The prediction of metabolic energy expenditure during gait from ...

Department of Veterans Affairs Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Vol . 32 No. 2, May 1995 Pages 128-134

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Scott A. Foerster ; Anita M . Bagley, PhD ; C . Dan Mote, Jr., PhD; Harry B . Skinner, MD, PhD AT&T Bell Laboratories, Whippany, NJ 07981 ; Motion Laboratory, Shriners Hospital, Greenville, SC 29601; University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 ; VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822

Abstract—Measurements of metabolic energy consumption and free-walking velocity were recorded for four persons with trans-femoral amputation with variations of prosthesis mass and mass distribution. Hot-film anemometers, rate gyroscopes, and a force platform were used to measure prosthetic limb segment velocities and ground reaction forces . Metabolic energy consumption for the nine configurations of mass and mass distribution averaged 1 .177 callkglm with a standard deviation of ±0 .052 callkg/m . Two measures of mechanical work of the amputated extremity, one based on power developed across joints (W I ) and the other based on changes in energy of the body segments (W2 ), were computed to be 0 .162 ±0.014 and 0 .175 8:0 .025 cal/kg/m, respectively. A linear regression model led to rejections of both W I and W2 as predictors of metabolic energy expenditure of the amputee at a significance level of 0.05. Key words : amputation, energy expenditure, gait analysis, rehabilitation.

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to : Harry B . Skinner, MD, PhD, UCI Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 101 City Drive South, Building 29-A, Orange, CA 92668-5382. Mr. Foerster is on the technical staff of AT&T Bell Labs ; Dr. Bagley is with the Motion Laboratory of the Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children ; Dr. Mote is Vice Chancellor of University Relations, University of California, Berkeley; and Dr . Skinner is Professor and Chairman of Orthopedic Surgery at the University of California, Irvine, and is also affiliated with the VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA. This project was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Washington, DC.AT&T

Bell Laboratories, Whippany, NJ 07981; Motion Laboratory, Shriners Hospit A major problem in the rehabilitation and reintegration of persons with amputation has been identified as the high metabolic energy cost of ambulation (1,2) . This is



129 FOERSTER et al . Prediction of Metabolic Energy Expenditure During Gait

for the body center of mass and energy of the limbs relative to the center of mass are calculated (5) . Although mechanical work is always less than the metabolic energy expenditure, since many physiological muscle processes are not represented in the model, mechanical work measures might be used to predict metabolic energy expenditure. Human locomotion is accomplished by the exertion of muscle moments across the joints . Direct measurement of muscle force is impractical, but statically equivalent moments at the joints can be computed from ground reaction forces and limb segment accelerations . The muscle work of a rigid, linked model of N segments can be computed by: N—1

tz

~t

= 1 E mil+t( ei+1

t,

[1]

—

i=1

where M i,i+1 is the muscle moment acting between body segments i and i+1, and 9 i+1 and Oi are the angular velocities of segments i+l and i, respectively. Only single joint muscles are modeled by Equation 1 (6) . In addition, isometric contractions, elastic energy storage in muscles, and co-contractions of antagonistic muscles are not modeled, and are substantial limitations . Work calculated by Equation 1 is positive for concentric contraction and negative for eccentric contraction . The metabolic energy cost is always positive . A measure of metabolic energy expenditure associated with muscle work of Equation 1 is proposed : W=

[2]

Mi,i+1(~i+1

Aleshinsky concluded W 1 is the most promising measure of mechanical work (7). A measure of mechanical work based on changes in the energy of the leg can also be formulated . The total energy of the leg is the sum of the potential plus kinetic energies of the thigh and shank (including the foot) . The instantaneous energy "rigid-body" model for motion in the sagittal plane is: =n1 ~'`~cnt . .i + + m 1 g ^cmt

Y

+

,m~. ~a ems

+