagram is shown in Figure 7 (3). The generator can be set to control the local voltage at its terminal to a specified setpoint. With droop control the setpoint is not reached in any case because the setpoint is moved (by dudroop) as more reactive power is needed to reach the original voltage setpoint of the static generator. The advantage of the droop control is that more than one machine at one busbar could control the voltage. As well as the participation of the single machine could be configured with the setting of the droop value. When set to voltage control, a droop value can be entered. The voltage at the local busbar is then controlled according to the following equations this equations are shown graphically in Figure 8:
u usetpoint dudroop dudroop Qdroop
Q Qsetpoint Qdroop
S nom 100 droop
Static Generator
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General Description
Where:
u is the actual voltage value at the terminal busbar usetpoint is the specified voltage setpoint of the stataic generator Q is the actual reactive power output of the static generator Qsetpoint is the specified dispatch reactive power of the static generator Snom is the nominal apparent power droop is the droop value specified in percentage.
u pu
u setp
u
droop
Qsetp
Q
Q pu
Figure 8: Droop Voltage Control
1.2.2 Static Generator as Slack For load flow only it is also possible to use the static gernator as slack. For that the „Active Power Control‟ on the load flow command has to be set „as Dispatched‟, the balancing has to be set „by Static Generator at Reference Bus‟, a static generator has to be connected to the selected busbar. The local voltage controller of the slack-static generator has to be set either to „Voltage‟ or to „Droop‟.
1.2.3 External Station Controller The static generator can also be part of a station controller. In such a case, the external station controller has priority over the local voltage controler of the static generator. The way the station controller dispatches the static generators depends on the settings of the Load Flow page for the station controller. See technical reference of the station controller.
Static Generator
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General Description
1.2.4 Primary frequency bias Shortly following a disturbance, the governors of the units participating in primary control will increase/decrease their turbine power and drive the frequency close to its nominal value. The change in the generator power is proportional to the frequency deviation and is shared among participating units according to the gain (Kpf) of their primary controllers, this is depicted in Figure 9. If the Active Power Control According to Primary Control option is selected in PowerFactory's load flow command, the power balance is established by all generators having a primary controller gain (parameter Prim. Frequency Bias from the Load Flow tab of the static generator), according to the corresponding frequency droop.
f pu
fn
f
f P
Pdisp
P
P pu
Figure 9: Primary Freqncy Bias The actual dispatched real power of the generator is calculated as:
P = Pdispatch + dP where
dP = dF * Kpf dP is the change in generator output dF is the change in frequency Kpf is the primary controller gain parameter for the generator
1.2.5 Reactive Power Limits The reactive power limits can be specified in two ways: Minimum/maximum constant limits. In the case of the minimum/maximum limits, these are originally set equal to the minimum and maximum value of the nominal reactive power. Note that the reactive power limits are operational data and will be saved to the operation scenario if active. Along these values, a scaling factor for each
Static Generator
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General Description
limit can be specified, which can be used in conjunction with the option „Consider Reactive Power Limits Scaling Factor‟ in the Basic Options of the Load Flow Calculation dialog. Capability Curve objects (IntQlim) allows the consideration of distinct minimum / maximum values of the reactive power at different levels of active power injection. Capability curves are stored inside the 'Mvar Limits Curves' folder in the Operational Library. Synchronous generators (ElmSym) and static generators (ElmGenstat) defined in the network model can use the same Capability Curve object that is stored in the operational library. When a capability curve is used, the dispatch of the generator always stays within its minimum and maximum range if the option „Consider Reactive Power Limits‟ on the Load Flow command is activated. How to create a new capability curve object is explained in the help of PowerFactory.
1.2.5.1 Applying Mvar Limits Curve from Operational Library To apply an existing generator capability curve to a generator:
Locate the “Reactive Power Limit” section in the load flow page of the static generator dialog.
Press
Choose “Select…” to look for a suitable curve in the “Mvar Limit Curves” folder in the “Operational library” folder.
next to “Capability Curve”.
1.2.6 Active Power Limits There are two ways to set a limit for the active power. If one of the two limits is exceeded during a load flow calculation a warning massage will be dispayed in the output window. The “Active Power: Operational Limits” are the minimum and maximum MW output limits of the generator from an operational perspective. They have a higher prirority than the “Active Power Rating” limits. The “Active Power: Ratings” is the maximum active power output of the generator and it is established by multiplying the generator nameplate MVA rating by the power factor and the rating factor.
1.3 Short-Circuit Calculations 1.3.1 VDEC/IEC Short Circuit There are three different possibilities to consider a static generator in the VDE/IEC short circuit calculation:
No Short-Circuit Contribution (according to the standard)
Static Converter-Fed Drive
Individual Max. Fault Contribution
Static Generator
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General Description
Figure 10: VDE/IEC Short Circuit Page
1.3.1.1 No Short-Circuit Contribution In the VDEC/IEC short circuit calculations, the static generators are normally disregarded, according to the standard (Option: “No Short-Circuit Contribution”).
1.3.1.2 Static Converter-Fed Drive With the option “Static Converter-Fed Drive” activated the Static Gernator behaves during the VDE/IEC short circuit calculation like a static converter-fed drive according to the IEC 60909 (VDE 0102). The static converterfed drives are considered for three-phase short circuits only. They only contribute to the initial symmetrical shortcircuit current Ik” and to the peak short-circuit current ip. They do not contribute to the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib and to the steady-state short-circuit current Ik. As a result, static converter-fed drives are treated for the calculation of short-circuit currents in a similar way as asynchronous motors. The equivalent model is shown in Figure 11. The impedance is calculated as follow:
ZM
2 U rM U rM 1 1 I LR / I rM 3I rM I LR I rM S rM
with:
I LR / I rM 3 RM / X M 0.1
with
X M 0.995Z M
where:
UrM
is the rated voltage
Irm
is the rated current
SrM
is the rated apparent power
Static Generator
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General Description
The Index „rM‟ specifies the rating of the static converter transformer on the network side, or the rating of the static converter if no transformer is present.
X1
ZM 1 ( RM / X M ) 2
R1 RM / X M X 1 R1
X1
i1
c*Un/√3
~
Figure 11: Equivalent Generator Model, for Static Converter-Fed Drive Option
1.3.1.3 Individual Max. Fault Contribution If neither “No Short Circuit Contribution” nor “Static Converter-Fed Drive” is enabled then the user can input the Maximum Short Circuit Contribution. It is calculated according to a equivalent generator model.
r1
x1
i1 F
~
c*Un/√3
Figure 12: Equivalent Generator Model, Positive sequence circuit diagram The impedance is calculated as follow:
x1
cmax
2 S k 1 R X
r1 R X x1 cmax is the voltage factor c.
Static Generator
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General Description
Note that cmax in the calculation of x1 is needed because the current is calculated with x1 and c max*u. The factor cmax will cancel down. So that finally the subtransient short circuit apparent power is equal to the entered value. The model is considered for the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib like an external grid:
Ib Ik '' Ik For the steady-state short-circuit current Ik is the same value as for Ik‟‟ used. This is the same approach as for the asynchronous machine. The Inputparameters are:
Ik‟‟ or Sk‟‟
X‟‟/R or R/X‟‟
For minimum short-circuits is the model completely neglected and has no short-circuit contribution. MODEL FOR UNBALANCED FAULTS For unbalanced faults uses the static generator the zero and negative sequence model that is already described in section 1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model. For minimum short-circuits is the model completely neglected and has no short-circuit contribution.
1.3.2 Complete Short Circuit With the Complete Mehod is it possible to define a user-specific level for the subtransient and the transient short circuit. Either as short circuit power or as short circuit current, and the R/X‟‟ ratio (alternatively the X‟‟/R ratio). The static generator model for the short-circuit calculation using the “complete” method is adapted as follows:
r1
uint
x1
i1
Yldf
u1
Figure 13: Model for Complete Short Circuit Calculation The short-circuit impedance is calculated as follow for the transient and sub-transient
Static Generator
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General Description
x1
c S k 1 R X
2
for Sk = Sk” or Sk‟ respectively
r1 x1 R X The c factor and the Yldf admittance are only used for the complete method with load flow initialization. So the c factor reflects the actual voltage at the static generator from load flow in per unit.
c u ldf Y ldf
and
u int u ldf
i ldf u ldf
For a short-circuit at the terminal of the generator the short-circuit current is equal to the entered value of the Ik” and Ik‟. For short-circuit far away the short-circuit current is nearly equal to the load flow current. MODEL FOR UNBALANCED FAULTS For unbalanced faults uses the static generator the zero and negative sequence model that is already described in section 1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model. For minimum short-circuits is the model completely neglected and has no short-circuit contribution.
1.3.2.1 “Complete” without load flow initialization If the Complete Short-Circuit method is used without the option “Load Flow Initialisation” on the Advanced Options page of the short-circuit calculation command the following model is used.
r1’’
uo’’
x1’’
i1’’
u1’’
Figure 14: Positive sequence circuit diagram for sub-transient faults The positive sequence transient impedance is calculated as follow:
Static Generator
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General Description
x1"
c"
S k 1 R X
2
r1" x1" R X uo" c" c” is the c-factor (voltage factor) If the transient short-circuit level (Ik‟, Sk‟) is zero, the model is represented only through the subtransient impedance. The transient impedance and the internal voltage source uo‟ are ignored.
r1’
x1’
i1’
u1’
uo’
Figure 15: Positive sequence circuit diagram for transient faults The positive sequence transient impedance is calculated as follow:
x1'
c'
S k 1 R X
2
r1' x1' R X c‟ is the c-factor (voltage factor) MODEL FOR UNBALANCED FAULTS For unbalanced faults uses the static generator the zero and negative sequence model that is already described in section 1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model. For minimum short-circuits is the model completely neglected and has no short-circuit contribution.
Static Generator
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General Description
1.3.3 ANSI Short Circuit There are two possibilities to use the static generator in an ANSI short circuit calculation:
No Short-Circuit Contribution (according to the standard)
Individual Fault Contribution
If “No Short-Circuit Cinstribution” is activated the static generator will be neglected in the calculation. If the option “No Short-Circuit Contribution” is not enabled the Maximum Short Circuit Contribution could be entered.
r1
x1
i1 F
~
uprefault
Figure 16: Positive sequence circuit diagram The impedance is calculated as follow:
x1 Sk
u prefault 1 R X
2
r1 R X x1 uprefault is the prefault voltage in p.u. The static generator is considered as follows for the corresponding short-circuit currents:
Momentary Current (First-cycle) r1, x1 is used (as defined in the equations above)
Interrupting Current like for the first-cycle study and always considered as “remote contribution”
30-cycle short-circuit No short-circuit contribution, the model is neglected (disconnected)
Static Generator
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General Description
1.3.4 IEC 61361 The IEC 61361 short circuit for the static generator is calculated according to the specification. The specification could be found in the chapter for IEC 61361 in the handbook.
1.4 Harmonics The static generator behaves like a current source during harmonic analysis. The used equivalent model is therefore a current source. The harmonics tab allows to specify or select the harmonic sources object. The spectrum of harmonic infeeds may be entered according to one of two options: balanced or unbalanced.
Figure 17: Harmonics Balanced - Unbalanced Also, the harmonic current can refer to either the Fundamental Current or to the Rated Current. If „Rated Current‟ is selected (Figure 18) then the phase angle is used from the initial bus voltage angle obtained from load flow.
Figure 18: Harmonic current referred to More information about the definition of harmonic current sources could be found in the corresponding chapter of the handbook.
Static Generator
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General Description
1.5 RMS Simulation The static generator supports two different models:
current source model
voltage source model
Depending on which input signals are connect the current or the voltage source model is used. If both signal combinations are connected the voltage source model is used. If no input signal is connected the static generator behaves like a constant current source. The current values from the load flow are used.
Figure 19: Model Input (RMS) The user can specify in both models a Minimum Operation Voltage threshold. For unbalanced simulation the zero/negative sequence is calculated as described in chapter 1.1.1.
1.5.1 Current Source Model Input Signals: •
id_ref: d-Axis Current Reference in p.u.
•
iq_ref: q-Axis Current Reference in p.u.
•
cosref: Cos(dq-Reference-Angle)
•
sinref: Sin(dq-Reference-Angle)
The cosref, sinref signal can be connected from a PLL model.
Static Generator
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General Description
i1
id_ref iq_ref
u1
Figure 20: Current Source Model The following equations are used:
i1 id _ ref cos u iq _ ref sin u j id _ ref sin u iq _ ref cos u If the input signals “cosref” and “sinref” are connected:
cos u cos ref
and
sin u sin ref
If the input signals are not connected the sinu and cosu quantities are internally calculated by using the terminal positive sequence voltage u1:
cos u
Re(u1) | u1 |
and
sin u
Im(u1) | u1 |
If the voltage under-runs the “Min. Operating Voltage”:
i1 0 The machine is switched on again, if the voltage is 5% higher as the “Min. Operating Voltage”.
1.5.2 Voltage Source Model Input Signals:
u1r_in : Voltage Input, pos. Sequence Real Part in p.u.
u1i_in : Voltage Input, pos. Sequence Imaginary Part in p.u.
Input Parameter:
uk : Series Reactor, Short Circuit Impedance in %
Static Generator
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General Description
Pcu : Series Reactor, Copper Losses in kW
The voltage source model is used if the two input signals “u1r_in” and “u1i_in” are connected otherwise the current source model is used.
R
u1r_in u1i_in
X
i1
U ~
u1
Figure 21: Voltage Source Model The following equations are used:
u1r _ in j u1i _ in u1 z i1 with:
z R jX
The quantities R and X are calculated from the input parameter “uk” and “Pcu”. If the voltage under-runs the “Min. Operating Voltage”:
i1 0 The machine is switched on again, if the voltage is 5% higher as the “Min. Operating Voltage”.
1.5.3 Negative/Zero Sequence Model See chapter 1.1.1. Zero/Negative Sequence Model of the load flow calculation.
1.6 EMT Simulation Fot the EMT Simulation are also two models available like in the RMS simulation.
Static Generator
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General Description
1.6.1 Current Source Model The current source model is implemented as a voltage source with a controlled current. The current is controlled with a build in current controller:
Figure 22: Build in Current Controller (Parameter) The current controller is defined as follows:
id
id _ ref
1 K d 1 T s d
idu
iq _ ref
1 K q 1 T s q
iqu
iq
Figure 23: Build in Current Controller The voltage of the internal voltage source is calculated in the d-q-frame as follows:
u1d idu 2f nom l shc iq u1q iqu 2f nom l shc id with:
lshc
is the short circuit inductance in p.u.
The voltage is transformed back to the system coordinates and applied to the voltage source:
u1r cos u u1d sin u u1q u1i sin u u1d cos u u1q
Static Generator
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General Description
2f lshc
u1r u1i
Id iq
U ~
u
Figure 24: Model used for EMT-current source
1.6.2 Voltage Source Model The voltage source model of the EMT Simulation is equal to the model of the RMS Simulation (1.5.2 Voltage Source Model).
1.6.3 Zero Sequence See chapter 1.1.1. Zero/Negative Sequence Model of the load flow calculation.
Static Generator
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Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models
2 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models 2.1 Stability Model (RMS) 2.1.1 Current Source Model xspeed id_ref iq_ref
id
cosref
iq
sinref
Figure 25: Input/Output Definition of the HVDC converter model for stability analysis (RMSsimulation) Table 1: Input Definition of the RMS-Model Parameter
Description
Unit
id_ref
d-Axis Current Reference
p.u.
iq_ref
q-Axis Current Reference
p.u.
cosref
Cos(dq-Reference-Angle)
sinref
Sin(dq-Reference-Angle)
Table 2: Output Definition of the RMS-Model Parameter
Description
Unit
xspeed
Frequency
p.u.
id
Current, d-Axis
p.u.
iq
Current, q-Axis
p.u.
Static Generator
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Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models
2.1.2 Voltage Source Model xspeed u1r_in id iq
u1i_in
Table 3: Input Definition of the RMS-Model Parameter
Description
Unit
u1r_in
Voltage Input, Real Part
p.u.
u1i_in
Voltage Input, Imaginary Part
p.u.
Table 4: Output Definition of the RMS-Model Parameter
Description
Unit
xspeed
Frequency
p.u.
id
Current, d-Axis
p.u.
iq
Current, q-Axis
p.u.
Static Generator
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Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models
2.2 EMT-Model 2.2.1 Current Source Model xspeed id_ref iq_ref
id
cosref
iq
sinref
Figure 26: Input/Output Definition of the HVDC converter model for stability analysis (EMTsimulation) Table 5: Input Definition of the EMT-Model Parameter
Description
Unit
id_ref
d-Axis Current Reference
p.u.
iq_ref
q-Axis Current Reference
p.u.
cosref
Cos(dq-Reference-Angle)
sinref
Sin(dq-Reference-Angle)
Table 6: Output Definition of the EMT-Model Parameter
Description
Unit
xspeed
Frequency
p.u.
id
Current, d-Axis
p.u.
iq
Current, q-Axis
p.u.
Static Generator
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Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models
2.2.2 Voltage Source Model xspeed u1r_in id u1i_in
iq
Table 7: Input Definition of the EMT-Model Parameter
Description
Unit
u1r_in
Voltage Input, Real Part
p.u.
u1i_in
Voltage Input, Imaginary Part
p.u.
Table 8: Output Definition of the EMT-Model Parameter
Description
Unit
xspeed
Frequency
p.u.
id
Current, d-Axis
p.u.
iq
Current, q-Axis
p.u.
Static Generator
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Input Parameter Definitions
3 Input Parameter Definitions 3.1 *.ElmGenstat Table 9: Input Parameter Definitions of the Static Generator Element Parameter
Description
loc_name
Name
bus1
Terminal (StaCubic)
bus1_bar
Terminal
cpZone
Zone
cpArea
Area
outserv
Out of Service
aCategory
Category
ngnum
Number of Parallel Machines
sgn
Rated Apparent Power
cosn
Rated Power Factor
bustp
Corresponding Bus Type
iv_mode
Local Voltage Controller
c_pstac
External Station Controller
mode_inp
Dispatch: Input Mode
pgini
Dispatch: Active Power
MW
qgini
Dispatch: Reactive Power
Mvar
sgini
Dispatch: Apparent Power
MVA
cosgini
Dispatch: Power Factor
pf_recap
Dispatch: Power Factor
usetp
Dispatch: Voltage
p.u.
ddroop
Dispatch: Droop
%
Kpf
Dispatch: Primary Frequency Bias
MW/Hz
pQlimType
Reactive Power Limits: Capability Curve
q_min
Reactive Power Limits: Min.
p.u.
q_max
Reactive Power Limits: Max.
p.u.
cQ_min
Reactive Power Limits: Min.
Mvar
cQ_max
Reactive Power Limits: Max.
Mvar
scaleQmin
Reactive Power Limits: Scaling Factor (min.).
%
scaleQmax
Reactive Power Limits: Scaling Factor (max.).
%
Pmin_uc
Active Power: Operational Limits: Min.
MW
Pmax_uc
Active Power: Operational Limits: Max.
MW
Pnom
Active Power: Operational Limits: Pn.
MW
P_max
Active Power: Ratings: Max.
MW
pmaxratf
Active Power: Ratings: Rating Factor.
c_pCtrlHV
Controlled HV-busbar
Uctrl
HV-Voltage Setpoint
Static Generator
Unit
MVA
kV
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Input Parameter Definitions
Qmin_a
Qmin (act.)
Mvar
Qmax_a
Qmax (act.)
Mvar
Pmin_a
Pmin (act.)
MW
Pmax_a
Pmax (act.)
MW
iconfed
Static Converter-fed Drive
Skss
Fault Contribution: Subtransient Short-Circuit Level
MVA
Sks
Fault Contribution: Transient Short-Circuit Level
MVA
Ikss
Fault Contribution: Subtransient Short-Circuit Level
kA
Iks
Fault Contribution: Transient Short-Circuit Level
kA
rtox
Fault Contribution: R to X” Ratio
xtor
Fault Contribution: X” to R Ratio
iearthed
Earthed
r0
Earthed: Zero-sequence Resistance
p.u.
x0
Earthed: Zero-sequence Reactance
p.u.
iAstabint
A-stable Integration Algorithm
umin
Min. Operation Voltage
p.u.
uk
Short Circuit Impedance
%
Kd
Current Controller: Kd: d-Axis, Proportional Gain
Td
Current Controller: Td: d-Axis, Integration Time Constant
Kq
Current Controller: Kq: q-Axis, Proportional Gain
Tq
Current Controller: Tq: q-Axis, Integration Time Constant
phmc
Harmonic Injections
icurref
Harmonic Current Referred to
ictqg
Optimal Power Flow Controls: Reactive Power
iOPFCQmin
Optimal Power Flow Reactive Power Limits: Min
iOPFCQmax
Optimal Power Flow Reactive Power Limits: Max
pBMU
Commitment Automatic Dispatch: Virtual Power Plant
iestp
State Estimation: Estimate Active Power
iestq
State Estimation: Estimate Reactive Power
pStoch
Stochastic Model
Static Generator
s
s
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