structure of brain; rationality and intuition

A. Vaezipour, “Structure of Brain; Rationality and Intuition,” Tech. Rep. 2013. Research Description, Jönköping University, School of Engineering, 2013.

STRUCTURE OF BRAIN; RATIONALITY AND INTUITION (Part II)

A. Vaezipour Jönköping University, School of Engineering

Abstract. This study suggests that vision-based decision-making processes via graphical representation of information would be the most compatible approach with the human brain, where the computation power of computers can be well integrated into the intuitive mind.

“There is no logical way to the discovery of elemental laws. There is only the way of intuition, which is helped by a feeling for the order lying behind the appearance... The intuitive mind is a sacred gift and the rational mind is a faithful servant. We have created a society that honors the servant and has forgotten the gift.” Albert Einstein “The next phase for business is one that competes on innovation. Innovation emerges from organizations that nurture creativity…The first step is to understand creativity.” Business Intelligence Success Factors, Rud, Olivia Parr (2009)


Availability and access to data has been more than ever convenient to enterprises. Due to the low cost availability of; data storages, high-tech data warehouses, advanced data acquisition technologies, and most importantly expansion of social networks, there won’t be any lack of data issues anymore but the lack of tools for getting insight into the big data. Very conventionally Business

Intelligence (BI) has been

contributing in providing meaningful information out of historical data in supporting decision-makers. However often the communicated information via BI tools, in general, would still make a large scale problem in which can not be easily handled by the limited information processing capacity of human brain; the complex entity of mind. Understanding the human brain, its limitations, functions and potentials would give a concrete idea on what kind of tools can better satisfy the need of todays’ businesses decision-making. The suitable tools would be able to empower the information processing capability of human brain and can well interact with the intuitive mind and decision-maker’s gut feeling. Considering the human brain structure and its inner-outer interactions along with the other human factors such as; psychological and sociological factors, would be essential in a successful aligning of the businessintelligence (Watson et al. 2007), and also Business/IT alignment


(Murer 2011, Seigerroth 2011, Kaidalova and Seigerroth 2012) in general. In other words in aligning any software application into business in order to be able to achieve objectives the human factors, and before of all the quality of implemented brain-computer-interaction should be well considered. The human brain has both capacities for sequential and simultaneous functioning of thoughts. Latter functioning provides the ability to interpret information simultaneously which enables people to make sense of very complex situations. Although analytics software packages of today can perform statistical calculations way faster than humans can, the most powerful software cannot recognize a human face as fast as the average

person.

This

would

suggest

that

an

integration

of

sequential/simultaneous functioning’s say a novel human-computerinteraction would deliver an outstanding information processing and decision-making capability. At the end this study suggests that vision-based decision-making processes via graphical representation of information would be the most compatible approach with the human brain, where the computation power of computers can be well integrated to the intuitive mind.


INTRODUCTION A company in order to remain competitive must innovate and in particular value the creativity. Innovation emerges from organizations that nurture creativity (Rud 2009). Without creativity, products and services become more and more alike. Creative thinking in problem solving, decision-making, and innovative ideas allow companies to differentiate. This enables premium pricing leading to higher value and success (Moore 2005). Kandel et al. (2000) in the book principles of neural science argue that all mental functions, including conscious or unconscious decisionmaking, whether a creative heuristic or a logical approach, come from the brain. In this sense studying the structure, function, ability and processing quality of the brain plays an important role in investigation of the creative thinking, problem solving and critical decision-making. Being aware of characteristics of brain along with further psychological and sociological aspects of human creativity in organizations, would be the major effective success factors to be considered in implementing any BI alignment project (Rud 2009). In fact the structure and processing of the human brain play an important role in creative thinking and problem solving. The brain is a highly adaptable complex system, yet self-executed. And most importantly people relate differently to situations based on the way their brains are wired (LeDoux 1998).


STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN The brain is one of the most complex entities in the universe. The brain of a modern human consists of some 100 billion cells, each of which connects and communicates with up to 10,000 of other cells. Together they forge an elaborate network of some one quadrillion connections (Pink 2006). To understand the mechanics of the creative process of a decision, it is useful to have a deeper understanding of the structure and functioning of the brain. The volume of a human brain, also known as cranial capacity, is often measured in cm3 or cc. In the last some million years of evolution, from the hominid lineage, the brain volume has increased from less than 600 cc to about 1500 cc; to the brain volume of a modern human (Vilee 1954, Holloway 1996). Yet the structure, volume and connections of the brain’s parts during past 50,000 years has stayed the same. In fact the cultural evolution has been much faster than biological evolution as many of the stresses we experience in our lives today come from a gap between what our culture requires of us and the structure of our brain. In the other words the brain has limited resources to be able to successfully deal with the huge amount of data


analysis, information processing and social contacts of current era (March 1978). Consequently modern human has been looking for tools and techniques to adapt to the challenges of modern life (Deacon 1997). In one hand computers and on the other hand adapting to the situation have been two options. In fact the plasticity characteristic of the brain has been helping the human to adapt to the increasing complexity of community and life in which we have been witnessing since early 20st century. There are neuroscientists that shown it is possible to change the actual structure of the brain and its performance with practice. They claim it would be possible to train our brain to have greater attention capacity, long-term memory, to process information more efficiently and to maintain a state of relaxed productivity (Kelly and Garavan 2005).


Positions of Neocortex and Limbic system

Brain is divided into a left and a right hemisphere called cerebral hemispheres (neocortex). Within the two hemispheres there are the neocortex and limbic system (including the corpus callosum). These four parts are profoundly divided yet well interconnected to each other. Brain has in fact been more divided over the course of human evolution; and consequently the ratio of the corpus callosom to the volume of the hemispheres has got smaller over evolution. Yet one of the main functions of the corpus callosum is in fact to inhibit the other hemisphere.


Mora than 80 percent of the brain is in the neocortex which manages processes concerning vision, hearing, body, sensations, intentional motor control, reasoning, cerebral thinking and decision-making, purposeful

behavior,

language,

and

non-verbal

ideation

(Herrmann1981). The frontal lobes of neocortex are the most uniquely human of all the components of the brain as they are responsible for intentionality, foresight, and planning. Most recently it has been determined that the prefrontal neocortex plays a central role in evaluating our actions, forming goals and objectives, and implementing the plans (Damasio et al. 1993). The frontal lobes have great cognitive power that allows humans to look to the future, predict and be proactive. This power gives humans the ability to seek goals, make plans, dream and manipulate models to represent and predict the future (Case 1992), and most importantly reading other people’s minds and intentions (McGilchrist 2009)


Positions and divisions of Cerebral hemispheres, Corpus Callosum, Cerebellum and frontal lobes The two halves of the limbic system are nestled into each of the two cerebral hemispheres and make up most of the rest of the thinking cortex. The limbic system (including Corpus Callosum) has one of the richest blood supplies in the body. It regulates eating, drinking, sleeping, waking, body temperature, chemical balances such as blood sugar, heart rate, blood pressure, punishment, hunger, thirst, aggression, rage and most importantly producing emotions. In other words, it has the power to overwhelm logical thinking with emotional energy.


Cerebellum is a powerful mechanism with more nerve cells than the rest of the brain combined (Leiner 1997). It quickly processes information from all other parts of the brain, such as motor areas, cognitive areas, language areas, and areas involving emotional functions. Its connections to the cerebral cortex resemble segregated bundles, which allow it to communicate complex information. Current investigations (Javier 2000 and Claude 2002) suggest that the cerebellum is involved not only in skilled motor performance but in skilled mental performance as well as sensory acquisition, discrimination, tracking and prediction. The other important part of the brain which is involved in processing emotions especially fear is Amygdala. When dealing with transformation and moving in new directions in life or business, people’s level of fear plays a prominent role in their ability and willingness to move forward (LeDoux 2003). The connections within the brain can be categorized in two parts, those within each hemisphere and those between the hemispheres and the two halves of the limbic system. Corpus callosum as a part of limbic system, connects the two cerebral hemispheres, is believed to have between 200 and 300 million fibers. Within the four areas, there are two patterns of brain functioning, situational functioning and iterative functioning. To improve efficiency, the brain determines which part to activate based on the particular situation.


Iterative functioning, in contrast, is a back-and-forth movement of signals among the brain’s specialized centers that take place to advance work on a task. Depending on the complexity of the task, it can be a single iteration or multiple iterations between or within hemispheres.

THEORY OF LEFT-BRAIN/RIGHT–BRAIN After the first split-brain operation in 1969 by Roger W. Sperry, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981 the theory of left-brain/right– brain has become very popular. His operation was performed by cutting the corpus collosum, the structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. After the communication pathway between the two sides of the brain was cut the patients found themselves unable to name objects that were processed by the right side of the brain, but were able to name objects that were processed by the left-side of the brain. Based on this experiment, Sperry made a number of suggestions on the functions of the brain.


Brain functions according to the theory of left-brain/right–brain

In short his theory is based on what is known as the lateralization of brain function. It basically says that one side of the brain very specifically controls a particular function(s), and people either are left-brained or right-brained (Cherry 2010). Sperry further unveiled that the right brain is the superior cerebral member when it came to performing certain kinds of mental tasks. According to him in fact left brain functions sequentially and excels at analysis while right brain operates holistically, reads emotions, and recognizes patterns. According to the left-brain/right-brain theory, the right side of the brain is best at expressive and creative tasks. Some of the abilities that are popularly associated with the right side of the brain include: recognizing


faces, expressing emotions, music, reading, emotions, color, images, intuition and creativity. Yet the left-side of the brain is considered to be devoted to at tasks that involve logic, language and analytical thinking Logic, critical thinking, numbers and reasoning.

BRAIN AND BUSINESS FUNCTIONS On the basis of the theory of lateralization (Sperry 1969) it would be possible to map a number of common business functions to a particular quadrant of the brain (Herrmann 1991 and 1981). For instance Left Cerebral Cortex gathers facts, analyzes issues, solves problems logically, argues rationally, measures precisely, understands technical elements and considers financial aspects. The Right Cerebral Cortex, on the other side, reads signs of coming change, sees the big picture, recognizes new possibilities, tolerates ambiguity, integrates ideas and concepts, bends or challenges established policies, synthesizes unlike elements into a new whole, and does problem solving in intuitive ways. Left Limbic System finds overlooked flaws, approaches problems practically, stands firm on issues, maintains a standard of consistency, provides stable leadership and supervision, reads fine print in documents and/or contracts, organizes and keep track of essential data, develops detailed plans and procedures, implements projects in a timely manner, articulates plans in an orderly


way and keeps financial records straight. Very differently Right Limbic System however recognizes interpersonal difficulties, anticipates how others will feel, intuitively understands how others feel, picks up nonverbal cues of interpersonal stress, relates to others in empathetic ways, engenders enthusiasm, persuades, teaches, conciliates, understands emotional elements and consider values. The left Cerebral Cortex specializes in text while the right hemisphere specializes in context. Within the brain, the Left Cerebral Cortex interprets the words. The Right Cerebral Cortex processes all of the nonverbal parts of the communication. The left Cerebral Cortex analyzes the details; the Right Cerebral Cortex synthesizes the big picture. Basically, the left brain analyzes information in a linear manner. The Right Cerebral Cortex synthesizes information to create a whole. The left Cerebral Cortex can find problems, identify parts, and grasp details. The right part focuses on interactions and relationships. Yet only the right brain can see the big picture. In dealing with big data and complex information for decision-making e.g. in (Sandkuhl et al. 2012), frequent and proficient use of the right hemisphere becomes increasingly important and beneficial. “Only since the twentieth century has information been conveyed in pictures, encouraging right hemisphere or even whole-brain synthesis.” (Rud 2009)


UPDATED THEORY OF LATERALIZATION Based on more recent researches e.g. (Benes et al. 2000) although the right brain may be what allows us to access more expansive thinking, the effective use of both hemispheres (both Cerebral Cortexes) is necessary to survive in our rapidly evolving business landscapes. Later research (Singh and O'Boyle 2004) has shown that the brain is not nearly as divided as once Sperry had thought. For example, recent research by Singh and O'Boyle (2004) has shown that abilities in subjects such as math are actually strongest when both sides of the brain work together. They found out that mathematically gifted teens did better than average-ability teens and college students on tests that required the two sides of the brain to cooperate. Those who were precocious in math were equally good at processing global and local elements with either hemisphere, suggesting more interactive, cooperative left and right brains. In addition, whereas average-ability boys and college students were slower on cooperative trials, the math-gifted showed the opposite pattern. They were slower on one-sided trials, but when a task required both sides of the brain to work together, they were considerably faster than the other boys (Singh and O'Boyle 2004). Their study supports the growing notion that the mathematically gifted are better at relaying and integrating information between the cerebral hemispheres. They conclude it is not that you have a special math module somewhere in your


brain, but rather that the brain's particular connection with right hemisphere would deliver the creativity. It has been seen that interactive connection of right-left brain would be the source of creativity. In the other words creativity is about shifting between rationality and intuition (Dane 2007 and 2011). Interactive connecting of the left part of brain to the intuition source of right brain can provide outstanding performance in decision-making and problem

solving.

Recent

researches

(Santhanam

2006

and

Brynielsson 2009) suggest that the human intuition may also be integrated with computers where in fact computers would take part in activities of the left part of the brain.


INTUITIVE MIND VS. RATIONAL MIND; LEFT HEMISPHERE VS. RIGHT HEMISPHERE More information we have it in spade but we get less and less able to use it, to understand it, to be wise. McGilchrist Iain; the divided brain, 2009. “Society will develop a new kind of servitude which covers the surface of society with a network of complicated rules, through which the most original minds and the most energetic characters cannot penetrate. It does not tyrannise but it compresses, enervates, extinguishes, and stupefies a people, till each nation is reduced to nothing better than a flock of timid and industrious animals, of which the government is the shepherd.” Alexis de Tocqueville 1805–1859.

McGilchrist (2009) explains the updated theory of lateralization as; the right hemisphere gives sustained, broad, open, vigilant, alertness; where the left hemisphere gives narrow, sharply focused attention to detail. However it is not true that one part of the brain does reason and the other does emotion. In fact both are profoundly involved in both. Moreover is not true that language resides only in the left hemisphere. However important aspects of it are in the right. And about visual imagery, it also would be the result of interaction of both hemispheres. He believes that for a creative functioning of language, vision, imagination, reason, and emotion both hemispheres should be involved.


Brain as a whole with both rational and intuition interactions

He further explains that the right hemispheres manipulate the world as we need to be able to use, interact with the world and use it for our benefit. On other hand with left hemispheres we grasp, use our hands and make tools. In fact when brain already knows something is important and we want to be precise about it we use our left hemispheres in that way. To doing so human have been using a simplified version of reality such as a simulation model or a reporting graph of visual analytics software. Yet novelty of the right hemisphere is always looking out for things that might be different from our expectations. It sees things in context, body language and


emotional expression in the face and it understands individuals, not just categories (McGilchrist 2009). On the other hand the world of the left hemisphere is dependent on abstraction, and it yields clarity and power to manipulate things that are known, fixed, static, isolated, explicit, and general in nature (McGilchrist 2009). While the right hemisphere yields a world of individual, changing, evolving, interconnected, implicit, and living beings in the context of the dynamic world, and yet in the nature of the unknown. That knowledge that is immediate by the left hemisphere is however within a closed system. It has the advantage of perfection but the perfection is bought out of it with the price of emptiness (McGilchrist 2009).

Intuitive vs. rational thinking,

Image from http://www.olamoller.com/blog/


Dealing with the real-life problems with either intuition or rationality would lead to a critical problem. They represent two different versions of the worlds and sometimes even though we may combine them in different ways. Human often need to rely on certain approaches to manipulate the world. For a broad understanding of the problems we should be utilizing knowledge that comes from the right hemisphere. However nowadays we live in a world which is entirely made on rationality with a network of small complicated rules that cover the surface of life and limits the freedom of thoughts. Nowadays with availability of the CCTVs, social networks and huge data storages we are having more information but we are not able to properly process them and use them with the rational approaches. According to Pascal the end point of rationality is to demonstrate the limits to rationality. “In our modern world we develop something that looks awfully like the left hemisphere’s world: we priorities the virtual over the real, the technical becomes important.” (McGilchrist 2009). Worth mentioning that logic and reasoning which comes from left side of the brain is desirable however increasing the usage of the knowledge which comes from the right hemisphere and the need to return what that knows about a broader context would be essential.


Yet today’s managers in knowledge-based organizations, especially those working in analytical and decision-making positions, believe that rightbrain creative processes are irrelevant to their line of work. In fact people “tend to favor more left-brain, linear, hierarchical thinking processes. However, evidence shows that the best way to solve complex analytical problems is to access the whole brain”. (Rud 2009)

FINAL REMARKS

Creativity cannot be forced. It can only be allowed. However, much can be done to increase the flow of creativity. Rud, Olivia Parr (2009) “It is no good if you’re fighting a campaign having all the information on all those plants and species that grow in the terrain of battle. What you need is to know specifics of where certain things are that matter to you and so you have a map and you have little flags. It is not reality but it works better” McGilchrist, Iain; the divided brain


The role of the right brain in today’s global economy in dealing with large scale problems is vital. With computers becoming increasingly used at handling the linear processes, the competitive advantage for humans is in the ability to access the power of the right hemisphere. This would be happening via a well-designed humancomputer-interaction; an artificial new brand brain; an intuitive brain empowered by computers. Furthermore the skills needed to participate in an adaptive organization are also governed dominantly by right hemisphere in an intuitive manner (Rud 2009, Herrmann 1981). In fact, research suggests that human brain’s right hemisphere is the only area that deals effectively with change and the dynamic nature on business (Herrmann 1991). But not to forget that in general, the two hemispheres of the brain work together to orchestrate every human activity. Yet neuroscientists suggest that the two

hemispheres

approach

every

situation

slightly

differently.

Understanding and enhancing the use of one side or the other can enhance creative endeavors (Rud 2009). Today most of organizations are still overwhelm with the huge amount of information and relying only on rational approaches of data analytics where rationality, simply, has no answer to complexity involved. In this situation there is both an economic motivation and a human pull to move


beyond the logical, linear, reductionist view to a more compassionate, inventive, holistic and intuitive approach. An alternative would be an another view that takes humanity through stages based on value systems described in e.g. (Pink 2005) which would be a fascinating concept with broad implications for human development. Pink (2005) suggests a possible next level as more integrative than conceptual (Roemischer 2002). He suggests that organizations can evolve from the Information Age into one with high concept and high touch while staying grounded within the system through a high level of connection. In fact with the increasing of the global pressures and complexities, the next phase for business would be the one that competes on innovation via integration of human and technical resources, what is called Integral Age (Beck 2002).

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structure of brain; rationality and intuition

structure of brain; rationality and intuition

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