MALCOLM HARPER. Professor of Enterprise Development. Cranfield School of Management. Cranfield Institute of Technology. Cranfield. Bedford MK43 OAL.
SWP 1387
HARDSHIP, DISCIPLINE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
MALCOLM HARPER Professor of Enterprise Development Cranfield School of Management Cranfield Institute of Technology Cranfield Bedford MK43 OAL United Kingdom (Tel: 0234-751122) (Fax: 0234-751806)
Copyright: Harper 1987
Hardship,
The number of definitions neurship”
suggests
perhaps,
still
perhaps its
presence; but
hardship
have
in
terms
totally
success
Like
while
skills,
and abilities
which
is
however,
it
can
rather
than
to
under
is
every
assistance
who labour there
and,
to enjoy
support,
clearly
“entrepre-
nature,
absence
who appear
others
succeeded;
the word
as to its
to its
people
of education,
for
many concepts,
by reference
failed,
attitudes
forward
agreement
know of business
have nevertheless
of attributes,
little
origins.
identified
we all
and Entrepreneurship
have been put is
as to its
advantage
advice,
is
there
be more easily
possible
It
which
that
less
Discipline
and
every
possible
some mysterious
a necessary
bundle
condition
of
in enterprise. generally
important
agreed
that
contribution
agriculture
to economic
and larger
to employ
people
ingredient
for
identify
its
assistance
firms
have either
new business,
as effectively
entrepreneurship
it
all
because they
entrepreneurship
is
therefore
if
will
is
worth
failed
a necessary
trying
to
in order
possible,
start
Government,
can or have
entrepreneurs
and,
more people
only
If
potential
as possible
so that
absorbed
cost.
to recognise
origins,
can and must make an if
development,
at any reasonable successful
businesses
indigenous
to reveal
to employ or to create
and develop
more successful
this
and there
businesses. A great
deal
of research
over’ some twenty
substantial
evidence,
or reveal
entrepreneurs.
particular
approach,
and only business
in
a generous premises, beyond
do not
however,
must
package markets
particularly
remain
the presently
accepted
that
is
methodologies
to entrepreneurship
effective
substitute
or complement
for
possible
proponents the
programmes is
therefore
would
the existing
the
trainees have
access
started
may or may not
by
to finance,
to look
whether
approaches.
one
accompanied
worthwhile
and to examine development
of any
selected
so often
is
to create
have found
such as privileged
It
approaches
is
they
training
services
different
it
as to whether
development
or raw materials.
field,
enthusiastic
since
of additional
that
pretend
in entrepreneurship any case,
in
years,
Even the most
and doubts
method,
who participate
has been undertaken
quite be an
-
2
-
-’
W e should have in
first
of all
m a jority
businesses
underlying
groups,
tribes
ability
to start
influences
or perhaps
could
then undergo
as a result.
a surrogate we look
that
two atomic
best
recipe.
renascence they
instrument
were compelled
older
machinery,
had been destroyed whose industrial industry not
totally
economic
in
but
a very
to have provided
destroy itself it
States War only
has not the
to
in
and its
arguably
the world's
system
both
by war,
been on so massive
for
have been absorbed
from
were up-rooted,
has was
the m a inland, dramatic
many as this
destroyed;
enterprise.
part
of
successful
the country, Since
as a whole.
then,
immigration
a scale into
society
have demonstrated
and although
and rapid
growth
Hong Kong's
most consistently small
or society
which
Korea had little
of refugees
but
ground
encumbered,
countries
industrial
was in way or another
a fertile
that
most of the
were still
the process.
of m illions
order
since
fact
way to Japan and Germany, but
new phenomenon. way,
conclude
of war were the the
many other
however,
The population
been touched
immigrants
the same
the economic
or was,
countries
the Korean war, a quite
we m ight
for
and equipment
damaged a relatively
the political
has never
so that
is
are,
different
and the existing
of experience
we may be able
or the ravages
one reason
destroyed
by the influx
refugees,
The United
that
in a similar
was not
entrepreneurship".
The Civil
There
dislocated
transformed
of nations,
defeat
more "fortunate"
"national appears
that,
which
to speak of before
as was Taiwan,
experience
new plant
been a renascence
kind
had the
entrepreneurial
the same danger,
to install
plant
who have not
to enhance entrepreneurship.
by war.
have been seriously
one or more
particular
such as Germany and Japan is,
with
than average
same way as a dose of cowpox confers
has been suggested
of nations
any common
a higher
People
this
programmes,
or of the numerous
and enhance their
it,
bombs, or failing It
some way.
who
and developed
we may discover
but without
itself,
at the recent
in
of
In the
as smallpox
enterprise,
to undergo
a simulation
started
we can identify
new enterprises,
the m isfortune,
development
have demonstrated
can be "simulated"
luck,
immunity
If
individual
which
successful
which
potential
of
or evennations
number of entrepreneurs
have successfully
any such assistance. the origins
small
by entrepreneurship
of people,who
without
factors
If
beyond the very
some sense been "created"
to the vast
find
look
economy.
and did
the country
has continued,
as in Hong Kong or Taiwan,
society,
rather
not
than over-
-3-
whelming
Does America's
it.
disruption
is
If
closer,
however,
descended
from
we look
States
is
country
not
itself
a necessary
was never
in one way or another continues,
with
success
prise; original
more likely emerge, second,
they
in
black
community
appear
their are
at
seen that with
which
at
last
3,000
to start sacked
the
of
enterprise.
except
had no option may include
the
favours almost
except
sweeping
the the
streets,
themselves
the
other
of
emigrants
same be said
of
as sources
standing
but
they
in
their In
have also
harrassed,
expelled
camps,
communities,
but
where
to be mistrusted, which also
of
and most widely
others
did
includes
risk
ethnic fact,
the
been,
for
and
have been comfortable,
but
who
Can the
enterprise?
things
the
entrepreneurial
individual
perhaps
on
circumstances
some feature
alien
to do the
for
been
up concentration fact
of hardship;
there
may not
original
have of ten
continually
set
their
themselves
community,
and thus
again”,
longest
Is
the
differences
of their
have distinguished perhaps
that
enter-
to be expected.
enterprise.
the Jews into
position,
weakness
need to “start
in
Rome or Hitler
scattering
all
is perhaps
successful
years,
to fend from
relative
The diaspora
again.
when Titus
It
were,
economic
innovative
because
and early
different
community.
culture,
in
from
Africa
The origins
and the
The Jews are
the most
do.
they
dislocated
removed
to leave
recently,
which
part
Two critical
group.
even permitted
success
only
therefore
The
The process
may be suggested
forcibly
quite
p,
Jews are not
no established
were
and the
entrepreneurial
effect
United
hardship.
and apparently,
their
It
decide
until
national
or their
to play
any other
therefore
hardshi
entrepreneurs?
forced
the
existence.
were more totally
new home.
communities
the
in
came because
earlier
and others,
not
expected'or
least
least
population
their
indians.
themselves
contribution,
makeup,
but
they
society,
recognised
disrupted,
than
make up American
numerous
or economic
in particular,
were not
arrival
the
political
first, not
their
associated
from
groups
however:
We have
a refugee,
its
or social
enterprise? everyone
Vietnamese
to innovate
and did
national
physical
virtually
dissatisfied,with
people,
homes,
for
that
that
and indigenous
black
suggest
similarly.
American blacks
not
stimulus we find
Hispanics,
continues
Two major
success
either it
has had
they
have and have
not
want
taking
to and
-4-
The remarkable to conclude
success that
Chinese
them to be successful and indeed other
those
people
in
or they
Mainland
China
success,
for
however,
the Chinese
region,
itself other
reasons
departing,
or
any particular
are many other
in East
in Masailand, almost hardship It
the
Armenians
of
In spite
in
potential
of
Individuals detailed
who have
except
all
in
left
have
is not
to other number.
in their
desert
in Arabia
countries' The Indians
in West Africa,
shown that
by host
too
the Kikuyu
homeland and the
dislocation
distant'future
among the millions homes for
of
British and
governments
and well
Somalia,
in Pakistan, are
things
meaning
assistance
on outside
showing
the
all
agencies
aid,
such as the United
already
in
elsewhere. many
Kenya and elsewhere,
environments
or Australia,
be a
of refugees,
better
and to make them dependent in
Europe
the not
their
more hospitable
as well
States,
entrepreneurial
suffering.
examination which
"The Entrepreneurs", successful
suffered
have not
performance
small
the Palestinians
will
can become socially
event"
to their the Lebanese
of new businesses
in The Sudan, Western
have not
to leave,
whose economic
India
Lanka,
there
such people
Canada,
over
economic
characteristics.
of proportion
all
whose fore-
recently,
who have made contributions
in Britain;
that
attempts
as in apparently
initiative
and
reasons.
until they
countries,
Indonesia
similar
because
leads
to enterprise.
the world,
to segregate
the
in Egypt,
Sri
except
flowering of
refugees
out
the Mahajans
in fact,
remarkable
mining
quite
can lead
may be,
parts
are
everywhere
lack
these
or political
later;
either
of peoples
at home, but
the Tamils
Rajasthan,
discuss
which
Chinese",
demonstrate
entrepreneurial
examples
notable Africa,
we shall
in
of Malaysia,
economic
some people
trait
Chinese
"overseas
future
at home,
demonstrated
which
the near
who stayed
to risk
success
China for
which
the
themselves
left
may in
the
has led
personality
In fact,
are
themselves,
sufficiently
economies
some inbred
in enterprise. the
bearers,
particularly
have
who have spearheaded
countries
There
Hong Kong and Singapore
of Taiwan,
of
the
was in gives
entrepreneurs.
marginal
lives
of most
some sense numerous It
in
the
same way as whole
entrepreneurs
a personal
examples
maybe anobvious
reveals
on in-depth
incident
some "deter-
Richard
disaster.
based
countries;
suchas
Bruce,
interviews being
in with
prematurely
-5-
orphaned
or otherwise
subtle,
such as a sudden
The effect, nationa
in
the
individual
or social
support,
to hardship groups
subjected in which
they
Kuomintang
the
live;
who took
The very
over
experience
financing
of
requires
voluntary those
in a difficult of
of
the place national
original
revolution,
Revolution
have been experiments
at
incentives
or training,
initiative,
suggests
that
abstinence,
in which
these
refugees
more recently,
merely the
combination
societies
the discipline.
hostile work
and
more severe the
relocate
forward"
in China,
of
Cultural
of discipline.
by positive
to use their
can be equally
of
dislocation regime
not
people
a period and the
by a fierce
by allowing
a
at home, or of
the national
and followed enterprise
far
followed
leap
of
hard
normally
and dislocation
been
a new and often
who remain
"great
also
the
and of planning,
those
individual but
in
all
of military
of
accompanied
it,
remnants
are
abortive
of
by the
environment, surviving
normal
again".
required
years
a whole
or her
requires
and the
self-restraint,
defeat
the
that
of
religion
which
in'china,
discipline;
of his
because
undergone
of gratification
In Germany and Japan improved
the Japanese
demanded by the'lifestyle people
exceeds
had all
qualities
of dislocation
The Jewish
a move and then
postponement
indigenous
the
living
and executing
environment
Current
Taiwan
that
or inadequacy.
we have referred,have
generally
Germans,
loneliness
and partly
discipline. that
may have been more
and has had to "start
to which
personal
to
or it
has been deprived
and dislocation,
of self-discipline
of
has been similar
and individuals
to fierce
support,
realisation
or community;
nations,
the
personal
case,
In addition
degree
of economic
either
means of economic
than
deprived
own
effective,
whatever
sequence.
Hardship
requires
perhaps
surprising
self-discipline,
that have
The foregoing
arguments
entrepreneurial
success
we are promoting
interested the
and discipline.
and discipline
discipline,
not quality
people enjoyed
who have
of
certain
so much in which,
Persecution,
suffered
entrepreneurial
may or may not
explanations
racial
hardship;
hardship,
it
is
not
and responded
with
success.
be convincing
nations,
we agree,
overcomes
explanations
communities but
the
and individuals,
but
in ways of "artificially"
has been engendered intolerance,
for
famine
through
hardship
or bereavement
may
-6-
be effective
causes
misfortunes
can humanely
entrepreneurs affected
be simulated
in
countries
by their
“natural"
causes.
accepted
techniques
and defining emphasis
the
innovation, misfortune?
This
be a reasonable
attempts
surprisingly
In Malawi,
the
objective in
rural
and work
Salima
is
to train
areas
of
the
regime
are
inducted 5.30
is
into
the
is
almost
similar
from with
which
individuality
or innovation they
their
own,
homes. the
training,
traditional success.
over employing
locations survey the
revealed last
a number
entrepreneurship
eight
are that years,
of others development
some 77% of as well
have
still
to get
and equipment when they
up
the which
start
end of
the
course,
distant
the
tools,
They are posted, those
their
to promote
from
most on
their
own
who had undergone
in business,
as themselves.
programmes
and
management
and some simple
deliberately
and of
new army recruits
attempts
training.
were
School,
customers,
simple
materials
of raw materials which
the
families
and fastidiously
of
At the
live
to their
The trainees
or other
during
and students
to local
regularly
whose
entrepreneurs
of
have to work
included.
have made themselves
A recent
them were of
some $70 worth
in rural
will
motivation are
time,
camp" where
using
they
and
programme
to return
component
technical,
to develop
at any rate,
craft
full
life.
small
to
some
hardship
discipline
of a "boot is
that
at any rate,
has to be sold
of military a very
is
to the
accommodation
No achievement
of which
that
rigors
businesses. receive
it
attempting
the fact
a two year
few opportunities
subject
much of
entirely
to those
students
is
living
and apart
training
very
which
positive.
runs
The course
than
dislocation,
men to become independent
work
School
on improving
in retrospect
young
much like
their
a.m.,
inspected, are
very
to simulate
of
development,
for
which
supply as to be
rather
not
been extremely
with
the
concentrate
Trade
in that
the marketplace,
it
a process,
country.
Their
we not
Rural
in one place,
or relatives.
at
the
to increase
Uganda and palawi
an attempt
to see how such
entrepreneurial
were
in India,
The resultshave
discipline.
for
difficult
and achievement,
through
like
is
been so unfortunate
Should
objection,
ability
it
in order
have not
setting
have been made,
entrepreneurial looks
which
goal
substitute might
but
of entrepreneurship,
can claim
and many of Very a similar
few record
.:,
I< . . +% ,. ‘/
-7-
In Uganda a programme Kampala
has similar
apparent rather It
lack than
is
support
from
a one year for
again
because
any appreciation
of
and the
small
of funds,
of
scrap
of resources,
and the difficult In fact,,
establishing reinvesting thus
hundreds
enabling
them to employ
rebuilding
and mechanical
Uganda. not
Here again,
include
In Bihar in
this
of
the
their
case
of
Staff
on the
rural
young
regimented
and barrack-like
personal their leaf
people
to start
cup making, to measure
its
large
proportion
of
independent fact,
entrepreneurship the
same tribal
from
is very
programme
being
the
chosen
from
people
development
higher for
Rural
are
such diverse
the
of chaos
training
does
the mainstream
successful
at
achieved with
concerned
that
and making
no
Entrepreneurship. but
a rigorous and then
regime
of
return
to
as joinery, It
indications starting
As
come to a highly
collection. the
same area,
in
originating
sector
fields
again,
that
demand for
years
in
training,
or in groups. than
the
villages,
and silk
here
individually
to be rather groups.
but,
enormous
people
for
and technical
engineering
in
and many are
and the
They follow
in
trainees
succeeded
of Technology,
their
lack
and raw materials,
to the modern
Centre
the
as such.
Institute
environment.
these
high,
tribal
channeled
started
success,
in
and for
the
has been developed,
young
the Birla
which
in new equipment has arisen
of
areas,
the
of equipment,
responsible
trainees
rural
in entrepreneurship
enterprises
businesses,
appears
rate
are
the
and,
exercises,
because
under
and to satisfy
success
mechanical
early
75% of in remote
which
cleanliness
discipline, villages
others
a similar
poor,
in Malawi,
conditions
few
them with
early
success,
are
to be sold,
Those who are its
country
there
to provide their
7.e
and
similarly
have a few items
as one of
about
repairs
was mainly
impossible
They only
the need to involve
economy.
have
a month
training
India,
from
expertise
impact
the
any overt State
services
businesses
of dollars
are
their
physical
and sustaining
areas, Because
is
the
',.
and self-reliance.
homes.
about
however,
of
of hardship rural
in
hardship
conditions
from
raw material.
were very,pessimistic
trained.
chaotic
have made themselves
amount
Centre
their
it
leave.
the programme were
from
Training
the discipline,
the merits
or equipment,
when they
they
the
students,
far
shortage
tools
a box which
much of
from
raw materials
any imported
by the Vocational
arises
course,
of
run
although
in dormitories,
funds
a very
is
effects,
of
accommodated
in
which
saal
is
are
too that
a
and sustaining
The success
rate,
in
by more traditional participants
drawn
from
-
It
may seem old
traditional
fashioned,
notions
to develop
or merely
of discipline
8 -
perverse,
and hardship
the rare
and subtle
qualities
the isolated
genius
who starts
a futuristic
be crushed
by the kind
type
training
experiences
and endurance, is
a corporate
at
to help
environment
harder and for
innovations
in
creativity
and perhaps
would Bound
of physical
danger
management developone of whose
and innovative
simple
society,
hard
work
within
and originality.
This
modern
massive
in many cases, which
by the imposition
for
to redress
are designed
comfortable
for
enterprise
trainees
of new and
to encourage
be appropriate but
delayed Most
consist
efforts
and shanty
and others,
is
the
a far
more
town entrepreneurs,
to
services
there
for
to the
community
and,
imbalances. such people
may not
well
with
be fashionable
or trainers,
may more than
might
regime,
and rigorous this
training;
development
entrepreneurs,
to develop
of a disciplined
endurance
new and sustained
ethnic
self-reliance,
even stronger.
may, or may not,
of rural
themselves,
perhaps
and further
sector
numbers
even more constraining
the need for
is
simulations
employment
Programmes
rural
psychologically
classroom
need for
or indeed
Valley
in England,
more intrapreneurial
of entrepreneurship
of potential
of physical
of Management
the field
more elaborate
produce
into
may be that
Outward
element
introduced
intended It
in Silicon
a substantial
School
is
and innovation.
we have described.
successfully
managers‘be
of a traditional
gratification
urgent
with
which
environment.
In the physically
minority
however,
to introduce
training
enterprise
regime
the Cran.field
into
of vision
training
have been very
ment programmes objectives
of
to attempt
justify
but
the results the
attempt.
be improved
some complement or sophisticated, in
terms
of
