part in, all the movements of humanity; and. The. Jewish. Encyclopedia, which
treats of all these aspects,is a veritable enc3^clopedia,touching all sides of
human.
THE
E J
W
IS H
E N C Y C L O PE D I A A
IT S
TO
G U ID E
C O N T E N TS
A N A ID T O ITS U S E
J
O S E PH
J
A C O BS ,
R s v xs
FU N K
c
E DIT O R
WA G N A L L S NE W YOR K
AN D
1 906
C O M PA N Y
LO N D O N
PR E FA C E
IN t h e foll owing pages I
h ave endeavored at t h e Wagnall s Com pany to give re q uest o f t h e Fun k such an acco un t o f t h e contents o f TH E J E WI S H E N CYCLO P E D I A publish ed by t h em as will indicate t h e nature of t he work in considerable detail and at t h e same time facil itate t h e systematic use of it in any of its v ery v aried sect i ons F or t his purpose it h as been found necess ary to di vi de t h e sub j ect matter of t he E N CYCL O P E D I A in a somew h at d i fferent manner from t h at adopted for edi torial purposes in t h e vari ous departments Several sections united under t h e con trol of one editor h ave been placed in more logical order in di fferent parts of t h e f ollowin g account w hile on t he ot h er h and sect i ons w hic h were divided among di fferent edi tors h ave h ere been brough t to get her under one head I n j ustice to my colleagues it is but f air to add t h at t h ey are i n no sense responsible for t hi s re d ist ri bution o f t h e subject matter or indeed for any of t h e views w hi c h eit her ex plicitly or by implication are ex pressed in t h e f ollowin g pages on some o f t h e di sputed poi nts affectin g modern J ews and J udaism ,
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PRE FACE
Th e
ende avor h as been made herei n to gi ve an ac count of t h e E N CYCLO PE DIA in two ways In a lon g list at t h e end th e c hief articles are enumerated in alp h abetical order w i t h in d ication as to i llustrations so t h at by run nin g thr ough t h ese t he variety and ex tent of ground covered by t he E N CYCL O P E D IA can be gat h ered at once In addi tion I h ave in t he earlier of t h ese pages classified t he maj ority of t h e articles t h us index ed in some sort o f logical order I n ma ki ng a selection of articles out o f some may h ave been omit t ed whi c h ot hers would h ave included and doubtless se veral h ave been i ncluded w hic h ot h ers woul d h ave omitted I can only state t h at every care h as been taken t o mak e t he se lections representative It will of course be understood t h at t he engravi n gs aecom panyin g t h e present tex t are spe cimens o f only t h e smaller illustrat i ons contained i n THE J E WI S H E N CY .
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C L O PE D I
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J OS E PH
iv
JA C OB S
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C O N TE N TS
PAR TIAL LI ST
E D ITO R S
OF
AN D
COLL A B O R ATO RS
IN TR O D U C I O R Y R E M AR KS ‘
TE E SO U R CE S Th e Bib le
CU STOM S
.
J EW ISH LI FE
H ISTOR Y
.
.
— C t i ies Ma k e rs Of
Of N a t io ns
—
— t r o f H is o y
Hist o ric
Movem en t s and E ven ts— Weapons ag a inst In to l e r an ce Th e Ge rm an Je w s— Am e rica , E ngland and — — — R uss ia Th e Un ited S t a tes Am e rican Je w ry J ew h
ish
-
— In fl u ence
Grea t Brit a in
E a rly E ng l is h Je ws Jew ish E m ancipa t ion
—
Jew s R e t u rn to E ng land — Anglo Jew ish Ins t it u t io ns Qu a in t Ch a racte rs o f — — E ngl ish Jewry R u ss ia R u sso—J ew ish Comm un it ies — R uss ian Jew ish Leade rs —
-
-
.
PH ILO LO GY
.
L ITER AT U R E
.
Bib l iograph y
an d
Typog raph y
Ch rist ian ity in It s R ela t io n t o Ju daism Mys t icism , S upe rs t it ion , an d Fo lk Lo re -
V
CON TE N TS
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Mu sic S O CI OLO GY
.
BI O GR A PH Y
Poe t s— L it te rat eu rs— Mu sic— D ram a
S cience : Ph iloso ph y m a t ies
H is t ory
Ph y s iology
He b rew
Ph ilology
Practica l Life : Po l it ics
—
Med icin e
S port s , Tra vel ,
N avy
E cono m ics — Math e
Ch em is t ry
As t ro no m y
—
—
.
l an t h ropy
—
An t i
-
etc
— Se m it es
—
—
Law
Arm y
—
Comm e rce
an d
an d
Ph i
Pedig m
MI S CE LL AN E O U S J U D AI CA ILL U ST R ATI O N S — To m b s o f Bib l e Heroes Ho ly Cit ies ish
Q
m at ics
—
Burial t um es
OF
E di fices Decorat ive Art Je w is h — m i a P r r a a a a r h r n i n s C e l l e o n e C os o G ud p S acred
Port ra it s
—
I N T E R E ST
COLLA B O R AT O RS CO N CL U SI O N IN D E x
OF
J ew
A Bib le At las— N u m is
—
.
STATISTI CS
S it es —
-
—
ica
D o m iciles
u a rte rs and
—
an d
—
.
MAI N AR TI CL ES
Bo ok s
an d
M
— anu script s
H e b ra
PAR TIAL L I S T OF TH E 605 E D ITOR S AN D
W HO
COLLABOR A TOR S
PR OD U CE D
THE J E W I S H E N CYCLOPE D IA Th e
will p le as e take notice that th e na mes p r i nted in p a r enth eses i n th e foll owing pa ges ar e th ose of th e a uth ors of the articles r eferred to
reader
.
E D I TO RI AL BOA RD
Y
C RU S ADLB B . Ph J ) r o P D o s t Biblical A nti qu ities a nd the J ews of A merica ) e a t m e n t s ( p f m e rica n J e w ish is t o rica l o cie t ; ss is t a n t e cre ta r y . Pre side n t o f t h e S m it h s o m a n ns tit u tion , as hing t o n , D 0 .
A
H
I
m
m
W
Th
y A
.
.
.
R abbin ica l Literatu re ) e m ina r B u da p es t u ng ar
a nd
S
eol og ica l
.
y
,
H
,
00m
Pro fesso r
S
HA CKE R . Ph D
( D ep art me nts of th e Tal m ud
Pro fessor in th e J e wis h
S
D BU TS CH . Ph D ( D ep artme nt of Histor y from 1 49 2 to is tor , e b re w U nio n o ll eg e , in cinna t i, o f J e w is h “ ” e bo rah of
H
y
.
.
y H
C
D
C
Oh i
o;
E dit o r
.
R I CH ARD G O TTB BE . Ph D ( D epartments of History fr om E zr a to 1 492 a nd H istory of P ost Tal m udic Lit era tur e ) New o rk ; hie f o f o l u m bia U niv e rsit Pro fessor o f e m it ic L a n ibra r r ie n tal th e p ar t m e n t , N e w Y o r k Pu b c .
-
.
S
C
O
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L
C
.
LL J ) ean . Ph D ( D ep artme nt of the Bib l e ) f R a bb inica l ro fe s so r Sinai Co hicag o Il l tio n o di t o r o f U h niv e rs it of C icag o ; and Ph il oso p “ Th e R e for m dv o ca te
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Lit
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th e J
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J ew s
of
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J O S E P H J A COB S . D t
( D epartme nts
P
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R evisi n g E dit or ) o f E ng l an d ; u t h or o f
A nth rop olog y ;
S
y ”
o cie t
ng la nd ,
.
A
e t c.
R om an . Ph D (D ep art m ents of Theol og y a nd Ph il osop h y ) hio ; Rabbi E merit us President o f Hebrew U nion o ll eg e . in cin na t i e m p l e B e t h - E l . N ew Y o r k
R AM
.
.
T
C
C
,
.
HE RMA N 30 8 m ( Dep ar tment of th e J ews of R uss ia Ch ief o f th e
O
Sl avonic D ep ar t m e n t Vl l
,
N ew
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P ol a nd ) u blic ibrary ork
a nd
.
P
L
.
of
LIS T OF E D I T O R S
CO L LAB OR A TORS
AN D
S IN GE R . Ph D M AN AGIN G E ITO R ( D epartme nt of M odern Biograp h y from 1 750 to IS ID ORE
.
D
.
CRA W FORD H OWE LL TOY . D D " LL D ( Dep a rtme nts of Hebre w P h i lology a nd Hell enistic Literature ) Pro fe s s or o f e brew in a m bridg e , ass ; Au t h o r ar v ar d U niv e rsit , ” Th e R elig io n o f srae l , e t c of .
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H
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D D" H
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( Cha irma n of th e B oard ) .
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di t o r in-Chie f of t h e STAN
D A D D I CT IO N AR Y o r TH E E N G LIS H LAN GU AG E R
-
,e
tc
.
FR AN K H YI ZE TELLY . P S A ( S ecr eta r y of th e B oard ) dit or of t h e S TAN AR D I C TI ON AR Y , Th e Co l u m bian ’ cl op e d i a , etc .
.
.
.
A
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ss o cia te
D D
Cy
.
WILLIAM P OPP E R
Gu
M A
.
Ph D .
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Tr a n s la tion ) N ew a n g u ag es , ol u m bia U niv e rs it ’, e b r e w B oo k s e ns o rs hip o f
( A ss ociat e R evisi n g Editor ; Ch ief of th e Bu r ea u G o tt h e il o r k ( 1 903
s t av
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A M E RICA N BOA R D
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of
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O F CO N S ULTI N G
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BE RN A RD D RA CHM AN . Ph D . Ra bbi o f th e o n g re g a t io n Zich r o n p hr ai m ; ns t ru cto r in t h e B ibl e a n d in e bre w ra m m ar J e w x s h h eo l og i cal e m i nar o f m e ri ca , N e w Y o rk .
.
H
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I
T S y A B “L BE N THAL r h D C g ti Chi g Ill ; A f Zi G mm th H b w L ng g ,
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s
Rab bi Em erit u s o
on
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ra
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Ra bbi
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Em
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GU S TA V
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on
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re
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G OTTHE II n
ut
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ho r o f
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Ph D .
( D ECE AS ED ), e rit us o f
T
E manu- E l , N e w
em ple
A Pract ical
HEN R Y HYVE RN A T . D D
Y ork
.
.
H
ea d
of
th e D e
S m it i it y f A m i
ar t m e n t
D iv e rs
of
c an d
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o
W
Egyp t i
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hi ng t on .
L
a te
Ra bbi E m e rit us o f t h e “ u th o r of
A
( D ECE AS ED ),
C g g A D ti on
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f
ro ess or
f
ro es so r
a del p h ia ,
Pa ;
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S
Phil
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.
MORRIS J AS TR OW . J r . Ph D ‘ o f Pe nns y l ra rian in t h e U n iv e r sit b o f S e m it ic a ng u a es a n d i g “ hil adel hi a , Pa ; u t hor o f ”R e l Ig Io n o f t h e B a b om a ns an d ss ri ans . e t c
P
L
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yp
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L A A y
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3 FRED E RI C M ccUR D Y . Ph D .
P
holic
.
R o de f hal o m , o f t h e T al m u d .
P
C
at
e ra t ures ,
.
,
MAR CU S J AS T R OW . Ph D
Lit D C
of
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Oi
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L g g “ f Hi t y P
r e n ta l
h or
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an
,
.
U niv e rsity C o ll e g e T o ro n t”o ro p he cy a n d t h e M onu m e n t s
ua es ,
s or
LI. D ,
,
v
iii
.
.
C
ana da ;
LIS
T OF E DI TO R S AN D COL LAB O R A TO R S H
R a bbi
I
t h e S h ee rit h resi den t ork ;
of
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P E RE I RA
.
P
MEN D E S . M D a t io n ( a nis h a n d o rt Min is te rs , N e w o f J ew i .
S
srael
Co o f th e B oe r
P
M OSES MIE LZINE R . Ph D D D ( D E A S ), reside n t o f t h e e b re w U io n Co ll n cin na ti. i n “ " n trodu cti o n t o th e al m u d
) N ew
e se
,
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L
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L it t it y C m b idg
Bibl ical
ro e sso r o f
U niv e rs
.
e ra u re r
a
.
.
C
Oh i
A
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ut
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of
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GE OR GE
P
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on
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M OORE . M A is to an d t h e .
M ass
B ook
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of
;
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H
ut
ho r 0
u dg es ,
’
D D . o f R e l ig io n s in “ Co m m en tar .
.
H
y
A
e t c.
D A VID P HILIP S ON . D D ’ o ng re g a tion B n e srae l ; ro fesso r o f in cinna ti. o ll e g e hio ; reside nt o f ba t h chool U nion o f m e rica
ar var d
.
R a b bi
th e
of
U nio n
C C
,
C
I O
S
P P
A
f
IR A MAU RI CE P RI CE . B D Ph D ite ra t ures U niv e rs it o f ag e s a n d of e m it ic L a n “ ” o n u m e n t s a n d th e Old Tes ta m e n t , Th e u t ho r o f
ro esso r
S
A
L
fi
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S
e
bre w
Chi
S OL OM ON S CHE CH T E R , M A Li tt D o f t h e J e wis h h eo l o ical res ide n t o f t h e Fa cu l t e m in a r g “ ” N ew Y o r t u dies I n J u da ism u t h or o f
A
H
.
.
P
il e t ics . e b re w S a b
om
.
.
P
H H
Il l ;
ca g o ,
e tc
.
.
.
T
S
y
of
Am
e rica .
.
J O S E P H SILVE RM AN . D D m e rica n R a bb is ; e n tral Co n fe re n ce o f E m anu- E l , N e w Y ork .
P
reside n t
C
of
A
R a bb i
T
of
e m ple
.
J A COB VOOR S AN G ER . D D t io n E m an u E l S a n F ra n cisco Cal ; Co ite ra t ur es U nive rsit o f s an d n l e m iti c rnia , B e r ke l e , Cal a .
Ra bbi
of
th e
-
S
s fig
FO RE I GN
BOA RD
L
y
,
,
y
,
.
P
ro
f e sso r
of
.
O F CO N S U LTI N G
E D I TO RS
I SR AE L AB RAHAM S . M A ” J e w ish u t h or o f Th e J e w ish Qu a r te rl R ev ie w ; of ” a l m u dic, Ca mb r rdg e a der I n th e Mi ddl e g es . e t c ; Um ve rsx t y , ng l a nd .
Cm dit or
A
T
E
.
f
in t h e J ew ish o na tss chrif t ffi r
ro esso r
of
“
M
,
in
e
M B RANN . Ph D Th e ol o ca l e m in ar , B re sl au Ger m a n ; Edit o r ” Ges ch ic t e und Wisse nsch a ft des J u de n t h u m s
Nach od. B oh emia
.
S
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,
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.
H
Rabbi
Lif
.
.
P
A
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A
BR OD
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Ph D us t ria ; oe dit o r of ’ B ibh og r a p hie .
C
.
.
Zeitsch rift fu r He b rais ch e
.
P incip al r
of
th e
A BRAH AM D AN ON . heol og ical e m inar , Cons tantiD Op l e , J ewish
T
S
1X
y
T
u rk e
y
.
T OF E DI TOR S AN D CO LLAB OR A TORS
LIS
HAR PWI G D ER ENBOUR G . Ph D '
.
Pr
f
o ess o r o f
S
S
.
.
Literal Arabic at t h e pe ci al f choo l rie nt al Lang u ag e s, O Q Paris ; Me m ber o f th e I ns titu t de I‘ ra nce '
.
S Au th or
M
.
DUBN OW ;
.
Wil na Russia
Isto riy a Yevrey ev .
of
’
.
MI CH AE L a LAND E R . Ph D ’ rin cipa l o f J e ws Co ll eg e , o n o n , E ng l a nd ; Auth or d ’ R eh g i o n , e t c .
.
L
P
.
.
Th e J ew is h
of
.
I GN AZ GOLDZIHE R . Ph D o f Se mitic Phil ol ogy , U niversit o f B udap es t . H num .
P
f
ro esso r
y
G UD E HANN . Ph D . u I Chie f Ra bbi of Vienna, Aus tria .
.
.
.
.
an on D A VID GUN IIS UR G , S t Pe t ers burg . Russia .
e
f o f th e
H
Y
D E HAR KAV . Ph D e bre w De part me n t o f t h e m p erial Public Libra r burg , R ussra A
C hi
.
.
I
.
y
.
St
.
P
e te rs
.
ZAD OC HA HN
L
( D ECEA S ED )
,
H
P
A
o no rar d lli e nt o f t h e Ch i e f R a b bi o f Fran ce L ate res i a n ce I s raelite y Unive rselle ; Late Ofiicer o f t h e Le g i on of Honor, aris . France
a te
‘
M
.
H A YSERLIN G . Ph D ( D ECEAS E D ) .
a te
A
His tor
C y M
o rresp o nding
,
.
.
,
L
Late R a b bi Buda pe t . H cade m y .
P
Me mber o f th e R 0 y al
Sp ain
adrid ,
.
MORI T Z LAZA RU S . Ph .D ( D E C EA SE D L sy ch ol ogy , U niv ersity o f Berlin ; M oran , ro fesso r E m erit us o f .
"
L
P
ate
P
Y BE AULIE U
ANA T OLE LE R O
M
em
P
be r o f
f
S
P
-
f
us t ria
.
P
ro esso r at t h e Free S ch oo l o f o lit ica l t h e I ns titu t de Fran ce ; “ ” Israel ch e s l es a tio ns Au t h or of cie nce , aris , France ;
ro esso r
P
in th e
N
n
IS RAEL LE VI . J ewish Th eol og ical Se min ar ; Editor of ” aris , Fra n ce J uiv es ,
y
P
Chie f Ra bbi of
P
E UD E LOLLI . D D ), ( D E AS ro fesso r o f He bre w ate adua ; adu a , I t s l y
L P
.
Re vue
des E t ude s
.
.
Late
.
A
.
CE ED
P
at
th e
U niv ersit y
.
ANU EL L 6w . Ph J ) Ra bbi o f S segedin u ng ar ; u or of
M
Chie f
H
y A th n e
X
.
Die Aramais ch en
.
LIS T OF E DI TOR S S
COLLA BOR A TOR S
AN D
M A R GUL IE S . Ph D Th eol og ie l fl minu y ; Chief
H
.
.
.
iu ise
H Le ag ue
.
Ra bbi
'
OOR T . D D and Arch eol ogy oll and y de n.
of
Fl o ren ce ,
.
s
H
State U niv e rsit y
th e
at
,
.
u s e PIE I R o Pn REAU . Fo rmerl y Librarian of th e Ba s ic Bibliote ca Pal a tina , ''
P
arma .
I tal
y
.
MA R TIN PH ILIPPS ON . Ph D ro fess or of Histo ry a t t h e U niv e rsities of B o nn a nd B ru sse ls ; For merl resi en t o f t h e Deu tsch -Israeliti s ch er Ge mein de bund , B e rl in , e r m an .
P
P
mm
su
.
.
LUD WI G STE IN . Ph D .
ofessor of
rl and ; Univ ersity of Be rn Sw it ze” Iiir Gesch ich te der Ph il oso p hie e t c
Phil oso h y
f
ro esso r o f
Tes tam ent
Ol d
of
S t J oh n .
S TR A CH . Ph D e mi t ic a ng uag es . esis an d n , Ge rma n
Ex Ber
Coll
s
S
‘
C m b idg 33J ewish Fat h r
a
of
Arc h 1v ’
.
y .
'
.
.
.
L
LL D l an d ; Edito r ..
of
Sa ying s
of
.
En ’g e tc ers ,
e.
U niv e rsi t y
.
nLE s TA YL OR. D D
a
Mas t er
France
Editor
.
HE RMANN L
P
.
,
P
aris,
.
.
.
A
Pr
y
r ezN AIm n . PIL D
S OHWARZPH D . LL D . -General of th e J ew ish Col onizatio n ssocia t io n, y
E
Sam m
G
.
of
.
PA RTI A L L I ST O F E D I TO RS AND CO L LA BO RA TO RS ol t Biich l er . Ph D . .
M
.
Pro f J ewish Th eol S e m .
.
.
.
A Cowl ey . M A . Librar , xfo rd U niv .
Bodl eian
Vie nna,
A
us t ria .
.
.
y O
.
E ngl and
.
,
A b rah am D s non ,
Prin J e wish .
Th eol
Sem
.
.
.
Co ns tah tino p l e
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Au th or, Vie nna , Aus tria A m Hebrew De p t .
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bibl io t hek
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Frank fort-o n- t h e -
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LI S T OF E DI TO R S
CO L LAB O R A TOR S
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A d ol f G u tt m s eh er . Ph D Ra bbi B al tim ore e bre w o ng , B al tim ore , M d .
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A b rah am Hark a vy . Ph D u blic Librar , S t e p t , I m p e rial
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B Pel l en th al . Ph D m e rit us , io n Co ng reg at io n , Ch icag o . Ill .
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Benn o J acob . Ph D R a bbi, Ge t ting e n , a n o v er ,
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EM S E IT Ph D es ta m e n t E xe g e sis , J e w is h R e l ig ious ey de n , o l la nd
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Ph D . Li t t D LL !) ang uag es , o l u m b ia U niv . N e w
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Isaacs . PIL D re, U n iv and Lite u a
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LI S T OF E DI TORS
COLLAB OR A TO RS
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Librarian
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Bj erre g aard .
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0 0 1 Cl au d e 3 Ge n d er , LL B Su p erin te nde nt o f t h e u rve o f al e s t in e b t io n F u n d fl
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LIS T OF E DI TORS
COLLABOR A TOR S
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Prank H Hn owl t on . M 8 . Ph B Assis tant Cu ra to r o f B o ta n , U nite d ta tes a t io nal .
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Was hin g t o n
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Prank Kni g h t Sand ers . Ph B B B . ea n o f t h e Divini t of B iblical His tory an d Ar ch eo l o Um v , N e w av e n , o nn
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Fred erick d e Bol a M e n d e s , Ph B Ra bbi of t h e We st E nd nag og ue , N ew o rk .
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Georg e A ite ra t ure an d
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Lo ndo n , E ng l an d
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Brody . ” e it sch rift fur H e b raisch e B ibliog rap hic, B o he m ia , Au st ria .
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Hu b ert Grimm e , Ph B
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Lang uag es
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N ew
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H art w i g Hirseh i el d . Ph B '
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I srael A b rah am m M A Ra b binics , U niv o f C”a m b rid e ; oe dit o r o f ng l a n d te rl y R ev ie w ; Ca m r i dg e , .
Reader
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Th e J e w is h Q u a r
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M e m ber
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In
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Jr
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Lib
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H H ol l an d er , Ph D
M orris J Pro f
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B iblio t he ca
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Hil l e sum .
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F ran ce ; P ro f o f Or ie n t al de F r a n ce P aris F ra n ce
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R o s e n t h a l ia n a , e t h e r l a n ds
M
k
Ph D o f Pa , hil a de l p h ia Pa
B B J oh n P Pe t ers . P h B ’ Rector , S t ichae l s hu r ch N e w o r k .
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U n iv B al t im o r e
J u l e s Onne rt .
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F rance
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Cit y
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LI S T OF E DI TO RS
CO LL AB OR A TORS
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Karl Bu dd e . Ph B .
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Ex
Tes tam e n t
Ol d
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U niv
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M
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Ge rm an
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Karl Heinr ich 0 0 m in. Ph B .
P
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Ol d
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E x e g esis ,
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B resl a u , Ge rma n
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S z e ml e ,
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Directo r
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A
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Sl avic
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H
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U niv
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Ph B ch oo l a t .
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Ca m bridge
Mass
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F r ance
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M au ri ce Fi sh b erg . M D
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Surg eo n
to t h e
Beth
I H
H p it l w C h it i
sr ael
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D is
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Y or
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M di C it y e
Ex
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am ine r
to t h e
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M ose s Gs st er . r h B .
Hah a m
of
Sp anish
th e
I
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L
J ew s ,
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to ri cal
A
H ohl er . M A
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S ty N
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C
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e cre
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Mit t
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Th
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M ax L
Pr
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H
an d
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M ose s M i el x l n er . Ph D a te
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D D ( o ll eg e ,
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Cincinna ti
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O hi
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LIS T
OF E DI TOR S Th
O
rel
P
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Ke ll y Ch ey ne . D D
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ss is ta nt
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an o n o f
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W M ax M ul l er Ph D Pro f of Biblical Ph il ol og y a t t h e U niv .
A
Li tt D
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t h e n te r p re t a t io n o f crip t u re , xfo rd niv . a n d oe di t o r o f n c cl o p e dia R o ches ter a t he dral , n l an d ; ’g xfo rd , ng l an d B ib h ca ,
ro
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COLLA B OR A TOR S
AN D
.
.
of
C hi
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C hi
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Il l
.
THE J EWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA INTR OD UCTOR Y R E MAR KS
TH E J E WIS H
EN C Y C L OPEDIA in its twelve volumes summari z es the information avai l ab l e on the history literature theology and sociology of the Jews since their first appearance in history three thousand years ago down to the present day Much o f the material g athered in its pages h as never b een brought together b efore ; and ev en where previous treatments of parts o f a sub ject exist they h ave not been coord inated with one another and their mutual relations have not b een hit herto discerni b le Yet I srael is one and in d ivisi b le in all manifestations J ewish theology mol d s J ew is h history ; Jewish literature envelops and environs J ewish history ; Talmudic law d etermines J ewish soci olo gy and forms the osteology of J ewis h history ; the ceremonies of t h e J ews are an embodiment of J ewish theolo gy in ri tes and liturgy ; while J ewis h music translates into the world of tone and h armony the regrets and yearnings of J ewis h history From another point of view all th ese su b j ects can b e traced b ack to t h e Bi b le and t h e Talmud F undamentally one as are the mani festations o f the J ewis h sp irit they are distractingly variegated when Scattered through all lan d s vi ewed w ithout a clue and passing t hrou g h all the historic periods t he J ewish eople h ve o nected wit h ev e y h ase o f t h e r a n ee n c b p p
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G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C Y CLOP E DIA west em
A siatic and E urope an c ulture whi c h i s called civili z ation E ven in t heir e x cursions into t h e other three continents Of t he glo b e the J ews h ave forme d part of t h at ex pansion of E urope whic h constitutes — modern history Within these limits then wit h in t h e countries and perio d s which have been influenc ed by — E uropean civili z ation Jews have been touc h ed by or have taken part in all the movements Of h umanity ; and TH E J E WI SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA w hic h treats Of all these aspects is a veritab le encyclop edia touc hin g all sides of h uman activity in the historic peri od F rom anot h er point Of view the EN CYC L OPED IA i s practically universal in scope Th ough not a nation “ ” the J ews form wh at might b e called an int em at ion scattered among the peoples but k ept in union by a spiritual bond and by a share in common sorrows and antipat h ies Th e vario us activities Of t h e mem b ers o f this internat i on h ave been recogni z ed by t h e EN C Y CL O PE D IA w h ich h as inc l u d ed in its bio grap h ical section sculptors mat hematicians inventors soldiers sailors and the l ike ; so t h at from this point o f view also i t d eals wit h almost all aspects Of human activity T hus TH E J E WI SH E N C Y C L OPEDIA w h ile h avin g a world Of its own at t h e same time deal s wit h t h e world in general I n recent years t h e G ermans h ave issued a series o f ” “ which d eal with G erman p hilolo gy E ncyclopiidien an d arc heology classical philology and archeology political economy and the like on t h e plan o f havin g separate treatises on the various d ivisions of a subject put in systematic ord er and eac h dealt wi th b y a separate specialist Shortly after th e appearance o f t h e first volume of TH E JE WI SH EN C YC L OP E DIA a -
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I N TR OD U C TOR Y R E M A R KS
prospectus w as even issued of a J u disch e E n cy cl o p adie arranged on this plan (None of the vo l umes has as yet appeare d ) The E ngl ish and A merican method of encyclopedia making however is d i fferent and consists in sub dividing a sub j ect into small er sections and arran ging these in al phab etical ord er This is undoubtedl y more convenient for reference when a special topic becomes the su bj ect of inquiry But there is something to b e sai d for the German method which connects cognate topics so that the light which fails on the special topic looke d for may gleam from the subject deal t with in a neigh b oring section I t was for this reason that a system of cross r eferences was elaborate d for TH E JE W I S H E N CY C L O PEDIA w hich represente d the close connection o f the various aspects of the subjects dealt with N o t wit h standing this the organic unity of the ENC Y CL O PEDIA can not be appreciate d till an attempt is mad e to b ring its c hief artic l es into systematic connection ; an d this is th e aim of t h e following pages By b ringing to geth er t h e chief artic l es on anal ogous su b jects l ight will be t hrown on many t opics that by themsel ves are di ffic ult to eluci d ate and it may be possibl e to take up separate sides of Jewish activity in a systematic way TH E J E WI SH EN C Y C L O PEDIA for t h e first time gives a complete Jewish history a comp l ete Jewi sh t heolo gy a nearly complete account of Jewish litera t ure and t he first sketch of a complete Jewish sociology A n endeavor h as here been m ad e to b ring together in due order t h e chief artic l es which sustain this as sertion By this means stud y can b e systematized an d the completeness with which the progr am of the E N C Y CL O PE D IA h as bee n carrie d out wi ll be ma d e manifest .
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G UI DE TO j E WI S H E NC YCLOP E DIA
There is one c h aracteri stic w hic h distin guish es t h e osition o f the J ews f rom that of ot h er bodi es o f men p united by a co m mon bond J ust as t he political h is tory of the A merican repub lic is distin g ui sh ed from all oth er political histories by t he f act t h at it centers ro und a written constitution so the story of the J ewis h people is mad e unique by the fact t h at it clusters r oun d one b ook that known as t he Bible or rat h er as t h e O l d Testament A ll aspects of J ewish li fe for t he l ast years h ave been dominated by t h e d irect infl u ence of Scripture ; and any encyclopedic treatment Of things Jewish must base itself upon the O ld Testament I n ad dition to this however t h e development of t h e Bi bl e legislation found in the T almud and kin dred literature h as had almost as wide reac hing an influence and perhaps even a more d irect shaping power upon the J ewis h people These two Bi b le and T alm ud form the Qu ellen or written sour ces Of all J ewis h manifestations ; and the present analysis must accord ingly begin W ith t hem .
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THE
BIBLE
Th ough t h e Bible is the fun d amental source t here have been special reasons why the space devoted to th at b ook in TH E J E W I S H EN C Y C L OPEDIA and its mode of treatment there scarcely correspond to its importance O n the one hand there had recently appeared several excellent Bi b le d ictionaries summing up mo d ern knowl ed ge concerning Biblical matters wit h a thorough ness an d at a l ength with wh ic h the EN C Y C L OPEDIA could not compete without restricting un d esirab ly the space rightly claimed by more speci ficall y Jewis h matters A ,
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y C ti O l d t Ex ip t M
E arliest M anu scrip t of ecal og ue ( e co n d e nt u r ro ba bl fro m t h e asore t ic Tex t th e e b re w o f Sq u are Charact e rs in a
M
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Bib lical Arc
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Variat ions
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G UI D E
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E WI S H E N C YCLOP E D I A
recently issued Bible dictionary fills five vo l umes o f equal size with those of TH E J E W I SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA an d if any attempt h ad been made to treat the Bi bl e on the same scale in t he latter work only seven volumes wo uld have been left for J ewish h istory literature t heology socio l ogy etc I t was accordingly decided to devote on l y a volume and a hal f of the E N CYCL O PEDIA to the Bi bl e pure an d simple t h ough many of the articles on archeology and hi story touch upon Bi b lical aspects a l so Besides the di fficulty of the extent of the Biblical section there arose that of method of treatment D ur ing the nineteenth century there had arisen an en t ire l y new method of O ld Testament exegesis based upo nthe Ob jective treatment of the tex t an d the same methods of criticism as had been applied to other literary pro d ucts I n particular t h e so urces of the P entateuch had been anal yze d with suc h minuteness that it was c l aimed that every single verse coul d be assigned to a particular period Whet h er this claim was j ustified or not the assumption involved in it d ominated the who l e scientific treatment of Bi b lical topics ; and it was impossi b le to avoid recogniz ing t h e method Even the most orthodox whi l e disagreeing w ith the metho d has to take account o f it and would have reason to complain if he could not find in t h e EN C Y C L OPEDIA the views concerni ng the sacred b ooks accepted by the large maj ority of scholars While conceding this much to the critical school it was felt that common fairness call ed for the presentation of opposing views especiall y as expressed b y J ewish writers A s wil l be seen b e l ow for most Of the books “ ” of the P entateuch the so called critical view is ,
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among the J ews and in modern criticism (Bible Ex e M c u r d i s by Bacher and C es y) g I n its alphabetical place each of the Bib lical boo k s is treated separately ; its contents are summari z ed ; and t h e critical problems rai se d by it are d iscusse d by some o f the most eminent of living Biblical critics J ewish and Gentile A mong these may be specially mentioned E cclesiastes (Margol iout h ) P salms (Hirsc h ) J eremiah (E yssel ) I saiah (Cheyne) Kings (Seligso h n and Barton ) Samuel (Hirsch) and Job (Sel igsoh n and Siegfri ed ) .
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Th e Pentateu ch
P articular attention h as o f course been given to the problems Of the P entateuc h Besi d es a general article on th is subj ect (J aco b s) whic h gives a list Of t h e “ ” di vi sions into whic h the P entateuch h as been sliced by t h e higher criticism there are special articles on the E lo hist (Hirsch) and the J ah vist (McCurdy) The separate books have also receive d special attention For D euteronomy Ex o d us an d Genesis a d ouble treatment h as been ad opted the ord inary views Of t he higher criticism on the first two o f these being given by D river an d on the last b y Hirsch while an elaborate anti criticism of the Wel lh ause n view s on t h ese b oo k s is given in each case b y D r B J acob I t is h ope d t h at by t hese means all schools o f J ewis h opinion on the Biblical books an d especially on t h e P entateu c h are fairly represented I t woul d have been futile to d eny the ex istence Of fun d amental di ff er ch e es among J ews on this important point Besi d es the books of the Bi ble properl y so call ed TH E J E WI S H EN C Y CL OPEDIA contains accounts Of the ,
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TH E BIB LE
supplementary work s k nown as t he A pocryp h a (Moore ii 1 to whi c h may be add ed the remarkab le A poca l yptic Literature e x isting in Hebrew (But t enwie ser i 675 A mong all these the two w hic h stan d out as o f t h e greatest importance are t h e boo k s of E noc h (Littmann ) and Sirac h (I Levi) ,
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Biblical Biogr aphies
Tu rnin g to the contents of the Bi b lical books at tention may first b e d irected to the elaborate series of bio graphies o f Bi bl ical heroes about w hom in every case the rab b inical and in many cases the Moham m edan legend s are given for the first time Besi d es the patriarc h s Ab raham ( Kohler Toy and Gott h eil ) I saac (Broyd é ) J acob (Greenstone) and J oseph S l i s h n Barton and Montgomery an d the chief e o ( ) g prophets E lij ah ( KOHig an d Ginzberg) I saiah (Cheyne Broydé ) J eremiah (R yssel ) an d E zekiel (Cornil l ) the b iography of Moses is treated with special e l abo rateness by Messrs Barton an d Kohler the interesting and romantic h aggad ot being given b y D r Lauterbach A not her Bib l ical biography o f consi d erable interest and ex tent is that of Solomon (S el igsoh n Mont gom ery) Every person mentioned in the O ld Testament about w hom any definite information is given there is treated in t he EN CY CL OPEDIA in t he same way though not at suc h great length ,
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Biblical Ge ogr aph y
Biblical Geography h as receive d special attention two articles in particular stan d ing out with especial prominence ; namely the general survey o f P alestine x B n z in g er 4 9 and the article on J erusalem e i 7 (
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G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOP E D I A l h i G o tt e ( ,
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t he latter being one Of t h e Both of t hese articles are pro
i l lustrate d t he former by a series o f maps showin g t he h istorical d ivisions of t h e country (a ) according to the A ssyrian an d Egyptian monuments ,
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TH E BIB LE
t h e time Of t he tribes (c) und er D avid and Solo mon (d) after the d ivision o f the k ingd om (e f) after the Syrian an d the A ssyrian conquest (g) in t he He rodian period (h ) at the time of the C rusades and (13 at ) t he present day T h e article on J erusalem contains t he most ex tensive series of illustrations Of all Ob j ects of interest in the city ever brought together b esi d es a large fold ing panorama 4 5 feet in length an d a series of superimposed maps showing the con d ition o f t h e city ( 1 ) in the time of Nehemiah (2) at the time of the destruction of the city (70 C E ) (3) at the period of t h e Crusa des an d (4) at t h e present day O ther im portant geographical articles are those on G alilee (Buh l Hirsc h) J ericho (Sel igsoh n ) Lachish (Price) Nippur M O p hi r Benzinger Roa d s J acobs an d u r d c C ( ) ( ) ( y) Sinai (Sel igsoh n ) A s with Biblical persons Biblical places of all sorts are fully treate d every place that can be identified h aving been described in its alphab et ical position This applies not alone to P alestinian localities but also to places like D amas cus (Buh l an d Franco) Moab (Gray) and Te l l el A marna (Barton ) whic h h ave b een includ ed owing to their importance for sacred history at b ( )
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Biblical History
Wit h regard to Bi bl ical History articles are includ ed on t he foundation o f Bib l ical archeology viz Ch ro n ol ogy (iv 64 in which the mo d ern critical view is ex pressed by P rof McCurdy an d a disquisition on the Bi b lical figures is presented by the late P ro f Oppert Besi d es general artic l es on the Kingd om an d P eople of I srael (McCurdy vi 660 666) an d the Ki ngdom o f J ud ah (McCurdy vii 328 eac h o f ,
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the chief kings and heroes o f sacred hi story h as a special treatment ; prominence being given Of co urse to D avid (Gin z berg Montgomery and Cornill ) and J os hua (Hirsch an d Pick) w hile the fullest account — is given Of Samaria (Se l igsoh n x 667 669 ) and t h e Samaritans (history by Cowley anthropology by Hux ley x 669 Here again the external history is not negl ecte d for there are articles on A ssyria 2 M ii 2 A ssyriology P rince ii u r d 3 8 c C 3 6 ( ( y Bab ylonia (Rogers and Krauss ii 401 and E gypt (Max Mil l l er an d Got t h eil v 55 wit h whi ch may b e compared t he article Ph araoh (G ray ix The A ssyrian king Hammurab i wh ose im portant co d e has been so recently d iscovered is treated b y D r Fuchs in special connection with the question how far t h at monarc h could have influenced t he Mosaic legis l ation The relations of I srael to the surrounding nations have been d ealt wit h in t h e articles Races o f the Ol d Testament (J aco b s ) and the Seventy Nations an d Languages (Broydé ) wh ile the artic l e on Monu ments in Their Bearing on Bib l ical E xegesis (Sayce) discusses th e light thrown upon t h e Bi bl ical record s by the marve l ous d iscoveries o f mo dern times ; see also Moabite Stone (McCurdy) an d Siloam I ns cription Ben z inger ) ( ,
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Bib lical Arch e o lo gy
Bi b lical Arc heology takes up al most as muc h space as Bib l ical b iography geography and h istory Besi d es the outline sketch Of the whole sub j ect (P rince) there are articles on s uch minute topics as Bott l e and Brick Ma x M u ller I nstit tional archeology has f or t h e u ( ) first time bee n treate d articles b eing included on suc h ,
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topics as A n cestor Worship Threshol d and Totemism (J acobs) while the d i gnities of King (Jaco b s ) High Priest (Hirsch) Priest (Buttenw ie ser) an d Prophet M d and Hirsch are d iscussed in d etail c u r C ) ( y Special attention of course has been d evoted to t h e sacred arc heolo g y of the ancient Hebrews A rti c l es on A nimal Worship (McCurdy) A starte Worship A s herah and A shtoreth ( Barton ) Ba al Worship M d High Pl ace Hirsch Tree Worship Bar c C u r ( ) ( ( y) ton ) and Wors hip of I do l s (B l au) d eal with t heir aberr ations from the faith ; while Burnt O ff ering f M r d First Fruits Hirsch P eace O f e ing c u C r ( ( ) y) (Grossmann ) Sacrifice Showbread (Hirsch) an d Sin T hese Ofi ering (Barton ) treat Of the ancient rites culminate in an elab orate series Of articles d ealing with t he Temple (x 8 1 d escriptions Of the succes sive b uil d ings an d o f the Temp l e service b eing given under : Temple Of Solomon ; Temp l e Secon d ; Temp l e Of Hero d ( Barton ); Temp l e in Rab b inical Literature ; and Temp l e Ad ministration an d Service of (E isen stein) ,
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Bib le Th eo lo gy
t heolo gi cal aspects of the Bible are main l y treated un d er the t heological artic l es ; an d in this con nection topics li k e P ara d ise ( E isenstein Barto n an d Mont gomery ) S h eol ( Hirsch) A zazel or t h e Scapegoat M Kohler an d Husick Urim an d Thummim d u r c C ) ( y l M A e uss D ay o f the Lord Hirsch B l ssing r n o t ( ) ) ( l A n Nowack Flood Muss an d r o t and C ursing ( ) ( ) C osmogony ( Hirsc h an d Koh l er) t h e Bi b lical as ts o f w h ich are of chief interest may be referre d e e p to here T he
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N atu r al History
I n t he fiel d o f Natural History there are artic l es on all the bird s beasts and fishes of the O ld Testament un d er their respective rubrics by D r I M Casano w icz of the Smithsonian I nstitution Washington be si d es general artic l es on A nimal s (Hyv ern at ) and Bird s ( Nowack Ginzberg an d Koh l er) There are al so exhaustive artic l es on Botany (iii 332 an d P lants (x 72 b y D r I mmanuel Low of S z eged in ,
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TALM UD AND M ID R AS H
That remarkab le monument to the J ewis h genius known as the Tal mu d an d contai ni ng the thoughts an d legal decisions of the c h ief Jewish l e aders from 1 50 B C to 500 C E is natural ly treated in fu l l d etai l by Besi d es t h e elab orate TH E J E W I SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA articles on Mishnah (Lauterb ach ) B arai t a (Ginzberg) an d Toseft a (Lauterb ach ) Tal mud ( Bac her xii 1 Talmud Commentaries (R ich t m ann ) an explanation is given of the means by which the elab orate Talmu d ic lit er at ure has b een d eveloped from the text of Scripture b y certain int ricate rul es These ru l es are explaine d in the article Talmu d Hermeneutics (Lauterbach ) an d are more specificall y d et ai l ed un d e r the caption s Ru l es Lauter b ach I n a dd ition to Of E liezer B Jose etc ( ) this general treatment every one of t h e sixty three treatises of t h e Talmu d is s e parate l y d escri b e d an d its contents are analyz e d For exam ple the three Babot Baba Batra Bab a Kamma an d Baba Mezi a are d escri b ed b y D r Friedl and er of Lond on Arakin b y Dr G inzberg of Ne w York an d Sanhe d rin an d Ye But TH E b am ot by D r Lauterb ach Of P eoria I ll .
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T h eodor and t h ose to the Five Scrolls E st h er ( ( ); E cclesiastes und er E sther Rabbah Kohelet Rab b ah etc (Theo d or) T he important halakic mi d ras him mainly of th e secon d century and thus con temporaneous with the Mishnah are treated in the various articles on the Meki l ta (Lauterb ach) Si fra Si fre an d Sifre Zut a (Horowit z ) O t her important work s of t he T almudic period whic h h ave receive d special treatment are : D ere k Ere z (Ginz berg) Sed er O lam (Sel igsoh n) Tan h u m a (Lauterbach ) an d Tanna d ebe E liyahu (Och ser); an d a conspectus o f the whole literature is given in the article on the Smaller Mid rashim (Theo d or) ,
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Jew ish
Law
the c hief interest and importance of t h e T almud is connected wit h the J ewish l aw enshrine d in its pages which h as ruled J ewish li fe from the time of t h e destruction of the Temple almost d own to the present d ay and h as been the main cause of t he remark able preservation of t he J ewis h race T his system o f law is complete in itsel f ; it w as recogni zed t hroughout t h e Mi dd le A ges by the governments of the peop l es among wh ich the J ews dwelt ; and to some extent it has vali d ity in t h e law courts at the present d ay when d ispute d questions o f marriage an d the l ike are Often referred even in E ngl an d an d t h e Unite d States to the j ud icial tribunal t he Bet D in (Ginzberg) TH E JE WI S H EN C Y C LOPEDIA for the first time gives a com l e e acco nt of this ela b orate system of law below t u p captions un d er wh ich it would be sough t in an ord inary mo dern law d ictionary A complete list Of the 230 articles relating to Talmud ic Law is given in the general But
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TA LM
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article relating to that subj ect ( Blau x i i an d only a few of the more important nee d be cited here ,
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Adj e ctive Law
I n t he department of Adj ective Law the articles At testation of D ee d s (D e m b it z ) A tte station an d A nthem t icat ion of D ocuments (A mram ) E vi d ence Juris d iction D i z m Summons E isenstein Will D em a n e b t d ( ) ) ( ( bit z ) may be especially referred to ; whi l e Proce d ure A ccus atory an d I nquisitorial P roce d ure ( De m b it z ) Conditions (A mram ) Criminal P roced ure Fines an d Forfeiture (D e m bit z ) Fee (Greenstone an d E isen stein) an d Takkanah (Och ser) d eal with other S i d es metho d of the Talmud A rticles on Of the legal A brogation of the Law (Miel ziner) an d I gnorance of the Law and Conflict of the Law (Gree nstone) also deal wit h subj ects of consi d erable importance with regard to legal metho d O ther aspects of proced ure are treate d un d er O ath Raisin P erj ury Greenstone Blin d E isenstein an d ( ) ( ) ( ) D e af and D umb (Greenstone) ,
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Substantive Law
Co ming t o Substantive Law Crime is treated b V Dr L N Dem b it z and its results in Stripes an d Capit al P unishment by D r S Men d elso hn Civi l law h as muc h fuller representation in t h e EN CY C L OPEDIA under t h e general h e adi ng s Tort C ontract an d F rau d T h e status o f various persons is dealt D m i z b e t ( ) wit h under Trusts an d Trustees Suretyship P artner s hip, Master and Ser vant Lan d lor d and Tenant ( D em ,
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b itz ) Joint O wners (Deutsch) Hiring an d Letting D m z Greenstone an d G ar d ian an d War d i e u t b ( ) ) ( ,
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Comm er cial Law
Commercial Law is represented b y numerous art icles among which are Al ienation an d A cquisition (De m b it z ) Assignment (A mram ) Bailment ( Dem bit z ) Borrower n A mram D e b tor an d Cre d itor D ebts of D ece d e ts ) ( Mortgage (D e m bit z ) P le d ges (Dem b it z and D eutsch ) Real E state Sal e and Set Off (Dem bit z ) ,
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O n the important b ranch of l aw which d eals wit h the status of women TH E J E W I SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA contains t he fol lowing intere sting series Of articles : Woman Rights of ; Wi d ow (D em b it z ); Marriage Laws ; D owry D i z Greenstone Hus b an d and Wi f e m A limony e b t ; ( ; ) ) ( Ad ultery ; D i vorce ; Get ; D aughter ; Breach of P rom ise an d A gunah the Tal mud ic equivalen t Of a wi d ow “ ” b y grace or grass wi d ow (A mram) While t hese are al l cases in which t he common law Of E ngland and its development in the United States d eal with the same topics it has not been thought necessary to mak e comparisons wit h either English or Roman l aw ,
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Talm udic Law Tech nicalities
would h ave ex ten d e d the legal articles unneces saril y ; and it was consi d ere d best to give the Talmudic law in an d for itsel f leav ing experts in the other sys tems of legislation to d etermine h ow far these contrast or agree wit h t h e Talmud Th ere are however certain T his
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G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E DIA '
aspects of T almudic law which find no ex act eq uiv a lents in more modern systems o f legislation ; and t h ese are d ealt wit h under t heir technical terms in t h e E N C Y C L OP E D IA as for instance in the articles G oring Ox D z h m b i a k H e a t r a Men d elsohn H f Green t e e r ( ); ( ); ( stone); Bererah (Zuckerman d el ) E lder Rebel l ious z k a h E isenstein and Mi un G reenstone an d H a a ( ( ) ); the curious system of evi dence k nown as Mi ggo (Lauter b ach) The so called leg al fiction o f Prosbul (Green stone) by wh ic h t he diflicul t ies o f t h e J ubilee were overcome may also be referred to here A mong t h e curiosities o f Talmudic law may be mentioned the re gulations concerning Milk (Greenstone) Trees (E is Here may be e nst e in) and D isinterment (Kohler) mentioned t h e divergent rab binical views wit h respect to Cremation (Gott h eil ) Besi des t he T almudic l aw in itsel f t h e history Of its Co d ification i s given with consi d erable elaboration in the article Law C od ification of (Gin z berg v ii 635 — T he c hief mo d ern codifiers also for instance J osep h C aro (G in z berg) Alfasi (Fried l ander) an d — Moses ben Maimon (Lauterbac h) h ave separate ar t icl es ; w hi le t he later novell a: o f T almudic law are treated under Hiddu sh im (Sch l oe ssinger) and t he method o f development is discussed in t h e article P i lpul (Lauterbac h) ,
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AR CHE OLOGY
T urning
from t he sources from whic h modern knowledge Of Jewish life an d t h ough t is obtained attention may now be directed to th e i nformation contained in t hem especially as regards t h e outward ,
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D OM E S TI CI TY
forms o f J ewish li fe in the past This o f course d eals mainly wit h the archeology of the Jews during Bi b le and Talmu dic times ; and for t he first time the two peri ods are connecte d so t h at a new source is opened for Biblical archeology in so far as Talmud ic custo ms reflect light upon the Bi b lical ones O ccasional l y however it is possi b le to trace specifically J ewish cus toms from Bible times d own to the present day Thus the article Costume (Nowack J aco b s Franco and Wiernik) has separate sections Biblical Tal mud ic Medi eval O riental mo dern and Russian each illus trat ed as far as possi bl e ; an d the wh ole of the mo d ern development from t he twel fth century is ex emplified by an elab orate plate in colors containing thirty eight c haracteristic fi gures O n the ot her han d the article P ottery (Bliss) is con fine d to Bi b lical and pre Bi b lical times the latest researches on this sub j ect in P al estine havi ng enab led archeologists to determine the suc cessiv e strata Of the potter s art ,
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D OM E STICITY
The
principal sub ject Of the stu d y o f man s pas t is the mod e in which h e h oused himsel f and his go d s or sacred Ob j ects ; hence the articles House (Buh l ) Tent (Benz inger) an d Synagogue (Brunner and Jacobs) may be regard ed as central in this respect A s regard s — the contents o f the secular house the sacred one (th e synago gue or temp l e) havi n g closer relations to — ceremonial (see below) there is a general article on Househ ol d Furniture ( Benzinger and Broydé ) b esi d es more special ones on D oor G ate (Hirsch ); Key (Sel ig soh n); Bed (G B Levi ); Cup (Casano wicz D e m b it z ) C urt ai n (Hirsc h); G lass (Jaco b s ); Pen (N owack); I n k ’
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Jaco b s an d Windows Ben z inger Food N o k w a c ( ( ); ( ) and Krauss ) is treate d both un d er that heading and under Cookery (Broydé Harris Mrs Fishberg and D ob sev age iv 254 in which the favorite di s hes of E astern and Western J ews are enumerate d an d d escri b ed Special articles are also given to Fat (Hirsch ) Salt (Ben z inger) Wine (E isenstein) Cheese Hirsch an d Mi l k Greenstone ( ) ( ) Next to food an d she l ter men and especially women devote attention to ornament and dress De si d es the general article oh costume al ready referred to there are specia l artic l es on Hair (Broydé Jaco b s and Fishberg) Head Dress (Nowack) Nail (Sel igsoh n ) Rings (Wo l f ) San d al s (Broydé and Seligsoh n ) Seal (Wolf) and Wreath (E isenst ein) J ew ish preference in the matter of Co l or (Levias) may come in here Some glimpses are also seen of the outdoor life of the Jews in the articles devoted to Horticulture (LOW ) Hunting (Jaco b s) and Fish and Fishing (Hirsch ) Their d omestic animal s are treated in the articles A ss (Levi and Ginz b erg) D og ( Kohler) Coc k (Ginz berg) Horse (Casan o w icz ) and Catt l e (Hyv ernat ) .
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CUSTOM S
The d omestic customs of the Jews have also received attention in TH E JE WI SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA ; see E du cation ( Kohler Gii dem ann D eutsch an d Jacobs ) P e d agogics (Grossman ) E tiquette Rules of P rece dence (E isenstein ) Ho spital ity (Greenstone) Greeting an d Tit l es Of Honor (Eisen stein ) E ven their Games an d Sports (Grunwald ) an d mode of D ancing (Ene low) are descri b e d as is al so their mo d e of dispensin g Charity (Koh l er and Frankel ) ,
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E N C YCL OPE DIA
M oney ( N ow ack
and Dem bit z ) whic h leads on t o th e s u bj ects of Numismatics (Re inach) and Me d als (Wolf) which are c l osely connected with Weights and Measures Benzinger an d Lauter b ach The determination f O ) ( time is also Of import ance in this connection and is treated in the artic l es Horology (E isenste in ) E ra Fried l an d er and Jaco b s an d Week Hir s ch O ther ) ( ) ( mo d es of gaining a l iving are treated in the artic l es Hawkers and Pe dl ers (Deutsch) Goldsmiths and Silver smiths Engraving and En gravers (Wo l f) Mines (No wack ) Navigation (Now ack and J acobs) Spinning h Ben z inger and Not han d e l D eutsch P erhaps Chess ) ( ) ( P orter though a game primari l y might b e include d ) ( in this aspect The who l e sub ject merges into sociology where it wi l l come up later Miscel laneous archeo l ogical artic l es are : Flag (Eisenstein ); Fin ger (Broydé ) Han d B G unwal d and Senses The Five r r ( oydé ) ( ) ,
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HISTOR Y
The history of the J ews extends through a l l ages an d lan d s that can in any true sense of the word b e termed historical Where the Jew has not b een civi l ization an d the records that go to make it have not existed I n one way or another TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA d eal s with the whol e of the Wel tgeschich te thoug h Of course not in all its aspects an d extent The earl y stages of this history are natural ly given in the arti cles devoted to the Bi bl e ; b ut after Bi bl ical times the annal s of I srael reso l ve themse l ves into an account o f the manner in which the v arious nations of the world h ave treate d the ad he rent s o f monotheism the sa d dest story in t h e w orl d s history wh ose end is not ve t .
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HIS TOR Y
Monotonous as is the tenor of t he narrative its note varies accordi n g to the di ff erence Of environment The clue to t he post Bi b lical h istory of the Jews is found in t he attitud e of the C h urc h toward unbe l ievers I n t he Ro man empire af ter th eir d ispersion the Jews h ad gradual ly gained all t he ri gh ts Of citi z en s h ip ; and it was not til l the Churc h withdre w some of t hese that t h at isolation of the J ews be g an w hich h as led to suc h terrible results The story of the spread of the J ews t hroughout t h e whole of the ecumenical worl d t he legislation that regulated their connection with the ruling powers and the change pro d uce d in le gisl ation by t he rise of Christianity are describ ed in the remark able article D iaspora (Reinach) O ther studies o f a similar character are given in t h e artic l es Disa b i l ities (Broydé ) Kammerknec h tsc h aft ( D eutsch ) Taxation (Och ser) an d Leib z ol l (D eutsc h an d Rosen thal ) T he w h ole series of anti Jewis h legis l ation is summed up and a Skeleton o f Jewis h history is given in C h ronology (J aco bs ) ,
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Of Nations
I n dealing wit h t he several countries t he p l an of the EN CYC L OPED IA h as been to treat them with minute ness T here are general S ketches of t he history of t h e J ews in t h e continents of E urope ( Brann ) A sia K A m L e vy Af rica r i a Ad ler and A ustra l ia h n e c a ( ( ) ) ( ) (Freed man ) Th en come separate articles on the dif ferent countries ; for A sia on Babylonia ( Krauss) A sia Minor (L e vy) A ssyria (Prince) Persia (J ackson) and Arabia (Hirsc hfel d an d Ginzberg) A bri d ge to E urope as it were Turkey ( Montgomery ) wit h its p redecessor t he Byzantine E mpire ( Krauss) leads to .
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Greece (Caimi ) I tal y (Castigl ione) and Spain ( Kayse r l ing and J aco b s ); whi l e France (L evy an d Bro y dé ) Germany (Brann ) Englan d (Jacobs) an d Russia (R o senthal ) practicall y complete the l ist Of countries W here Small er t h e history of the Jews is o f consequence divisions like Sicil y (Och ser) Denmark (Simonsen) and Sweden (Lin d ner) are more of the nature o f ap x n d s to the l arger countries O f E nglan d an d e i e p Russia more wi l l b e said anon A ll of these countries are treated in TH E JE W I S H ENC Y CL OPEDIA the articles b eing i ll ustrated b y maps containing the names o f t h e p l aces with which Jews were connected I n A frica Egypt (Max Mii l l er and Gott h eil ) Al geria (Marcais ) Kairwan (Sch l oe ssinger) Tunis (Broydé ) Morocco l i s S c e s n e h o r an d Meakin and South A frica Hert z ( ( ) ) g are the chief territories an d cities of J ewish interest A s regard s A ustral ia (Freed man ) the small ness of t h e Jewish popu l ation in the who l e continent rendered it unnecessary to deal with the separate states of the commonwealth e x cept in the case of Queenslan d (Myers) The three chief d ivisions are 1 ep re se nt ed by their capital s Ad elai d e Me l bour ne (Freedman ) an d Sy d ney (Jaco b s ) Ne w Zeal and is the su bject of a separate artic l e A merica for reasons which wi l l be read i l y understoo d has b een treated on a sca le some what d i fferent in proportion from t h e rest of the w o rl d The d etails of the treatment of the Jews on that co n t inent wi l l be found farther on ,
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Of Cities
After countries come citi es ; an d TH E JE WI SH E N C Y CL OPEDIA d eal s with al most every on e of h istoric interest that h as had a Jewish comm unity fo r a n y 26
HI S TOR Y
lengt h of time Besides those mentioned in th e Bible earl y communities existed in A ntioch ( Krauss ) A thens A lexand ria (Sch iirer) an d ab o v e al l R o me (Och ser) w here Jews have l ived continuousl y for a l onger period t h an in any other p l ace with the exception of D amas cus and Jerusal em El sewhere in I tal y the chi ef .
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J a ff a G a t e J e ru sal e m Ph otog raph b y D w Popper )
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communities have been Ferrara F l orence Leghorn Mantua P ad ua (Elb ogen ) an d Venice (Loll i ); whil e in Spain the most important communities have b ee n Barcelona ( Kayserl in g) To l ed o (J aco b s ) Cord ova Granada Gerona Saragossa Sevi ll e Tu d e l a an d Valencia ( Kayserl ing) I n the neigh b oring kingd om Of P ortugal ( Kay se rl in g) the congregations of Lis b on Po rto and Coim b ra (Kayse rl in g) are the on l y ones ,
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call ing for special mention I n F rance P aris (L e vy ix 526 539) overs hadows the rest o f the comm un i ties ; but important con gregations existed in O rleans ( Kahn) Blois (Broydé ) A vi gnon ( Bauer) C arpentras Mont ll Narbonne Marsei l les Ka h n and P erpigna i e r n e ( ) p (Cassuto ) Nor must Bordeaux (Friedenberg ) the home of t he G radis fami l y ( Ko hut ) and of th e New Christians of t he eighteent h century be forg otten I n Germany t he h istoric communities have been those Of Worms (Och ser and Lewins k y) F ran kfort on Fiirt h ( E c k stein) the Main (F reimann v 484 Hamb urg (Feil ch enfel d) P rague (Och ser x 1 53 Berlin (Freem ann ) P osen (Lewin ) and Breslau the l ast b eing treated under Si l esia (Och ser) I n the Netherlands (Slij per) A msterd am (Seel ig man i 537 545) is t he on l y center o f importance w hile Copenhagen (Simonsen iv 258 260) is t he only city in D enmark requiring separate treatment I n the d ual kingdom Of Aust ria ( De ut sch ) Hun gary ( Buch ler) Vienna (Kayserl ing and Lieben x ii 427 Brunn (Freimann and Gott h eil ) and P resb urg D eutsch in t h e f ormer an d Budape t Buchler iii s ( ) ( 4 1 6 420) and S z ege d in (LOW ) in t he latter are the chief communities A s to Turkey (Montgomery ) and the countries for merl y u nder its rule the artic l es Bel grade Safed (Fran co ) Sarajevo (Wessel ) P hilippopolis (F ranco ) Adri an op le D anon Constantinople iv 2 and 3 7 ( ) ( Sal onica (Broydé ) in d icate h ow important in Jewish his tory Turkey was ti ll its ru l er b ecame t he sick man Cities are not mere bricks an d mortar : t h ey are the homes of men ; so after cities it would be appropriate to d eal wit h individual s Here however a dist inct i on ,
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to be made The indivi d u al as an in d ivi d ual attracts a kin d of interest d i ff erent from that Of the in d ividual that influences history : the former b e l ongs to the biographer ; the latter to the historian Con se quently the large num b er of biographies containe d in TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CLO PEDIA may b e reserved for a separate section Of this intro d uction A n intermed iate position is hel d b y families the accumu l ate d e ffect Of whose individuals has general l y had an influence on local history A ccord ingl y the ENC Y CL OPEDIA has often given accounts of families who se in d ivi d ual mem bers would not perhaps of themselves have merited special notice A list of these families is given un d er P edi gree (Jacobs ix 578 the items b eing printed in ital ics
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Mak ers
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History
Turning to in d ivi d uals who have he l ped to make history a certain amount of attention has been given in TH E JE W I SH ENC YCL OPEDIA to the great conquerors A lex ander the Great (Le vi ) Ju l ius C aesar (Rosenthal ) and Napoleon (Jaco b s ) who b y a curious coinci d ence have all been b enefactors of the Jews A part from t hem however it is a significant fact that the maj ority o f non J ews of historic importance that have cal l ed for m ention h a ve been anti Semites l ike Vicente F err er l n S h l s h Vincent Fettmilch Martin c o e ss n r S e i o i e ( ( ) g g ) Luther Hermann Ah l w ardt (Deutsch) and Ad o l f S tiicker (Mannheimer) J ews o f historic importance have been : the several Herods (Broydé ) the Maccabees (Se l igsoh n ); A aron the great financier Of A ngevin E nglan d ; of Lin coln and Ben venist e D e P orta who held the same position in Aragon in the next century (Jacobs); J osel of Ros ,
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heim (Feil ch enfel d) court Jew of the E mperor Maxi mi l ian I ; D on Joseph Nasi (Sch l oe ssinger) Mord ecai Meisel of the b anking firm Of Prague ( Kisch); and Shabb e thai Zeb i the pseu d o Messiah whose imposture spread t h rough the worl d (Mal ter) Simi l ar impostures were attempte d b y D avi d R eu be ni (Jaco b s) an d Solo mon Mo l ko (Bloch ) Joseph Suss O ppenheimer (Kroner) the martyr financier Of Wii rtt e m b urg ; an d the three great conser v at iv e statesmen of the mi d nineteenth century Ju d ah P Benj amin (M J Koh l er); Benj amin D israeli E arl of Beaconsfie l d (Emanue l ); and Frie d rich J ulius Stah l (M Cohe n ) are Of historic importance The last less known than the other two was declared by Lord A cton to b e a gre ater force than Be acon sfiel d O pposed to these may b e p l aced the iridescent figure O f F e r d in an d L assa ll e (M Cohen ) the lea d er Of the S O How far Nathan cial D emocratic party of Germany M ayer Rothschil d an d his d escen d ants (Jaco b s ) may be regard e d as historic figures is somewhat questionab l e ; b ut pro b abl y their influence h as b een greater than that of all the ab ove taken together ,
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Historic M o vem en ts
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E ven ts
Besi des these speci al sections Of history un d er con t in en t s cities an d men TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL O PEDIA d eal s with the annal s of I srael in connection with the Church movements l ike the Crusad es an d the Black De ath (Jaco b s) especially with regard to wh at has b een sho w n ab ove to h ave b een the d etermining cause Of the who l e of post Bi b lica l Jewish history the atti tude of the Church tow ard the Jews I n this connec tion long artic l es on the P ope s ( De utsch an d J aco b s) ,
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the Jews into that disreputab le occupation I n its relatio n to their f aith the story is main l y to l d in bloo d an d tears un d er the rubrics I nquisition ( Kayser l ing) Auto D a Fé (Gott h eil ) an d Marano ( Kayserl ing) the M aranos were secret J ews Of the Spanish empire w h o were the main victims Of torture an d persecution Besides these TH E JE W I SH E N C Y CL OPEDIA contains accounts of whole series of persecutions caused by the Blood A ccusation (Strack and Jacobs ) an d c h arges of D esecration Of the Host (Sch l oessin ger and Jaco b s ) Special in stances of such atrocities are given in the articles Hugh Of Linco l n (Jacobs) La Guard ia ( Kay serling) Konit z A ffair (D eutsch ) D amascus A ff air s z l Franco Mor ara Case D eut ch Tisza E A air t s f f a r ( ) ) ( Mannheimer an d above a ll the D reyfus Case which ( ) with the exception Of Russia forms the l ongest artic l e in the entire w ork an d is p erhaps the most interesti n g for continuous read ing The who l e modern move ment against the Jews is summed up in the lengthy artic l e A nti Se m itism (D e utsch) .
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The mod ern met h o d s by whic h J ews attempt to battle with the forces Of enmity an d intolerance that oppose them are presente d in the artic l es on the Al liance Israelit e Universe l le of P aris (Big art ) the A n glo Jewis h A ssociation Of Lon d on (M D uparc ) the Jewis h Coloni z ation A ssociation (Schw e rzfeld ) and the Israe l it isch e Al lian z z u Wien ( Kaminka) The nationalist movement which has seized hol d of the modern J ew with such strength is represente d b y a l on g artic l e on Zionism (Go tt h eil ) an d b y one on the foun d er of po l itical Zio nism Theo d or Herz l (D e Haas ) A cco u nts .
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HIS TOR Y
are also given Of Herz l s predecessors Moses Hess h l i and Lev P insker Lipman A d e S n e r c oess ( ( ) g ) scription of t he Basel Con gress an d P rogram is con tributed by Herz l h im self The financial methods Of t he Zionistic movement are explained in the article J ewis h C olonial Trust (D e Haas ) Bes ides these treatments of the historic countries cities and persons some of the most interesting of the EN CY CL OPEDIA articles deal wit h spheres wh ich might be deemed outside of history Hidd en or lost com m un it ies Of Jews are describe d un d er China (Cord ier and Kohl er) and under I n d ia (Oppert ) where the Beni I srae l ( Eze kiel an d J acobs ) an d the J ews of Cochin f Ez e k iel and Jacobs present some the most interest O ( ) ing problems both from their ant hropo l ogical pe culiar iti es and f rom t heir unusual customs B urie d deep in Central A frica is the curious Berber tribe known as the Dagg at un (Got t h e il ) while in Turkey exists the o b scure se ct o f the DOn m eh (Got t h e il ) whose members t h ough t hey have belonged to the Mohamme d an faith for se veral centuries sti ll preserve some Jewis h char I n Ab yssinia the Fal as h as (Perru ch on) acte rist ics claim direct descent from So l omon an d are certain l y of J ewish training if not of the Jewish race O ther out l y ing colonies of Jews are d eal t with in the artic l es Bok h ara ( Bac her and E N A d l er) Kurd istan (Lipman ) and Afghan istan (Jacobs ) ’
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The
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position Of the Jews in Germany natural ly attracts considerabl e attention in TH E JE W I SH E N CYCL OPEDIA A part from the towns an d cit ies al read y re ferre d t o separate artic l es are devoted to topics .
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like J udisch h eit J udenst att igkeit and Judensch ul e (Deutsch ) while the pecu l iar position of t he Schut z j u d e (Jacobs) an d the Familiant en Gesetz (D eutsch ) under which only a certain number of Je wish young men an d women were allowed to marry in eac h town The im Of the empire have received d ue att e ntion portant positions he ld by the Court J ews (Kayserl ing) and the S h e t adl an (Jacobs ) who in t he Mi d dle A ges represented the German Jewis h communities at the courts of t h e petty princes deserve notice Similarly in I taly there was a curious law known as J us Gaz ak a (Jacobs) by which J ews in ghetti refused to bi d for houses on whic h the landlords attempted to put in creased rentals Still more general topics are dealt wit h in t he articles Universities (Jacobs ) where the mo d ern rus h of Jewis h students to the E uropean universities i s descri b e d and Travelers (Jacobs) where a list Of the chief Jews who h ave ex ten d ed man s knowled ge Of his physica l surroun d ings is given I n the article Social ism (Hour wich ) the attraction Of the more ad vanced economic views for persons of t h e J ewis h race is described as being one of the most stri king points in the h istory o f the movement T he three s u ccessi ve leaders o f So have been Karl Marx Ferd inand Lassalle cial ism m B e r E r u b Cohen and duard Bernstein ( ( g) ) ,
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R ussia
I n t he preceding account o f t he c hief historical arti cles of TH E JE W I SH EN C Y CL OPEDIA the reader will doubt l ess have noticed three remarkab le omi ssio ns practical ly no reference has b een mad e to t he history of the Jews in the United States in E nglan d an d in ,
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HIS TOR Y
Russia This was not because the ed itorial board h ad pai d no attention to these aspects of the question far otherwise A n encyc l ope d ia is a work o f reference to b e co nsul ted main l y b y persons speaking the l angu age in which it is printed I t was therefore only logical that TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA pu bl ished in A merica and finding its chief circul a tion in the E ngl ish speak ing countries of the worl d shou ld have d evoted special attention to the history of the Heb rew race in the United States and in E ng land E ncyc l ope d ias must con tain articles which are l ike l y to b e sought by pro b abl e read ers I t woul d be on l y natural that Jewish read ers in the Unite d States an d E ngland should d e m a n d somewhat m o r e m i n u t e treatment of l ocal celebrities than of those who se careers lay in lan d s o u t s i d e t h e A ngl o saxon W Ol l d Th us 8 f th D il A C S D J w li f E h t g f f quite di erent scheme Of t d 1 2 77 perspective had to be em ployed for articles on E nglish an d A merican topics than for the others in the ENC Y CL O PEDIA A t the same time these portions were especiall y d i fficul t to organize since the p l an Of the E N C YCL O P E DIA inc l u d ed l iving persons an d the c l aims O f these to inclusion are natu .
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rally t he most di fficul t to ad j ud icate upon local esti mates as to a man s reputation an d the importan ce of his achievements being often much exaggerated Turning to the articles devoted to A merica attention may first be directed to the general artic l e un d er that caption (Adler i 492 which gives a careful con spect us Of the w h ole su b ject This is s upplemente d b y separate articles on C ana d a (D e Sola) Sout h an d C entral A merica (Jacobs an d E N A d l er) West I ndies (E manuel ) an d especial l y the artic l e United States (Friedenw al d E isenstein and J aco b s x ii 345 whic h wit h one ex ception is the longest devoted to t he J ews Of any particular country This sum m ariz es the separate artic l es given to most Of the forty seven states an d territories includ ed in it A general treatment of the social con d ition scientific achieve ments struggle for emancipation an d re l ations to the government is given ; separate sections deal wit h t he history Of the Russian Jews of A merica ; and t he whole is concluded with a special account of t he statistical details of t he country ful l er t han has ever before been brought together T he tex t is accompanied by an elaborate map sho wing both the present geographical distribution of the Jews in the United States and the successive stages Of their immigration the names of towns in whic h they settl ed b efore 1 800 being printe d in red ; between 1 801 and 1 848 in b rown ; b etween 18 49 and 1 88 1 in gree n ; an d b etwee n 1 882 and 1905 in blac k ,
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Th e United S ta tes
A mong the states forty Of which are separately treated particular attention may b e d ev oted to the accounts of C alifornia (Vo ors anger) Georgia (I P ,
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HIS TOR Y
Mendez ) Maryland (Hollander) P ennsylvania (Rosen bach) South C arolina (J acobs ) and Tex as (H C o hen) where J ewi sh influences h ave bee n most mark ed I n addition to the accounts o f t he separate states sp ecial articles are devoted to t h ose cities w hich are the leading centers of J ewis h population The article on New York ( Kohler Sul z berger and Herm al in i x 259 29 1 ) is very elaborate and is illustrated by no less than 23 pictures Of bui ldings besides a foldin g map 3§ feet long showing the distribution Of J ewish b uildings t hroughout the city A fter New York comes Ph iladelp hia (Rosenbach ix 670 fully and ric hly illustrated ; and t hese two cities are closely followed by Chic ago (E l iasof iv 22 New O rleans (A dler i x Boston (Morse iii 331 Bal timore (S z old ii 478 Cincinnati (P h i l ipson iv 89 St Louis Green f elder x and San Francisco Voor 3 6 9 ( ( sanger x i 34 Of more historic interest however are Newport (Hiih ner and Kohler ix 294 Charles ton (Hiih ner iii 677 and Lancaster (N ecarsul mer v u 604 I n t his connection the article devoted to Ararat (M J Kohl er) refers to one of the most curious episodes in A merican J ewish history ; namely t h e attempt to estab l ish an independent J ewish state in the western h emisphere ,
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Am erican
T he
Jewr y
nex t step is from cities to men A mong the earlier A merican heroes reference may be made to A sser Levy (Hiih ner); Moses Seixas (H il b ner and Hane m an); Mordecai Manuel Noah ( Raisin ); Moses Lindo (Huhner) introducer Of the indigo industry into Sout h C arolina ; and particularly to Haym Sal o .
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mon (Frie de nw ald) financier Of t he A merican Revo l ut ion Many of the founders Of A merican Jewry however are included in the fami l y articles under the captions E tting Frank s Gratz Hays J udah Minis Mo ise Mordecai Nathan Sheftal l and Solis most Of wh ich are provided with elaborate pedi gree s by Miss E N Solis Later names of importance are those of “ J udah P hilip Benj amin (M J Ko hler) t he brains of ” the Confederacy al ready referred to ; Uriah Phillips Levy (Wolf) head of the A merican navy in his time ; Lorenzo da P onte (M J Kohler) the introducer of I talian opera into the States ; A dolph S utro ( Dobse vage) tunneler of t he Comstock Lode ; E mil Berliner f A dler inventor the Berliner telephone transmitter O ; ( ) and E dwin Zal in ski (Hane m an ) patentee of the Za l inski pneumatic dynamite gun I n art A merican J ewry is represented by Moses J acob Ez ekiel the sculptor (F M Cohen ); and Louis Loeb the painter (A dler) O ther contemporaries in various fields are : D avid Bel asco (Mels ) t he play wright ; J ulius Bien (A dler) the lithographer ; Al fred ” “ I Cohen better k nown as Alan D ale the dra matic c ritic (Mels) Leopold D am rosc h (E manuel ) the musician ; Charl es Frohman (Mels ) t he theatrical manager ; Samuel Gompers (D ob sev age) the labor leader whose word is l aw with more men than t h at Of any other Jew living ; J oseph P ulitzer (Viz et el l y) editor of the New York World C h arles Waldstein H n m n the art critic and Gregory Wilenkin a e a ; ( ) A dler the Russian dip l omat living men whom ( ) A merica has del ighted to honor in various ways f or contri b utions to its general welfare A ttention may n ow be directed to t he A merican ,
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perhaps be p l ace d the Y idd ish poet Morris Rosenfeld (Hane m an) A mong ot h er well known writers in the Yid d ish dialect may be m entioned Abraham ben Hay yim Lippe Goldfad en (Wie rnik) founder of the Yid dish theater ; Nahum Meir Sch aikewit z (Seligso h n ) who d ied since his biography in the ENC Y C L OPEDI A was written ; and E liakim Zunser (Sel ikov it ch ) in a measure the Mark Twain Of the Yiddish ghetto of New York A t A merican universities the following J ewish pro fes sors are foun d : of E nglish history Charles Gross A ( dler); psycho l ogy Hugo Munsterburg (Jacobs ); b iology Jacques Loeb ( Hanem an ); Sans krit M Bl oom fel d (Gray ) I nteresting person alities of divergent types men t io ne d in the EN C Y CL OPEDIA are Rabb i Carregal (Ko h ut ) whose name so frequently occurs in E zra Stiles s d iary ; Joseph Choynski (Viz et ell y) the prize figh t er ; and Max Frauenthal (Cohen ) who stood at the apex “ ” of the bl ood y acute angle at the battle of Spott sy l 1 864 Kasriel Saras oh n v ania Court House May 1 2 (Han em an ) was the founder of the great est Yiddis h daily in the worl d -
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Infl uen ce
Besides these articles on special topics there are a considerable n u mber dealing with general movements The part und ertaken by Jews in assisting Columbus is d etailed in the article A merica The D iscovery o f K l 1 1 a s e i n i that hich they undertoo k r w 5 ( y g in the Anti S l avery Movement is expounded by Max J Kohler General movements within the com munity are represented b y the following articles ,
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HI S TOR Y
Fraternities (Wiernik); B n ai B rith (E llinger); C on gress oi Jewish Women (A merican); Sisterhoods Of P ersonal Service (E i ns tein) Union of A merican He bre w C ongregations (Wiener); Young Men s Hebrew Association (Menken) The great phil anthropic move ments are represent ed by the articles Hirsc h Fund and Agricultural C olonies in the United States (Reizen stein) special attention being pai d to t h e settlement of Woodbine N J (Lipman ); while the claims Of theology are represented by artic l es on the Jewish Theo l ogical Seminary of A merica (Jacobs ) Hebrew Union College (Miel z iner an d A dler) an d Grat z C ollege (Adler) ’
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Great Britain
A nother country dealt with on a larger scale than usual is E ngland Apart from the fact that t he E N C Y CL OPEDIA is likely to be consul ted more frequently in E ngl and than in any other l and with the ex ception of the United States E ngl and woul d deserve its p osition in the work on account of the num b er of distinguished J ews who either have been b orn or have settled there and for the length and vicissitudes of its J ewish hi story T he general article on E ngl an d (J aco b s v 1 6 1 1 74) is supplemented by a special one on London (Jacobs viii 1 55 in which all the most important his t o rical events are treated an d a tolerab ly complete list o f Anglo J ewish worthies is given T his article is fully illustrated b y representations of import ant Jewish b uildings and by a coup l e of maps O t her E n glis h towns dealt with are Leeds (Abrahams vii Liverpool ( Benas viii 1 4 1 Ram sgate (Harris x Birmingham (Green b erg iii an d P orts .
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mout h (Harris x 1 34 1 36) for modern history and C anterbury Camb ri dge Lincoln (viii 90 Norwich 4 2 i x O xford i x Winc h ester xii 5 3 6 3 ( ( ( York (J acobs xii 620 and Bristol (Jacobs and Cohen iii 387 for t he interesting details of the preex pulsio n history in t h ese cities This aspect Of the su b ject is also dealt with in special articles li k e D omus Conversorum (M Adler) Ex c hequer Of the Jews (J acobs ) and its special deed or Shotar (Jacobs ) w hich is supposed to h ave given the name to the Star C hamber ; while the financial co nn ection between the Jews and the kings is represented by t he articles T al lage and Tally (Jacobs) —
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Jews
E ar ly E nglish
Glancing from cities to men the c hi ef biograp hies dealing with the preex pul sio n period are those of A aron Of Lincoln A aron of York (J aco b s) Yom Tob Ben I saac of J Oigny (Kayserl ing) J acob o f London and I saac o f Norwic h (Jacobs) The only Hebre w authors of any prominence for t his period are Bere — chiah Ha N akdan Berec h iah Of Nicole or Lincoln the grammarian Moses Ben I saac Hanessiah and t he poet Meir Ben E lij ah of Norwich (Jacobs) The intermed iate period of A nglo J ewish hi story 0 1 2 1 4 9 5 6 ( ) is represented by the fi gures o f Mark Raphael (J acobs) who gave Henry V III curious advice ab out his divorce ; J oachim Gaun se (Abrahams) who hel ped to introduce German met hods Of mining into England ; and D r Rodrigo Lope z (Jacobs) wh o was put to death for attemptin g to poison Queen E li z abeth and was almost certainly the ori ginal o f Shyloc k (J a cob s x i ,
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E ng lis h J e w ( From
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R e turn to E ngland
The resettlement Of the Jews in E ngland is treated in the bio graphies of Man asse h Ben I srael (Jacobs) who planned it ; of O liver Cromwell (E manuel ) who permitted it ; o f A ntonio Rodriques D a Robles who b rought it to a crisis ; and of An tonio C arvaj al (Jaco b s ) who carried it into e ff ect The beginnings o f the attempt to take a part in E nglis h life is represente d b y the article Brokers (Valentine) wh ile the succes sive stages o f E ngl ish legis l ation about the J ews are given in A cts Of P arl iament (Jacobs ) I n the eight een t h century t h e chief nam es Of interest in A nglo J ewish history are those o f D avid Nieto the h ah am ; Moses Ham b urger founder o f the Hamb ro Syna gogue (J acobs); the two financiers Sir Solomon de Medina an d Sampson Gi d eon ; the physician Sarmento Cas tro (Kayserl ing) and the two brot hers D a C astro — K ( ay serl ing) one the secretary o f the Royal Society and the other the founder of the Hebrew section of the British Museum A quaint figure is presented by Baron d Aguil ar the miser and eccentric O n the other hand a curious episode is co nn ected wit h the conversion Of Lord George Gordon ; and a mystic hal o surroun d s the name of Hayyim F al k (Adler) ,
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Jewish
E m an cipation
The nineteent h century open s wit h a number of il l ustrious E nglish J ews who h owever were soon lost to Judaism as D avid Ricardo ; Benj amin D israe l i E manuel Sir Manasseh Lopez I saac Samu d a the ( ; ); ,
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th e E ngl ish b — w rit e rs w ere w ritt en by R e v
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H IS TOR Y
great s hip bui l der ; and Sir Francis P al grave (J acobs) Their loss was counterb al anced within the commun ity b y the ex ertions Of the fami l ies Goldsm id Roths chi l d Mont efiore P hi l lips and Sal omons wh o fought so strenuously in the struggl e for the removal of J ewish disabilities in Engl and By their side were workers like D avid A Lindo and Michael Josephs The stru ggle for freed om of l earning in the universi ties is connected with the names of Nathan Lazarus Ben m oh el the first possessor of a university degree ; an d Numa Edward Hartog the first J ewish senior wrangler After emancipation was Ob tained the communal leaders are connected with the same fami lies to which should be add ed the names of Sir J ohn Simon (Jacob s) J acob Wal ey and Lord P ir bright (E manuel ) while within the co mm unity recon struction took p l ace at the hands Of Lionel Cohen (Green ) A sher A sher (Jaco b s ) and the two chief rabb is Nathan and Hermann Ad l er The Reform movement is represented b y the names Of Henriques Mocat t a and D avid Marks and mention is made of the milder position hel d b y Morris Joseph (Jacob s ) and t he more radical one of C l aude G Mon t efiore Rabbinic scholarship was pursued main l y b y a num “ ” ber o f aliens like Fil ipow ski (Beer) A lbert L6wy Adolph Neubauer Schi l ler S z ine ssy and Joseph Zed ner (D eutsch ) the most accurate of J ewish b ib l iogra h e O utside the community the influence of the fol rs p lowing was marked : J oseph Moses Levi who founded t he fi rst penny newspaper the D ai l y Tel egraph Sam uel I saac builder of the Mersey tunnel ; Sir George J es se l Master Of the Ro l ls ; J ohn Braham (Viz e t e ll y ) the “ ” singer Of Th e D eath Of Nel son fame and father of -
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Countess Wal degrave ; Henry Russell ; Sir J ulius Bened ict the conductor and composer ; P rof J ames Sylvester the eminent mathematician ; an d William Van Praagh (Harris) who introduced lip reading for deaf mutes I n phi l anthropy t he nineteenth century is d ominated by the names of Sir Moses Mont efio re M D avis an d F rederick D avid c a Contempo o a tt ( ) raries are represented b y Sir Julian Gol dsmid and Lord Rot hschi ld (De Haas) among communal leaders ; the painters Simeon So l omon and Solomon Joseph Solomon (Jacobs); the dramatists P inero (Mels ) James D avie (E manuel ) Ed ward Mort on (Mels ) and A lfred Sutro (Jaco bs); the E ngl ish scholars Sid ney Lee (Jacobs) “ editor Of The D ictionary of National Biography “ and I srael Gollanc z (E manuel ) ed itor of the Temp l e ” Classics an d secretary of the British A cad emy ; Sir I sidore Spielmann (Jacobs ) a friend of al l good works in the community and founder of the A nglo Jewish Historical Ex hi b ition (Jaco bs ); Lucien Wolf (Jacobs) the A ngl o Jewish j ournalist ; I srael Zangwil l (Jacobs) one o f the most distinguis hed of living Jewish men of letters ; Sir George Henry Lewis (Jaco b s ) and Rufus I saacs in law ; and D r E manuel Lasker (P orter) former c hess champion Of the world .
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In stitu tions
Special institutions of the Jewish community in Engl and are d iscussed in the articles A nglo J ewish A ssociation (D uparc ) Jewish Co l onization Associa tion (Schwe rz feld ) United Synagogue ( Bril ) and the London Board of D eputies (Jaco bs ) Jews Co ll ege (Fried lan d er) represents al most the sole center of J ewish learning and rabbinic scholars hip while the -
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supervision of Mr Herman Rosenthal who owing to the unfami l iarity of the sub j ect to the Western reader advisedly adopted a full er and more detail ed manner of treatment than had b een o b served in the other h is t orical an d b iographical sections of the work The article Russia (Rosenthal x 5 1 8 56 1 ) itself is the largest contrib uted to the ENC YC L OPEDIA on any one country ; and it has as a supplement an art icle on P ol an d by the same author (x 56 1 the print ing of which out of al phab etical place was due to the disturb ances in Russia The ENC Y CL OPEDIA contains sections d evoted to the three czars Alex ander the two Nich ol ase s and the czarinas Catherine and Eli z abet h and the main article Russia gives besi d es t he ful lest account of Russian statistics of the number and social condition of the artisans in the P al e and of t he con dit io n s of education an d phi l anthropy as well as a section on emigration and an important one on legis l ation R usso J ewish Comm un ities ,
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These are supplemented by articles on Jews in municipal government and in rural communities b y a discussion of the Jew in Russian literature and by an account of Russo Jewish periodicals Besides this great article there are special ones on Courland Lithuania (Rosenthal ) Bessarab ia Finland (Lipman ) Ca ucasus (Rosenthal ) Si b eria and the towns o f Wilna (R at h er) Warsaw (Lipman and E isen stein x ii 468 Zhitomir or J itomir (Wiern ik ) Riga St P eters b urg (Lipman x 64 1 Od essa 4 0 P enn i x Moscow Hessen i x 3 77 ( ( Gro d no (Wiern ik ) Brest Litovsk (Rosenthal ) Bye l ost ok (Wiernik ) Ki e v an d Kovno (Rosenthal ) ,
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of anareh l fl a and
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he advh ed th u n to edd re-e m
N CY CL
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O P E DI A
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The general position of the Russian J ews is also dealt with in such articles as those on the Council of F our Lands (D ub now ) an d the Kahal (Rosenthal ) ex plain ing the internal communal organization ; on the Jewis h kingd om of the Ch az ars ; the account of the Cossacks Uprising und er Bogd an Ch m iel nicki (Rosenthal ); an d that of the Haidam ack s (Lipman ) Two of the most recent outbreaks are detailed under Kishinef (Rosen thal )and Home] (George D Rosenthal ); the earlier per se cut ions by which young lads of twelve were force d into t he army of Nicholas I are described in the arti c l e C e ntonists (Rosenthal ) while the recent history is given in the articles on the P ale of Settlement relatin g to the circumscription of the Jews with in the western Russian provinces and on t he May Laws (Rosenthal ) whic h d escribes the further restrictions imposed by I gnatiev (Lipman ) Curious in ternal movements of Russians and Russian Jews are ex plained under Sub b ot nik (Hurwitz ) Jud aizing Heresy (Rosenthal ) an d Novy I srael (Wiernik) ,
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Le aders
Of t he men that hel ped to mold Russian J ewry articles appear on Lilienthal I saac Baer Levinsohn l i n Rosenthal the two Gordon s S s h Lev P i ns e o ( ) ( ) g ker (Lipman ) and P eter S m ol enskin (Sel igsoh n) not to mention the renowned gaon of an earlier date E lij ah Ben Solomon of Wi l na (Seligsoh n) Of more recent wort hies ful l accounts are given of the following : I saac El hanan Spek t or (Wiernik); Samuel Moh il ever (Sch l oes singer); and the writers Kalman Schulman (Gottlieb ); Ab raham Mapu (Wal d stein ) the first modern Hebrew novelist o f consequence ; Solomon M an d el kern (Wier
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P HI LOLOG Y
nik ) the author of the b est Bi b le concordance in exi stence ; an d Raphael Nathan R abb in ov icz (Gott “ l ie b) author of t h e famous work Dik du k e Soferim T he caree rs of A sher Ginz b e rg (K l au sner) the moral Zionist ; of Lazar A t l as the critic ; an d of I Sokolow the Ru s so J wish j ourna l i s t are given as i i k e W e n r ) ( is al so that of Nahum S l ousch z (Han e m an) the his torian of mod ern Jewish l it e rature O utsid e the community the chi e f names are those of the painter I saac As k n az i (Rosenthal ) the musician A nton Ru b instein (Lipman ) an d the scul ptors A nto kolski (Rosenthal ) and Boris Schatz (Franco) The name of I van Bl ioch (Rosenthal ) wi ll al ways b e associ ated with The Hague Tri b unal for which his great work ” “ The Future of the A rt of War prepared the way O f inte rest for various reasons are the artic l es on Joseph Ch az anow icz (Hane m an ) founder of the na t io n al l i b r ary at Jeru s al e m ; J aco b Br afm an n ( Broy dé ) the re vi l er of his own p e op l e ; an d J C Blumenfeld e Jaco b one of the ar l i r P o l ish patriots who escaped s e ( ) to Engl an d and wrote there a s e mi sane epic The artic l e Saul Wahl (Gott l i eb ) d e al s with the curious l egend of a Jew who sat for one night on the t hrone of P ol and ,
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PHILOLOGY
From the record of what Jews have done an d os l e l i a e of what has b e n done to them one may turn c p y to their own record their thoughts and feelings as ex pressed in Jewi s h literature ; b ut b efore d oing so it is necessary to cast a gl ance at that not inconsi d erab l e part o f the ENC Y CL O PEDIA which is d evoted to t h e externalities of the lang uage or rather languages in ,
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whic h J ews have expressed t heir feelin gs Besides t he article on He b rew Lan guage (Levias ) which gives a general account of its chief characteristics there is one on Semitic Languages ( Barton ) showing the rela tion of Hebrew to the cognate dialects ; while another on the A ramaic Langu age ( Bacher) gives the langu age current amon g Hebrews in A pocrypha] and New Testa ment times as well as that in which portions o f the O ld Testament notab ly D aniel and Nehemiah were written Considerable attention is devoted to Biblical prosody the vexed question o f Meter bein g discussed b y Cob b ; Rime an d P aralle l ism by Casanowicz ; an d Strophic For m s by K6nig A comp l ete list also is given of the Hapax Legomena o f the O ld Testament n i z S hl i n c and c o ss r Certain pecu l iarities o w as a e e C ( g ) of t he Biblical text are treated in t he artic l es Small and Large Letters Suspended Letters Tagin (Eisenstein ) an d Verse Division (Max Margo l is ); the last mentione d curiously enough w hen connected with t he enumera tion o f c h apters bein g derive d from the C hristian Bibles .
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Hebrew Gram m ar
I t was not of course the intention of the E N CYCLO PEDIA to give a comp l ete He b rew grammar b ut certain aspects of the latter are treated in the articles A ccents M ( argolis ) P unctuation Vocal ization (Levias) and Names P ersonal (J acobs ) There is besides a very thorough article on its history among both Christians and Jews by P rof Bac her with elab orate l ists of J ew ish and Christian grammarians Inaddition there are separate b iographies of the chief of these ; notably Ib n J anah (Broydé ) D un ash Ben Labrat ( Bacher) Ib n Barun ( Broydé ) J udah Hayyuj (Levias) Tan h u m ,
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P H I LOLOG Y
Ben J oseph (Broydé ) and Nathan Ben J eh iel (E nel ow) among the Jews ; and the Bux t orfs ( Kayserl ing) an d Gesenius (Jacobs ) among the Christians A very complete list of Christian Heb raists is given by Pro f ,
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The b eginnings of Hebrew grammar are traced in that elaborate system of annotation of the b ooks of the O ld Testament known as the M as orah (Levias ); and particular attention is given to translations made b y Jews from the Bi bl e in the articles Targum ( B ac h er) wit h which is connected the article Met urgem an Le vias ); Greek Language ( Krauss ); Bi b le Tran sl a tions (Got t h eil ); P eshitta (Se l igsoh n); Vu l gate (P rice) with which may b e compared the article Jerome (Krauss ) Ful l accounts are given of the great masters of the Masorah E lij ah Levita (Broydé ) and Seligman Baer (Go tt h eil ) I n this connection mention may be made of the article on Abb reviations and that on Gematria (Levias ) the curious system of identifying di ff erent words the numerical values of t he letters o f which are i d entical ,
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Hebrew Inscriptions
The very earl iest app e arance of Hebrew is d iscussed in the article P aleography (Broydé and D e Ricci ); the two celeb rated inscriptions that on the Moabite Stone (McCurdy viii 634 636) an d the Siloam In scription ( Berger xi 339 are treate d at length ; and t he results are summed up in the l ong article Al phabet (Lidz b arsk i i 439 which is of general interest showing the re l ation between the ancient Hebrew and the anci ent Gree k letters the sources o f This article is ao all modern E uro pe an a l ph a b ets ,
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companied by t he largest series of p l ates illustrating the development of the alphab et ever brough t together I n addition to Heb rew itsel f the grammar an d p hilological bearings of the dialects used by Jews are treated in t he articles J udae o German (Wiener) J udaao Gree k ( Bel l el i) J udaao Spanish (Kayserl ing) J udae o Persian (Bac her) The various systems b y whic h these languages are represented by Hebrew letters are detailed in Transliteration (Broydé ) .
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Turning from t he external forms in whic h t he Jewis h spirit h as found ex pression to t h at expression itse l f of t he work s (fi ll ing volumes) in whi c h ancient medieval and mo d ern J ewis h literature is ens h rined TH E J E WI SH ENC Y C L OPEDIA gives in due bi bl iograp hical form an account of at least two third s Besides describing the pro d uctions t hemselves it deals with t h e general movements whi c h t hey express There is a sketch of Heb rew Literature as a whole D avidson besides a series o f important articles on ( ) J udae o Spanish Literature (Kayserl ing); J u daao Persian Literature (Bac her) the first account of this curious si d e s h ow of t he J ewish mind ; J u daao G erman Litera ture (Wiener); an d A rab ic Literature of the Jews a t e n n m Hirsc hf eld P articu l ar be dra n to t t i o a w ( ) y the article on Modern H eb rew Literature (Sl ousch z ) whic h reveals t he whol e d evel opment d uring the l as t 1 50 years o f a movement toward reviving Heb rew as a means of national expression Anot her aspect of the same movement is given in the article Haskal ah (Wier nik ); and its beginnings may possibly be traced to the sch ool of t h e Biurist s (R ou b in ) ,
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reat an a b undance A part from didactic h omiletic g an d re ligious literature Jews have rare l y written for the pure love o f the literary e ff ect Notwit hs tanding accounts are given of a Jewish minnesinger Siisskind of Trimberg (Mannheimer) and a Spanish poet Sant ob D e Carrion (Kayserl ing) w hile in pure Hebrew litera ture I mmanuel Ben Solomon of Rome (Elbogen ) Moses Rieti (C assuto ) and J udah Al Hariz i ( De Sola Mendes ) al most ex h aust the l ist of important aut h ors though Berechi ah Ben N at ronai (Jacobs ) appr ach es them in versatility if not in originality .
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Geograph ers
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S cientis ts
A mong wr iters of travel s Benj amin of Tudela Bacher calls for mention more for h is su b j ect matter ) ( than for the manner in which he deals with it How far the all eged travels of Eld ad the D anite (Eldad Ben Mahl i h a D ani ; Broydé ) are genuine is still somew h at doub tful The only scientific writer of importance in the l ate Mid dl e A ges was Tobi as Cohn (Hane m an) O f J ewis h astronomers Ab raham Bar Hiyya (Gutt mann ) an d I saac I sraeli (Sel igsoh n ) deserve notice whi l e among historians Solomon Usque (Kayserl ing) Sol omon Ib n Verga and Gedal iah ibn Y ah ya are the chief names Special articles are devoted to the Ibn Tibb on (S ch l oessin ger) f amily which pro d uced so many eminent transl ators as wel l as to Faraj Ben Salim l S i n e B h r and Ib n Shem Tob The d é c o e ss r o ( ) ( ) g y curious po l yhistor Leon of Modena (Broydé ) and t h e encyc l opedi st I saac Lam pron t i (Bacher) may bridge t h e g ap between t h e gen eral l iteratur e o f the J ews and that known as rabb inical -
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LI TE R A TURE
R A BBI N I CA L
RABBINICAL LITE RATURE
The
men who carried on th e tradition of lawgiver an d prop het psalmist an d visionary c h ose for the most part to put their works in the form of commentaries ,
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eit her on the Bi bl e or on the Tal mud AS has al ready been shown the Tal mud itse l f is a devel opment main l y of t he legal si d e of the Bi bl e wh i le t he Midras h repre .
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sents a further stage of the prop hetic and didactic portions o f Scripture T he development o f the leg al si d e of t he Talmu d h as already been treated under Talmudic Law (s ide su pra pp 1 8 reference may h owever be here made to the responsa literature — l described in t he article Sh e e ot U Tesh ubot (Lauter bac h) T hese responsa correspond to t he Responsa ” Prudent um o f t he Roman law and are casuistic decisions on points not raised in text books T hey are mainly written by t he c hief rabb inic aut h orities of t he vari ous ages w h o are k nown as Ah aronim “ D eutsc h or later ones in contra t to t h e Ris h s ( ) “ ” former o nes The earliest o f the Ri sh onim on im or are the G eonim described in the article G aon ( Bac her ) T h ey were t he leaders o f t he rabbini c sc h oo l s and t heir opinions were aut horitative from t he sevent h to t he elevent h century T he c hief of t hese were Hai G aon (Schl oessinger) Sh erira G aon (Lauter bac h) and above all Saad ia Ben J osep h ( Bacher) w ho touc h ed all sides o f rabbinical knowledge being Bible commentator liturgist p hilosop her polemist and t h eologian The nex t great name after Saadia is t h at of Ras hi l S i e s n and Li b er the F renc h commentator on o h ( ) g Bi b le and Talmud whose Bible exegesis h ad t hr ough N ich ol as de Lyra an influence on even Lut her and Calvin and h as t hus profoundly modified the Protes tant t heology of modern times His descendants and pupils formed a school o f Tosafis ts w ho compiled t h e Tose fot (Sel igsoh n) which even to t he present d ay are attac hed to t h e text of t he Tal mud and are only second in importance to Ras hi in ex plaining its in tricacies C hi ef among t h e Tosafists were Samuel Ben .
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R A B B I N I CA L LI TE R A TUR E
MeIr (Och ser), Jacob Be n Mei r Tam (Sch l oessinger),
Judah Ben I saac (Jacobs) and Sams on of Sens (Mann heimer) O ther aut h orities of nort h ern E urope were I saac Ben Moses of Vienna (Sch l oessinger) known as I saac O r Z aru a the aut nor of a code ; E lea z ar Ben Judah of Worms (Broydé ); Men of Rot henburg and Mordecai Ben Hi l lel (Gin z berg) the latter a h alakist or legal casuist who may b e associated wit h Moses Ben Jacob o f Coucy (Sch l oessinger) al s o t h e author of a code Simhah of Vitry (Lauterbac h) is more c l osely connected with liturgy t he great medieval prayer b ook t he Vitry Mah z or being associated with him ,
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Th e Middle Ages
T h e ot her great sc h ool of rabb inical learning in th e Mi d dle A ges was that of Spain Abraham Ib n E zra Bac h er the traveler grammarian e x egete and com ) ( m en t at or ; Josep h I bn Migas (Sch l oessinger); A aron — Ha Levi of Barcelona (Ginz b erg) t h e legist ; and I saac — Al fasi (F rie dl an d er) the co difier o f t he law all t hese prepared the way for the greatest mind of the J ewish Middle A ges Moses Ben Maimon ( Broydé and Lauter b ac h ix 73 more generall y known as Maimonides Bot h in theology and in l aw he was epoc h making His great opponent Abraham Ben D avid of P os quieres (Ginz b erg) also receives ad equate notice in t he EN C Y C L OPEDIA ; an d t he conflict between his oppo n en t s and a d herents is represente d in t h e article A bba Mari of Lunel (Fried l an d er) A not her l ink between nort hern an d sout hern E urope is A s her Ben J eh iel D eutsch i fi while sti ll a further aspect of the o d e r c ( ; ) interesting movement is represented b y the mystic commentator Moses Ben Nahman (Broydé ) known .
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as N ah m anides With Maimoni d es and N ah m anides t he great Jewish names of the Mid dl e A ges ce ase owing main l y to the increase o f the severity of perse cu t io ns in the thirteenth an d fourteenth centuries But in Spain j ust b efore the ex pulsion o f the J ews I saac Ab oab and I saac Ab ravanel (Kayserling) were i m portant chiefly in t h e commentatorial sphere while in M ayence Jacob Ben Moses MOl l n (Neumann ) was prominent The school of Safed then took the field with Jaco b Berab (Ginz b erg) Josep h Caro (Ginz b erg) and Jacob Hab i b (D eutsch an d Fried berg) these being fo l lowed b y important P o l ish rabb is l ike Mordecai Jaff e M l l I E isenstein and oses ss e S e s e r ( ) ( igsoh n ) Finall y in the eighteenth century the d isputes of Jacob E mden z l S h n E b ii s e i s o an d Jonathan e c h D eutsch o s t ) ( ) ( g y ll e i e c a with r gar d to the va l i d ity of amulets con p y s titute d a l most the l ast flicker of ra bb inica l scho l arship of the o ld en type t hough l egal casuistry never lost its ho l d b ut foun d represen tatives like Shab b ethai Ben Meir Ha Kohen (Friedberg) known also as Shak Meir Ben Jaco b ( Maharam ) an d Schi ff (Och ser) Meanwhile the stu d y of rabb inical l earnin g itsel f b ecame the object of further stud y cul minating in “ ” the so cal led science of Ju d aism This b egan wit h A zariah Ben Moses D ei Rossi (Broydé ) an d after b eing taken up in the north b y El ij ah Gaon was b rought into ful l force by So l omon Rapoport (Wald stein); Leopol d Zun z (Hirsch x 11 699 704) and Nach man Krochmal (Rosenmann ) whose eff orts to anal yze and arrange in due order t h e rabb inical stud ies of the past were foll owed up b y I s aac Hirsch Weiss (Selig sohn) So l omon Halb erstam (Bacher) and Zach arias Frankel (Deutsch ) .
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BIB LI OGR A P H Y A N D
T YP OGRA P H Y
BIBLIOGR APHY AND TYPOGR APHY
Besides the l anguages in w hich Jewish l iterature is written the form in which it has b een mad e accessib l e to the stud ent al so re ceives attention in TH E J E WI S H ENC Y CL OPEDIA ; accord ingl y a series of articles on Jewis h b ib l iography and typography is given Be si d es a gen e ral artic l e on Bi b liography (Jacob s ) arti cles on Book Co ll ectors (Jacob s ) and the Book Trad e B é o e appear The great co ll ections of J wi h r d s ( ) y books are deal t wit h in general in the artic l e Li b raries l h e i specia l artic l es in each ca e written by the G s o tt ) ( li brarian in charge b eing d e voted to the m ain col lections like those of the British Museum Lond on l h e a the Bo dl i n Li b rary O x for d Cowley M i a r o o t u ) ( ) ( g the Bi b liotheque N at ion al e P aris (Schwab ) and the Vatican Li b rary Rome (Gui d i ) The catal ogues of these an d other l i b r aries are d escri b ed by Mr Broydé As suppl emen ting t h e artic l e on Bi bl iography the arti cles A nonymous Works (Broydé ) and P seud onymous Works (D avi d son ) wi ll b e foun d of interest The ori g inal sources of al l this huge literature are of course to b e found in Manuscripts of which an elaborate ac count i ll ustrate d b y over eighty facsimiles of Heb rew manuscripts is given by P rof B l au D r M argol iout h an d Joseph Jacobs b esi d es supp l ementary articles on Vel lum ( Blau) I nk (Jacobs ) an d Pen (Nowack ) O ne of t he sources from which the greatest amount of novel information in this regard h as been obtained in recent years is t he curious custom of hav ing a grave yard for manuscripts known as the Geni z ah (E N Adl er) Here as elsewhere supplementary in forma tion is given in the artic l es d evoted to the great bi b ,
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G UIDE TO j E WIS H E N C YCLOPE D IA l iograph ers ,
as S hab b ethai Bass (G inzberg) I saac Ben J acob (Wiernik) Moritz Steinschnei d er (Singer) an d Josep h Zedner (D eutsch) among t he J ews an d Bar t ol occi and J o h ann C hristop h Wol f (J acobs ) amon g C hri stians A s regards printed books one o f t he most el aborate “ ” articles is t h at devoted to the h oly work of Typog r ap h y (J acobs x ii 29 5 where for t he first time in E nglis h an account is given of the rise and d e vel op ment of t h is art among the Jews The article contains al so for t he first time an enumeration o f the various classes of Hebrew books that h ave been put into type xii A list is given o f the Hebrew b ooks 3 3 3 ( printed in t h e fi fteent h century k nown as I ncunab ul a (Jacobs ) and ot her artic l es are devoted to certain characteristics o f printing 6 g Tit l e Page (E isen stein) C olop hons (Gott h e il ) C hronograms (Ginz b erg ) an d Borders (F reimann ) A mong the forces which d etermined t he external form of Hebrew books was the C ensors hip (P orges Zamet kin and Jacobs iii w hic h h as given to J ewis h boo k s a sort of 642 ” ghetto bend T he very fi tles of Heb rew Book s are discussed E isenstein as well as their P re f aces and D e d ications ( ) (Eisenstein ) while a fu ll y i l lustrated article deals wit h Printers Mark s (Freimann) T he c hief printers re c oivo attention both C hristians as D aniel Bomberg Schwab and A nton Von Schmid Mann h eimer an d ( ( ) ) Jewis h as Soncino (Jacobs) and Romm (Wiernik) I n d eed it might al most seem t hat an ex cess of space h ad been devoted to this si d e of Jewish activity were it not remembered that the w ho l e of J ewish life de pen d s ih t he las t resort on Hebrew print ing ,
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tion minimi z e as m uch as possi bl e the d ivergencies b etwee n the b eliefs of the Jews an d those of their neigh b ors O n the other si d e the representatives of the so called O rthodox or conservative wing o f the Jewis h army of thought always lai d more stress upon disci p l ine than upon b el ief ; an d they have not cared to lay d own in systematic form the underl ying principles governin g them an d the Jewis h l ife w hi ch they are content for the most part to d efend as a matter of l oyal ty and reverence TH E J E WI SH EN C YC L OPEDIA h as made an attempt to steer evenly b etween the two opposing schools of J ewish thought O n the practical aspects of Jewish theol ogy it natural ly gives the prac tise of the ages though when necessary it mention s the mo d ifications mad e b y the mod ern school When it comes to doctrine the greater re ad iness of t he R e form school to put its views on record has given it a certain amount of superiority for whi ch some al lowance has to be mad e in re ad ing the EN C Y CL O PEDIA ; b ut even here the main positions of the O rtho d ox schoo l have been also represented b y typical examp l es of Jewish doctrine Thus there are two general treatments of Jewish theo l ogy given in TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA one un d er the heading Jud ai sm (Ko hl er) from t he Re form standpoint ; the other und er the title Theology (Lau torb ach ) giving the conservative aspects o f the sub c Similar l y as regar d s the creed A rticles o f Faith e t j Hirsch have been treated b y an eminent representa ) ( tive of t he Reform school which article is to some extent b al anced by t he artic l e O ral Law (Lauterbac h) giving the O rthod ox b asis for conservative Jewish practi se A lso on the fun d amental probl ems at issue ,
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THE OLOG Y
between the two schools t he function of t he Law in J ewish l ife a dual article on N om ism (Lauterbac h and Koh l er) gives b oth sides of the question ; compare A nother aspect of t he al so A nti N o m ianis m ( Kohler) ,
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same su b ject is given in C omman d ment ( Kohler an d Hirs ch) which topic c h aracteristical ly enough is fol l owed by an article on the 6 1 3 Command ments B r é t h e ru l es deriv d direct l y f rom the Bible o d e ( y ) which accord ing to the O rthod ox conception s hould control every action of a Jew s life I t is perh aps fair ,
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to add t h at t here is a sti ll further account of the Reform view of Judaism bot h in its l ogical an d in its historic devel opment in the article Reform Jud aism (Hirsch and P hilipson ) w hile t here is a further exposition of the prominence of the Law in Jewis h life in t he article Torah ( Blau) Taking the topic of t heology in more systematic detail attention may be first directed to the arti les under the caption God (Hirsc h vi 1 The t heo logical aspects of t he sublime conception are deal t wit h “ in the articles Theocracy (Hirsc h ) Abba Fat her Ko h ler Monotheism P hilipson an d P rovi d ence ( ) ( ) Hirsc h w h ile the opposing views are given under the ) ( rubrics A gnosticism and A theism (Hirsch) The rel a tions b etween t his conception and Scriptur e are deal t wit h in Jewish philosophy and will be discussed fur ther on but they are al so treated in the articles A nthro m i m h s and Al legorica l I nterpretation Ginz b erg or o ( ) p p O ther and more specificall y J ewish views of the S u preme Being are indicated in the articles Shekinah l n M L i B l au Names of God and E isenstein c a u h ) ( ) ( g — Tetragrammaton (Blau ) and Ki dd ush H a S hem ( Koh ler); and t hree i d eal s supposed to be specifical ly C hris tian but s hown to be d efinitiv el y Jewish are discussed in the artic l es Ho l y Spirit ( B l au) Kingdom o f God ( Koh l er) and Son of God (Hirsch) ,
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COSM OLOGY
The cosmology of Jewi sh theology has generally engaged the attention of the Jewish mystics an d will be d e al t wit h later under t h at headin g T he sub j ect o f Creation (Hirsch) is in order here and may lead on ,
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COS M OLOGY
at once as in the first chapter of Genesis to J ewish anthropo l ogy in its technical theo l ogical sense This is connecte d with the d octrine of pure theology b y the concept of Godl iness (Hirsch) as the key to the Jewish id eal to b e carried out in Ho l iness (Kohl er) resu l ting in the pro d uction of the Saint an d Saintl iness (Eisen stein) Man s responsi b i l ity to God is d eal t with in the artic l e D uty (P hi l ipson ) an d the sanctions of such r e sponsi b i l ity in the artic l es J ud gment D ivine ( Kohl er) an d D ay of Judgment (F Rosenthal an d Koh l er) l ead ing up to a who l e system of E schatology (Koh l er) with its view of Gehenna (B l au) Leviathan and Behemoth B é r Koh l er an d o d I mmortality of the Sou l Koh ( ( y ) l er) an d Resurrection ( Barton an d Kohler) The l ast name d artic l e may b e supp l emented b y that of views an d customs on Death (E isenstein an d Kohler iv 48 2 C l osel y connected with this are the Jewish views on the Fall of Man (Hirsch) an d Sin (E isenstein x i 376 an d the specifical l y Jewish conception of O riginal Virtue (Jaco b s) a d octrine counterb al ancing the more one si d ed Christian view of Original Sin This again is intimately connecte d with the more human J ewish attitu d e toward the Bo d y an d the F lesh Hirsch compare a l so A sceticism Hirsch Here ( ( ) ); another entirel y Jewish conception of the temptations — z to sin is represente d in the article Ye er Ha R a (J a co b s) the more human representative of the Satan concept of ord inary theology ,
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more d efinite pro bl em of the relations b etween G od an d not man in general b ut the Jewish peop l e in particular is d ealt with in the article Revel ation ,
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S Ko h ler with its cognate u b j ects I nspiration K oh ( ) ( l er) an d D ivine Grace (E ich l er) This gives rise to the conception of the C hosen P eople (Kohl er) which h as to b e contrasted with the article Genti l e (Hirsc h and — E isenstein) in w hic h t he antagon ism to t he outer — world is b y no means s hirked an d w hic h le ads up to the theological view of I ntermarriage ( Kohler an d J acob s) Here comes in t he J ewis h su bject Messiah B i e s e r n with w hi c h i s losely o nected t h e u e w c c n tt ( ) conception of the Re mnant of I srael (Hirsc h) Besi d es discuss in g the t heological views of man s nature in their J ewish aspects TH E J E WI S H E N CYCL O PEDI A deals wit h the main virtues an d qual ities of human b eings in a somewhat novel way b y giving the views o f the Bi b lical writers an d rabb inical authorities on the various subj ects A rticles of this kin d are those on Fear (Gutt m ach er) C ruelty (Hirsc h) Forgiveness h e r m a c G u t t ) Humility ( Schrei b er) Joy Love and ( Life ( Koh l er) P atience (Harris ) an d Wisd om (K o hler); w hi l e more practical topics of a somewhat simi l ar kind are d eal t with un d er Repentance (Sch l oessinger an d Kohl er) A tonement (Ko hler) Re b uke (Eisenstein ) A nger (Kohler) an d Cruelty to A nimal s (G ree nstone) E ven universal vices are t hus dealt wit h in t he artic l es Lying an d Hypocrisy (Kohler) Theology woul d not b e t heology wit hout its damna tory c l auses which in J u d aism d epen d to some ex tent on Rabb inical A uthority (Kohler) with its practical exercise of A nathema (Voorsanger) Ban ( Ko hler) n d E xcommunication G re e nstone I t is character a ( ) ist ic that in J u d aism t hese ecclesiastical weapons are b rought into p l ay main l y against transgress ions of practical comman d s of t he Law not against divergen ,
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cies from the creed Neverthe l ess these are recognize d in Ju d aism an d t heir theol ogical as pects are treated in the artic l es Heresy (Ko hl er) and Apostasy (Ko hler an d Go t t h e il ) w hile the Tal mudic aspect of t he su b ject is d iscussed un d er the ru b ric Min (Broydé ) generall y associated wit h the early C hr istians T he c hief Jewis h heresies are of course treated in their proper pl aces notabl y the Essenes Ph ari sees Sadd ucees an d Zeal ots Ko h ler b ut b esi d es t h ese less we ll k nown sects are ( ); d eal t w i th in the artic l es Boethusians (G in zb erg) Bost an ai (Gin zb erg) D o sit h eus ( Krauss ) Yudg h an ite s B d é ro an d especia l ly the mo d ern mystica l sect of ) ( y the Hasi d im (Dub now ) correspon d ing in some respects to the Methodists in ot hers to the Quakers The two l ead ers of the Hasid im are d eal t with in the articles Ba al Shem To b an d Be e r of Meserit z (Gin zb erg) The main J ewis h heresy is that o f t he Karaites Here there are again two genera l artic l es on Karaites an d Karaism (Harkavy an d Koh l er vii 438 t he l atter of which d eal s wit h the d i ff erence b etween Karaite an d Rabb inite ritual another phase o f whic h is d ealt wit h un d er I ncest (Broydé ) The li fe an d motives of the foun d er o f the sect A nan Ben D avid are deal t with b y Dr A Hark avy the greatest living authority on the Karaites O th er leaders of Karai tic thou ght are d eal t wit h in t he art i cles Kirkis ani B é Sahl Ben Ma z liah e T o b ia h Ben d h s r o O c r ( ) ( y ) Moses (Sel igs oh n ) Cal e b Afendopol o ( Koh ler an d Gott hei l ) an d Benj amin Be n Moses N ah awendi (Broydé ) A wh ole col l ection of Karaitic celeb rities is d ealt with in the Tro k i fami l y Finally a special artic l e is d e voted to the man who revived mod ern in terest in this curious sect Abraham Fir kov ich (Wiernik) .
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69
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CHR ISTIANITY IN ITS R E LATION TO
JUD AISM
E special interest wi l l d oub tless b e taken b oth b y Jews an d Christians in the numerous artic l es in TH E JE WI SH EN C Y CL OPEDIA on C hr istianity d ealt with of course in its relation to J ud aism an d t he J ewis h people Whi l e every attempt h as b een mad e to avoid h urtin g the feel ings of read ers perfect frankness h as b ee n the tone adopte d in this section of the ENC Y CL OPEDIA it b eing fel t that what would b e expec ted even b y Christian readers would b e a p l ain straightforward statement of the reasons for d is agreement with the current opinions of the maj ority T he central per 1 60 1 73) h as b een s on al it y of Jesus of Nazaret h ( vii d eal t with in three artic l es : one on the historical pro b l ems presented b y his life (Jacob s); another on the theo l ogical aspects of h is career (Ko hl er) an d the last on the J ewish legen d s antipathetic in tone t h at have co ll ected ab out his exp l oits ( Krauss) A si d e issue of the l ife is given in t he artic l e Crucifixion (Hirsch) with which may be associated the sym b o l ic associations o f it in the a rticle Cross ( Kohl er) The sources from which C hristianity professes to d erive its theo l o gical constructions have al so b een stud ie d in the E N CYCL O PEDIA with a special view to their Jewish si d e and there is a general artic l e on the New Testament (Koh l er) d eal in g with the Gospel s al so separate l y deal t with in the artic l e Gil yonim ( Blau ) and the A cts of the A postles The E pist l es of P aul are treated to gether with his life un d er Sau l of Tarsus ( Koh l er) ah other artic l e treats of the Epist l e of James ( Kohler); whi l e the Epistles associated with P eter are d eal t with un d er the tit l e Simon Cephas ( Ko hler) I t is gener ,
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Loosing (Kohler) Go d father (D rach m an ) O rd inatio n O h s e r Lauter b ach an d Sym b o l The points c n i ( ) ( ) dispute b etween C h urch and Synagogue are d eal t wi th in general in artic l es entit l e d P o l emics an d P ole m i cal Literature (Broydé ) A pologists (Bacek ) an d D isputa tions (Kohler) O ther d ivergent rel igions are also treated in the ENC Y CL OPEDIA eit her as influencing or as b ein g in fl u e n ced b y J u d aism I n the former as pect the artic l es A vesta Zoroastrianism (Jackson ) an d P ahl avi Liter ature (Gray) d eal with the influence of P arseeism on Jud aism in its later phases whi l e the three artic l es I s l am (Gol dz ih er) Mohamme d (Grimme an d Montgo m ery ) an d Koran (Frankel ) d eal in the main with the influence o f Jud aism on the A rab ian prophet an d re l ig ion The artic l e Had ith (Gol dz ih e r) treats of a curi ous parall el b etween Jewish and I slamic l aw Simi l ar outl ying sects are d eal t with in the artic l es Man d ae ans B O phites K rauss Therapeut a e Koh l er an d d é r o ( ) ) ( ( y ) N az arenes (Krauss) ,
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M YSTICISM
Whi l e in some of their aspects Jewi s h l ife and the ology may b e regarde d as especiall y ari d an d tochni cal ih others emotion d ominates reas on an d in the theo l ogical sphere pro d uces that amal gam o f fee l ing an d thought known as mysticism Certain theological probl ems may b e re gard ed as the vesti b ul e of this mys t erio us temple ; for examp l e those of P reexistence B r d é Blau Transmigration of Sou l s o an d from ) ) ( y ( the Bib lical si d e Theophany ( R ich t m an n ) I n d eed in earlier J ewis h mysticism the sub ject is concentered ,
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M YS TI CIS M
the question of Creation (Hirsch ) as set fort h in the firs t ch apter of Genesis an d on the theophany of the si x th chapter of E zekiel ,known technicall y as M a asch Beres hit an d Ma as ch Merk ab ah (Biram); compare al so Me rk ab ah (Koh l er) But the wh o l e sub j ect o f Jewish mysticism h as its technical name Cab al a un d er which it is el ab oratel y (Ginz b erg iii 456 tre ated The main c ab al istic sections are d eal t with in the separate artic l es E manation ( Broydé ) Ad am Kadm o n (Ginz b erg) Shem Ha Meforas h (Bacher) an d Se fir o t (Broydé ) What may b e te rme d the Scriptures of the Cab ala are tre ate d in the artic l es Ye z ir ah (Ginz b erg an d Kohl er) an d Zoh ar (Broydé ) the l atter a mys tical an d all e go rical commentary on Genesis has b e e n resp e ctiv el y ascri b e d to Simeon Ben Y oh ai (Sel igso h n ) and Moses de Leon (Kay serl ing); b ut mod ern research tend s to repu d iate b oth cl aims A simi l ar t reatise Shi ur Komah ( Bl au) is curious in that it l it erall y att e mpts to give t h e d imensions of the Al mighty Th e chief authoriti es an d moving forces of the C ab al a are d eal t with in the artic l es Moses Ben Nahman I saac Luria (Broydé ) Ib n Wak ar (Sel ig sohn ) Mose s Bot arel (Lauterb ach ) an d Moses Cor do ve ro fami l iarl y known as Remak ( Br oydé ) The two chief represent atives of the Chr istian Cab al a are Pico D e Miran d o l a (Och ser) an d Baron von Rosen roth (Broydé ) P oints touche d b y the Cab al a form the sub j ects of the artic l es Me m r a (Kohl er) Metatron B l au Bri d e Taxo Koh l er an d Ab rax a s B l au ) ) ( ) ( ( The l ast named topic is however more in consonance with Gnosticism (Hirsch ) Mysticism or its anal ogue s e xisted b efore the Cab al a ; an d certain articles of t h e ENC Y CL O PEDIA tre at of its on
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b eginnings even in Bi bl e times I n particular the A ngel ology (Blau) an d D emonology (Ko hler) of Bible and Talmud receive elab orate treatment With reg ard to the former separate articles are d evoted to Chem b im (Muss Arnol t) Seraphim (Ben z inger) Raphael Samael S andalfon (Bl au) Michael (S el igsoh n ) and especially the A ngel of D eath (Blau) who fills so l arge a space in t he Jewish imagination T he somewhat pecu l iar position he ld b y Satan (Blau ) in J ewish the ol ogy is duly set forth under that caption as are al so Jewis h views as to the intermediate beings super human and infrahuman Li l it h and S h amir (B l au) I t is a moot point how far the b ad angels are id entical with t he false gods mentioned so frequently in the earl ie r annals o f I srael The latter are discussed in general under t he topics Star Worship (Se l igsoh n) Id ol Worsh ip (Blau) Tree Wors hip (Barton ) as we l l as in special art icles l ike Ba al (Ko hler) D agon (K6 nig) an d Terap him (Eisenstein and Sel igsoh n ) Here occurs the transition to Magic (Bl au) and Witchcraft Barton wit h the usual forms of I ncantation an d ( ) N ceromancy (Blau) I t is d oubtful in w h at category the Jewis h views of O men and Lots ( Blau) should b e inc l u d ed The existence of the Urim and T hum mim l M A uss n r o t ) ad d to the d ou b t ( P opular mysticism may b e said to take the form of Superstition (Gude m ann and Jacobs); under this cap tion is given a remarkabl e series of ex amp l es showing how t he superstitions of the nations h ave crept into mo d ern J ew is h folk l ore C h ief of all these is the curious eff ect attri b uted to the Evil Eye ( B l au) Special articles are also d evote d to Fol k Lore Fol k Med icine Fol k Tal es (Jacob s) and Fol k Songs (Har .
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P HI LOS OP H Y
k av y)
A ttac hed to the article Fol k Lore is a list of topics which may be regard ed as falling un d er this curious outwork of k nowled ge (see v 425 -
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PHI LOS OPHY
JE WI SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA gives also a full account of the more formal attempts to solve the pro b lems of life an d t hought k nown as phi l osop hy W h at the o l ogy attempts to solve b y fait h and mysticism b y emotion p hilosophy tries to elucidate by reason A general sketc h o f J ewish thought is given under Ar ab ic Jewish p h ilosop hy (Stein ) an d in t he earlier stages un der A lex andrian Philosophy (Wendland ) an d Hel l e nism ( Siegfried ) T h e sources o f J ewis h p h ilosophy are given under Aristot l e (Ginz b erg and Loewenthal ) Averroism (Broydé ); A vicenna (Loewent hal ); Gha zal i an d Sufism (Broydé ) though t h e latter is perh aps more a source of mysticism than o f p hilosop h y The chief Jewis h p hilosophers influenced by t hese thinkers an d systems are given in the articles treatin g of Saadia b i r l G a o Bacher Solomon Ib n Wise Ba h ya Ben ( ( ) ) Joseph Josep h ben J acob Ib n Zaddi k J udah Ha Levi Moses Ben Maimon the central figure of the wh ole phi l osophic movement Levi Ben G ershon (Broydé ) Has d ai Crescas and J oseph A l b o (Hirsch) T he whole cul minated in Baruch Spinoza (Jacobs x i 5 1 1 “ who is regarded either as the consummati on or as ” the evisceration of J ewish philosop hy The influence of the J ewis h med ieval phi l osop hers on t he Christi an scholastics was important as can be seen from the articles P eter Ab elard (Newman) Albertus Magnus Alexan d er o f Hales (Guttmann ) Thomas A quinas TH E
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B d é r o ( y ),
Roger Bacon (Co hen) D uns Scotus (G utt mann ) and Guillaume of A uvergne ( Broydé ) J ewi s h influence on modern p hilosop hy is mainly concentered in Spinoza the article on whom h as al ,
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e ndel sso
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d aw ing by Daniel Ch odowiecki ) r
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ready been referred to Th e main topics of J ewis h p hilosophy are dealt with un d er Soul Microcosm F ree Will an d A ttributes (Broydé ) the last named t h e center of d iscussion in J ewi sh p hi l osop hy being really one o f t heology as is seen from its central prob lem .
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C E R E M ON I E S
which may b e d efined as the possi b i l ity of ascri b ing attri b utes to the D ivine The influence o f mo d ern phi l osophy on Jewish thought is the main topic o f t he artic l es Evolution an d Hegel (Hirsch) Besi d es articles on philosophy pure and simple t he EN C Y CL OPEDIA contains others on Logic Category B d é B an d E thics Koh l er r o and Hirsch d é r o ) ( y ( y ) the l as t o f wh ic h again b ord ers on t heolo gy .
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CE R E M ONIES
A s h as been emphasized throughout this account J ewish life is largely d ominate d b y practises sanctified b y tradition Ceremonies (iii 654 656) in general are d iscussed b y D r Koh l er Some of these are d irect l y comman d ed i n the P entateuch an d are therefore enumerated in the 61 3 Comman d ments (Broydé ); oth ers have grown up as traditional customs the bin d ing force of w hich is d iscussed in the artic l e Custom Greenstone iv The d etai l s of al l these are 3 9 5 ( given in TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL O PEDIA as far as possi b le with minute accuracy as those who fo ll ow the cus toms oi their fathers may at times d esire to consult it for guidance in the hall owing of the Jewish home I n particul ar the customs of the Ho l y D ays of the year 4 44 ar e Gre nstone vi d ealt with in ful l detail e 44 6 ( ) Preparatory to this the history an d calcu l ation of the Jewish Cal en d ar (Adl er an d Friedl an d er iii 498 508 ) are given with a fu ll set of tabl es for calcu l ating the Jewish d ate for any time between the years an d O ne of the most el ab orate artic l es in the E N C Y C L OPEDIA is d evote d to the pecu l iar as pect of the Jewish cal en d ar the d evice b y w h ich it fixes t he rising ,
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and setting of t he Sun (Eisenstein x i 59 1 As this d etermines the b eginning an d the en d ing of the d ay and therefore the hours at which the frequent fasts conclu d e it was found necessary to give special tables showing the exact moment when the day fin is hes for all the latitu d es in w h ich J ews most l y .
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am , r695.
)
congregate an d a chart presenting t he same informa tion in graphic form A general treatment is given of Festivals (Hirsch) Fastin g an d Fast D ays The question at iss ue betwee n Ortho d ox an d Reform Jud aism as to the Second D ay of Festival s (Wi ll ner) is impartiall y discussed in the ENC Y CL OPEDIA A mong the most sacre d d ays is the Sabb ath (Hirsc h an d Greenstone x 587 t he ,
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ler) with the more mo d e rn rite of confir mation (Koh l er) may b e regard ed as l ead ing on to Betrothal D rachm e n an d Marriage Ceremo es Grunwa ld n i ) ( ( ) w hich h ave sometime s to b e preceded by the c urious custom o f H al iz ah (Greenstone ) or repu d iation b y a d eceased husb an d s b rother Ceremonies connected wit h d eath take up an unusuall y large numb er of artic l es ; 6 g D eath al read y referred to ; Taharah ( Eisenstein ) or the ceremonial washing o f the dead ; Heb ra Kaddish a (Hirsch ) the fraternity w hich helps to lay out the d ead ; Funeral Oration an d Funeral Rites (Greenstone) Mourning (E isenstein ); Memo rial Service (Koh l er); J ah rz eit ( Eisenstein); Burial and Kadd ish ( Koh l er) the quasi mass sai d b y orphans in honor o f t heir d eceased parents The material si d e of t his mournful su bject is represented by Co ffin E isenstein Cemetery Koh l er Tom b stone B d é ro ( ( ) ) ( y an d J aco b s ) an d Shroud ( E isenstein ) Sh innuy Ha Shem (Eisenstein ) the curious custom of c h angin g the name o f a person when h e is d angerous l y sick may be mentione d in this connection an d the even more curi —K ebe r ( Kohl e r) o u s custom o f Hibb ut Ha Coming to t h e more constant el ements o f t he in d ivi d ual life one may b egin with Abl ution (Drach m an an d Kohler) an d proceed to the D ietary Laws (Green stone Koh l er an d Hirschfel d iv 596 which h ave ” b een so e fficacious in preserving the aloofness of I srael This is connecte d with the question of C lean an d Unc l ean A nimals in the Bi bl e (Ginz b erg) and fin d s its practical aspect in the J ewish butchers (See Shohet Och ser) with their practises o f She hitah Greenstone P orging E isenstein an d Be d ikah ( ) ( ) D m l e M h a n h an d the home custom o f G re n e i a h r ac ) ( ( ,
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TO
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stone) or saltin g t h e meat before coo kin g it ; compare also T erefah (Eisenstein ) Theological aspects of individual li fe are represente d in t he articles Bareheadedness ( D eutsc h) Wig S h a at nez ( E i se nstein ) a curious rule w h ic h prevents t h e rigid Jew from wearing lin se y woolsey or any mix ture o f animal and vegetab le threads O t her aspects o f t h e individual li fe are given under Siyyu m (E isenstein ) t he ceremony used at t h e conclusion o f the stud y o f a tractate of t he Talmud and Semi k ah (Lauterb ach ) t h e process by w hic h ord ination (Lauterb ach ) is mad e “ ” effectual t h e origin of t he layin g on of han d s o f the Christian ritual This confers the rabb inical d iploma known as t he Hat t arat Hora ah (E isenstein ) ,
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Vestm en ts
Turnin g
from the ceremonies to t h e phys ical ob associated w t h them one may notice E lij ah s i e s c t j C h air (Grunwal d) used in circumcision ; t he E trog Lulab (Casanowicz) and Sukk ah (Lauterbach) used in the Feast o f T ab ernacles ; t h e Sabb ath Lamp G reenstone lit by t h e h ousew if e be f ore t h e Sab b ath ; ( ) and t he Habd alah Box (J acobs) used during the cere mony at t he conclusion of the Sab bat h I n the h ouse t he Me z u z ah (Casan ow icz ) on the door post and th e Mi z rah (Greenstone) on the eastern wall are the two most notab le objects A t P assover Ma z z ah ( E isen stein ) or unleavened bread is used ; and at Hanu k k ah ( Ko hler) t h e Menorah or eight branc hed candle stic k Th e S h ofar (E isenstein and Cohen ) or trumpet is used on New year s D ay and to mark th e closin g o f t h e D ay o f A tonement For individual u se t here is t he Tallit (E isenstein ) or prayer scarf worn over t h e ’
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and Litur gy (B l au) there are articles on whole classes of prayers as Bened ictions ( Kohler) D evotional Litera ture (Ei se nstein ) Responses (Dem bit z ) and a special article on the well known response A men (G inz b erg) in whic h muc h curious lore is co l lected The two c hief prayers whic h form the nucleus o f all public services are ex amined at len gth t he S hema (E ise n stein) or enunciation of the D ivine unity ; and t h e Shemoneh E sre h (Hirsch) or eighteen bles sin gs t h e various forms of w hich are anal y z ed and translated wit h m in ute t horoughness A s t he Law is the formative principle o f J udaism so th e readin g from the Law ( Ko hl er vii 647 648 ) is t h e central function o f D ivine service The division of the P entateuc h into the P aras h ah (Dembit z ) an d Sidra (Sel igsoh n and Dobsev age) is d irectly connected with it while t he A liyah (Kohler) or cal lin g up to t he Law admits of t he participation of the layman in t he sacred o ffice The special functions o f the Maftir “ ” (Eisenstein) or l as t called up relate rat her to the Haftarah (Buchler and Dobsev age) or reading from the P rophets corresponding to t he First and Second Lessons in the E nglis h Churc h wh ic h derive d t he custom d oub t l ess from th e Jews The ori gin o f this custom is e l uci d ated in t he article Triennial Cycle (Jacob s) where it is Sh own that the d ivision o f the P entateuc h into five boo ks is intimately conn ected with the various New years on which the beginnin gs of the various b ooks were read Th e read in g of the Law is depen d ent upon t he presence of a Minyan z D m e b i t ( ) or legal quorum The special se ries of prayers read through in the course of t he d ay are treated in t he articles Ma arib Minhah (Eise nstein) ,
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and Musaf (G reenstone) O t h er special prayers are Grace at Meals G omel Bensh en (De m bit z ) the Con fes sion o f Sin ( Ko hler) and the b l essin g o f the Sun and t h e New Moon (E isenstein) Th e hymns w hi ch adorn th e public se rvice o f I sraelites are described .
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under th e article Piyyu t (D eutsc h) and reference is m ade to t h e two great composers of hymns E leaz ar Kal ir (Levias) and Jose Ben J ose ( Brody) w hi l e t he various classes o f hymns or piyyutim are given in t h e articles Kerobo t Yo z ero t Ze m irot (Cohen ); Sel ihah S l e ( igsoh n C o hen); and Az h arot ( Brody) T he c hief ,
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occasion for prayer in t he h ome is P ass over ni ght when t he Hagg ad ah (D eutsc h and Jacobs) is read A ttac hed to t his is a curious fol k rime Had G ad ya Kohut and Co h en intended to amuse c h il d ren ( ) P rayers for the wh ole of t he fes tivals are included in t h e ritual work kn own as th e Mahzor (Broydé ) w h ich includ es a large portion of the P sal ms especial l y t h ose known co ll ectively as the Hallel (Dem bit z and Co h en ) mostly sun g to a special tune -
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T he
proficiency o f t he Jew in music is well k nown ; but it is not so well known that this proficiency can be traced un d oub ted l y to the large part t h at sacre d music takes in t he ord inary li fe of t h e J ew bot h in th e h ome and in the synago gue Both O ffenbac h an d Braham h ad their training in synagogue c hoirs TH E JE W I SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA emp h asi z es this characteristic b y the large space d evoted to the subject in its volumes no l ess than 1 00 pages of music being presented gi v m g all the wel l known tunes o f t he sweet singers of I srael Of these a full list is given un d er Music in the list o f i l lustrations at th e beginnin g o f eac h volume ; only a few can be referred to here There is a general article on th e w hole subject o f Synagogal Music (Co hen i x 1 1 9 b ut besides this t here is a remark abl y elab orate one on th e subject o f Canti l lation (Co hen iii 537 in w hic h for th e first time are given the various modes of repeating th e chant of the synago gue b y the accents attached to the Heb rew text of the Bi b le This is of peculiar interest as it will pro b abl y le ad to a restoration of the actual ,
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O wing to his past the present of the Jew is d ifferen t iat e d from that of his neig hb ors in al most all aspects His occupations his vital statistics even h is d iseases are in a meas ure d ifferent from those o f his neighbors and are caused mainly b y the di fferent social conditions ,
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a ir o f
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J e w is h Quart e rl y
R e vie w
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in w hich persecution has p l aced him I n TH E JE W I SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA for the first time this sid e of Jewish l i fe h as b een systematicall y expoun d ed and the d irect issues of contemporary Jews are b rought into promi ne n ce together with mat e ria l s which may aid in their so l ution I n the first p l ace the numb ers of Jews in all countries and in the chief cities are given in .
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S OCI O LOG Y
lab orate detail under Statistics (Jaco b s xi 528 with d etai l s as to their growth in various countries an d othe r cognate topics Their increase d epends of course upon their births an d d eaths ; and their rate in this regard is investigate d in the articles Marriage Births (Jaco b s ) and Morta l ity (Fish b erg) These ai ford material for further artic l es on the E xpectation of Life (Ho ffman ) an d the Length o f Generation (Jaco b s) From the l atter artic l e it woul d appear that J e ws forme rl y incre ase d in a c entury at twice the rate of the surroun d ing popul ations Their numb ers in any one l and are gre at l y affecte d b y their ten de ncy to b e forced from country to country ; an d this is d eal t with in the artic l e Migration (Wygodsky an d Jacob s viii e
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58 3
But are there any pure Jews ? T his is the question discussed in the artic l e P urity of Race (Jaco b s) where the matte r is l eft un d eci d ed Two further aspects of the sub j e ct are d i scusse d in A nthropological Types h T e Fi h b rg an d Jacobs b o d i l y me surements of s e a ) ( Heb rews are d iscussed ge nerall y in the artic l e A nthro Jaco b s an d more particu l ar l y un d er Crani l o o ) ( gy p O t h er o m e t ry Girth Growth an d Stature (Fish b erg) b odi l y ch aracteristics are given un d er Hair (Broydé Fishb erg an d Jaco b s) Eyes an d Nose (Fi sh b erg) I t h as b een c l aimed that Jews are more or less liable to d efinite d ise ases A general treatment of t his sub ject is given un d er Morb i d ity (Fishb erg); an d a confir m a tion of the impression is given that while they are more l iabl e to Diab e tes the y are l ess suscepti bl e to Consum p tion an d Cho l era (Fish b erg) The question of their suscepti b i l ity to A pop l exy an d Cancer is l eft un d ecide d b ut t here is no d oub t as to their greater liab ility to ,
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Nervous D iseases (Fishb erg) This is proved in greate r detail un d er I nsanity Id iocy (Fish b erg) and D eaf Mutism (Jacobs) The evi d ence with regard to their greater or l ess tendency to Suicide (Fish b erg) is con fl ict ing : there use d to be less ; t here seems now a d ays to be more The remark abl e capacity of the Jews alone of European races to live in any c l imate is d eal t with in the article Cl im at ion (Fishb erg) Apart from the special A nthropo l ogy of t he Jews they h ave a special sociology as is given in the article O ccupations (Jaco b s) where their rel ative ad d iction to hand work an d he ad work is anal yze d Most peop l e wil l b e surprised on l earning o f the enormous proportion of Artisans (Jacob s) among them which is bal anced by t h e almost equall y l arge rel ative proportion o f t he Jews in t he P rofessions Their social con d ition is main l y characterized b y P overty (Jaco b s); nevertheless their record in Criminology (D eutsch) is ex tremely c redit able .
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BIOGRAPHY
Hit herto t his account h as dealt wit h w h at J ews are in themselves or have done for t hemselves wit hout regard except in a few instances to their rel ations to the outer worl d as a wh ol e Their influence in t his respect has b een main l y with regard to rel igion the transition of phi l osophy an d science from E ast to West in t he Mi d dle A ges an d possi bl y in commerce during the Mi dd le Ages o wing to the curious Churc h doctrine of usury But w hile the Jews as a wh o l e have been re stricted in their influence indivi d ual Jews have con tri b uted to almost all t he great movements o f human ity ex cept possi bl y t he French Revolution in whi c h no ,
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persons who mak e these contributions are of the J ewis h r ace entit l es them to a p l ace in TH E JE WI SH E N CYC L O PEDIA I f there is no Jewish mat hematics t h ere cer t ain l y are J e wish mathematicians ; an d the only way to indicate the in d e b te dness of the worl d to th e modern I srael ite at any rate is b y the accumu l ation of biog r ap h ies of J ews who have contri b uted to art science etc Th e numb er of such contri b utors whose Jewish origin is often unknown to the worl d in general is quite remarkab le W hi l e the numb er of illustrious Jewish names is possi b ly smal l it must b e remembe red that i l lustrious names are rare un d er any circums tan ces I t h as been calc ul ated for examp l e that Englan d d uring the nineteenth century prod uced only twelve men of th e highest rank O n the same showin g the proportion would be one and one hal f such men from the Jews of western E urope who al one have the chance of risin g to the heights A s a matter of fact Beacons fiel d M en d el sso hn Lassall e an d Heine d eserve to rank with the highest When one comes to ab ility w hich is not of the very highe st type the numbers are relativel y greater ; while in ab i l ity which may b e ranked as o f t h e third c l as s the num b er of Jews is as tonis hing an d imp l ies that any country may regard itsel f fortunate in n ossessing a stock capa b le o f turni g out so many men p who b ecome d i stinguished for qualities giving rise to publ ic ad van tages The EN C Y CL OPEDIA accordingl y gives the names an d careers of all members o f the Jewish race who have b ecome d istin guished enough to fin d a p l ace in d ictionaries of b iography o f national importance of those who have held high ofli cial posi tions outsi d e t h e Jewi sh community an d generall y of Jews wh o are contrib uting to t h e world s highest ih .
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following enumeration wi ll gi ve an idea o f the various fields in whic h Jewis h ab ility is foun d : A ctors cantors composers and musician s ; arche ologists and paleographers ; architects sculptors an d painters ; aut h ors and j ourn alists (in non J ewis h fiel d s); chess p l ayers ; communal workers municipal o fficial s etc ; ed ucators ; engravers ; financiers and ban k ers ; inventors and manufacturers ; j urists l awyers and j ud ges ; phi l anthropists ; phi l o l ogists ; p hysicians ; pu b l ish ers ; mathematicians naturalists and other scien tist s ; so ld iers ; statesmen d eputies and hig h o fficial s ; travel ers an d ex plorers I t is of course impossi bl e to refer to any but the most prominent and eminent names as an indication of the c l ass o f biographies which wi l l b e found in the ENC Y CLOPEDIA Lists of d istinguished Jews in E ng lan d (v 1 74 in F rance (v 469 an d in the United States (x i i 365 others o f more purel y Jewish interest occur in the preced ing sections of this account t erest s
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Th e Arts
T he J ewis h p oet s m ay first engage attention Here is an art icle on Heinrich Heine (Jacobs) accord ing to Matthew A rnol d the greate st name in E uropean literatur e since G oethe N ext to him come Cat u l l e Men d es (Hanem an) an d Henrik Hert z (Singer); an d the Yi dd is h poet Morris Rosenfeld (Hanem an) whose productions h ave been so wi del y translated is giv e n d ue prominence T he foll owing Jewis h dram a tis t s have ob tained international reputation : Ludovic Ha l evy (Hanem an) an d Ad o l phe Ennery (E manuel ) in France S Mosenthal ( M Cohen) Morit z Hartmann .
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and Ludwig Ful d a (Hane m an) in Germany ; and P inero (Me l s) in En gl an d whom A Sutro (Jacob s) promises to succee d on the dramatic throne N ov e l is t s are perh aps more numerous Benj amin D israe l i E manuel in E ng l an d Berthol d A uer b ach I saacs n d a ) ( ) ( Karl E mi l Fran z os (Han e m an) in German y b eing the c hief names thoug h in t he purely Jewish novel I Zangw ill (J aco b s) L Kompe rt ( Mannheimer) and A Bernstein (Wiern ik) have risen above local fame I n general literature the e s s ay is t s L Borne (M Cohen ) and Gustav Karpel es ( Kayserl in g) may be men tioned an d the lit e rary crit ics G eorg Brandes B e rr e d r aa an d Si d ney Lee Jacobs To these may ( j ) ) ( g b e ad d ed Max Nord an (Co hen) as general critic of civi l ization in his work D egeneration Of art crit ics may be mentione d : B Berenson ( M W Levy) the c hief inheritor of More l li s method and t he main authority on the minor I tal ian painters ; Marion H ” “ Spielman (Jaco b s) historian of P unch and editor “ ” of The Magazine of A rt ; and Mrs Fran k au (Vi z e telly ) wh o hol d s an authoritative position wit h re gard to color printing of t h e eightee nt h century I t h as been particularly in j ournalism t h at the J ewish capacity h as shown itself in its most c h aracter ist ic forms Jews have found e d important maga z ines and newspapers ; e g Julius Rosenberg (Hanem an) ” projector and editor of the D eutsc he Rundsc h au an d J oseph P u l itzer (Viz et el l y) proprietor of t he New “ ” Y ork World Jews have held especial ly important positio ns on the press as Lucien Wolf (J acobs) one of t he b est k nown of foreign ed itors in Lond on Su preme among all Jewish j ournalists was Henry Blowit z ” (So hn) P aris correspondent o f t he London T imes .
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Igna z Mosch e les J O ffen b ach Karl Gol dmark (So hn ) Sir Michael C osta Sir Julius Bened ict an d F H Cowen (Lipkin d ) and amon g virtuosi Anton Ru b instein (Lipman) t h e pianist an d Joseph Joachim (Sohn) t h e greatest viol inist of the nineteenth century Names of minor importance are practicall y innumerab le A mong “ ” the sweet singers of I srael were John Braham already referred to P aul ine Lucca an d Georg Henschel P orter ( ) A s regard s the dram a attention may b e d irected to the fact that the two chief actresses of the ninete enth centur y have b een two French J ewe sses Rachel Fel ix an d Sarah Bernhard t (Mel s) I t is l e ss known that the great Ed mun d Kean (Mel s) was al so of Jewish d escent I n Germany Lud wig Barnay Sonnenthal Bogumil B awison (Mel s) and Possart (Hane m an) are among the great names of the stage Jews h ave per haps b een even more d istinguished as t heatrical man agers than as actors the chief names here b eing Lum l e y n Jaco b s who intro d uce d Jen y Lind to Lon d on ( ) au d iences ; D avi d Bel asco (Mel s) an d Al exan d er Stra kosch (Mels) Jews are generall y d enied any capacity for the r t r h a s b ut of recent years a fe w have come to a i c g p the front one the D utch painter Joseph I sraels (C H I srael s) b eing of European fame O thers are the Ger man E Bende m an and the two Engl ishmen Simeon So l omon the pre Raphaelite and So l omon Joseph Solo mon the acad emician A comp l ete l ist of J ewish artists is given un d er the rub ric P ictorial A rt (Cramer x 32 O f s cu l p t or s the Frenchmen D avi d D An gers an d Ad am So l omon an d the Russians An t oko l sk i m i Rosentha l an d Boris Schatz Franco are the most ) ( ( ) ,
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BI OGR AP H Y
port ant Jews h ave sh own special capacity for t he art of t he m e dallis t Ab rah am Ab rah amson (Wilson) an d Jacques Wiener (Cramer) being of national import ance in Prussia an d Belgium respectively The only arch i t e ct s of more than local consequence that h ave ema n at ed from t h e Jewis h race are t he A ust rians W Sti assn y (Singer) Fleisc her (D unbar) an d Marmorek H m a n e a n ) ( .
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S cience
P assin g from art t h at d elights to science t h at in more d efinite statements may b e advanced st r uct s T he ran k of an artist is a matter of d ispute ; t he con t ribut ion s of a scientist are generall y recognized b y experts and may be appraised much more accurately O ne may t herefore inc l ud e in a l ist of scientists al l those w h o h ave mad e d istinct contri b utions even though t heir original ity may not be of as high an ord er as is requir ed from an artist before he b ecomes gener ally k nown I n other word s a list of Jewis h scientists may includ e persons w h ose paral le l s in the art world woul d scarcely obtain general recogn ition O ne may first put forward t h e c l aims of philosoph y t he science of sciences Here perhaps t he chief name is t h at of Solomon Maimon (Broydé ) w h ose criticism of Kant an d contributions to formal logic give him high rank Next come the two found ers of t he science of folk psychology H Steinthal (Singer) and M Laz arus l S who also s h owe d intere t in t h e the c i e s n h e o ss r ( g ) I n Fran ce A ore t ical foun d ations of J ewis h ethics Franck (Bloc h) was t he ed itor of the stan d ard d iction ary of p hilosop h y I n E nglan d S A lexan d er (Lip k ind ) h as taken an original view of evolutionary ethics ,
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I n Germany Hermann Cohen (Bru m berg) has b ee n one of t he greatest aut h orities on Kant A Lasson (Singer ) h as made original contri b utions to the Neo Kantian movement and C Frauenstadt (Hane m an) is the main propagandist of Sc hopenhauer L Stein (Hane m an ) “ as ed itor of The Philosophical Journal and as el ucidator of the relations between socialism an d phi l o sop h y h as d one good work besi d es eluci d ating the re l ations b etween Spino z a and Leibnitz Of spe cifi cal l y Jewis h p hi l osop hers only N Kroc h mal (Ro sen mann ) d eserves mention A s members of a historic people it woul d be only natural to anticipate many students of h is t ory among t he Jews ; and t his anticipation is fully justified O f course their c hief activities h ave b ee n devoted to t h eir o wn national history the great names here bein g H Graet z I M J ost (Deutsc h); M Kayserl ing (Singer) and t he historians of culture M Giidem an n (Blau) and I srael A brah ams (Jacobs) J ews h ave been almost as d istinguis hed as h istorians of ot her peoples Th us for English history Sir Francis Co hen P algrave (Jacobs ) was t h e e arl iest ; of scientific h isto rians C h arles G ross (A dler) h as wr itten t he stan d ard bi b liograp h y of early English history and M Liebermann (Hanem an) t h e standard edition of th e earliest E nglish laws F or A merica H Friedenwal d (Friedenw al d) h as written the recogni z ed work on t h e C ontinental C ongress an d O S Straus (Jacobs) one on t he origin o f reli gious liberty in the United States M Phil ippson (Kayserl in g) and H Bresslau are e u th orit ies on cert ain si d es of German history ; an d J ” “ J astrow (Vizet el l y) ed ited the great J ah resberich t of scientific history at the Berlin A cademy of Sciences .
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political economy at J o hns Hop k in s University O ne o f t h e greatest of German economists is G Cohn (M Coh en ) author of an entire system of po l itical econo m y “ E R A Se l igman (Jacobs) is the m as ter of all who ” know about taxation ; A R aff al ov ich (Jacobs ) is one of t h e lead in g economists of Russia and France ; an d several other Jews h ave s h own ab i l ity as statis ticians notably M Bloc h (Neumann ) J KOrosi (Vene t iane r) in A ustria an d Leone Levi (Lipkin d ) in E ngl and Statistics may l ead us to m at h e m at ics where J ews are equally distinguished as in economics at any rate in what is kn own as pure mathematics Here occur the names of K G J Jacobi (Sin ger) after whom “ cert ain mathematical functions are termed Jaco ” b ians ; J J Sylvester (Lipkind ) the originator of covariants L Kronecker (Hanem an) an d above all th e two Cantors (Ch essin) G eorg who wit h h is “ th eory o f transfinit e numbers first so l ved the prob ” “ lem of t he mathematical infinite and Moritz who h as written the great history of mathematics O ther names are those of B G ompert z (Lipkin d ) one of the earliest stud ents of d oub l e algeb ra the Frenc h man Halphen (E manuel ) and Maurice Levi (E manuel ) presi d ent of the I nstitut The Russian S l onim s ki E isenstein d eserves mention h ere as the inventor of ( ) a wel l known counting machine A full list of mo d ern Jewish mat hematicians may be found in vol viii pp .
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So akin to mat h ematics t h at it almost see ms a b ranc h of it is a st ronom y whic h field has also had its Jewis h h eroes notably Sir Wi l liam Herschel (Jaco b s ) the founder of modern stellar astronomy ; H Gol d schmidt s Sin g er t h e scoverer of four t een a teroi d s W Mey di ; ( ) ,
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th e first c h artographer of the moon and M ” Loewy (Han e m an) inventor of the elbow telescope and director of t he P aris o b servatory A mon g ch e m is t s the chief names are those o f Lassar Co h n (Singer) R Meldola (D e Sola) and Victor Meyer L i Lipman e b s successor i ( ) g I n t he bio l ogical b ranches of science t here are two im portant German Jewis h b ot anis t s F Cohn (Hart o g) practicall y the foun d er of b acteriology and N Frin gs heim (M Cohen ) A mong p h y s i ol og is t s may be men t ioned R Remak ( Broy dé ) G G Valentin (Hane m an ) J Bernstein (Hane m an ) J Rosent h al (Max Rosent h al ) J Cohnheim an d I mmanuel Mun k (Hane m an) with whom may be associated F R Liebrecht as bot h a t heoretical and practical oculist erb eer ,
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Ph ilo logists
Whether it is because the Jews themselves are for th e most part b i l ingual or bec ause they have become ac customed to l inguistic influences by changing t heir country so frequent l y certain it is th at p h ilology h as proved t h e science to which Jews have contributed most The services of Lazarus (Schl oessinger) and Steinthal (Singer) in found ing the science of national psyc h o l ogy h ave al ready been referre d to ; but t h e latter also was among the earliest stud ents of t he A fri can d ial ects Laz arus Geiger (Geiger) ranks among the greatest o f t h ose wh o have devoted t hemselves to t h e stud y of the origin of l anguage M Bré al (G ray ) h as helped to foun d the latest division o f p hilolo gical “ ” science t h at devoted to semantics or t h e science of meaning I n classical p hilology L Fri edlander (Singer) h as written the most important boo k on t he ,
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social l ife of imperial Rome and W Freund (Rhine ) h as composed t he Latin di ctionar y whic h is t he fou nda tion o f all t hose used in the A nglo Sax on world J Bernays (Co hen) was almost equally at h ome in Latin and Gree k while H Wei ] (Han e m an ) is one of t h e great est Hellenists of modern times and Bern h ardy (Max Co hen) is a recognized expert on Greek literature T here is scarcely a ton gue w hic h a Jew h as not investigate d O ne o f t he earliest aut horities on Turk is h was t h e talented A L D avids (Lip k in d) A Vam b é ry (Gray ) also h as studied Turk ish Hungarian an d th e Tatar dialects ; M G as ter Rumanian ; an d D San ders a s B er modern Greek t h oug h he is b est k nown t h e a ) ( aut hor of the stand ard dictionary of the German l an guage Similarly A D arm steter (Hart og) was t h e e d itor of t he stan d ard Frenc h di ctionary as well as t he author of the most accurate Frenc h grammar whi l e L Ke l lner (Singer) h as written a textbook on historical Englis h syntax A lessan d ro d An cona is one of the greatest authorities on I talian I t is not surprising perh aps that t he most popu l ar t h ough per haps the most unscientific met h od of learning lan gu ages was d ue to a Jew H D O l l en d orff and that at present the most wi d e spread u niversal language is E speranto invented by another Jew Zamenhof (Har ris) I t is perhaps natural that the Jews shoul d tak e the highest pl ace in O riental philology For nearly forty years Theod or Benfey (Gray ) was at t he head of German Orie ntalis t s His specialty was Sans krit as was t h at of G I A scol i (Ch e ssin) S Lefm an n (Hane man) and Sylvain Levi (Gray ) J ames D arm st ete r D l c aux ) was d uring his lifetime at the hea d of E uro u ( pean Zend sc h olars and was c h osen to succeed Renan ,
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certained the Je w ish worl d owes gratitud e to Leo pold Zun z (Hirsc h) and S L Rapoport (Waldstein ) I n Jewis h bi bl iography the first name is undoub t ed l y t h at of Moritz Steinschnei d er (Singer) though t hose of A Neubauer (Lip k in d ) Ju l ius Fiirst (Brod y) and N Briill l i kewise deserve mention For the study of th e Tal mu d the names of Z Frankel (D eutsch) I Weiss (Se l igsoh n) and M B l oc h (Neumann ) are mem orab l e whi l e A Geiger ( Hirsch ) A Je l linek ( Kurrein ) an d L Dukes (Broydé ) touch upon nearl y all lines of Jewish sc h o l arship I n the stud y of sacred Hebrew poetry L Zun z (Hirsch ) again l ead s the way w here he is fo ll owed by S Kae m pf (Kayserling) M Sachs L h e s O c s r L a n d h B o rnfe ld an d H Bro d y u h t ( ) ( ) H m a n e a n ( ) Strangely enough no great Jewis h names are associated wit h O l d Testament scholarship ex cept those of A G eiger (Hirsch) and M M Kalisch (Lipkin d ) b ut in t he stud y of the text in its Masoretic form S Fre ndsdor ff (Malter) and S Baer (G ottlieb ) stan d in the front rank Mod ern Hebrew l iterature is not of course a part of Hebrew phi l ology and is t re at ed elsewhere as
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Pr actical Life
Jews are often accused of b eing materialistic and e xclusive l y practical in their aims yet it is d oubtful whet her the number of those w ho attain success an d d istinction in the more material wal ks of life is as great as t h e artists an d scientists who while wor k ing for fame work for all mankind E ven where a Jewis h reputa tion is connected with a calling or profession it is almost invariab ly an intel l ectual one I n p olitics J ews take exceptionally high rank Lord ,
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1 04
BI OGR A P H Y
E manuel w as admitte d ly one o f t h e ( ) greatest statesmen of his time ; Ferdinand Las salle M Co h en fou ded t h e party of Social D emocr cy in n a ) ( G ermany and h ad at t he time of hi s deat h w hen only t hirty eight years old risen to be almost equal wit h Bismarck ; Fried ric h Julius Stahl s h owed according “ to Lord A cton more political ability t h an Lord Bea co nsfie l d and Kiam il P as ha (Franco ) was for some time Gran d Vizier of Turkey Perhaps Theodor Herzl a s hi s D e Ha may ta k e place here as a specifical l y ( ) Jewis h statesman I Cre mieux (Reinach) w as one of the found ers of the t hir d Frenc h Repub l ic ; E Lasker H e m a n a n ( ) the leader of the Na tional Liberal P arty in G ermany ; F Ad ler the l eader of t he Social D emo Cohen ) one cr at s in Germany ; an d P au l Singer ( M of t he lead ers of the same party in Prussia To t hese names s h ould be ad d ed that of Ju d ah P Benj amin n M J K o hl er mi ister of war an d a f terward secretary ( ) of state to t he Southern Confederacy in its struggle wit h t he Nort h O ther names of consequence are : in Frenc h politics M Gou dch aux A Fou l d (E manuel ) and A N aque t (Han em an ) in German Liberalism J J aco b y (M Cohen ) an d L Bamberger (Ch essin); in Engl an d Sir Francis an d Sir Jul i an Gol dsmid Sir D avi d Salomons (Lipkin d ) Baron Lionel d e Ro t hs c hi l d (Jaco b s) an d Lord P irb right (E manuel ); in A ustria I Kuran d a (Ysaye); and in I taly L Lu z z at t i i l t i d o m a s t s Mun z A s L A rton Rosenthal in I taly p ) ( ( ) and O S Straus (Jaco b s) in the United States h ave attained some d istinction the latter bein g a member of t he I nternational Hague Tribunal The p ro fe s s ion s combine t he c l aims of practical life and t hose of science T his is especially true o f m e di Beaconsfiel d
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cine ,
in w hic h J ews h ave always held hi gh ran k ; and it is c h aracteristic th at besi d es th e monument of M o se s Mend elsso h n at D essau t here are only two monum ents of J ews in G ermany namely t h ose o f t he p hysi ci ans Hermann Hirschfel dt at Colberg and J acob H erz H m e a n a n at E rlan g en Further i n A u tria t h e onl s ( ) y statue of a Jew is th at of t he p hysician Ludwig M a ut h ner (Hane m an ) at Vienna Here occur t he names o f Solomon Stric ker t he founder o f microscopy an d Lu d wig Trau b e (Hane m an) the fat her o f ex perimenta l pathology I n anatomy Fri edric h Henle (Hanem an ) hel d front ran k O ne of t he pioneers o f scientific dentistry was L H Hol lan d er (Hanem an) an d t he A ustrian c h ampion o f homeopat h y was E mil Al tsc hul (Sin ger) A lar ge numb er o f the most distinguished d ermatologists are o f the Jewish race ; chief of these being Herman n Von Ze issl (Hanem an) d efend er o f t h e dual t heory o f syphilis A braham J aco b i (Hanem an) o f New Y ork is one o f t h e great authorities o f t h e world on chil d ren s dise as es while Simon F l exner (A dler) is head of the Roc k efe l ler I nstitute of Preventive Medicine In b acteriology J Haffkine (L ipkind ) and A Mar morek H m n a n e a h ave obtained d isti n guis h ed positions ( ) w hile as a laryngo l ogist Sir Fel ix Semon (Hanem an) is foremost in the Engl ish field A s embryologist Leopold Schen k (Hane m an ) made himself renowned by his t heory o f sex d etermination I t is perh aps natural t h at J ews shoul d have a number of d istin neurologists among whom may be mentioned s e d i h u g Cesare Lombroso (Nord au) Nordau (Co hen) Moritz Romberg and A l bert Mo ll (Hane m an) The two brothers Liebreic h (Han e m an) are distin gui s hed ,
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j urist J Glaser (Hanem an) O ne of th e founders of th e h istorical sc hool of l egal study w as Eduard G ans Z z Co h en t h e coadj utor of u n ) ( .
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Navy
I n mil itary and naval annals J ewis h names do not fill any large space owing to t h e recent date at w hi c h their entrance into t he army and navy in any ran k ab ove a private was permitte d I n E ngland t w o members o f t he Gol dsm id fami l y (Lip kin d ) reach ed high rank as h ave re cent l y several of the brot h ers Nathan Sir Matthew Nathan (Lipkin d ) being gover n or general of Hong K ong at the present time I n France Capt Dreyfus aroused a notoriety by no means d ue to mi l itary capacity ye t it is a curious comment on t h e Dreyfus Case (iv 660 688 ) th at bef ore it h as bee n d efinitel y finis h ed a Jew Mord ecai Vala b r egue (Kahn ) is one of the head s of t he general sta ff O the r Frenc h generals h ave been Bernard Ab rah am Wei ll an d Lam b ert A mar I n I ta l y General O tto ( ) ( ) l e ngh i (Cassuto ) was only re cently comman d er in c h ief of the army an d E nrico G uastal l a (Jacobs) was one of Garibal d i s heroes while in t he United States no Jewish so ld i e r of whom there were so many reached high rank or significance except possibly Capt Zalin ski The A merican U P Levy (Wol d ) was the only Jew to attain d istinction in any navy of t h e world ,
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S por ts , Tr ave l , E tc
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Taking up sports an d games Jews h ave attaine d international repute onl y in such sports as p u gilis m r r n h l a n u d e c u m i an d i D avi d Men d oza Vi z e g g p j ( telly) was Britis h champion and was head o f a sc hool
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BI OGR A P H Y
of Jewish pugilists t h at mad e t he sport scientific in ste ad of a mere test of b rute strengt h Meyer Prin stein and A C Krae n z le in hel d the world s record for the running j ump and for h urdl e racing T h e on l y game in whic h J ews h ave exce l led is t h at of ch e s s P orter an d in this they h ave ha d successively three ) ( world champions J Zukert ort W Steinit z an d E manuel L asker (P orter) Trav e l is half way b etween a sport and a profession an d the chief J ewish names in this sphere are : E min P asha (Hane m an); A Vam b é ry (Gray); Josep h Wolf ( E manue l ) who visi ted Bokhara at the risk o f his life ; Nathaniel I saacs (Lipkin d ) the pioneer explorer of Zululan d ; W G P algrave (Jaco b s ) explorer of the Ne dj in A rab ia ; an d A ngelo He il p r in (Viz e t e l l y ) who vi sited t he extremes of t he arctic circ l e and t he crater of Mt Pel ee in Martinique Next to Jewish travelers may come Jewis h inv e nt o r s who see m to be confined most l y to t h e A merican con L E Levy (Adl er) was the inventor of the t inen t Le v yt ype form of photography ; E mi l Berliner (Ad ler) the improver of the phonograp h ; an d E Zal inski “ Z m l a n a i H a n e the inventor of the n k gun He s i ) ( ” “ ” d oes not know Z al in ski says Kip l ing s Captive as a c l inching proof of the ignorance of an E nglis h general I n Germany the chief inventor was O tto Lilienthal ( Singer) w h o first attempte d flight like a bird .
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Comm er ce
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Ph ilanth r opy
Finally reference may be made to t he distinction gained in comm erce and p hilanthropy w hic h almost invariably go toget h er wh ere Jews are concerned This cert ainly applies to bankers like Solomon Heine ,
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t he Ro t hschilds (J acobs) and t he Pereiros ( Kah n ) as well as to Baron d e Hirsc h (Straus) an d J acob H Sc hi ff (J acobs) A l l t hese gained their weal t h b y finance Morit z von Fischer (Wise) was a porcelain manufacturer ; I srael Honig (Templer) was a tobac c o d ealer ; and Wissot ski (Lubarsky) d eal t in tea J ud a h Touro (Hu hner) Sir Moses Montefiore (D avis) an d F D Moc e tta (Lipkin d ) are the great names in A ngl o Sax on J ewis h philanthropy TH E J E WI SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA is so f ar impartial th a t not only does it give account of Jews d istinguis h ed for t h eir merits but it occasionally notices t h o s e notorious for t he absence of merit T hus the t hre e chief fi gures in the P anama scan d al Baron Reinac h J co b s Cornelius Her z D un b ar an d Leopold A rton a ( ) ( ) Rosenthal are d uly pil l ori d in their alp h abetic l e a ( ) places Yet with every d esire to be perfectl y impar tial in this regard t h e number of items of t his k in d is ex ceed ingl y small ,
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Anti- Sem ite s
It
cert ainly of importance to treat in the EN C Y CL O PE D IA t h e c h ief anti Semites since this is a work o f reference an d Jews are perhaps t h e most likely peo ple to want to know anything about an anti Semite Men like E Dru m on t (Fried enberg) A StOcker an d Count Pl iicker as wel l as t he properly named Luege r burgom as ter of Vienna will be foun d pilloried h ere as will al so the latest anti Semitic t h eorist Houston Chamberl ain (Jacobs) O ccasionally Jews are t h em selves anti Semites an d t his was especial l y t he cas e in later times Besi d es that of Pfe fferkom (Hane man) t he EN C Y C L OPEDIA contains t h e names of Brim an w as
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O f these the one that professes to trace furthest bac k is that of t he Mel dol as (Meld ol a) the full est is Roths chi ld (Jaco b s) the one that can trace b ack with the most authenticity is that of the Schi ff s (Jaco b s) while the most titled one is that of Lousad a (Gut t enst ein ) which contains d ukes marquises and princes Closely connected with ped igrees is the heral dic d e vice oi Coats of A rms (Jaco b s Gu t t e nst e in) one of the most elab orate articles of TH E JE W I SH E N CY CL O PEDIA where for the first time the arms granted by European herald s to persons of Jewish b irth have b een b rought together making a remarkab le show From this l ist and fro m other artic l es in the ENC Y CL OPEDIA it is possi bl e to d raw up the fo ll owing list of Jewish persons having hered itary titles : ,
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Av i do r , Fran ce Bir c H irs ch fe ld , v , Ge rm any Bis ch o ff sh e im , Belg iu m Bl e ich ro ede r P ru ss ia Bos ch au , W v , Vien n a , 1 8 90 ’ Cah en d An v e rs , It aly ; Fran ce Cam on do , I t aly Dis rae l i, E n g lan d D oczy , Lu dw ig v o n , Hu n g a ry D o rm it z e r , A u s t Bo h e m ia E fru ss i, R u ss ia E ich t h al (A S Se l igm an ), Fran ce E rl an g e r , Bav a ria E s k el es , R u ss ia Faudell Ph ill i s , E ng l an d p Fra n kl , Au st ri a Ge l de m , Au s t r ia Goldb e rg e r , de Bu da (Al t o fen ), -
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Go l ds m id , E ng l and Gu n z b u rg , R u ss ia Gradis , Fran ce He ine , France H irs ch , Au s t ria
Hol isch , Ba ron
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Lew is , E ng l an d Lo u s ada , S pa in I. o n , v on , Au s t r ia au t n e r , v Ma rt h an d v Ku ff n e r , Au s t ria May , J u l iu s , Au s t ria M en as ce , E gy p t M on t ag u , E ng lan d Mon t e fio re , E ng lan d Mo rp u rg o , It aly Oppen h e im , Ge rm an y Opp en h e im e r , Baron Au s t ria Ott o l engh i, I t aly Pe re iro, Fran ce Pe re ira Ar ns t e in , Ba ron , Au s t ria Ph ill ips , E ng l an d P irb r igh t , E ng l an d Po llak v Bo rk en fel d , Au st r ia Poll ak v Go m p e rz , Au s t ria Po ll ak v Kl im b e rg , Au s t r ia Poll ak v R u din , Au s t ria Po ppe r , Ba ro n , Hu n ga Po rg es , v Po rt j e im , Bo e m ia R e in a ch , Baron , Ge rm any .
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M I S CE LL AN E O US j U D AI CA R it t , v Go m pe rz , Au st ria Sonn en fe ld, Alo is , v , Hu nga ry R o cca , Prin cess a de l a , It aly St e rn , Po rt u u ese R ose n , v , R u ss ia Tedesco , It a y R osen t h al , Ba ro n v , Ho llan d Tre ves , It al y R o t h s ch ild , Au st ria ; E ng land Vit al e de Tivol i, It aly S alo m o n s , E ng lan d Wan dsw o rt h , E ngland Sam u e l , E ngland We rt h e im e r Au st ria Sas so o n , E ng lan d Wo rm s , Baro n , G , v , Au st ria S ch ossb e rg e r, de To m y a , Hu ng ary .
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For a time a Jewess Al ice d e Rothschi ld sat upon a throne of E urope that of Monaco the ru l er of which principal ity she married after the d eath of her first hus b an d the D uke d e Richelieu She h as recentl y b een d ivorced from the prince ,
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JUD AICA
A consi derabl e numb er of the artic l es in TH E JE W I SH EN C Y C L OPEDIA refuse t o b e pushed into very definite pigeon holes These in certain respects form the most instructive an d sometimes the most amusing contained in its pages P h rases current in Jewish l ife l ike Asusa h e b i c Koh l er use after a sneeze N D eutsch for d ( ( ) ; ) al as ; Az u z P anim ( Koh l er) an d Hu z pah (Deutsch ) for an impu d ent fe l low ; Tal m id Hah e m (Broydé ) an d Lamd an (D eutsch) for a l earned man ; an d Ba hur Ginz b erg for a stu d ious youth are d uly exp l aine d in ) ( t heir al phab etical p l ace The various uses of Ba al Koh l er the mysterious c l aims of the Ba a l Shem d n a ( ) Gin zb erg or won d er worker are given as are also ) ( the functions of the Bad han (Bu el ow) or professional j ester and the Shad chan (Wiernik) or professional marriage b roker The A pi koros (D eutsch) or heretic ; the M oser (Kayserl ing) or informer ; t he Sc hnorrer -
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E isenstein or beggar an d the Schlem i hl J acobs ; ) ( ( ) — or unl ucky one all these have separate articles The word Jew h as a history an d a very curious one (J acobs) an d this as well as the use of Ab u (Ginzberg) an d Ib n l i h s n in A rabic Jewish names is e x p l aine d S o e s e r c ( g ) E ven a custom l ike Swaying the Body (Eisenstein ) in prayer or study has an artic l e d evoted to it whi l e it has b een found neces sary to d evote one to the question of a Meri d ian D ate (Eisenstein) for J ews can scarcel y b e expected to regard Greenwich as a sacred city Jews have had to do with pseudo sciences like Al chemy (Gaster) and A strology ( Bl au); in t he former ” case the familiar Bain Marie turns out to be name d after a Jewess The J ewish view of O ld Age (P h i l ip son) is given as well as the Jewish division o f t he A ges “ of Man (Kohut) which curiously anticipates A s Yo u Like I t A fad like A ngl o I sraelism (J aco b s) may b e regarded as part of the general myth of the Lo s t Ten Tri b es (J acobs) E choes of the legend linge r ab ou t the Coronation Chair (Jacob s) The associations o f Freemasonry (J acobs) with Jud aism are not negl ected in the EN C Y C L OPEDIA ; an d the trad ition that there are thirty si x saints always l iving in the world is explain ed in the article Lamed Waw (Wal d stein) The practises an d prohibitions with regard to S having (Eisenstein ) an d the wearing of the Beard (Gin z berg) are also given as wel l as t h e connection of t h e Jews with Gambling The (Greenstone) and Vegetarianism (Eisenstein) myt h of t h e Wandering Jew (Jacobs) receives du e notice ; and even a list of occasions w hen t h at gen T he Jewish t l e m an made his appearance is given practise and divergent views wit h regard to Kissn i Jaco b s discu sed an d information is g iven a b out s s ) ( ; ,
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Ib n Munabb ih (Sel igsoh n) The curious career o f Ward er Cresson (Friede nw al d) the A merican convert to Jud aism may b e parall el e d b y that of Peter Spaeth B é ro the Germ n one There is a whole series o f d a ( y ) Pseu d o Messiahs (Fried mann) among whom perhaps might b e c l asse d Richard Brothers (J acob s) wh o claime d to b e the nephew of the Al mighty The l egends w h ich c l ing roun d the name of Jud ah Loeb Ben Be z al el (Grun wald ) are easi l y associated with the Golem (Eisenstein ) or artificial homuncu l us kept alive b y magic A E uropean war was nearly b rought ab out b y the case of D on Pacifico (Jaco b s) while the greatest d ealer in antiquities in mod ern times was the Jew Friedric h Spitzer (Got t h e il ) Berechiah the Russian hero (R o senthal ) may possi bl y compensate for Blin d C ohen k W i e r n i who attempte d to assassinate Bismarc k ( ) O ne wou ld scarcel y expect to find a J ewish man d arin ; b ut he existed an d his name was Chao Yng C heng Jaco b s There are a l so a Beni I srael sol d ier name d ( ) E l l oj i Shahir (Hyams) an d a great French phil an t h ro pist named Coral ie Cahen (Wei ll ) The Busn ash fam il y of A lgeria (Broy dé ) p l ay a mi l e curious ly analogous t o that of Bethe l St rousb erg (Lipkind ) in Germany Ad venturers of d i fferent types are Al fred Mels (Mels); Shapira (Jacob s) who forged a ne w version of D euter o n o m y ; Julius Mires ( Kahn) who d ie d in the odor o f riches ; an d Samuel Lewis (Mel s) an English money l en d er who left mi ll ions to charity O ther quaint fig ures are represented b y Joseph Jaco b s (Lipkin d ) the wizard ; Naphtali Herz I mb er (Jaco b s) the national poet of mo d ern Zioni sm ; an d Borach Levi (Jacob s ) who attempted to get a d ivorce b y b e coming converted .
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1 16
Th e A l t n e us ch u l e
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( Fro m a ph otog raph ) .
1 17
G UIDE TO j E WI S H E N C YCLOP E D IA ILLUSTRATIONS
I n the eluci d ation of the past an d the present mod ern scholarship is not confined to written records I t tends to make as muc h use of the material remains of antiquity as of its literary pro d uctions T h is ten d ency h as b een fu ll y recognize d in TH E JE W I SH E N CYCL O PEDIA whic h has b rought together an al most complete collection of il l ustrations of Jewish life an d ceremonial To say that this collection surpasses its predecessors woul d b e mislead ing ; for it practical ly has none ex cept in t he region of portraiture For the first time the material remains of I srael s past have b een il l us t rat ed wit h as muc h fullness as its literature or its history Few of these illustrations b ear directly upon the Bi b le The actual remains of Bi b lical antiquity are ex cessively few an d the i ll ustrations of the Bi bl e dic t ion aries are main l y taken from A ssyria or E gypt W h ile these contemporary sources of i ll ustrations have not b een negl ecte d in the ENC Y CL O PEDIA as in the artic l es Music Chariot Shiel d an d A rcher suc h i ll us t rat ions have as a ru l e b een confined to cases where there was direct connection with Bi bl ical antiquity For instance the e l ab orate i ll ustration of Brick making accompanying the article Brick taken from the ) ( Egyptian monuments h as an ob vious b earing on the Ex o d us The portrayal of the siege Of Lac h ish not only i ll u strates the ancient metho d Of b esieging b ut al so gives the first h istoric picture of I srael ites in e xist ence A gain there is l ittl e d oub t that the w inged fig ures of the A ssyrian monuments affecte d the Heb rew imagination with regard to the Cherub im The actual .
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Besi d es houses of Cel eb rated J ews of the past li ke those of A aron of Lincol n Samuel Ha Levi (see Toledo ) Basse v i an d Meisel (see P rague) there are whol e series of representations of the med ieval ghetti Thus those of Frankfort Nik ol sberg P rague an d Ro me are given as we l l as p l ans of those of Lincoln Can Bordeaux an d Venice Histori c terb ury Val encia sc enes occur rather more rarel y The procession of Jews meeting P ope Arthur V at Constance another procession at Frankfort on the Main and t he Fett mi l ch Riots al most exhaust the list I solated l ocal itie s like the Jews House at Lincol n Clifi ord s Tower a t York an d the Go lde n Tower of Sevi ll e may also serve to b ring b ack striking events of the past I n the c as e of Spain i ll us trations of streets associate d with the Jews as at Cord ova Sevi ll e and To l e d o are given ,
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I n d e ed l H E JE W I SH ENC Y CL O PEDIA contains quite a Jewish at l as of all the chief countries in whic h Jews have exi ste d P articul ar attention has b een given t o the phy sic al fe ature s of t h e Ho l y Lan d and the EN C Y C L O P E D I A cont ains practicall y a Bi bl e at l as giving the l ay of t h e l an d as we ll as its hi storical association s Un d e r P al estine a who l e seri e s of hi storical maps is give n showing the d ivi sion of the l and from the time t h e E gyptians b ecame aw are of its existen ce d o w n to the Crusad es There are al so other maps s howin g the chief centers of Jewish resid ence an d even of con t ine n t s l ike A sia A frica and E urope ; in the l atter c ase the re l ative den sity of t h e J e w i sh population is indi cat e d b y a d i ff erence in sh ad ing There is even a map of the world showing t he main centers of Jewis h popul a ‘
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tion (see Statistics) Besi d es these there are maps of Engl an d an d France showing the p l aces where t h e Jews d wel t b efore their expulsion from those countries ; an d of Spain and P ortugal Hungary and Turkey For Rus sia there are several map s inc l ud ing one of Lithuania ; another un d er Ch az ars showing the spread Of that remarkab le kingd om in the tenth century ; a further one i l lustrating the Cossacks uprising in the seven t ee nt h century ; and fin all y one giving the P ale of Sett l ement and the rel ative percentage of the Jewish popul ation in the d i fferent governments There are maps of Lon d on an d New York showing the position in those cities of b ui ldings of J e wish interest and an el ab orate one of the United States showing the d is persal of the Jews throughout that country at di ff er ent stages of the immigration Besi des mere p l ans of town s an d Jewish quarters the ENC Y CL O PEDIA contains a whole series of pictures of the more important centers of Jewish popul ation of the world as A msterd am Jerusal em Lon d on New York P aris P rague Rome Toled o Venice Vienna an d Worms Mo dern h istory is chiefly represent e d b y the in stitutions which Jewish phi l anthropy d evotes to t h e improvement of Jewish con ditions Besi d es the i ll ustrations of such in st it u tions accompanying the artic l es on larger Jewish cities several institutions have i ll ustrations of their own ; 6 g the All iance I srae l ite Universe ll e the A gricu l tural Co l onies the Jewish Colonial Trust an d t he National Farm Sc hoo l of D oylestown P a .
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Num ism atics
Coins and Medals are nowad ays ac k nowled ged to be the h an d mai d s o f history Many a historical crux is .
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solved b y the date of a coin or a medal C onsider abl e attention has accordingly b een paid to these i n TH E J E WI SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA ; and b esides t he general ar ti cles Numismatics and Medals b ot h of t hem profuse l y illustrated almost all t he coins of t he Herods are de e d i c in t h eir respective b io g rap h ies Medals t a re p given also under Hungary P oland and el sew here c see Furt her a list of modern ( g Basel Con gress) medals struc k to commemorate specifically J ewish events is given under t he caption Medals C oins are occasional ly used to illustrate ot her arc heologi c al t op ics li ke Harp Helmet an d L ulab .
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Sacred E difi ces
I t is of course aroun d the remains of ancient syna that Jewis h associations c l ing most c l osely o u es g g Besides representations of ancient Galilean synago gues li k e those of Kefr Bir im (see Synagogue) and ot hers the EN C Y CL OPEDIA gives the exterior of E l Transi to t he great To l edo synagogue and detai l s of its interi or as we ll as that of St Maria La Blanca (see Spain) In F rance the ancient synagogues of Met z and Carpentras are represented ; as we l l as the Rashi C h apel at Worms The synagogues of P rague an d Worms are perhaps t h e most ancient in ex istence w hile there are re cords o f early German synagogues as t hose of E rfurt and Ratis b on O f more mod ern synagogues the E N CYCLO PEDIA h as more than 1 00 examples a list o f whic h is given in vol xi p 640 The most noteworthy o f t hese are perhaps at Florence Nuremberg O dessa, Paris Rome Stras b ur g and Venice ,
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Cochin Mayence Niko l sburg Prague Tunis and Worms as wel l as the ol d Jewish cemeteries at London Newport R I New York an d A msterd am The ,
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sh apes o f the tomb stones (xii 1 94 195) have also attracted attention a l ist of them being given un d er that caption The curious d evel opment of t he tom b stone from the sarcophagus to the headstone can be traced by means of t hese i ll ustrations —
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Cerem onial
Paraph ernalia
But it is upon the h ome ceremonial t h at the fu ll est stress h as b een laid in the pictorial i l lustration of J ewis h li fe The c hief i ll ustrations of t his h ave hitherto bee n in series Of pictures pub lished in th e eighteenth century b y Christian O b servers of Jewish life li ke Leusden Picart and Bodenschat z and nearl y every one of their illustrations which in t h e case of the fir st and l ast named are ex tremely rare have b een reprod uced in t he EN C Y C L OPEDIA These range from Chi l db irth R edemption o f the First b orn Circumcision Betrothal and Marriage down to D eath Funeral Burial and Mourning Besides this indivi dual side of J ewish ceremonial l ife t he l iturgical or pub lic service lend s itself to re production in bl ack and white Scenes from t he Nint h of Ab t h e D ay of A tonement Hanukkah New Year P as sover and Purim as we l l as t he Sed er service and t he home banquet at Tab ernacles are d uly por Colored inset plates give a vivid life to the t ray e d ceremonies of Marriage an d of Tashlik t h e ceremony by which ultra O rtho d ox Jews cast their sins into the water on t h e second d ay of the New Year T he para l i n o f home ceremo ial numerou an d very h r n r e e a a a s p often artistically b eautiful ; for ex amp l e the Lamp which celebrates the b eginning of Sabb at h and t he Habd alah b ox w hich is used in its concluding cere monial P articular attention has b een paid to t he s o urces of light in the Jewish lamp Under the tit l e C andlestic k Golden are given a considerabl e number of t he earl iest il l ustrations of the can dl estic k of the Temp l e Under the titl e Lamp Sabbat h is a repre .
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scu tation of the seven b ranc hed candlestick used o n Fri d ay night to usher in the Sab b ath Under Han u k kah is represented the nine branched cand l estic k us ed at the feas t he l d in commemoration of the recovery o f t he Temple b y th e Maccab e ans The Me z u z ah fix ed upon the door post an d the Mi z rah placed on t h e eastern wal l are al so represente d -
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Costu m es
O f personal o b jects the P hylactery th e phylactery b ag Fringes an d the A rb a Kanfo t alread y refer red to are the chief ones represente d The last items may lead on to costumes of which the ENC Y C L OPEDIA p re sents a ric h assortment Of specimens Besides t h e large num b er given in the article itse lf ot her ex amples are scattered through the volumes Besi d es t hese illustrations of costume t he artic l e Bad ge gives specimens of the mark of separ ation which isol ated Jews from their neighb ors t h roughout t he m id dl e ages whi l e the article Head d ress gives the di fferent forms of head covering whic h Jews were obl iged to use to d istinguish them from men of other creeds The curious shape of the Jewis h Betrothal rings d eser ves mention here From costumes to the men who wear them is but a short step and many of the figures which i l lustrate costume may also b e taken to represent t he varyin g types of Jewd om This would certainly app l y to t h e Jews of the Caucasus the Beni I srael the Coc h in Jews an d those of Sal onica Turke y Tun is and Yemen A sti l l furt her attempt to give the Jewishness of Hebrew faces is made under the artic l e Types where composit e pictures are given of Jewish l ad s in London and New ,
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York w hose portraits have been superimposed on t h e same photographic p l ate so that the poin ts in whi c h they di ffer disappear and t hose which they h ave in common stand out as typical The pictur es o f t h e Samaritans and F a l ashas may a l so be regarded as of anthropolo gi cal interest ,
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Por traits
From types to individuals is a muc h greater ste p and l ead s one to the portraits in the ENC Y CLOPEDIA ” “ O f t h ese a list is given un d er P ortraits In the list o f illustrations at the beginning of each volume In all they number 333 of which 68 are those o f persons liv ing at the time their b iographies were written for t h e ENC Y CL OPEDIA The fol l owing list of the latter may b e o f in terest as s howing the m en who for vario us reasons stan d out most prominently among the J ews of the d ay (an asterisk d enotes that the person h as died during the pu b lication of the ENC Y CL OPEDIA ) A b m w it h S J J w i h Ch l D ni l R i O i n th C tz fit ; t ; A dl H m n C hi f bbi f C w F d i Hy m n E ng li h t h B it i h E m i mp ; Al n n It li n hi D b g J ph F n h O f lit t i t l t; t ; lpt A t k l ki M k R H b i t; i E z ki l J p h I di F d l P h il lip S i G g L d A l i G I I t li p h il l g i t ; A kn i I L i h R i M y fL d ; F l th l B h d G m n p i t At El i A i t id F h bbi; Am i bbi d th ; B h W il h l m H g i h l ; K l Em il A t i n n F m B y L dw ig G m t tl ; ; B l D id Am i d m F S mi n G R i n p t; Ful ti t L dwig G m th ; l B dik t M iz A t i G n zb g A h R i n h l ; G l d f d A b h m Y dd i h p t ; g t; B li Ab h m G m n h i t G l d m k K l H ng V lin t; ; Bl m t h l O k G m p l y G l d ih I g n z H g i n O i w i h t; t li t; B G g D i h it i G mp S m l Am i n l b h p h il l g i t l d ; B e l Mi h l F B ll Ig z A t i Giid m mp M it z A t i n bbi ; B b Sl m G li i h l ; G u zb g B H R i C n t M it z G m n m t h m th p h il pi t ; H l e y J p h F n h O i nt li t ; .
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I t s hould perh aps be pointed out in this connection that t wo or t hree of the portraits are only trad itional an d have little or no claims to authenticity : they are those of Alfasi Moses Ben Maimon an d I saac Ab ra vanel P articular attention may be d irected to the series of portraits by the great painter Rem b ran d t in vol x These are the earliest representations of the Jewis h face and as their accuracy is und oub ted from their resemb lance to types of t he present day they are of interest from an anthropological as well as from a pictorial point of view The frontispiece of the eleventh vo l ume is perh aps one of t he most interesting il l ustrations of the ENC Y C L O PE DIA inas muc h as it contains a hithert o un p ub l ish ed port rait of t he great philosopher Spino z a found in A merica and the authentic ity of which is undoub ted I t was presented by some Jewish tenants of C ardina l “ ” d e Rohan o f Diamond Neck l ace celebrity after his
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arc h iepiscopal palace at Saverne h ad been burned down and w as originally painted by Wal lerant Vail lant in 1 672 (or probably whi l e wit h the Elector P alatine who h ad invited Spin o z a to fill t he c h air of p hilosop hy at Heidelberg P ortraits h ave also been given o f t hose G entile scholars wh o h ave devoted most o f t heir lives t o J ewis h learning as t he Bux t orfs J C Wol f Bart ol occi and even the rat her anti Semitic ,
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A sad series of pictures reproduce t he persecution of the J ews under the I nquisition and A utos D a Fé and to these may be added Host Desecration ,
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Book s
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M anu scripts
TH E
J E WI SH ENC Y CL OPEDIA h as two main sides : ( 1 ) that relating to J ewis h men and women and (2) t h at relating to Jewish books Al most as muc h care h as been taken in the illustration d epartment o f the EN C Y CL O PE D I A of its latter aspect as of its former Of t he very found ation of J ewish literature the Alp h abet perhaps the largest extant collection of ex amples h as been mad e un d er that title Books are in the fir st place mad e out of Manuscripts ; and here again under that heading a liberal numb er o f specimens is given O ther examples occur un d er the headings : A b aba h Rab b ah ; A quila (P alimpsest) D ecalogue t he earliest manuscript of which containing c urious variatio ns from the Masoretic text d ates from the second century ; Geni z ah t he source of so m any important manuscripts ; Ma hz or ; Moses Ben Maimon holograph draft of t h e ” ” “ Moreh Neb u kim or The Guide of the P erplex ed ; and Sirach manuscript fragments of the recently dis covered Hebrew text of E cclesiasticus Certain man u ,
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a pedigree of the d i fferent forms of Hebrew type fro m its first appearance in I taly and Spain in the fiftee nth century By a fortunate chance the appearan ce o f the ENC Y CL OPEDIA coincided with the collection of one of the most comp l ete sets of Hebraica in t h e world the Sul zberger col l ection now in the J ewish T h eo l ogical Seminary of New York A s a rule the ENC Y CLOPEDIA h as avoided ma ki ng use of anything fanciful or imaginative in elucidating its topics ; but it was thought right to reco gni z e the rise of a specifically J ewish art of recent years ; and a few specimens of the pro d ucts of J ewis h artists h ave been given as for instance the sculptures of A ntokol ski the well known Jeremiah of Bendem ann t h e ” Chess P layers of Kaufman n and Horowit z s Ninth of Ab Connected with these are the spec ifical ly Jewish book p l ates of Lilien The i ll ustrations of a misce l laneous k ind are perh aps the most interesting in the EN C Y C L OPEDIA The pic — ture one cannot call it a portrait of Susskind of Trimb erg the Jewish minnesinger is one o f the earlies t extant portrayals of a Jew whi l e that given under A aron Son of the D evil is perhaps the earliest carica ” “ ture The Rothschi ld Stammhaus is historic in many senses ; an d the found ation stone of the proposed city of A rarat is the sole record of one of t h e earliest attempts at Zionism The portrait of Lord G eorge Gordon after his conversion to J ud aism can only b e regard ed as a curiosity O ne of the most el ab orate l y illustrated art icles in the ENC Y CL O PEDIA is that d evoted to Coat of Arms in which twenty nine armorial b earings are given The frontispiece of vo l ume iv al so cons is ts of nin e .
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I LL US TR A TION S
coats of arms reproduce d in colors A few others are scattere d through the vol umes as , for instan ce un d er Abravanel Jaffe an d Lewis A whol e list o f Jewish nob ility is dr awn up in this manual of Jewish heral dry .
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To b iyyah ,
The preparation of Maz z ot or P assover cakes is paral l eled by t he large plate illustrating P urim cere monies (x 280 and this again b y the Se der ceremonies of 1 550 The practise of Shehitah would perhaps go si d e b y si d e with the representation of the .
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ceremony of Kapparah of 1 530 A whole series o f il l ustrations has been taken from the Sarajevo Hagg a d ah to illustrate the l ives of the patriarchs (see A br a ham and Moses) Final l y a few illustrations of Games i nclu d in g a f ll pa g e o f chess players P urim Pl ays u ( ) and A mulets are given to illustrate the li ghter si de o f Jewish l i fe T hus the illustrations of TH E J E WI S H EN C Y C L O PEDIA t hrow li ght upon J ewish archeology historical sites maps and plan s coins an d me d al s portraits and cari cat ure s o f J ewish celebrities J ewish ceremonial s syna e s u and cemeteries manuscripts and boo k a n d o s g g anthropological types .
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STATISTICS OF INTERE ST
I n the pro d uction of TH E JE WI S H ENC Y CL OPEDIA no l ess than general articles were written which treate d more than sub sidiary subj ects To d o this ab out word s were penned of wh ich were foun d acceptable and approved To furnish this vast amount of matter about separate works were consulted exclud ing the Bi bl ical Talmudic an d A pocrypha] b ooks and their subdiv i s ions The rate at which the volumes were prod uce d w as nearl y four vo l umes a year eleven volumes having b een iss ue d b etween Feb 1 902 and Dec 29 1 905 E ach vo l ume exceed s 700 pages in b ul k so that pages of type were se t ; and these were read in galley proof page proof and p l ate proof for corrections by more than fifty p ersons The composition of the EN C Y CL OPEDIA was done by typesetting machines whose operators p l ayed as many as ems per d ay quite a not abl e feat when t h e ,
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CONCLUSION
I t may fairly be claimed for TH E J E WI SH E N CYCLO PEDIA that it is the greatest work o f co nstru ctiv e scholarship not dealing with purely A merican sub ject s that has hitherto been pro d uced in A merica A mon g cyclo ped ias its chief competitors are McClint ock “ Strong s Cyclope dia of Bib l ical Theological and E c which occupie d twenty yea cl e siastical Literat ure rs ( “ ” in the making) an d The A merican E ncycloped ia each of which had pre d ecessors in its particular field TH E JE W I SH EN C Y C L O PEDIA had no such prede ce ssors was compiled in five years an d it is in t h e strict sense of the word original from A to Z A t t h e same time it must b e al l owed that only in A meric a could such a work have b een produced O nly in t h at country was there a Jewish population sufficiently — l arge an d well to d o to promise a favorable field for such an un d ertaking an d on l y there could a reception without prej ud ice b e expecte d for a work deal in g entirel y with Jewi sh matters I t seems pecu l iarly appropriate that a Chri stian firm should be t he means b y which thi s great reparation shoul d be mad e f or the i ll s d on e b y many so cal led Christians of the pas t to the happiness an d fair fame of I srael Great care has b een taken to presen t Bi bl e sub j ects o b jectively an d in such as there is a d iversity of opinion representa t iv es of the d i ffere n t schoo l s of thought were en g ag ed to contri b ute artic l es presenti n g these opinions A ll ad vocacy and special p l ead ing were exc l ud ed from t h e work which h as b een d ec l ared b y comp etent authority free from co l or or b ias I t is o b vious from the foregoing account that TH E .
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1 36
CON CL U S I ON
J E W I SH
EN C YC L OPEDIA is a l ittl e world in itself dealing with t he history of a people which h as touc hed t he great world in almost al l its aspects The great value of the ENC Y CL OPEDIA consists in diSpl aying this inter action of the small world of J ewry and t he world at large The section o f Biography in this intro d uction gives in main outline the large contributions by J ews to t he world s thought ; and comp l eter study of the EN CYC L OPEDIA will only serve to deepen the impres sion A nother aspect o f the work whic h cannot fail to h ave a wide spread influence is its systematic exp l anation of the indebtedness of Chr istianity to Judaism TH E JE WI SH ENC Y C L OPEDIA as h as been shown traces the main tenets o f b oth C hris tianity and I s l am to J ewish doctrines and t h us proves that J udaism is at the base of all mo d ern civili z a tion Th e historic si d e o f t he EN CY CL OPEDIA may also be expected to work toward a revolution of the world s attitud e with regard to the J ews The annal s of I srael are one long series of persecutions and these when b rough t before the world in the pages of the EN C Y C LO P E D I A ought to arouse a sense o f sh ame and in d ignation among the descendants of t h ose wh o were responsi bl e for suc h crimes A mong J ews t he eff ect of t hes e narratives will be twofo ld : while proud of the martyrs blood they will feel d rawn closer to those s till su ff ering from persecution I n te ll ing the story of t hese persecutions the aim has been to state nothing b ut the bare historic facts without comment and that the eff ort h as been successful is atteste d by the nu m erou s critical reviews that have appeared in b oth secu l ar and clerical press The key note of these reviews ,
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G UI DE
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is the absolute impart iality of TH E J E WI SH E N CYCL O PEDIA in its treatment of all matters o f thi s kind T he full account of Jewis h ceremonial and t h e i ll u s t r at ions of Jewish sacred objects h armoni z es wit h the general movement of the worl d toward a more ritu al ist ic aspect of religion I t has bee n found that form s an d ceremonies are b y no means so idle as ration ali s ts regard them ; an d in the revival of Jewish ceremoni al ism THE J E WI SH EN CYC L OPEDIA will have its part There so full an account is given o f all the ceremoni es and customs that even those who are remote from rab bi or other authority can fin d the Law laid down for t hem in the volumes O n the other h an d those who h ave memories o f the past though they no longer o b serve the ceremonies wi l l have them tenderly re partic ularly v iv ed by the accoun ts and il l ustrations the musical ones which are given in t he work T h e i ll ustrations of the EN C Y C L OPEDIA are likely to prove one of its most popular features Nothing appeals to the youthful min d so much as visible presentation ; and in this way it may b e anticipated that interes t wil l be aroused among growing chi l dren in al l Si des o f Jewish l ife an d thought Ab ove al l TH E JE WI SH EN C Y CL OPED I A will eff ect its — chief work in the form in which it was d esigned as a work of reference both within an d without t he ran k s of I srael I gnorance is the mother o f prej ud ice an d persecution ; an d it is b y the removal of i gnorance t h at prej udice can b est be softened and removed Suc h a process though necessari l y slow and cumulative is none the less effectual Hitherto there h as been no source to which reference could b e made by well m e aning Genti l es who wi shed to know somet h ing of .
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IN D E X
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