The protection of human rights and fundamental ...

Europea ISBN 978-88-255-1597-8 DOI 10.4399/978882551597810 pp. 191-203 (maggio 2018)

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�� This paper aims to trace the origins of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the European integration process. It is a transcontinental journey that connects the French and the American revolution under the achievements and the principles of the Enlightenment. It is the history of contemporary Europe, from the French Revolution to the tragedy of World War II. In the process of European integration the institutions overlap, and find in the Council of Europe, an institution larger than the European Union, the moment in which these rights are codified. These principles, which are the basis of European values, have been embodied in the European Convention on Human Rights, one of the most advanced instruments on the protection of fundamental human rights. � � ��

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�� Treaty of Alliance��Treaty of Amity and Commerce�� “�� ”� �� Enlightenment�� U.S. Declaration of Independence� �� Declaration of Independence � �� ’��Common Sense �� Declaration of Independence�� Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen��

�� Sister Revolutions: French Lightning, American Light�� American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776-1989: A Global Perspective�� Common Sense�� […]» �� nally equals […]» �� The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad�� Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815��

The protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms�

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�� Declaration of Independence� �� Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen� �� Bill of Rights �� Magna Charta �� Universal Declaration of Human Rights� � � ��

�� Democracy in America�� France�� Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order�� The Bill of Rights�� American Life and Institutions�� Libertà di pensiero. Genesi ed evoluzione negli ordinamenti politici dal V secolo a.C.��

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�� “�� ”�� “�� ”�� ’�� ius gentium� ��jus gentium ��naturalis ratio�� gentes� “��”��“�� ” �� “�� ” �� “�� ”� opinio juris �� jus cogens��ius cogens ��

�� Ibid�� The civil law tradition: an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America�� International Law in Antiquity�� A law dictionary: adapted to the Constitution and laws of the ��;�� ences to the civil and other systems of foreign law��


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��;� �� ;� �� Separation of Powers�� Leviathan �� Second Treatise�� Two Treatises of Government � �� ’�� ’� Leviathan�� “�� ” ��

�� Ibid�� Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, & Power of a CommonWealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill�� Two Treatises of Government�� Leviathan�� De Cive� On the citizen ��

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�� ’�� favor rei ;�� favor societatis �� ’�� “�� ”�� ’�� ’��

�� Locke in America: The Moral Philosophy of the Founding Era�� Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals�� ;��Positivism and Fidelity to Law: A Reply to Professor Hart�� International Criminal Law��


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�� European Convention on Human Rights �� Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms �� “�� ”�� European Convention on Human Right (�� Charter of the International Military Tribunal – Annex to the Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis�� Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal� �� “��” ��

�� Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms�� ;� �� Cases and Materials on the European Convention on Human Rights�� Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis �� Charter of the International Military Tribunal (London Agreement)�� The Charter and Judgment of the Nürnberg Tribunal: History and Analysis��

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�� “��’� ��”�� Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen��

�� Victors Justice: From Nuremberg to Baghdad�� Legal Positivism and the Nuremberg Judgment��


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�� Treaty of Paris�� Schuman Declaration�� Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ��

�� Declaration of 9 May 1950�� Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe� �� “��”��

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�� ’�� ’� �� ’�� ;�� ’�� European Convention on Human Rights�� Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen��

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�� ;� �� ;�� ;�� ;�� ;�� ’�� ;�� ;� �� ;�� ;� �� ;�� ;�� ;� �� ;�� ;�� ;� �� International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ��

�� ;� �� ;� �� ;� �� ;�� International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights� �� ;�� ;� �� ;�� ;�� ;�� ;� ��

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�� […] �� American Convention on Human Rights �� ’�� “��”;�� ;�� ;�� ;�� ;�� ;�� ;�� ;�� ;� �� Pact of San José��

�� Lehideux and Isorni v. France�� «�� »,�� “�� ” �� ;�� American Convention on Human Rights. Signatories and Ratifications��


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�� ex post facto�� American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man� �� ’�� Bogotá Declaration�� Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples Rights� �� Universal Islamic declaration of human rights�� ASEAN�Human Rights Declaration � � ��

�� “�� ” �� ’� �� Universal Islamic declaration of human rights��