Synchronizing Periodic Clocks in Kahn Networks

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May 19, 2006 - when every free name appearing in pe is defined in. P . The clocking rules defining the predicate. P, H ⊣ e : ct are now given in figure 6 and are.
Synchronizing Periodic Clocks in Kahn Networks Albert Cohen, Marc Duranton, Christine Eisenbeis, Claire Pagetti, Florence Plateau, Marc Pouzet

To cite this version: Albert Cohen, Marc Duranton, Christine Eisenbeis, Claire Pagetti, Florence Plateau, et al.. Synchronizing Periodic Clocks in Kahn Networks. [Research Report] RR-5603, 2005, pp.38.

HAL Id: inria-00070404 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070404 Submitted on 19 May 2006

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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Synchronizing Periodic Clocks in Kahn Networks Albert Cohen, Marc Duranton1 , Christine Eisenbeis, Claire Pagetti, Florence Plateau2 and Marc Pouzet2

N° 5603 2005

N 0249-6399

ISRN INRIA/RR--5603--FR+ENG

Thème COM

apport de recherche

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