SWP 1387 HARDSHIP, DISCIPLINE AND ... - Core

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MALCOLM HARPER. Professor of Enterprise Development. Cranfield School of Management. Cranfield Institute of Technology. Cranfield. Bedford MK43 OAL.
SWP 1387

HARDSHIP, DISCIPLINE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

MALCOLM HARPER Professor of Enterprise Development Cranfield School of Management Cranfield Institute of Technology Cranfield Bedford MK43 OAL United Kingdom (Tel: 0234-751122) (Fax: 0234-751806)

Copyright: Harper 1987

Hardship,

The number of definitions neurship”

suggests

perhaps,

still

perhaps its

presence; but

hardship

have

in

terms

totally

success

Like

while

skills,

and abilities

which

is

however,

it

can

rather

than

to

under

is

every

assistance

who labour there

and,

to enjoy

support,

clearly

“entrepre-

nature,

absence

who appear

others

succeeded;

the word

as to its

to its

people

of education,

for

many concepts,

by reference

failed,

attitudes

forward

agreement

know of business

have nevertheless

of attributes,

little

origins.

identified

we all

and Entrepreneurship

have been put is

as to its

advantage

advice,

is

there

be more easily

possible

It

which

that

less

Discipline

and

every

possible

some mysterious

a necessary

bundle

condition

of

in enterprise. generally

important

agreed

that

contribution

agriculture

to economic

and larger

to employ

people

ingredient

for

identify

its

assistance

firms

have either

new business,

as effectively

entrepreneurship

it

all

because they

entrepreneurship

is

therefore

if

will

is

worth

failed

a necessary

trying

to

in order

possible,

start

Government,

can or have

entrepreneurs

and,

more people

only

If

potential

as possible

so that

absorbed

cost.

to recognise

origins,

can and must make an if

development,

at any reasonable successful

businesses

indigenous

to reveal

to employ or to create

and develop

more successful

this

and there

businesses. A great

deal

of research

over’ some twenty

substantial

evidence,

or reveal

entrepreneurs.

particular

approach,

and only business

in

a generous premises, beyond

do not

however,

must

package markets

particularly

remain

the presently

accepted

that

is

methodologies

to entrepreneurship

effective

substitute

or complement

for

possible

proponents the

programmes is

therefore

would

the existing

the

trainees have

access

started

may or may not

by

to finance,

to look

whether

approaches.

one

accompanied

worthwhile

and to examine development

of any

selected

so often

is

to create

have found

such as privileged

It

approaches

is

they

training

services

different

it

as to whether

development

or raw materials.

field,

enthusiastic

since

of additional

that

pretend

in entrepreneurship any case,

in

years,

Even the most

and doubts

method,

who participate

has been undertaken

quite be an

-

2

-

-’

W e should have in

first

of all

m a jority

businesses

underlying

groups,

tribes

ability

to start

influences

or perhaps

could

then undergo

as a result.

a surrogate we look

that

two atomic

best

recipe.

renascence they

instrument

were compelled

older

machinery,

had been destroyed whose industrial industry not

totally

economic

in

but

a very

to have provided

destroy itself it

States War only

has not the

to

in

and its

arguably

the world's

system

both

by war,

been on so massive

for

have been absorbed

from

were up-rooted,

has was

the m a inland, dramatic

many as this

destroyed;

enterprise.

part

of

successful

the country, Since

as a whole.

then,

immigration

a scale into

society

have demonstrated

and although

and rapid

growth

Hong Kong's

most consistently small

or society

which

Korea had little

of refugees

but

ground

encumbered,

countries

industrial

was in way or another

a fertile

that

most of the

were still

the process.

of m illions

order

since

fact

way to Japan and Germany, but

new phenomenon. way,

conclude

of war were the the

many other

however,

The population

been touched

immigrants

the same

the economic

or was,

countries

the Korean war, a quite

we m ight

for

and equipment

damaged a relatively

the political

has never

so that

is

are,

different

and the existing

of experience

we may be able

or the ravages

one reason

destroyed

by the influx

refugees,

The United

that

in a similar

was not

entrepreneurship".

The Civil

There

dislocated

transformed

of nations,

defeat

more "fortunate"

"national appears

that,

which

to speak of before

as was Taiwan,

experience

new plant

been a renascence

kind

had the

entrepreneurial

the same danger,

to install

plant

who have not

to enhance entrepreneurship.

by war.

have been seriously

one or more

particular

such as Germany and Japan is,

with

than average

same way as a dose of cowpox confers

has been suggested

of nations

any common

a higher

People

this

programmes,

or of the numerous

and enhance their

it,

bombs, or failing It

some way.

who

and developed

we may discover

but without

itself,

at the recent

in

of

In the

as smallpox

enterprise,

to undergo

a simulation

started

we can identify

new enterprises,

the m isfortune,

development

have demonstrated

can be "simulated"

luck,

immunity

If

individual

which

successful

which

potential

of

or evennations

number of entrepreneurs

have successfully

any such assistance. the origins

small

by entrepreneurship

of people,who

without

factors

If

beyond the very

some sense been "created"

to the vast

find

look

economy.

and did

the country

has continued,

as in Hong Kong or Taiwan,

society,

rather

not

than over-

-3-

whelming

Does America's

it.

disruption

is

If

closer,

however,

descended

from

we look

States

is

country

not

itself

a necessary

was never

in one way or another continues,

with

success

prise; original

more likely emerge, second,

they

in

black

community

appear

their are

at

seen that with

which

at

last

3,000

to start sacked

the

of

enterprise.

except

had no option may include

the

favours almost

except

sweeping

the the

streets,

themselves

the

other

of

emigrants

same be said

of

as sources

standing

but

they

in

their In

have also

harrassed,

expelled

camps,

communities,

but

where

to be mistrusted, which also

of

and most widely

others

did

includes

risk

ethnic fact,

the

been,

for

and

have been comfortable,

but

who

Can the

enterprise?

things

the

entrepreneurial

individual

perhaps

on

circumstances

some feature

alien

to do the

for

been

up concentration fact

of hardship;

there

may not

original

have of ten

continually

set

their

themselves

community,

and thus

again”,

longest

Is

the

differences

of their

have distinguished perhaps

that

enter-

to be expected.

enterprise.

the Jews into

position,

weakness

need to “start

in

Rome or Hitler

scattering

all

is perhaps

successful

years,

to fend from

relative

The diaspora

again.

when Titus

It

were,

economic

innovative

because

and early

different

community.

culture,

in

from

Africa

The origins

and the

The Jews are

the most

do.

they

dislocated

removed

to leave

recently,

which

part

Two critical

group.

even permitted

success

only

therefore

The

The process

may be suggested

forcibly

quite

p,

Jews are not

no established

were

and the

entrepreneurial

effect

United

hardship.

and apparently,

their

It

decide

until

national

or their

to play

any other

therefore

hardshi

entrepreneurs?

forced

the

existence.

were more totally

new home.

communities

the

in

came because

earlier

and others,

not

expected'or

least

least

population

their

indians.

themselves

contribution,

makeup,

but

they

society,

recognised

disrupted,

than

make up American

numerous

or economic

in particular,

were not

arrival

the

political

first, not

their

associated

from

groups

however:

We have

a refugee,

its

or social

enterprise? everyone

Vietnamese

to innovate

and did

national

physical

virtually

dissatisfied,with

people,

homes,

for

that

that

and indigenous

black

suggest

similarly.

American blacks

not

stimulus we find

Hispanics,

continues

Two major

success

either it

has had

they

have and have

not

want

taking

to and

-4-

The remarkable to conclude

success that

Chinese

them to be successful and indeed other

those

people

in

or they

Mainland

China

success,

for

however,

the Chinese

region,

itself other

reasons

departing,

or

any particular

are many other

in East

in Masailand, almost hardship It

the

Armenians

of

In spite

in

potential

of

Individuals detailed

who have

except

all

in

left

have

is not

to other number.

in their

desert

in Arabia

countries' The Indians

in West Africa,

shown that

by host

too

the Kikuyu

homeland and the

dislocation

distant'future

among the millions homes for

of

British and

governments

and well

Somalia,

in Pakistan, are

things

meaning

assistance

on outside

showing

the

all

agencies

aid,

such as the United

already

in

elsewhere. many

Kenya and elsewhere,

environments

or Australia,

be a

of refugees,

better

and to make them dependent in

Europe

the not

their

more hospitable

as well

States,

entrepreneurial

suffering.

examination which

"The Entrepreneurs", successful

suffered

have not

performance

small

the Palestinians

will

can become socially

event"

to their the Lebanese

of new businesses

in The Sudan, Western

have not

to leave,

whose economic

India

Lanka,

there

such people

Canada,

over

economic

characteristics.

of proportion

all

whose fore-

recently,

who have made contributions

in Britain;

that

attempts

as in apparently

initiative

and

reasons.

until they

countries,

Indonesia

similar

because

leads

to enterprise.

the world,

to segregate

the

in Egypt,

Sri

except

flowering of

refugees

out

the Mahajans

in fact,

remarkable

mining

quite

can lead

may be,

parts

are

everywhere

lack

these

or political

later;

either

of peoples

at home, but

the Tamils

Rajasthan,

discuss

which

Chinese",

demonstrate

entrepreneurial

examples

notable Africa,

we shall

in

of Malaysia,

economic

some people

trait

Chinese

"overseas

future

at home,

demonstrated

which

the near

who stayed

to risk

success

China for

which

the

themselves

left

may in

the

has led

personality

In fact,

are

themselves,

sufficiently

economies

some inbred

in enterprise. the

bearers,

particularly

have

who have spearheaded

countries

There

Hong Kong and Singapore

of Taiwan,

of

the

was in gives

entrepreneurs.

marginal

lives

of most

some sense numerous It

in

the

same way as whole

entrepreneurs

a personal

examples

maybe anobvious

reveals

on in-depth

incident

some "deter-

Richard

disaster.

based

countries;

suchas

Bruce,

interviews being

in with

prematurely

-5-

orphaned

or otherwise

subtle,

such as a sudden

The effect, nationa

in

the

individual

or social

support,

to hardship groups

subjected in which

they

Kuomintang

the

live;

who took

The very

over

experience

financing

of

requires

voluntary those

in a difficult of

of

the place national

original

revolution,

Revolution

have been experiments

at

incentives

or training,

initiative,

suggests

that

abstinence,

in which

these

refugees

more recently,

merely the

combination

societies

the discipline.

hostile work

and

more severe the

relocate

forward"

in China,

of

Cultural

of discipline.

by positive

to use their

can be equally

of

dislocation regime

not

people

a period and the

by a fierce

by allowing

a

at home, or of

the national

and followed enterprise

far

followed

leap

of

hard

normally

and dislocation

been

a new and often

who remain

"great

also

the

and of planning,

those

individual but

in

all

of military

of

accompanied

it,

remnants

are

abortive

of

by the

environment, surviving

normal

again".

required

years

a whole

or her

requires

and the

self-restraint,

defeat

the

that

of

religion

which

in'china,

discipline;

of his

because

undergone

of gratification

In Germany and Japan improved

the Japanese

demanded by the'lifestyle people

exceeds

had all

qualities

of dislocation

The Jewish

a move and then

postponement

indigenous

the

living

and executing

environment

Current

Taiwan

that

or inadequacy.

we have referred,have

generally

Germans,

loneliness

and partly

discipline. that

may have been more

and has had to "start

to which

personal

to

or it

has been deprived

and dislocation,

of self-discipline

of

has been similar

and individuals

to fierce

support,

realisation

or community;

nations,

the

personal

case,

In addition

degree

of economic

either

means of economic

than

deprived

own

effective,

whatever

sequence.

Hardship

requires

perhaps

surprising

self-discipline,

that have

The foregoing

arguments

entrepreneurial

success

we are promoting

interested the

and discipline.

and discipline

discipline,

not quality

people enjoyed

who have

of

certain

so much in which,

Persecution,

suffered

entrepreneurial

may or may not

explanations

racial

hardship;

hardship,

it

is

not

and responded

with

success.

be convincing

nations,

we agree,

overcomes

explanations

communities but

the

and individuals,

but

in ways of "artificially"

has been engendered intolerance,

for

famine

through

hardship

or bereavement

may

-6-

be effective

causes

misfortunes

can humanely

entrepreneurs affected

be simulated

in

countries

by their

“natural"

causes.

accepted

techniques

and defining emphasis

the

innovation, misfortune?

This

be a reasonable

attempts

surprisingly

In Malawi,

the

objective in

rural

and work

Salima

is

to train

areas

of

the

regime

are

inducted 5.30

is

into

the

is

almost

similar

from with

which

individuality

or innovation they

their

own,

homes. the

training,

traditional success.

over employing

locations survey the

revealed last

a number

entrepreneurship

eight

are that years,

of others development

some 77% of as well

have

still

to get

and equipment when they

up

the which

start

end of

the

course,

distant

the

tools,

They are posted, those

their

to promote

from

most on

their

own

who had undergone

in business,

as themselves.

programmes

and

management

and some simple

deliberately

and of

new army recruits

attempts

training.

were

School,

customers,

simple

materials

of raw materials which

the

families

and fastidiously

of

At the

live

to their

The trainees

or other

during

and students

to local

regularly

whose

entrepreneurs

of

have to work

included.

have made themselves

A recent

them were of

some $70 worth

in rural

will

motivation are

time,

camp" where

using

they

and

programme

to return

component

technical,

to develop

at any rate,

craft

full

life.

small

to

some

hardship

discipline

of a "boot is

that

at any rate,

has to be sold

of military a very

is

to the

accommodation

No achievement

of which

that

rigors

businesses. receive

it

attempting

the fact

a two year

few opportunities

subject

much of

entirely

to those

students

is

living

and apart

training

very

which

positive.

runs

The course

than

dislocation,

men to become independent

work

School

on improving

in retrospect

young

much like

their

a.m.,

inspected, are

very

to simulate

of

development,

for

which

supply as to be

rather

not

been extremely

with

the

concentrate

Trade

in that

the marketplace,

it

a process,

country.

Their

we not

Rural

in one place,

or relatives.

at

the

to increase

Uganda and palawi

an attempt

to see how such

entrepreneurial

were

in India,

The resultshave

discipline.

for

difficult

and achievement,

through

like

is

been so unfortunate

Should

objection,

ability

it

in order

have not

setting

have been made,

entrepreneurial looks

which

goal

substitute might

but

of entrepreneurship,

can claim

and many of Very a similar

few record

.:,

I< . . +% ,. ‘/

-7-

In Uganda a programme Kampala

has similar

apparent rather It

lack than

is

support

from

a one year for

again

because

any appreciation

of

and the

small

of funds,

of

scrap

of resources,

and the difficult In fact,,

establishing reinvesting thus

hundreds

enabling

them to employ

rebuilding

and mechanical

Uganda. not

Here again,

include

In Bihar in

this

of

the

their

case

of

Staff

on the

rural

young

regimented

and barrack-like

personal their leaf

people

to start

cup making, to measure

its

large

proportion

of

independent fact,

entrepreneurship the

same tribal

from

is very

programme

being

the

chosen

from

people

development

higher for

Rural

are

such diverse

the

of chaos

training

does

the mainstream

successful

at

achieved with

concerned

that

and making

no

Entrepreneurship. but

a rigorous and then

regime

of

return

to

as joinery, It

indications starting

As

come to a highly

collection. the

same area,

in

originating

sector

fields

again,

that

demand for

years

in

training,

or in groups. than

the

villages,

and silk

here

individually

to be rather groups.

but,

enormous

people

for

and technical

engineering

in

and many are

and the

They follow

in

trainees

succeeded

of Technology,

their

lack

and raw materials,

to the modern

Centre

the

as such.

Institute

environment.

these

high,

tribal

channeled

started

success,

in

and for

the

has been developed,

young

the Birla

which

in new equipment has arisen

of

areas,

the

of equipment,

responsible

trainees

rural

in entrepreneurship

enterprises

businesses,

appears

rate

are

the

and,

exercises,

because

under

and to satisfy

success

mechanical

early

75% of in remote

which

cleanliness

discipline, villages

others

a similar

poor,

in Malawi,

conditions

few

them with

early

success,

are

to be sold,

Those who are its

country

there

to provide their

7.e

and

similarly

have a few items

as one of

about

repairs

was mainly

impossible

They only

the need to involve

economy.

have

a month

training

India,

from

expertise

impact

the

any overt State

services

businesses

of dollars

are

their

physical

and sustaining

areas, Because

is

the

',.

and self-reliance.

homes.

about

however,

of

of hardship rural

in

hardship

conditions

from

raw material.

were very,pessimistic

trained.

chaotic

have made themselves

amount

Centre

their

it

leave.

the programme were

from

Training

the discipline,

the merits

or equipment,

when they

they

the

students,

far

shortage

tools

a box which

much of

from

raw materials

any imported

by the Vocational

arises

course,

of

run

although

in dormitories,

funds

a very

is

effects,

of

accommodated

in

which

saal

is

are

too that

a

and sustaining

The success

rate,

in

by more traditional participants

drawn

from

-

It

may seem old

traditional

fashioned,

notions

to develop

or merely

of discipline

8 -

perverse,

and hardship

the rare

and subtle

qualities

the isolated

genius

who starts

a futuristic

be crushed

by the kind

type

training

experiences

and endurance, is

a corporate

at

to help

environment

harder and for

innovations

in

creativity

and perhaps

would Bound

of physical

danger

management developone of whose

and innovative

simple

society,

hard

work

within

and originality.

This

modern

massive

in many cases, which

by the imposition

for

to redress

are designed

comfortable

for

enterprise

trainees

of new and

to encourage

be appropriate but

delayed Most

consist

efforts

and shanty

and others,

is

the

a far

more

town entrepreneurs,

to

services

there

for

to the

community

and,

imbalances. such people

may not

well

with

be fashionable

or trainers,

may more than

might

regime,

and rigorous this

training;

development

entrepreneurs,

to develop

of a disciplined

endurance

new and sustained

ethnic

self-reliance,

even stronger.

may, or may not,

of rural

themselves,

perhaps

and further

sector

numbers

even more constraining

the need for

is

simulations

employment

Programmes

rural

psychologically

classroom

need for

or indeed

Valley

in England,

more intrapreneurial

of entrepreneurship

of potential

of physical

of Management

the field

more elaborate

produce

into

may be that

Outward

element

introduced

intended It

in Silicon

a substantial

School

is

and innovation.

we have described.

successfully

managers‘be

of a traditional

gratification

urgent

with

which

environment.

In the physically

minority

however,

to introduce

training

enterprise

regime

the Cran.field

into

of vision

training

have been very

ment programmes objectives

of

to attempt

justify

but

the results the

attempt.

be improved

some complement or sophisticated, in

terms

of