exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and ... lacrimal text and hence enhances the rapid transfer of knowledge and skills .... Joseph Brunworth Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery ,.
The Lacrimal System
Adam J. Cohen • Michael Mercandetti Brian Brazzo Editors
The Lacrimal System Diagnosis, Management, and Surgery Second Edition
Editors Adam J. Cohen Eyelid and Facial Plastic Surgery Private Practice Glenview, IL, USA
Michael Mercandetti Opthalmic Consltants Sarasota, FL, USA
Assistant Professor Section Director of Oculoplastic and Reconstructive Surgery Rush University Medical Center
Department of Ophthalmology Chicago, IL, USA Brian Brazzo Weill Medical College of Cornell Department of Ophthalmology New York, NY, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-10331-0 ISBN 978-3-319-10332-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-10332-7 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014952458 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2006, 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
The future belongs to the unreasonable ones, the ones who look forward not backward, who are certain only of uncertainty, and who have the ability and the confidence to think completely differently. —George Bernard Shaw
The historical course and evolution of lacrimal disorders and their management amply exemplify the above stated quote of Nobel laureate Bernard Shaw. From times immemorial, lacrimal disorders have continued to intrigue clinicians and pose significant challenges. Tough problems have fortunately met tougher, wise men at appropriate times and science continued to evolve at a rapid pace. The amazing progress, notably that of dacryocystorhinostomy, is paralleled by few surgical procedures in medicine. The present era of lacrimal practice is both exciting and at the same time challenging. The state-of-art equipments including high definition endoscopic systems, diagnostic and therapeutic dacryoendoscopy, and higher resolution yet safer imaging are increasingly contributing towards our understanding of the disorders as well as developing minimally invasive surgical options. The armamentarium of a lacrimal surgeon today is better equipped than at any other time and this very fact brings in more responsibility on us than at any other time, to take this forward in every possible way into the future! It is in these contexts that the current textbook on lacrimal surgeries edited by Drs. Cohen, Mercandetti, and Brazzo plays a crucial role. It is a well-known fact that it takes an average of 5 years before an innovation or surgical advances are published in textbooks. This time span is precisely narrowed by the current lacrimal text and hence enhances the rapid transfer of knowledge and skills to clinical practice. This text spans over 200 pages with 21 chapters and more than 100 illustrations bringing together a combined experience and expertise of more than 30 renowned surgeons. Each chapter has well-established clinical relevance and hence carries a high value for clinical practice. I am honored to write the foreword for the new edition of this wellestablished textbook. The editors, with whom I am well acquainted are established lacrimal surgeons gifted with unique innovative skills and lacrimal insights. This text would surely find itself on the shelves of Ophthalmologists and Oculoplastic surgeons, who strive to maintain the relevance of their clinical practice with the current times. Hyderabad, India
Mohammad Javed Ali Dacryology Service L.V. Prasad Eye Institute v
Preface
The first edition of The Lacrimal System: Diagnosis, Management and Surgery was published less than a decade ago; however, this textbook has evolved to reflect the continuing advances in the field of tearing and lacrimal disorders and to meet the growing information base required by residents, fellows, and practitioners alike. The second edition of this book has been both reworked to include new authors from around the world, as well as revised to make the most of the vital information available. In shaping and revising this new version, we have committed ourselves to making the textbook as useful as possible to physicians coping with the demands of patients whose diagnosis is often not straightforward. Mastering surgery of the lacrimal system involves techniques that can be challenging and sometimes hard to predict results. This edition has a format that facilitates quick reference and allows the inclusion of more high-quality illustrations and photographs than in the first book. While information on understanding of biology and physiology of the lacrimal system is necessary, this edition focuses more directly and extensively than ever on crucial aspects of appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Areas of emphasis include minimally invasive procedures, traditional techniques as well as etiologies of lacrimal disorders. Virtually every chapter in this edition has been substantially rewritten, and the chapters are either entirely new or have new authors. We are proud of the leaders in the field who have contributed to this edition. These are only highlights of the changes that we hope will make the second edition a comprehensive yet concise, and balanced distillation of the best information on which to base clinical decisions. Chicago, IL, USA
Adam J. Cohen, MD
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Contents
1
Anatomy of the Lacrimal System ................................................ Cat N. Burkat and Leslie A. Wei
1
2
Nasal Anatomy and Evaluation ................................................... Humbert Massegur-Solench, Jacinto García-Lorenzo, and Juan Ramon Gras-Cabrerizo
15
3
Gender and Racial Variations of the Nasolacrimal System ............................................................................................ Roberta E. Gausas, Usiwoma Abugo, and Susan R. Carter
29
4
Congenital Etiologies of Lacrimal System Obstructions........... Maryam Nazemzadeh, William R. Katowitz, and James A. Katowitz
35
5
Acquired Etiologies of Lacrimal System Obstructions ............. Daniel P. Schaefer
43
6
Tear Pump Function and Dysfunction ........................................ Michael Mercandetti, Adam J. Cohen, and Brian Brazzo
69
7
Clinical Evaluation and Imaging of Lacrimal Drainage Obstruction ................................................................... Jonathan J. Dutton
75
8
Primary External Dacryocystorhinostomy ................................. Richard H. Hart, Matthew J. Allen, and Geoffrey E. Rose
95
9
Radiofrequency Dacryocystorhinostomy .................................... 109 Reynaldo M. Javate and Ferdinand G. Pamintuan
10
Primary Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy.............................. 119 Francois Codere and David W. Rossman
11
Powered Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy ............................ 127 Joseph Brunworth and Peter John Wormald
12
Laser-Assisted Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy ................... 135 Sangeeta Kapur Maini, Vamsidhar Vallamkondu, and Bhaskar Ram
13
Transcanalicular Dacryocystorhinostomy .................................. 141 Hans-Werner Meyer-Rüsenberg and Karl-Heinz Emmerich ix
Contents
x
14
Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy............................................ 151 Eric A. Steele and Roger A. Dailey
15
Endoscopic Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy ....................... 155 Geoffrey J. Gladstone and Brian G. Brazzo
16
Minimally Invasive Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy .......... 163 Altug Cetinkaya and Martín H. Devoto
17
Minimally Invasive Lacrimal Surgeries: Balloon Dacryoplasty .................................................................... 171 Mohammad Javed Ali
18
Revision Dacryocystorhinostomy ................................................ 181 Suk-Woo Yang and Ji-Sun Paik
19
Lacrimal Trauma .......................................................................... 187 Balaji Perumal and Dale R. Meyer
20
Application of Antimetabolites in Lacrimal Surgery ................ 193 Chieh-Chih Tsai and Hui-Chuan Kau
21
Ancillary Procedures .................................................................... 199 Alexander L. Grigalunas and Adam J. Cohen
Index ....................................................................................................... 203
Contributors
Usiwoma Abugo Department of Ophthalmology, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA Mohammad Javed Ali Dacryology Service, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India Matthew J. Allen Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK Brian G. Brazzo Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY, USA Joseph Brunworth Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia Cat N. Burkat Oculoplastic, Facial Cosmetic and Orbital Surgery Division, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, WI, USA Susan R. Carter Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA Altug Cetinkaya Dunyagoz Ankara Hastanesi, Ankara, Turkey Francois Codere Université de Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Höpital Ste-Jusitne, Montreal, QC, Canada Adam J. Cohen Eyelid and Facial Plastic Surgery, Private Practice, Glenview, IL, USA Assistant Professor, Section Director of Oculoplastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Mdical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Roger A. Dailey Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA Martín H. Devoto Department of Orbitofacial Surgery, Consultores Oftalmológicos, Buenos Aires, Argentina Jonathan J. Dutton Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
xi
xii
Karl-Heinz Emmerich Das Team der Augenklinik, Klinik für Augenheilkunde am Klinikum Darmstadt, Darmstadt-Eberstadt, Germany Jacinto García-Lorenzo Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain Roberta E. Gausas Department of Oculofacial and Orbital Surgery, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Geoffrey J. Gladstone William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Royal Oak, MI, USA Juan Ramon Gras-Cabrerizo Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain Alexander L. Grigalunas Department of Ophthalmology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Richard H. Hart Auckland Eye Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand Reynaldo M. Javate Department of Ophthalmology, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines James A. Katowitz The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadlephia, PA, USA Department of Ophthalmology, The Pereleman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA William R. Katowitz The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadlephia, PA, USA Department of Ophthalmology, The Pereleman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Hui-Chuan Kau Department of Ophthalmology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Sangeeta Kapur Maini Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, UK Humbert Massegur-Solench Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain Michael Mercandetti Private Practice, Sarasota, FL, USA Dale R. Meyer Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Lions Eye Institute, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
Contributors
Contributors
xiii
Hans-Werner Meyer-Rüsenberg Das Team der Augenklinik, Katholisches Krankenhaus gem. GmbH Hagen, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Herdecke, Germany Maryam Nazemzadeh The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadlephia, PA, USA Department of Ophthalmology, The Pereleman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadlephia, PA, USA Philadelphia, PA, USA Ji-Sun Paik Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea Ferdinand G. Pamintuan Department of Otolaringology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines Balaji Perumal Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Lions Eye Institute, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA Bhaskar Ram Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Geoffrey E. Rose Adnexal Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, UK University of London City University, Northampton Square, London, UK David W. Rossman Department of Oculoplastics & Orbit, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Daniel P. Schaefer Director, Department of Oculoplastic, Facial, Orbital, and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New at York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Eric A. Steele Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Division, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA Chieh-Chih Tsai Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
xiv
Vamsidhar Vallamkondu Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Leslie A. Wei Oculoplastic, Facial Cosmetic and Orbital Surgery Division, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, WI, USA Peter John Wormald Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia Suk-Woo Yang Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Contributors
