James' sportive lemur. L300. M wild. Manombo, Madagascar. Y. Rumpler ... Los Angeles ZOO, CA, US. Kathie Wetmore, vet. asst., LA Zoo. LSPâ1. Lepilemur.
Table S1. List of DNA specimens used in study
Code name
Genus
Species
Subspecies
Common name
Additional ID
Gender
Captive/wild caught/born to wild caught
Geographic origin and sample origin
ABE‐1 ABZ‐1
Alouatta Ateles
belzebul belzebuth
red‐handed howler monkey white‐fronted Spider Monkey
AB/S/N OR126
M M
unknown
ACA‐3
Alouatta
caraya
black howler monkey
2
M
wild caught
ACL‐1 ACM‐1
Arctocebus Ateles
calabarensis chamek
A1 822
U M
wild caught captive born
National Museums Scotland, Great Britain Zoo de Doue la Fontaine, France
AFC‐7 AGO‐2 AHY‐1
Ateles Ateles Ateles
fusciceps geoffroyi hybridus
653 Caleb 466
M M M
captive born captive wild caught
Landau Zoo, Germany Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US Erfurt Zoo, Germany
J.‐O. Heckel June Bellizzi, Melody Roelke M. Melcher
ALM‐1
Aotus
lemurinus
OR571
F
ALN‐1
Avahi
laniger
Calabar angwantibo Peruvian spider monkey, Chamek spider monkey spider monkey black‐handed spider monkey variegated spider monkey, hybrid spider monkey lemurine night monkey (Panamanian night monkey) woolly lemur
Universidade Federal do Pará ‐ Laboratório de PolimorWismos de DNA A. Kitchener B. Lefaux
1057
M
wild
The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Oliver Ryder San‐Diego, CA, US Sainte Luce, Madagascar Y. Rumpler
ANA‐1
Aotus
nancymaae
KB9130
F
ANI‐1 APC‐1
Allenopithecus Ateles
nigroviridis paniscus
Nancy Ma's Night Monkey, douroucouli Allen's swamp monkey black spider monkey
PR00198
F M
APL‐1
Alouatta
palliata
hantled howler honkey
KB7527
M
ASA‐1
Alouatta
sara
Bolivian red howler
OR749
F
ATR‐1 AZA‐1 AZB‐1 AZI‐1
Aotus Aotus Aotus Aotus
trivirgatus azarae azarae azarae
owl monkey Southern owl Monkey feline night monkey feline night monkey
ATCC #: CRL1556 664 9 10
U M M M
unknown captive born born to wild caught wild caught
BAR‐1
Brachyteles
arachnoides
muriqui
15
M
wild caught
BHY‐1
Brachyteles
hypoxanthus
spider monkey
13
F
wild caught
CAB‐1
Cercopithecus
albogularis
Kolb’s guenon
OR394
M
CAC‐1 CAE‐4 CAE‐8 CAI‐1
Cercocebus Chlorocebus Chlorocebus Callithrix
agilis cynosuros aethiops aurita
mangabey malbrouck grivet monkey white‐eared marmoset
PR00608 M Vervet CAE 28
F M M M
captive born born to wild caught
CAM‐1
Cacajao
melanocephalus
black uakari
17
F
captive
CAN‐1 CAP‐13 CAR‐1
Colobus Cebus Mico
angolensis apella argentata
palliatus
Eastern Angolan colobus brown capuchin monkey bare‐ear marmoset
PR00099 Raviole “Ole” N‐17173
M M F
wild
CAS‐1 CBS‐1
Cercopithecus Callicebus
ascanius brunneus
schmidti
black‐cheeked white‐nosed monkey brown titi monkey
PR00566 2360
M M
wild caught
CCE‐1 CCG‐1
Cercopithecus Callicebus
cephus caligatus
mustached guenon chestnut‐bellied Titi
PR00531 KB4245
M F
CCL‐1
Cacajao
calvus
red uakari
743
M
wild caught
CCO‐1
Callicebus
coimbrai
titi monkeys
18
F
wild caught
CCP‐3 CCU‐2
Cebus Callicebus
capucinus cupreus
white‐faced capuchin red titi, copper titi
Shelby CCUP1
M M
captive born
CCY‐1 CDA‐3 CDO‐1
Cercocebus Cercopithecus Callicebus
chrysogaster diana donacophilus
golden‐bellied mangabey Diana monkey white‐eared titi, Bolivian titi
214 1001 KB6580
F M M
parents wild caught captive born
CEA‐1
Cebus
albifrons
white‐fronted capuchin
36
M
wild caught
griseimembra
boliviensis infulatus
kolbi
argentata
captive
1
Centro Nacional de Primatas The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San‐Diego, CA, US UHE‐Serra da Mesa; Goias state, Brazil; Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division
Sample contributor/acknowledgement H. Seuanez Oliver Ryder
The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Leona Chemnick San‐Diego, CA, US Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Fundação RioZoo Fundação RioZoo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Leona Chemnick San‐Diego, CA, US The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Oliver Ryder San‐Diego, CA, US ATCC Gettorf Zoo, Germany U. Traxel Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Centro Nacional de Primatas UHE ‐ Tucurui, para state, Brazil; Instituto national de Centro Nacional de Primatas Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Centro de Primatologia do Estado do Rio de Janero Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Centro de Primatologia do Estado do Rio de Janero The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Oliver Ryder San‐Diego, CA, US Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Africa, Botswana, Makgadikgadi National Park Melody Roelke Serengeti Park Hodenhagen, Germany M. Böer Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Centro de Primatologia do Estado do Rio de Janero Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Centro de Primatologia do Estado do Rio de Janero Coriell Cell Repositories Coriell Cell Repositories Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US Melody Roelke probably provided by Dr Horacio Schneider, probably provided by Dr Horacio Universidade Federal do Pará Belem, Pará Schneider, Universidade Federal do Pará Belem, Pará Coriell Cell Repositories Oliver Ryder Jamari River, Rondônia State, Brazil; Universidade Universidade Federal do Pará ‐ Federal do Pará ‐ Laboratório de PolimorWismos de Laboratório de PolimorWismos de DNA DNA Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Oliver Ryder San‐Diego, CA, US Köln Zoo, Germany U. Ruempler Bahia state, Brazil; Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US La Vallee des Signes, France
Previous genetic information on the sample
Roos et al. 2004, PNAS no no no
Zaramody et al. 2006, Primate Report
72 genes mapped to this animal
no
Roos, unpublished
Osterholz et al. 2009 MPE
Centro de Primatologia do Estado do Rio de Janero June Bellizzi, Melody Roelke J. Vermeer Osterholz et al. 2009 MPE
Wuppertal Zoo, Germany G. Olbricht Gettorf Zoo, Germany U. Traxel The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Oliver Ryder San‐Diego, CA, US Barcelos, Amazonas State, Brazil; Instituto national de Instituto National de Cancer, Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Genetics Division
no no
Table S1. List of DNA specimens used in study
CGE‐4 CGO‐1 CGU‐7
Callithrix Callimico Colobus
geoffroyi goeldii guereza
CHH‐1
Cercopithecus
hamlyni
CIH‐1 CIS‐1
Cercopithecus Chiropotes
CJA‐1 CKU‐1
captive born birth: unknown; currently captive captive born
Geoffroy's marmoset Geoldi's monkey pied black colobus
325 333
F M M
Hamlyn's Guenon
KB10153
M
lhoesti israelita
L'Hoest's monkey brown‐backed bearded saki
PR00283 46
M M
wild caught
Callithrix Callithrix
jacchus kuhlii
common marmoset Weid's black‐tufted‐ear marmoset
31
M M
wild captive
CLP‐1
Callicebus
personatus
masked titi
25
F
wild caught
CMD‐1 CMH‐1 CMI‐3 CMO‐2 CMT‐1 CNE‐1 CNI‐1
Cheirogaleus Callicebus Microcebus Cercopithecus Cercopithecus Cercopithecus Callicebus
medius moloch minusculus mona mitis neglectus nigrifrons
dwarf fat‐tailed lemur dusky titi monkey small iron‐gray dwarf lemur Mona monkey blue monkey De Brazza's Monkey southern masked titi
Dwarf Fat‐tail lemur 21 T019 256 017 217 23
F F U M F M M
captive born captive captive born captive born captive born captive born wild caught
COV‐1 CPE‐10 CPO‐2 CPP‐1 CPY‐5
Cebus Callithrix Colobus Cercopithecus Cebuella
olivaceus penicillata polykomos petaurista pygmaea
weeper capuchin black ear‐tufted colobus black colobus lesser white‐nosed monkey pygmy marmoset
110
F M U M M
captive born
371 PR00762 274
captive born
The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Oliver Ryder San‐Diego, CA, US Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Barcelos, Amazonas State, Brazil; Instituto national de Instituto National de Cancer, Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Genetics Division H. Seuanez Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Centro de Primatologia do Estado do Rio de Janero Espirito Santo State, Brazil; Instituto national de Centro de Primatologia do Estado do Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Rio de Janero Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US June Bellizzi, Melody Roelke Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Centro Nacional de Primatas Frankfurt Zoo, Germany B. Geyer Lisbon Zoo, Portugal E. Bairrao Ruivo Amsterdam Zoo, Netherlands D. Dekker Leipzig Zoo, Germany K. Eulenberger Carangola, Minas Gerais State, Brazil; Instituto Centro de Primatologia do Estado do national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Rio de Janero Dortmund Zoo, Germany C. Osmann Bahia, Brazil Itapu, Brazil, Foz de Iguazu Erfurt Zoo, Germany M. Melcher Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Oliver Ryder Köln Zoo, Germany U. Ruempler
CRO‐1
Cebus
robustus
capuchin
41
F
captive
Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division
CSA‐2 CSB‐1 CTR‐1
Chiropotes Chlorocebus Cercocebus
satanas sabaeus torquatus
bearded saki, capuchin monkey green monkey red‐capped mangabey
ADA Issac OR538
F M M
unknown
CVA‐5 CVO‐1 CWW‐1 CXA‐1 DMD‐5 ECR‐2 EFL‐15 EFL‐16 EFL‐4 EFL‐7 EMC‐1 EMC‐5 EMO‐1 EPA‐9 ERB‐4 ERF‐1 GGO‐9
Galeopterus Cynocephalus Cercopithecus Cebus Daubentonia Eulemur Eulemur Eulemur Eulemur Eulemur Eulemur Eulemur Eulemur Erythrocebus Eulemur Eulemur Gorilla
variegatus volans wolWi xanthosternos madagascariensis coronatus collaris sanfordi fulvus albifrons macaco macaco mongoz patas rubriventer rufus gorilla
colugo Philippine colugo Wolf's guenon golden‐bellied capuchin aye‐aye crowned lemur collared brown lemur Sanford's brown lemur brown lemur white‐fronted brown lemur black lemur blue eyed black lemur mongoose lemur patas monkey red‐bellied lemur red‐fronted lemur Western lowland gorilla
G 1442 L PR00486 1002 DLC ID‐6202; Poe DLC ID‐6478 DLC ID‐5776 DLC ID‐6386 DLC ID‐6123 DLC ID‐5547 277 DLC ID‐6288 358 928 DLC ID‐6038 356 107809; Gus
M U F F M M F F F F M M M M F M M
wild born
GGR‐2 GMO‐4
Otolemur Galago
garnettii moholi
bushbaby lesser bushbaby
F M
birth: unknown; currently captive captive
GSE‐1
Galago
senegalensis
Senegal galago
KIM DLC ID‐3185; Farkleberry KB14283
Rio de Janero Zoo Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San‐Diego, CA, US Singapore Zoological Gardens Phillipines Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US La Vallee des Signes, France Duke Lemur Center Duke Lemur Center Duke Lemur Center Duke Lemur Center Duke Lemur Center Duke Lemur Center Köln Zoo, Germany Duke Lemur Center Köln Zoo, Germany La Vallee des Signes, France Duke Lemur Center Köln Zoo, Germany captive born at Bronx Zoo, US; National Zoological Park, DC, US Biosphere 2 Oracle, AZ, US Duke Lemur Center
GTH‐1 HAG‐6 HCO‐3 HGR‐1 HLA‐1 HMU‐6 HOC‐1 HSA‐34 LAA‐1 LAC‐2 LAN‐1
Galago Hylobates Nomascus Hapalemur Hylobates Hylobates Hapalemur Homo Lophocebus Lagothrix Lepilemur
thomasi agilis leucogenys griseus lar muelleri occidentalis sapiens albigena cana ankaranensis
Thomas’s bushbaby dark‐handed gibbon white‐cheeked gibbon gray bamboo lemur lar gibbon Mueller's bornean gray gibbon bamboo lemur human gray‐cheeked mangabey gray woolly monkey Ankarana sportive lemur
Gthomasi 1138 1009 HGG44 0005FC59B7 1058 288
wild captive born captive born wild
PR00609 455 L86
U M M M M M M M M M M
LAT‐2 LCH‐1 LCT‐10
Lophocebus Leontopithecus Lemur
aterrimus chrysomelas catta
black mangabey golden‐headed lion tamarin ring‐tailed lemur
970 355 LECA
M M M
hamlyni
subspecies 1
petaurista
chiropotes
wolWi
Wlavifrons
wild caught
captive born wild caught animal captive captive captive captive captive captive born captive wild caught captive born wildcaught captive born captive born
F
Dresden Zoo, Germany National Zoological Park, DC, US Köln Zoo, Germany
H. Will Dr. Mitchell Bush U. Ruempler
Osterholz et al. 2008 BMC Evol Biol
Roos, unpublished Roos, unpublished no no
no Roos, unpublished Osterholz et al. 2009 MPE
Centro de Primatologia do Estado do Rio de Janero June Bellizzi, Melody Roelke Oliver Ryder Paolo Martelli Lawrence Heaney, Eduardo Eizirik Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US J. Vermeer Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center U. Ruempler Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center U. Ruempler J. Vermeer Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center U. Ruempler Dr. Mitchell Bush Stephen O’Brien Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center
wild caught wild caught
The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San‐Diego, CA, US Democratic Republic of Congo Plock Zoo, Poland Duisburg Zoo, Germany Madagascar Taipei Zoo Rostock Zoo, Germany University Strasbourg, France
captive born wild
Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Basel Zoo, Switzerland Ankarana, Madagascar
K. Ammann W. Zduniak M. G. Hartmann Y. Rumpler Ci Wen K. Linke Y. Rumpler Sergey Kolmogorov Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US O. Pagan Y. Rumpler
captive born captive born captive born
Gettorf Zoo, Germany Köln Zoo, Germany München Zoo, Germany
U. Traxel U. Ruempler J. Maltzan
2
no
Roos, unpublished no Horvath et al 2008 Horvath et al 2008 Horvath et al 2008 Horvath et al 2008 Horvath et al 2008 Roos, unpublished Horvath et al 2008 Roos, unpublished no Horvath et al 2008 Roos, unpublished
GMO‐3185
Leona Chemnick Roos, unpublished Roos, unpublished Roos, unpublished Rumpler, unpublished Roos, unpublished Rumpler, unpublished
no Andriaholinirina et al. 2006 BMC Evol Biol no no Roos et al. 2004 PNAS
Table S1. List of DNA specimens used in study
LDO‐1
Lepilemur
dorsalis
black‐striped sportive lemur
L244
M
wild
Ambanja, Madagascar
Y. Rumpler
LER‐1 LJA‐1
Lepilemur Lepilemur
ruWicaudatus jamesi
red‐tailed sportive lemur James' sportive lemur
LRU L300
U M
unknown wild
Manombo, Madagascar
Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center Y. Rumpler
LLG‐1 LRO‐244 LSP‐1
Lagothrix Leontopithecus Lepilemur
lagotricha rosalia septentrionalis
common woolly monkey golden headed lion tamarin Northern sportive lemur
PR00525 894 L211
F M M
birth: unknown; currently captive wild
Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Los Angeles ZOO, CA, US Sahafary, Madagascar
Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Kathie Wetmore, vet. asst., LA Zoo Y. Rumpler
LTA‐2 MAC‐1 MCA‐1 MCE‐1
Loris Macaca Macaca Mirza
tardigradus arctoides maura zaza
slender loris stump‐tailed macaque Moor macaque Coquerel's Mouse Lemur
603 692 381 KB14285
U F M F
captive born captive born captive born
H. Schulze W. Peter A. Knieriem Leona Chemnick
MCY‐3 MFA‐18 MFS‐2 MHU‐1 MLE‐2 MMA‐14 MMR‐2
Macaca Macaca Macaca Mico Mandrillus Macaca Microcebus
cyclopis fascicularis fuscata humeralifer leucophaeus mulatta murinus
Taiwanese macaque crab‐eating/long‐tailed macaque Japanese macaque black and white tassel‐ear marmoset drill rhesus macaque grey mouse lemur
880805 182 Julie 55 323 046 DLC ID‐7016; Musk Rose
M F F M M M M
wild born; currently captive captive born captive born captive captive born captive born wildcaught
University Bochum, Germany Straubing Zoo, Germany Hannover Zoo, Germany The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San‐Diego, CA, US Nan To, Taiwan; Taipei Zoo Taipei, TAIWAN German Primate Center, Germany Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Wuppertal Zoo, Germany Leipzig Zoo, Germany Duke Lemur Center
MNE‐5 MNG‐3 MOC‐1
Macaca Macaca Macaca
nemestrina nigra ochreata
pig‐tailed macaque Celebes macaque booted macaque
216 857
M M M
captive born captive born captive born
Ludwig‐Maximilian‐University, Germany Gettorf Zoo, Germany Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US
MOG‐1
Miopithecus
ogouensis
Gabon talapoin
KB5742
F
MSE‐1 MSI‐7 MSP‐12 MSY‐3 MTH‐3
Macaca Macaca Mandrillus Macaca Macaca
siberu silenus sphinx sylvanus thibetana
Siberut macaque lion‐tailed macaque baboon, mandrill barbary macaque Tibetan macaque
MSIB 866 009 722 KB5930
U M M M F
wild caught captive born captive born captive born
MTO‐6 NBE‐1 NCN‐2 NCO‐2 NGA‐2 NLA‐2
Macaca Nycticebus Nomascus Nycticebus Nomascus Nasalis
tonkeana bengalensis concolor coucang gabriellae larvatus
tonkean macaque Bengal slow loris black gibbon slow loris red‐cheeked gibbon proboscis monkey
Brutus 870 560 560 P109 Nlarvatus
M M M M M M
captive born wild caught wild wild wild caught captive born
NPY‐1 NSI‐1 OCR‐1 PAN‐10 PBD‐1 PCM‐1 PCN‐2 PDI‐2 PED‐1 PEP‐2 PHM‐1
Nycticebus Nomascus Otolemur Papio Piliocolobus Presbytis Pygathrix Propithecus Propithecus Perodicticus Papio
pygmaeus siki crassicaudatus anubis badius comata cinerea diadema edwardsi potto hamadryas
pygmy slow loris Southern white‐cheeked gibbon greater galago East African baboon Western red colobus Javan surili grey‐shanked douc langur diademed sifaka Milne‐Edwards’s sifaka potto Hamadryas baboon
12‐016 9‐03 GACR 13301 PB1 551 343 Pdd18 Pde6 610 KB10869
M M U M M F M M U M M
wild caught, conWiscated wild caught, conWiscated captive born captive born wild wild caught wild caught, conWiscated wild wild captive born
PIR‐1 PME‐2 PNE‐2 PNI‐1 PPN‐8 PPP‐2 PPT‐1 PPY‐155 PPY‐157 PTA‐1 PTR‐104 PTR‐60
Pithecia Presbytis Pygathrix Pygathrix Pan Papio Pithecia Pongo Pongo Propithecus Pan Pan
irrorata melalophos nemaeus nigripes paniscus papio pithecia abelli pygmaeus tattersalli troglodytes troglodytes
57 714 266 344 4229782 238 PR00239 519 536 762 1014 Masuku
M M M F M M M M F U M F
captive wild caught captive born wild caught, conWiscated birth: unknown; currently captive captive born
verus troglodytes
gray monk saki Sumatran surili red‐shanked douc langur black‐shanked douc bonobo; pygmy chimpanzee Guinea baboon white‐faced or Guianan saki orang utan orang utan golden‐crowned sifaka common chimpanzee Central African chimpanzee
PVC‐2
Propithecus
verreauxi
coquereli
Coquerel's sifaka
M
captive
PVE‐1 RBR‐1
Propithecus Rhinopithecus
verreauxi brelichi
DLC ID‐6827 Marcus Aurelius 495 G002
M. Laska no U. Traxel no June Bellizzi, Melody Roelke, Patrick Mahlon The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Oliver Ryder San‐Diego, CA, US National Museums Scotland, Great Britain A. Kitchener Roos, unpublished German Primate Center, Germany A. Schrod no Rostock Zoo, Germany K. Linke no La Vallee des Signes, France J. Vermeer no The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Leona Chemnick San‐Diego, CA, US Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US June Bellizzi, Melody Roelke Berlin Zoo, Germany R. Göltenboth Roos, unpublished Che Tao, Vietnam T. Nadler Roos, unpublished Che Tao, Vietnam T. Nadler Roos, unpublished Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam T. Nadler Roos, unpublished Wilhelma Stuttgart, Germany W. Rietschel Osterholz et al. 2008 BMC Evol Biol Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam T. Nadler Roos, unpublished Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam T. Nadler Roos, unpublished University Tübingen, Germany H. Tichy Roos, unpublished German Primate Center, Germany A. Schrod Roos, unpublished Tai National Park, Ivory Coast F. H. Leendertz Roos, unpublished Howletts Wild Animal Park, Great Britain E. Thetford Roos, unpublished Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam T. Nadler Roos, unpublished Zahamena, Madagascar Y. Rumpler Rumpler, unpublished Ambodisovoka, Madagascar Y. Rumpler Rumpler, unpublished University Bochum, Germany H. Schulze Roos, unpublished The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Oliver Ryder San‐Diego, CA, US Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division Centro Nacional de Primatas Howletts Wild Animal Park, Great Britain E. Thetford Roos, unpublished Köln Zoo, Germany U. Ruempler Roos, unpublished Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam T. Nadler Roos, unpublished San Diego Zoo, CA Dan Janssen, DVM Nürnberg Zoo, Germany A. Gauckler no Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Nürnberg Zoo, Germany A. Gauckler Roos, unpublished Duisburg Zoo, Germany M. G. Hartmann Roos, unpublished Daraina, Madagascar Y. Rumpler Rumpler, unpublished Danzig Zoo, Poland I. Krause Roos, unpublished Gabon WolWi Enard, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, Germany Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center
M M
captive born wild caught
Parc Zoologique de Paris, France Fanjingshan Breeding Station, China
chrysomelas
subspecies 2
Verreaux's sifaka gray snub‐nosed monkey
wild caught captive born wild captive born wild born; currently captive
3
Warren Johnson A. Schrod June Bellizzi, Melody Roelke Centro Nacional de Primatas G. Olbricht K. Eulenberger Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center
C.‐A. Gauthier M. Yang
Andriaholinirina et al. 2006 BMC Evol Biol Andriaholinirina et al. 2006 Primate Report
Andriaholinirina et al. 2006 BMC Evol Biol Roos, unpublished no no
no
no no
Roos, unpublished Roos, unpublished
Table S1. List of DNA specimens used in study
wild caught
Jamari River, Rondônia State, Brazil;
M M M M
captive born captive born
Magdeburg Zoo, Germany La Vallee des Signes, France Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Berlin Zoo, Germany
Universidade Federal do Pará ‐ Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Campus de Braganca P. Grothmann J. Vermeer Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US R. Göltenboth
captive born
SHEC1
M F U
Magdeburg Zoo, Germany Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US Ramnagar, Nepal
P. Grothmann June Bellizzi, Melody Roelke T. Ziegler
60 KB3307
M F
captive
Centro Nacional de Primatas Leona Chemnick
midas tamarin moustached tamarin cotton‐top tamarin red‐backed squirrel monkey South American squirrel monkey Martins's tamarin
S222
captive born
1203 PR00741 210 61
M M M M M M
Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San‐Diego, CA, US Magdeburg Zoo, Germany Catoctin Wildlife Park and Zoo, Thumont, MD, US German Primate Center, Germany Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US Schwerin Zoo, Germany Instituto national de Cancer ‐ Genetics Division
syndactylus auratus bancanus
siamang Javan langur Western tarsier
100331 1000 107434
M M U
Trachypithecus Trachypithecus
delacouri francoisi
M M
wild caught, conWiscated
Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US
TGE‐2 TGL‐4 THA‐1 TMI‐1
Theropithecus Tupaia Trachypithecus Tupaia
gelada glis hatinhensis minor
Delacour’s Langur 169 Francois's leaf monkey or Indochinese PR01099 langur gelada baboon 936 tree shrew Hatinh langur 171 lesser tree shrew KB8637‐3082
M M M M
captive born wild born; currently captive wild caught, conWiscated birth: unknown; currently captive
TOB‐4
Trachypithecus
obscurus
dusky leaf monkey
215
M
captive born
TPH‐1 TSY‐2 TVV‐2 VVA‐2 VVA‐7
Trachypithecus Tarsius Trachypithecus Varecia Varecia
phayrei syrichta vetulus variegata variegata
Phayre's leaf monkey Philippine tarsier Southwest purple‐faced langur ruffed lemur ruffed lemur
178 1017 435 DLC ID‐4598 DLC ID‐6633
F U M M F
wild caught, conWiscated wild caught wild caught wildcaught captive
SAU‐1
Saimiri
ustus
bare‐eared squirrel monke
2307
SBI‐1 SBO‐3 SEE‐1 SEF‐2
Saguinus Saimiri Semnopithecus Semnopithecus
bicolor boliviensis entellus entellus
Pied tamarin Bolivian squirrel monkey hanuman langur hanuman langur
S225 711 PR00739 499
SFU‐6 SGE‐3 SHE‐1
Saguinus Saguinus Semnopithecus
fuscicollis geoffroyi hector
saddle‐back tamarin Geoffroy's tamarin Tarai gray langur
S66
SIM‐2 SLA‐1
Saguinus Saguinus
imperator labiatus
emperor tamarin red‐chested mustached tamarin
SMD‐1 SMY‐3 SOE‐3 SOO‐1 SSC‐7 SSI‐1
Saguinus Saguinus Saguinus Saimiri Saimiri Saguinus
midas mystax oedipus oerstedii sciureus martinsi
SSY‐2 TAU‐1 TBA‐1
Symphalangus Trachypithecus Tarsius
TDE‐1 TFR‐1
boliviensis entellus
oerstedii
monticola variegata rubra
captive born
wild
captive born captive born born to wild caught
captive born
4
no Roos, unpublished Osterholz et al. 2008 BMC Evol Biol no Osterholz et al. 2008 BMC Evol Biol
P. Grothmann June Bellizzi, Melody Roelke A. Schrod Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US U. Ricker Centro de Primatologia do Estado do Rio de Janero Dr. Mitchell Bush W. Rietschel Eduardo Eizirik; Dr. Richard Montali Pathology Dept. T. Nadler Coriell Cell Repositories, NJ, US
no
La Vallee des Signes, France Malaysia, Singapore Zoological Gardens Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San‐Diego, CA, US Wuppertal Zoo, Germany
J. Vermeer Warren Johnson; Paolo Martelli T. Nadler Oliver Ryder
no
G. Olbricht
Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam University Münster, Germany Belfast Zoo, Great Britain
T. Nadler J. Schmitz M. Chalais Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center Julie Horvath, Duke Lemur Center
Osterholz et al. 2008 BMC Evol Biol Roos et al. 2007 VJP
National Zoological Park, DC, US Wilhelma Stuttgart, Germany National Zoological Park, DC, US
no no
Roos et al. 2008 MPE
Roos et al. 2007 VJP
Roos et al. 2007 VJP
Roos, unpublished Horvath et al 2008 Horvath et al 2008