The Use of the Language of Mathematics as an ...

49 downloads 170 Views 221KB Size Report
The article focuses on the possibilities for art and architectural design ideas .... oriental art of folding paper Y Japanese Origami5 and its derivative Kirigami.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1582 – 1587

:RUOG0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ$UFKLWHFWXUH8UEDQ3ODQQLQJ6\PSRVLXP :0&$86

7KH8VHRIWKH/DQJXDJHRI0DWKHPDWLFVDVDQ,QVSLUDWLRQ IRU&RQWHPSRUDU\$UFKLWHFWXUDO'HVLJQ $QQD&]HFKD-XVW\QD%RUXFNDD  D

Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233Gdansk, Poland

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‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI:0&$86 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016 Keywords:DUFKLWHFWXUHDUWPDWKHPDWLFVIUDFWDOVSDUDPHWULFDUFKLWHFWXUH





&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address:MXVW\QDERUXFND#JPDLOFRP

1877-7058 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.630

Anna Czech and Justyna Borucka / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1582 – 1587

1583

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³(Architecture is)... the art above all others which achieves a state of platonic grandeur, mathematical order, speculation, the perception of the harmony which lies in emotional relationships. This is the AIM of architecture´>@ %XWLVWKHFUHDWLYHGHVLJQSURFHVVVRPHWKLQJPRUH"/H&RUEXVLHUDOVRDGPLWWHGWKDWArchitecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of masses brought together in light. Our eyes are made to see forms in light; light and shade reveal these forms; cubes, cones, spheres, cylinders or pyramids are the great primary forms which light reveals to advantage; the image of these is distance and tangible within us and without ambiguity. It is for that reason that these are beautiful forms, the most beautiful forms. […] It is of the very nature of the plastic arts´DQG³...a thing of art, a phenomenon of the emotions, lying outside questions of construction and beyond them´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he golden ratio as a mathematical record of proportion (The golden ratio in applied arts and architecture) 7KH V\PEROLF VWDUWLQJSRLQW IRU WKLV DQDO\VLV LV WKH9LWUXYLDQGolden Ratio DQG LWV LPSDFW RQ WKH SULQFLSOHVRI VSDWLDOIRUPFRPSRVLWLRQVLQFHWKH9LWUXYLDQIRUPXODLVVWLOOSUHVHQWLQFRQWHPSRUDU\JUDSKLFGHVLJQ7KHYDOXHRIWKH *ROGHQ5DWLR JROGHQQXPEHU   ZKLFKKDVLQIOXHQFHGGLIIHUHQWILHOGVRIVSDWLDOFRPSRVLWLRQDQGEHHQQRWLFHDEOH IRUPRUHWKDQ\HDUVLVDVIROORZV



  7KH*ROGHQ5DWLR /DWSectio aurea ±RULQRWKHUZRUGVWKHKDUPRQLRXVGLYLVLRQRUGLYLQHSURSRUWLRQLVGHILQHGDVDGLYLVLRQRIDVHJPHQW LQWRWZRSDUWVVRWKDWWKHUDWLRRIWKHOHQJWKRIWKHORQJHURQHWRWKHVKRUWHULVWKHVDPHDVWKHHQWLUHVHFWLRQWRWKHORQJHUSDUW,QWKHODQJXDJHRI PDWKHPDWLFVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHORQJHUSRUWLRQLVWREHWKHJHRPHWULFDYHUDJHRIWKHVKRUWHUSDUWDQGWKHZKROHVHFWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIROORZLQJ IRUPXOD DE D DE ij7KHUDWLRGHILQHGE\WKHDERYHIRUPXODLVFDOOHGWKHJROGHQQXPEHUDQGLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKH*UHHNOHWWHUij>@ 

1584

Anna Czech and Justyna Borucka / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1582 – 1587

M

  





 

,WLVQRWH[DFWO\NQRZQZK\WKLVUDWLRKDVEHHQGHFODUHGDFDQRQRIEHDXW\EXWLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWDKHDGRILWVWLPH LWPD\EHUHJDUGHGDVWKHV\PEROLFVWDUWRISDUDPHWULFWKLQNLQJLQDUWDQGDUFKLWHFWXUHGHVLJQ7KHVHQVHRISDUDPHWULF DUFKLWHFWXUH LV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH DVSHFWV WKDW DIIHFW WKH IRUP E\ XVLQJ QXPHULFDO YDOXHV DQG WR FUHDWH UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQWKHPXVLQJPDWKHPDWLFDOIXQFWLRQV)URPDPDWKHPDWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZWKHJROGHQUDWLRLVDYHU\VLPSOH UHFRUGRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHEXLOGLQJ¶VHOHPHQWV :HFDQREVHUYHWKHXVHRIWKHGLYLQHSURSRUWLRQLQPRGHUQJUDSKLFHOHPHQWVVXFKDVORJRVRIFRPSDQLHVNQRZQ DOODURXQGWKHZRUOG )LJD 7KHJROGHQUDWLRLVQRWLFHDEOHDOVRLQDJHRPHWULFDOILJXUHDUHJXODUDVWHURLGVKDSHG SRO\JRQNQRZQDVWKH3\WKDJRUHDQVWDURUDSHQWDJUDP )LJE  

D 









E 







F 







G 



)LJ D *ROGHQ5DWLRLQFRQWHPSRUDU\ORJRGHVLJQVRXUFH>@ E *ROGHQ5DWLRLQSHQWDJUDPVRXUFH>@ F *ROGHQUDWLRLQD'RULFRUGHU VRXUFH>@ G *ROGHQUDWLRLQWKHLQFOLQDWLRQDQJOHRIWKHZDOORIDS\UDPLG &URVVVHFWLRQRIDS\UDPLG VRXUFH>@

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³golden pyramid.´7KHDQJOHRILQFOLQDWLRQ ƒ LVYHU\FORVHWRWKHLQFOLQDWLRQRIWKH³JROGHQ´S\UDPLGZKLFKHTXDOVƒ DQGWRWKHLQFOLQDWLRQEDVHGRQ ³ʌ pyramid´ZKLFKHTXDOVƒ 7KHFURVVVHFWLRQRIDQHTXLODWHUDOS\UDPLGZLWKDVTXDUHEDVHLVGHVFULEHGE\LWV FHQWUDOWULDQJOHZKRVHVLGHVDUHK\SRWHQXVHRIWKHS\UDPLGKDOIRIWKHEDVH D DQGKHLJKW K  )LJG ,QWKH ³JROGHQ´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³Modulor” 

 

$S\UDPLGEDVHGRQ*ROGHQ7ULDQJOHRIVLGHV¥ĭDQGĭ ZKHUHKHLJKWWREDVHUDWLRRIWKHVHFWLRQWULDQJOHLVJROGHQUDWLR ,QUHIHUHQFHWR FURVVVHFWLRQLQ)LJLQD*ROGHQ3\UDPLGK ¥ĭDQGD  >@ ,WLVDS\UDPLGLQZKLFKWKHUDGLXVRIDFLUFOHZLWKWKHVDPHFLUFXPIHUHQFHDVWKHEDVHRIWKHS\UDPLGKDVDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHVDPHYDOXHDVWKH KHLJKWRIWKHS\UDPLG>@  7KH³Modulor´DFFRUGLQJWR/H&RUEXVLHULVDFRQWLQXDWLRQRIWKH³Vitruvian Man´E\/HRQDUGRGD9LQFLDQGLVWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHZRUNRI  

1585

Anna Czech and Justyna Borucka / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1582 – 1587

/H&RUEXVLHUEUDYHO\OLQNHGWKHJROGHQUDWLRZLWKWKHKXPDQERG\+HGLYLGHGKLVPRGHOKHLJKWRIDPDQLQWZRSDUWV DFFRUGLQJWRWKHJROGHQUDWLRDWWKHKHLJKWRIWKHQDYHOWKHQGLYLGHGWKHREWDLQHGVHJPHQWVDOVRLQWKLVUDWLRDWWKH NQHHVDQGQHFN>@9LOOD6WHLQLQ*DUFKHVZKLFKZDVGHVLJQHGE\/H&RUEXVLHULQLVDVLJQLILFDQWH[DPSOHRI WKH0RGXORUV\VWHP7KHUHFWDQJXODUSODQRIWKHYLOODHOHYDWLRQDQGLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHDUHDJRRGDSSUR[LPDWLRQRI JROGHQUHFWDQJOHV 2.2. Models of paper geometry: Origami and Kirigami in applied arts and architecture 7KHLQIOXHQFHRIPDWKHPDWLFVLQGHVLJQLQJ'VSDWLDOIRUPVLQDSSOLHGDUWVDQGDUFKLWHFWXUHFDQDOVREHVHHQLQWKH RULHQWDODUWRIIROGLQJSDSHU-DSDQHVH2ULJDPLDQGLWVGHULYDWLYH.LULJDPL2ULJDPLDVDQH[DPSOHRIDOJRULWKPLF SDSHUJHRPHWU\FDQEHDVWURQJEDVHSRLQWLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDWLRQZLWKDQHZIRUPZKLOHVWDUWLQJWKHGHVLJQSURFHVV &UHDWLQJVPDOOHDV\WRPDNHPRGHOV HJSDSHUPLQLDWXUHV LQRUGHUWRVHDUFKIRUWKHLQWHQWLRQDOIRUPLVDQHVVHQWLDO DVSHFWRIWKHDUWLVW¶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

$OVRLQFRQWHPSRUDU\DUFKLWHFWXUHH[DPSOHVLQVSLUHGE\WKHDUWRI2ULJDPLFDQEHGLVFHUQHGLQGHVLJQVVXFKDVIce CubeE\0F%ULJH&KDUOHV5\DQLQ0HOERXUQH )LJF RUEmbedded ProjectE\+'')81LQ6KDQJKDL )LJG  +RZHYHUWKHDERYHREVHUYDWLRQVUDLVHVRPHGRXEWV&DQDQ\JHRPHWU\EHUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHIRUPRIDQDOJRULWKPRU E\XVLQJWKHODQJXDJHRIPDWKHPDWLFV"'RHVGHVLJQLQJD'VSDWLDOIRUPUHTXLUHVRPHWKLQJPRUHWKDQMXVWJHRPHWU\" 2.3. Fractals in nature, art and architecture 7KHQH[WVWHSRILQYHVWLJDWLRQLVWKHLVVXHRIIUDFWDOVDV\PEROLFOLQNLQWKHHYROXWLRQRIPDWKHPDWLFDOLQVSLUDWLRQV LQDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQDVLWDQQRXQFHVDGHHSHUOHYHORIFRPSOH[LW\LQDOJRULWKPLFUHFRUGRIJHRPHWU\DQGPDNHVD 

 /HRQ%DWWLVWD$OEHUWLDQGRWKHUDUWLVWVZKRXVHGWKHSURSRUWLRQVRIWKHKXPDQERG\WRVHDUFKIRUWKHSHUIHFWDSSHDUDQFHDQGIXQFWLRQDOLW\LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH  2ULJDPLLVFRQVLGHUHGWUDGLWLRQDO-DSDQHVHDUW5XOHVRI2ULJDPLDUHVLPSOH7KHVWDUWLQJSRLQWPXVWEHRQO\DVTXDUHVKHHWRISDSHUZKLFKPXVW QRWEHFXWRUJOXHGEXWLQRUGHUWRFUHDWHD'IRUPLWFDQRQO\EHIROGHG7KHSURFHVVRIIROGLQJWKHSDSHULVZULWWHQXVLQJDQDOJRULWKPRI SURFHGXUH.LULJDPLLVDYDULDWLRQRI2ULJDPLWKDWDOORZVVPDOOLQFLVLRQVLQWKHSDSHU>@  7KHZRUGIUDFWDO ODWFractus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

1586

Anna Czech and Justyna Borucka / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1582 – 1587

VWURQJLQGLFDWLRQWRZDUGVWKHLGHDRISDUDPHWUL]DWLRQ)UDFWDOVDUHDSDUWRIQDWXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\PDWKHPDWLFDO DOJRULWKPVDQGVHUYHDVLQVSLUDWLRQIRUQRQWULYLDOJHRPHWU\LQLQWHUHVWLQJVSDWLDOIRUPV7KURXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI FRPSXWDWLRQDO FDSDELOLWLHV RI PRGHUQ WHFKQRORJLHV IUDFWDOV FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV LQVSLUHG E\ QDWXUH DOJRULWKPLF QRWDWLRQRIDFRPSOLFDWHGODQJXDJHRIPDWKHPDWLFV7KLVJLYHVDQHZLQVLJKWIRUDUWLVWVDQGDUFKLWHFWVWRJDLQLQVSLUDWLRQ IURPWKHVXUURXQGLQJQDWXUHDVQRZDGD\VWKH\FDQEHLQVSLUHGE\³FRPSXWHUL]HG´QDWXUH$UFKLWHFWXUHKDVFRPHIXOO FLUFOHEDFNWRQDWXUHEXWLQDFRPSOHWHO\QHZPHDQLQJZKLFKLVDGDSWHGWRWKHF\EHUQHWLFZRUOGLQZKLFKZHOLYH WRGD\:KDWLVPRUHIUDFWDOVE\LWVVLPSOHUHFXUVLYHGHILQLWLRQDQGLWVVHOIVLPLODULW\GLUHFWWRWKHLGHDRIRSWLPL]DWLRQ DQG±ZKDWPD\FRPHZLWKLW±WKHLVVXHRIVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW7KHLVVXHRIIUDFWDOVFUHDWHVDOLQNLQPDWKHPDWLFDO HYROXWLRQEHWZHHQVLPSOHUHFRUGRIJHRPHWU\DQGFRQWHPSRUDU\SDUDPHWULFGHVLJQ )UDFWDOVDUHJHRPHWULFIRUPVRULJLQDOO\IRXQGLQQDWXUH$QH[DPSOHRIDIUDFWDOFDQEHDFDXOLIORZHUDOLJKWQLQJ DVQRZIODNHRUDIHUQ )LJDE 

D 

E 

F 

G 



)LJ D )UDFWDOLQQDWXUHVRXUFH>@)LJE\5%DUW] E )UDFWDOLQQDWXUHVRXUFH>@ F )UDFWDORUQDPHQWVRXUFH>@ G *HRPHWULF IUDFWDORIPHWDEROLVPVRXUFH>@

6HDUFKLQJIRUIUDFWDOVLQDUWDQGDUFKLWHFWXUHZHFDQILQGH[DPSOHVLQRULHQWDOFXOWXUHDQGDUWWKDWRIWHQRFFXULQWKH IRUP RI RUQDPHQWDWLRQ IRU H[DPSOH RQ YDXOWV )LJF  :H FDQ DOVR ILQG IUDFWDOV LQ YDULRXV IRUPV ,Q 7RN\R DQ H[DPSOHLQVSLUHGE\DVLPSOHJHRPHWULFIUDFWDOLV.LVKR.XURNDZD¶VGHVLJQIRUWKHNakaginCapsule Tower±RIILFH DQGUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDOV\OHRIPHWDEROLVP )LJG  3DUDPHWULFGHVLJQDVDPRGHUQVWDJHIRUHYROXWLRQRIWKHXVHRIPDWKHPDWLFV 5HDFKLQJWKHSUHVHQWGD\ZHVKRXOGWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWFXUUHQWWHFKQRORJLFDOSRVVLELOLWLHVWKHFRPSXWLQJSRZHURI PRGHUQ FRPSXWHUV DQG WKH VWURQJ FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ PDWKHPDWLFV DQG DOJRULWKPV 7KLV ZD\ E\ REVHUYLQJ FRQWHPSRUDU\GHVLJQHYROXWLRQDULO\WKHSUHVHQFHRIPDWKHPDWLFVLQWKHFUHDWLRQRIVSDWLDOIRUPVPXVWEHVRXJKWLQ WKHLGHDRISDUDPHWHUL]DWLRQ>@,WFDQHYHQEHVDLGWKDWPRGHUQDUFKLWHFWXUHLQFUHDVLQJO\GHULYHVIURPWHFKQRORJLFDO FDSDELOLWLHV$VDUHVXOWWKHZD\RIWKLQNLQJDERXWPDWKHPDWLFDODSSURDFKHVWRDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQKDVQRZFKDQJHG 3DUDPHWULF DUFKLWHFWXUH SURYLGHV VXFK D ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ DERXW WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D EXLOGLQJ ZKLFK XQGHU WKH JLYHQ UHVWULFWLRQVHQVXUHVWKHODUJHVWQXPEHURISDUDPHWHUVWKDWWKHGHVLJQHUFDUHVDERXW&RPSXWDWLRQDOGHVLJQFRPHVGRZQ WRILQGLQJIXQFWLRQDOGHSHQGHQFLHVEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDOHOHPHQWVERWKLQVSDFHDQGFRPSRVLWLRQVDVZHOODV ZKDWLV PRVWLPSRUWDQWLQWKHSDUDPHWULFDSSURDFK WKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHEXLOGLQJ>@,IDVSHFWVDIIHFWLQJWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRI D SURMHFW FDQEH PHDVXUHGXVLQJ QXPHULF YDOXHV DVSHUIRUPDQFH LQGLFDWRUV WKHQ WKH REMHFW PD\ EH SDUDPHWULFDOO\ GHVLJQHGDQGPDWKHPDWLFVLVWKHWRROWKDWZLOOHQDEOHLWVRSWLPL]DWLRQ>@3DUDPHWULFDUFKLWHFWXUHLVWKHUHIRUHDFUXFLDO OHDS LQ WKHXVH RI PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWDWLRQEHFDXVH IURP WKDW PRPHQW EHVLGHV LQIOXHQFLQJ WKHIRUP ZH DUH DEOH WR LQWHUYHQHSULPDULO\LQWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHEXLOGLQJ 3DUDPHWULFGHVLJQLGHDV 7KHLGHDRISDUDPHWULFGHVLJQE\LWVIXQFWLRQDOXVHJRHVIDUEH\RQGDUWDQGDUFKLWHFWXUH2QHH[DPSOHLVWKHSURMHFW RIDSDUDPHWULFSODVWHUE\-DNH(YLOOHIURP9LFWRULD8QLYHUVLW\LQ:HOOLQJWRQ7KH'SULQWHUVWKDW(YLOOHGHVLJQHG KDYHSURGXFHGSRVVLEO\WKHOLJKWHVWIOH[LEOHSODVWHUZKLFKVWLIIHQVWKHEURNHQERQHDVHIIHFWLYHO\DVDWUDGLWLRQDO SODVWHU ,Q DUFKLWHFWXUH WKDQNV WR WKH XVH RI DGYDQFHG WHFKQRORJ\ ZH FDQ ILQG D YDULHW\ RI IRUPV JHQHUDWHG SDUDPHWULFDOO\2QHH[DPSOHLVAbsolute TowersDSURMHFWE\0DG$UFKLWHFWV)LJXUHEHORZGHSLFWVWKHDOJRULWKPIRU 

1587

Anna Czech and Justyna Borucka / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1582 – 1587

DWZLVWHGHOOLSVRLGDOWRZHUZLWKWKHXVHRIWKHFRPSXWHUWHFKQRORJ\WRRO )LJD $QRWKHUH[DPSOHLVSwallow's Nest For Taichung D QHZ FXOWXUDO FHQWHU E\ 9LQFHQW &HOOHEDXW 7KH RWKHU ILJXUH GHSLFWV DQ DWWHPSW WR UHSURGXFH WKH DOJRULWKPRILWVFUHDWLRQ )LJE 

D 

E 



)LJ D 3DUDPHWULFWRZHU*UDVVKRSSHUDOJRULWKPILJXUHE\DXWKRU$&]HFK E 3DUDPHWULF³QHVW´*UDVVKRSSHUDOJRULWKPILJXUHE\ DXWKRU$&]HFK

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l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

Suggest Documents