Towards Application of Green Architecture Principles

Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University Department of Architecture

Towards Application of Green Architecture Principles in Egypt Presented by Sara Samy Mahmoud B.sc., Architecture Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 2008

A Thesis Submitted as a part of requirements to obtain the degree of Master of Science in Architectural Engineering

Signature

Examiners Committee Prof. Dr. Morad Abdelkader Professor of Architecture & Environmental Control, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Moemen Affify Professor of Architecture and Environmental Design, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

Prof. Dr. Hanan Mostafa Sabry Professor of Environmental Design and Control, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University

Supervisor Committee Prof. Dr. Morad Abdelkader Professor of Architecture & Environmental Control, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University

Dr. Abeer Mohamed Mostafa Lecturer of Architecture & Environmental Control, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University

2014

Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University Department of Architecture

Towards Application of Green Architecture Principles in Egypt

Presented by Sara Samy Mahmoud B.sc., Architecture Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 2008 A Thesis Submitted as a part of requirements to obtain the degree of Master of Science in Architectural Engineering

Supervisor Committee Prof. Dr. Morad Abdelkader Professor of Architecture & Environmental Control, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University Dr. Abeer Mohamed Mostafa Assistant Professor of Architecture & Environmental Control, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University

2014

Statement

This thesis is submitted to Ain Shams University for the degree of Masters of Science in Architecture. The work included in this thesis was accomplished by the author at the department of architecture, faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, during the period from 2009 to 2014. No part of this thesis has been submitted for a degree or a qualification at any other university or institute.

Date: Signature: Name: Sara Samy Mahmoud B.Sc. of Architecture- Ain Shams University- 2008

Chapter Two: Experiences of Green Architecture Pratices

Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................II LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ IV LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... V ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. VI KEY WORDS ............................................................................................................... VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. VII INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... VIII RESEARCH PROBLEM ................................................................................................. IX RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................. IX RESEARCH SCOPE ....................................................................................................... X RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ X RESEARCH STRUCTURE .............................................................................................. XI CHAPTER ONE: GREEN ARCHITECTURE BASIC DEFINITIONS AND RATING SYSTEMS 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CRISIS .................................................................................. 1 1.2.1 World’s Energy Consumption ............................................................................ 1 1.2.2 Egypt’s Energy Consumption ............................................................................. 3 1.3 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FUTURE.................................................... 6 1.4 THE IMPACT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................... 8 1.5 GREEN ARCHITECTURE DEFINITIONS .................................................................................. 9 1.6 GREEN ARCHITECTURE PRINCIPLES .................................................................................. 10 1.7 INTERNATIONAL GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS ........................................................... 13 1.7.1 The Role of Green Building Rating Systems ..................................................... 14 1.7.2 Worldwide Green Building Rating Systems...................................................... 15 1.8 POSTLUDE .................................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER TWO: EXPERIENCES OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE PRACTICES 2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 24 2.2 SELECTED EXPERIENCES OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE PRACTICES .............................................. 24 2.2.1 Criteria of selecting green architecture experiences....................................... 24 2.2.1.1 The United States of America’s Experience-LEED as an international leading rating system ................................................................................................................. 25 2.2.1.2 The Indian Experience-LEED 2011 for India as a Similar Experience to the Egyptian Context............................................................................................................ 27

2.3 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CONTEXTS OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE PRACTICES IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, INDIA, AND EGYPT.................................................................................. 28 2.3.1 Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices.................................................. 29

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2.3.1.1 America 2.3.1.2 2.3.1.3

Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices in the United States of 29 Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices in India ............................. 31 Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices in Egypt ............................ 33

2.3.1.4

Concluding Remarks ............................................................................. 35

2.3.2 Energy Efficiency Codes ................................................................................... 36 2.3.2.1 2.3.2.2 2.3.2.3 2.3.2.4

Energy Efficiency Codes in the United States of America ......................... 36 Energy Efficiency Codes in India ............................................................... 39 Energy Efficiency Codes in Egypt .............................................................. 40 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................. 41

2.3.3 Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices ........................................... 42 2.3.3.1 America 2.3.3.2 2.3.3.3 2.3.3.4

Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices in the United States of 42 Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices in India....................... 43 Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices in Egypt...................... 44 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................. 47

2.3.4 Incentives of Green Architecture Practices ..................................................... 47 2.3.4.1 2.3.4.2 2.3.4.3 2.3.4.4

Incentives of Green Architecture Practices in the United States of America 47 Incentives of Green Architecture Practices in India .................................. 48 Incentives of Green Architecture Practices in Egypt ................................. 50 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................. 50

2.3.5 Green Architecture Leading Projects ............................................................... 51 2.3.5.1

Green Architecture Leading Projects in United States ........................ 51

2.3.5.2

Green Architecture Leading Projects in India ....................................... 54

2.3.5.3 2.3.5.4

Green Architecture Leading Projects in Egypt ...................................... 57 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................. 62

2.3.6 Green Building Rating Systems in United States, India and Egypt .................. 62 2.3.6.1 2.3.6.2

Comparing the three rating systems ........................................................ 62 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................. 67

2.4 POSTLUDE .................................................................................................................. 67 CHAPTER THREE: EVALUATION OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENTALLY ORIENTED PROJECTS IN TERMS OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE PRINCIPLES 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 70 3.2 CRITERIA OF SELECTING CASE STUDIES ............................................................................. 70 3.3 METHODOLOGY OF CASE STUDIES ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 70 3.4 EVALUATING THE SELECTED CASE STUDIES IN TERMS OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE PRINCIPLES ....... 71 3.4.1 Case Study 1: Info Fort Warehouse (LEED Silver Certified Project) .................. 71 3.4.1.1 3.4.1.2 3.4.1.3

Project Profile ......................................................................................... 71 Applying GPRS on the Project ................................................................... 73 Project's Evaluation .................................................................................. 77

3.4.2 Case Study 2: L’Oreal Pyramids Cosmetics Factory (LEED Certified Project).... 78 3.4.2.1

Project Profile ......................................................................................... 78

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3.4.2.2 3.4.2.3

Applying GPRS on the Project............................................................. 80 Project's Evaluation .................................................................................. 86

3.4.3 Case Study 3: Credit Agricole Egypt New Head Office (LEED Registered Project) 87 3.4.3.1

Project Profile ......................................................................................... 87

3.4.3.2 3.4.3.3

Applying GPRS on the Project............................................................. 89 Project's Evaluation .................................................................................. 94

3.4.4 Case Study 4: Outsourcing Service Building - MB4 (LEED Registered Project) . 95 3.4.4.1 3.4.4.2 3.4.4.3

Project Profile ......................................................................................... 95 Applying GPRS on the Project ................................................................... 96 Project's Evaluation ................................................................................ 101

3.4.5 Case Study 5: Florenta Residential Compound (GPRS Registered Project) .... 102 3.4.5.1 3.4.5.2 3.4.5.3

Project Profile ......................................................................................... 102 Application of GPRS on the Project ........................................................ 104 Project's Evaluation ................................................................................ 109

3.5 POSTLUDE: ............................................................................................................... 109 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................... 115

List of Figures Figure 1-1: World Energy Consumption by Fuel Type ....................................................................... 2 Figure 1-2: World energy-related CO2 emissions by fuel type ........................................................... 3 Figure 1-3: Egypt’s Energy Consumption by Resources in 2010 ........................................................ 4 Figure 1-4: Egypt’s Total Primary Energy Consumption 1980-2010 .................................................. 4 Figure 1-5: Energy Consumption by Purpose, Egypt, 2011/2012 ...................................................... 5 Figure 1-6: Worldwide Green Building Rating Systems ................................................................... 15 Figure 2-1: LEED-US Registered and Certified Projects as of Sep. 2014 .......................................... 26 Figure 2-2: Top ten countries of LEED registered or certified projects till Sep. 2013 ...................... 27 Figure 2-3: LEED Registered and Certified Projects in India as of Sep. 2014 ................................... 28 Figure 2-4: Elements of Green Architecture Application ................................................................. 29 Figure 2-5: Percentage of mandatory requirements in ASHRAE 189.1 and LEED ............................ 37 Figure 2-6: Percentage of mandatory requirements in IGCC and LEED ........................................... 39 Figure 2-7: Snapshot of the Indian Green Building Council’s Website: Directory of Building Materials and Service Providers ...................................................................................................... 44 Figure 2-8: Example of Energy Efficiency Labels .............................................................................. 45 Figure 2-9: Study of Daylight and Passive Heat Gain Strategies ...................................................... 53 Figure 2-10: Perspective showing green strategies applied in the center ....................................... 53 Figure 2-11: Section Showing Air Movement through Clerestory windows .................................... 54 Figure 2-12: Aerial View of the CII ................................................................................................... 55 Figure 2-13: Schematic Sketch of the Wind Towers ........................................................................ 56 Figure 2- 14: Roof gardens to reduce heat island effect.................................................................. 57 Figure 2-15: Panoramic View of Aramex Mashreq Warehouse ....................................................... 59 Figure 2-16: Aramex Mashreq Warehouse Layout .......................................................................... 60 Figure 2-17: Natural lighting through skylights ............................................................................... 61 Figure 2-18: Waste separation on site ............................................................................................. 61

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Figure 3-1: Info Fort Project Perspective ......................................................................................... 71 Figure 3-2: Warehouse interior showing the use of skylights ......................................................... 72 Figure 3-3: L’Oreal Pyramids Perspective ........................................................................................ 78 Figure 3-4: Applied strategies in the sustainable sites category ..................................................... 79 Figure 3-5: Exterior perspective showing window to wall ratio, shading and white painted walls . 87 Figure 3-6: Exterior perspective showing shading of South façade ................................................. 88 Figure 3-7: Exterior perspective showing using native plants in landscape .................................... 88 Figure 3-8: Interior perspective showing natural daylit................................................................... 88 Figure 3-9: Exterior perspective showing South facade .................................................................. 95 Figure 3-10: Project Location........................................................................................................... 96 Figure 3-11: Interior perspective showing used materials .............................................................. 96 Figure 3-12: Master Plan ............................................................................................................... 102 Figure 3-13: Separate waste containers ........................................................................................ 102 Figure 3-14: Exterior perspective showing window to wall ration and exterior painted walls...... 103 Figure 3-15: Photovoltaic Cells on Building Roofs ......................................................................... 103

List of Tables Table 1-1: USGBC’s Green Building Principles ................................................................................. 11 Table 1-2: Worldwide Green Building Rating Systems .................................................................... 15 Table 2-1: Comparison between LEED, LEED-India and GPRS ......................................................... 63 Table2-2: Comparison between LEED-India, LEED and GPRS’ categories and credits ..................... 65 Table 3-1: Interview results for the five case studies .................................................................... 110 Table 3-2: Evaluation Categories of GPRS Credits ......................................................................... 111 Table 3-3: Fulfillment of GPRS credits in the four case studies ..................................................... 111 Table 4-1: Potentials of fulfilling fully, frequently and possibly obtained credits of GPRS ............ 117 Table 4-2: Obstacles of fulfillment of hardly, slightly and rarely obtained credits of GPRS ........... 121

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Abstract Green architecture practices in Egypt are very limited and their progress does not go with constant steps as required for mitigating local environmental problems. The Research reviews the Egyptian context of green architecture practices to determine potentials and obstacles of applying green architecture principles in Egypt, hence suggesting recommendations that can pave a better way to increase the potentials on account of obstacles towards applying these principles in Egypt in the near future. The research exclusively studies the obstacles of applying green architecture principle locally in Egypt, via examining the practices context. The evaluation of Egypt’s status in applying green architecture practices is achieved via reviewing the contextual factors of green architecture practices in the United States of America, India and Egypt. A comparative study between the three countries is held to address the potentials and obstacles of the context of green architecture practices in Egypt. Finally local environmentally oriented projects are reviewed in terms of green architecture principles (using Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS)) to determine potentials and obstacles of applying these principles in the Egyptian context. Additional data about the selected environmentally oriented projects is obtained through an open-ended interview with the designers of those projects.

Key Words Green architecture, LEED, LEED-India, GPRS and green building practices.

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Acknowledgement First of all I thank God for enabling me to accomplish my goals. Secondly, this work would not have been possible without the support of my supervisors, Prof. Dr. Morad Abdelkader and Dr. Abeer M. Mostafa who taught me and helped me with their advice and inspirational ideas. I am also deeply grateful to Prof. Dr. Hanan Mostafa Sabry and Dr. M. Moemen Affify. I wish to thank my interviewees E. Tarek Kamel, E. Abdulrahman Sherazy, E. Diaa Madkor and E. Racha Rachwan for imparting the required information for this thesis. I also wish to thank Dr. Manal Elbatran who supported me with useful information for the thesis. I owe my sincere gratitude to my family specially my husband E. Ahmad Hamdy and my daughter Mariam for supporting me and providing a favorable environment to accomplish my goals.

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Introduction After the industrial revolution most of the world countries turned to use non-renewable resources of energy until the start of energy crisis in 1970’s caused mainly by the peaking of oil production in major industrial nations and 1973 oil crisis caused by an OPEC oil export embargo by many of the major Arab oil-producing states, in response to Western support of Israel. In 1980’s world turned to take a responsible approach towards nature through mitigating the effects of the human activities on the environment, reducing the non-renewable energy consumption and minimizing energy and water requirements without decreasing either comfort level or living standard. This new approach has appeared due to realization of energy depletion, increasing of pollution and global warming. These factors accelerated the steps towards environment conservation in most of countries of the world and urged the need for reconsidering the effects of the human activities on the environment. Building sector is one of the most cost-effective sectors for reducing energy consumption, as buildings account for 40% of primary energy consumption of the world, and are also a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions. This led to the recognition that reducing overall energy demand, improving energy efficiency in buildings can significantly reduce Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and other relevant emissions from the building sector.1 Realizing these facts helped in the emergence of a new green approach that represents a model shift in the way we understand, design and construction today. Green buildings aim to fundamentally change the built environment by creating energy efficient, healthy and productive buildings that mitigate the significant impacts of buildings on the local, regional and global environment. Green building represents a model shift in the way we understand, design and construction today. This shift is sweeping across world’s countries. 1

International Energy Agency (EIA), 2014, accessed 12-04-2014,

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It’s a revolution inspired by an awakened understanding of how buildings use resources, affect people, and harm the environment.1 On the local level, Egyptian architecture contains good examples of environmentally responsible buildings. Ancient Egyptian temples, tombs and residences represent the first energy efficient (EE) buildings in the world based on the current knowledge of bioclimatic, green, desert, passive and ecological building principles. Islamic architecture also took into consideration the environmental issues and used architectural elements that promoted passive design of buildings such as wind catchers, inner courts, domes, and mashrabeyya. Nubian architecture has depended on mud as main construction material because of its appropriateness for Nubian culture and low cost. Vernacular architecture of Hassan Fathy is considered pioneering experiences of ecological architecture that promotes environmental architecture principles in addition to the human and local culture dimensions in desert or arid areas. In addition to some examples of contemporary architecture which aimed to reach environmental aspects and to reduce effects on the environment.

Research Problem Green architecture practices in Egypt are still at an experimental phase and the projects developed so far can be defined as environmental architecture rather than green architecture. These practices do not go with constant steps and did not appear as expected to mitigate the local environmental problems. The research addresses the difficulties and obstacles that prevent the application of green architecture principles in Egypt.

Research Objectives This research aims to determine potentials and obstacles of applying green architecture principles in Egypt, hence suggesting recommendations that can pave a better way to increase the potentials on account of obstacles towards applying green architecture principles in Egypt in the near future. 1

J. Yudelson, Green Building Revolution, International and Pan Americans Copyright Conventions, 2008, P. xv, 2

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Figure 0-1: Research Objectives

Research Scope The research exclusively studies the obstacles of applying green architecture principle locally in Egypt, via examining the practices context.

Research Methodology The research addresses evaluation of Egypt’s status in applying green architecture practices via:  Analyzing the contextual factors of green architecture practices in the United States of America, India and Egypt through a comparative study between the three countries to address the potentials and obstacles of the context of green architecture practices in Egypt.  Reviewing some selected local environmentally oriented projects in terms of green architecture principles (using GPRS) to determine potentials and obstacles of applying these principles in the Egyptian context. x


 Additional data about the selected environmentally oriented projects is obtained through an open-ended interview with key persons in the design team of these projects.

Research Structure The research is organized in three chapters, as follows: Chapter One: Green Architecture Basic Definitions and Rating Systems Chapter one introduces global environmental problems, including the depletion of non-renewable energy resources and relevant increases in GHGs’ emissions that resulted in the climate change and the global warming phenomena. It also discusses the significant role that buildings can play in mitigating environmental problems through adopting green architecture principles. This is also manifested through presenting the international rating systems of green buildings which have been developed to apply differently in different climates, geographical conditions, construction practices and regulations. Chapter Two: Experiences of Green Building Practices and Rating Systems Chapter Two presents an analysis of selected experiences of two countries that have successful green building practices to determine the challenges and potentials of applying these practices and how each country helped in implementing and mainstreaming of its rating system. This analysis will be in the form of a comparative study between the selected experiences and the Egyptian experience. Chapter Three: Evaluation of Local Environmentally Oriented Projects in Terms of Green Architecture Principles This chapter reviews number of environmentally oriented projects in Egypt in terms of green architecture principle using GPRS; thus defining the main challenges of expanding the scope of creating green buildings in Egypt, and the incentives and potentials of scaling up the implementation of it in the Egyptian context. Conclusions and Recommendations

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Chapter One: Green Architecture Basic Definitions and Rating Systems

Green Architecture Basic Definitions & Rating Systems

Chapter One

1.1 Introduction This chapter introduces global environmental problems, including the escalating rate of consuming non-renewable energy resources and the increasing CO2 emissions, the problems that led to climate change and global warming phenomena. Then it discusses the significant role that buildings can play in mitigating environmental problems through adopting green architecture principles. This would also be highlighted through presenting green architecture examples.

1.2Energy Consumption and Crisis This part reviews the increase of world energy consumption over years and the corresponding increased CO2 emissions. Then it discusses the division of the world countries into two groups according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED) with presenting a comparison of energy consumption of each group. It also presents projections of energy consumption increase in the world in the next years and the contribution of some countries to this increase. At the local level, this part analyses the status of Egypt’s energy consumption. It also presents the available energy resources in Egypt and their consumption purposes. 1.2.1 World’s Energy Consumption After the industrial revolution the world had witnessed incalculable technological achievements, population growth, and corresponding increases in exploiting the natural resources and using of non-renewable energy resources. Figure (1-1) shows the increased world energy consumption (in quadrillion British thermal units (Btu)) by fuel type from 1990 till 2010 in addition to expectations of its increase till 2040.

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Figure 1-1: World Energy Consumption by Fuel Type Source: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/world.cfm, 2014

The figure also shows the massive reliance on non-renewable energy resources (represented in liquid fuels, coal and natural gas) compared to renewable energy resources (represented in renewables and nuclear energy resources). According to the IEA, global primary energy demand rebounded by a remarkable 5% in 2010, pushing CO2 emissions to new high rates. Subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption of fossil fuels jumped to over $400 billion. The number of people without access to electricity remained unacceptably high at 1.3 billion, around 20% of the world’s population. Despite the priority in many countries to increase energy efficiency, global energy intensity worsened for the second straight year.1 Figure (1-2) shows world-energy related CO2 emissions by fuel type from 1990 till 2010 with expectations of its increase till 2040.

1

International Energy Agency (EIA), 2011, P.1 2|P age


Chapter One

Figure 1-2: World energy-related CO2 emissions by fuel type Source: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/emissions.cfm, 2014

1.2.2 Egypt’s Energy Consumption Egypt's total primary energy consumption grew by an annual average of 5 percent from 2000 to 2010, most of which was oil and natural gas. Egypt is the largest oil and natural gas consumer in Africa, accounting for almost a quarter of total oil consumption in Africa in 2012 and almost half of total dry natural gas consumption in 2011. The rapid growth of oil and gas consumption has been driven by increased industrial output, energy-intensive gas and oil extraction projects, population growth, and an increase in private and commercial vehicle sales. Most of Egypt's energy consumption in 2010 was met by oil (41 percent) and natural gas (46 percent), with the remainder from renewable energy sources (traditional biomass, hydro, wind, and solar) and coal ash shown in figure (1-3).1

1

International Energy Agency (EIA), 2013, accessed 3-2-2014, 3|P age


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Figure 1-3: Egypt’s Energy Consumption by Resources in 2010

Figure (1-4) shows the remarkable increase in total primary energy consumption in Egypt (1980-2010) which was multiplied by approximately 4.5 times.

Figure 1-4: Egypt’s Total Primary Energy Consumption 1980-2010 Source: http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=EG#tpe, 2014

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This increase is due to number of consumption purposes as shown in figure (1-5). The figure shows the percentage of each purpose share in energy consumption for the years 2011/2012. Most of energy consumption in Egypt in 2011/2012 is due to residential sector (42.3%) and industrial sector (31.4%) while the rest was due to commercial, agriculture, governmental, public light and public utilities.1

Figure 1-5: Energy Consumption by Purpose, Egypt, 2011/2012 Source: Ministry of Electricity and Energy, 2011/2012

Services and infrastructure need to be timely set to ensure the smooth growth of the economy. In addition these economic activities, the social development has to go in parallel with economic growth. The achievement of these goals requires substantial expansion of energy supply as projected by the Initial National Communication for Climate Change submitted by Egypt to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in July 1999, from 52.1 to 96.3 Mtoe of primary energy annually by the year 2017. Egypt is, therefore, seeking to diversify and alter its current mix of energy sources, such as wind and solar energy2. The realization of these major problems has led to orienting international efforts to conserve energy and deliver a sustainable future, some of these milestone efforts are presented in the next part.

1 2

Ministry of Electricity and Energy, 2011/2012 Ibid , P.36 5|P age


Chapter One

1.3 International Efforts Towards Sustainable Future  The World Environment day (Stockholm conference), 1972: held by United Nations and became an annual event to raise global awareness of environmental issues and to help stimulate political attention, public action, and personal commitment to environmental preservation.1  World Conservation Strategy report, 1980: this report has been published by the International Union for the conservation of nature (IUCN) to assure that nature conservation and development should be widely interlinked.2  The World Commission on Environment and development (WCED), 1983: aiming at uniting countries to pursue sustainable development together. In 1987 its report “Our Common Future” explained that the relationship among social, economic, cultural, and environmental issues is integrated therefore environmental issues should not be considered in isolation from human concerns.3  Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, 1992: The summit composed Agenda 21 (a Programme of Action for Sustainable Development) which contains the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the Statement of Forest Principles, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Framework Convention on Climate Change. The summit also discussed reducing the production of toxic components, the alternative renewable energy resources, and the growing scarcity of water.4  Kyoto Protocol, 1997: an agreement was made under which industrialized countries should reduce their overall emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990 over the five-year period 2008-2012 (as the protocol came into force at 16 Feb. 2005). Countries with an emission-reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol must meet their targets mainly through their national measurements, in addition, the protocol had offered them three other

1

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), n.d., accessed 22-12-2012, 2 The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), n.d., accessed 22-12-22012, 3 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), 2011, accessed 22-12-2012, 4 United Nations, 1997, accessed 22-12-2012, 6|P age


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means which are: Emissions trading, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI)1  Hanover expo on humankind, nature, and technology, 2000: the expo was opened to present revolutionary way of thinking by providing a set of concepts that encourage the design professions to take sustainability into consideration. 2  The world summit for sustainable development in Johannesburg, 2002: the summit renewed the global commitment to sustainable development. It was a “from words to action” and the main document was the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI)3.  Copenhagen Accord, 2009: The accord sets an objective of decreasing of global temperature to two degrees Celsius (2°C) above pre-industrial levels. It also establishes a goal for the industrialised countries of mobilising funding for climate mitigation and adaptation in developing countries of $100 billion per year by 2020, and requires the industrialised countries to set emissions targets for the same year.4  International Energy Agency (IEA), 2010: The agency presented three scenarios differentiated by the underlying assumptions about government policies. The New Policies Scenario takes account of the broad policy commitments that have already been announced and assumes cautious implementation of national pledges to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by 2020 and to reform fossil-fuel subsidies. The Current Policies Scenario takes into consideration only those policies that had been formally adopted by mid-2010. The third scenario, the 450 Scenario, assumes implementation of the high-end of national pledges and stronger policies after 2020, including the near-universal removal of fossil-fuel consumption subsidies, to achieve the objective of limiting the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to 450 parts per million of CO2-equivalent and global temperature increase to 2° Celsius.5

1

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 2014, accessed 22-12-2012, 2 McDonough W. & others, 2000, P.5 3 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), 2011, accessed 22-12-2012, 4 International Energy Agency (IEA), The World Energy Outlook Executive Summary, 2010, P.45 5 Ibid, P.1 7|P age


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1.4The Impact of the Built Environment According to the previous environmental problems, implementation of resource-efficient actions in all areas of human activity is necessary. The built environment is one clear example of the impact of human activities on resources consumption and the environment as a whole. Buildings do not only consume natural resources such as energy and raw materials, but also produce harmful atmospheric emissions. The following is a review of the effect of the buildings’ sector on the environment and natural resources. Buildings’ sector is responsible for:  One-sixth of the world’s freshwater withdrawals,  One-quarter of timber harvest,  Two-fifths of material and energy flows,  Affecting the watersheds, air quality, and transportation patterns of communities1,  Consuming one-third of the world’s natural resources,  Using up to 40% of primary energy requirements2.  35% of world's CO2 emissions,  40% of municipal solid wastes3. These statistics show that buildings significantly contribute to energy and environment relevant problems. Recognizing these impacts could orient to changes in the way of designing, constructing, and operating of buildings. With the leadership of diverse groups in the public and private sectors, the buildings’ sector is moving towards the environmental performance.4 Green buildings are one of the environmentally conscious architectural practices which reduce the previously mentioned negative environmental impacts. Subsequently green buildings are healthier spaces to work and live in, and they reduce potential liability resulting from indoor air quality problems. As an added benefit, green buildings enhance building marketability, and increase user’s productivity.

1 2

U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), 1996

Kordjamshidi M., 2011, P.1 22nd National Convention of Architectural Engineers, 2006 4 U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), 1996 3

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1.5Green Architecture Definitions The green architecture is an approach which deals with the relation between building and its surrounding environment. There is no fixed definition for green architecture, however many architects and ecologists had defined it from their different points of view. The following part reviews some of these definitions as follows:  A built environment that involves a holistic approach to the design of the buildings; that all resources that go into a building, be they materials, fuels or the contribution of the users, need to be considered if a green architecture is to be produced.1  A different term for designing with nature and designing in an environmentally responsible way.2  A design which embraces cycles of sustainable development and change. Green development accepts the principles of nature, seeks limits to corporate growth and personal consumption, and uses the minimum of resources to achieve the maximum in environmental quality.3  Construction practices that reduce resource use and pollution while increasing the value derived from each resource used. Green construction protects healthy sites, restores or enhances marginal sites by working with natural processes, and contributes to regional habitat conservation. Within these parameters, green construction stimulates a stable and diverse local economy, improves local quality of life, and improves human health.4  Buildings that have a significantly lower negative environmental impact than a traditional buildings.5  Buildings that are planned, constructed and run according to the principles of energy efficiency, climatic aspects, and water conservation.6  A “cradle-to-cradle” approach that considers buildings’ total economic and environmental impact and performance, from material extraction

1

Vale B. & R., 1991 Yeang K., 1995 3 Brian Edwards, 1996 4 William Thompson J. and Sorving K., 2000 5 Stang A. and Hawthorne, 2005 6 Bauer M., Mösle P. and Schwarz M., 2010, P.6 2

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and product manufacture to product transportation, building design, construction, operations, maintenance, and building reuse or disposal. 1  The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) presented a comprehensive definition which combines all of these descriptions, USGBC defined green buildings as structures that are designed, renovated, constructed, operated, and environmentally demolished in an environmentally and energy efficient manner with least impact upon our global and internal environment.2

1.6Green Architecture Principles To qualify buildings to be green buildings, architects, contractors and owners should consider a number of principles that constitute the green approach. Different approaches and formulations were developed to describe green architecture principles according to different points of view. Some of these formulations are presented as follows:  The efficient use of energy, water, and other resources, protecting the health of a building’s occupants, improving user’s productivity and reducing waste, pollution, and environmental degradation.3  Energy conservation, climate adaptation, minimizing resources’ depletion, respect of site, Respect for users and holism.4  Site ecology, water systems, natural building, passive solar design, green building materials and living architecture.5  Causing as little environmental interference as possible, the use of environmentally friendly materials that do not constitute a health hazard, indoor solutions that facilitate communication, low energy requirements, renewable energy use, high-quality and longevity as a guideline for construction and economical operation.6  The US Green Building Council reformulated green building principles in five comprehensive ones, namely: Sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources and indoor environmental quality.7 1 2

U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), 1996

Burroughs H. and Hansen S., 2004 Kubba S., 2010, P.1 4 7003 ,37 ‫ و‬37 ‫ صفحة‬,‫يحيي وزيرى‬ 5 Monterey Peninsula College, 2009 6 Bauer M., Mösle P. and Schwarz M. 2010, P.20 7 U.S. Green Building Council, Green Building Design and Construction, 2009 10 | P a g e 3


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Each of these principles is briefly described in the following table. Table 1-1: USGBC’s Green Building Principles Source: U.S. Green Building Council, Green Building Design and Construction, 2009

USGBC’s Green Building Principles Sustainable Sites  Selecting and Developing the Site Wisely By avoiding development of a greenfield, or previously undeveloped site, agricultural lands, wetlands, and water bodies. Choosing a previously developed site or even a damaged site that can be remediated reduces pressure on undeveloped land. Developing a master plan for the project site integrates the project into the surrounding community and helps engrain environmental considerations.  Reducing Emissions Associated with Transportation Locating the project near to areas provided by transportation infrastructure, providing occupants with cycle racks, changing facilities, parking lots and access to mass transit and alternative-fuel fueling stations to encourage using of alternative forms of transportation to reduce the energy required for transportation, the space needed for parking lots and vehicle negative emissions.  Planting Sustainable Landscape Sustainable landscaping involves using or restoring native and adapted plants, which require less maintenance and irrigation and fewer or no applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides compared with conventional used species. In addition, it reduces maintenance cost over the life of the building.  Protecting Surrounding Habitats Preserving and restoring native and adapted vegetation and other ecological features on the site.  Managing stormwater Runoff Runoff accelerates the flow rate of waterways, increasing erosion, altering aquatic habitat, and causing erosion downstream. Effective strategies should be applied to control, reduce and treat stromwater runoff in the site of project.  Reducing the Heat Island Effect Avoiding the use of dark, nonreflective surfaces for parking areas, roofs, walkways and other surfaces that contribute to the heat island effect. These surfaces absorb incoming solar radiation and radiate that heat to the surrounding areas, increasing the ambient temperature.  Eliminating Light Pollution Poorly designed exterior lighting could interfere with nocturnal ecology, reduce observation of night skies, cause roadway glare, and hurt relationships with neighbours by causing light trespass. In addition, it increases infrastructure costs and energy use through the building’s lifecycle. Water Efficiency  Monitoring Water Consumption Performance By tracking water use alongside energy use to understand the current performance. This helps in developing an integrated management decisions that increase overall efficiency and verify savings of water improvements.

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 Reducing Indoor Potable Water Consumption Using alternative water sources for nonpotabe applications and installing building components, such as water-efficient fixtures, flow restrictors on existing fixtures, electronic controls, composting toilet systems and waterless urinals.  Reducing Water Consumption to Save Energy and Improve Environmental Well-Being Water efficiency cuts costs by reducing the amount of water that should be treated, heated, cooled and distributed- all of which requires energy.  Practicing Water-efficient Landscaping Maintaining or re-establishing native plants on building sites fosters a self-sustaining landscape that requires minimal supplemental water and provides other environmental benefits such as avoiding water quality degradation and the use of fertilizer and pesticides. Energy and Atmosphere  Tracking Building Energy Performance Green projects should have a better performance than conventional projects. This could be achieved through three main stages. First, the building must be designed to operate at a high performance level. Next, it must be commissioned to ensure that what has been constructed meets the design intent. Third, a process for measurement and verification should be established to ensure the long-term performance of the building’s energy systems.  Managing Refrigerants to Eliminate CFCs Installing equipment that does not use CFC(Chlorofluorocarbons)-based refrigerants or using refrigerants with a low potential for causing ozone depletion and climate change.  Using Renewable Energy Integrating systems that incorporate on-site electrical (photovoltaic, wind, wave, tidal and biofuel-based), geothermal (deep-earth water or steam) or solar thermal (including collectors and storage components) power. In addition, off-sit renewable green power could be achieved by contracting for a minimum purchase of green power. Materials and Resources  Selecting Sustainable Materials Selecting environmentally friendly materials that have less negative impacts on the environment during their lifecycle, its extraction, processing, transportation, use and disposal.  Practicing Waste Reduction By three main strategies which are: source reduction, reuse and recycling. Source reduction minimizes environmental impacts throughout the material’s lifecycle, while reuse of materials diverts them from the waste stream and substitute for other materials with greater environmental impacts. Recycling diverts waste from landfills to reduce the demand for virgin materials.  Reducing Waste at its Source Managing construction waste through developing a plan by the contractors to establish a system for tracking waste generation and disposal during construction.

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 Reusing and Recycling Reusing of existing buildings (or buildings’ component) instead of building new structures to minimize environmental impacts such as less habitat disturbance and less new infrastructure. Indoor Environmental Quality  Improving Ventilation Designing indoor air quality to take advantage of regional climate characteristics and reduce energy costs to provide high level of indoor air quality that affects occupants’ health and productivity.  Managing Air Contaminants Several indoor air contaminants should be reduced to optimize occupants’ comfort and health. There are three basic contaminants which are: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Particulate matter (airborne particles including lint, dirt, carpet fibers, dust, dust mites, mold, bacteria, pollen and animal dander).  Specifying Less Harmful Materials Specifying materials that release less harmful chemical compounds. Adhesives, paints, carpets, composite wood products and furniture with low levels of potentially irritating off-gassing can reduce occupants’ exposure to harmful chemicals.  Allowing Occupants to Control Desired Settings Providing individual controls such as lighting controls and thermostat to improve occupants’ comfort and productivity and save energy.  Providing Daylight and Views Providing daylight and views for the spaces to reduce the need for electric lighting and increase occupants’ productivity and satisfaction.

1.7 International Green Building Rating Systems According to green buildings subjectivity, different rating systems have been developed to evaluate the different application approaches. In addition, rating systems contribute greatly to the transformation of buildings’ market towards green practices by: deﬁning green buildings in the market through informing tenants and the public about the environmental beneﬁts of a property and disclosing the additional innovation and effort invested by the owner to achieve a high performance building.1 The certified projects take advantage of a growing number of state and local government incentives, and the increasing press interest about green buildings. In addition, rating systems provide a third-party commissioning process which proves that

1

Better Bricks, The High Performance Portfolio: Green Building Rating Systems, , 2007 13 | P a g e


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environmental goals are achieved and that the building is performing as designed.1 These contributions lead to increase the marketability of green projects and add a value to the environmental design. 1.7.1 The Role of Green Building Rating Systems Green building rating systems are essential for:  Measuring the level of sustainability of green buildings by providing definitive, challenging and transparent criteria by which the environmental credentials of buildings can be evaluated and national standard regulations can be enhanced.2  Enabling building designers, constructors and developers to make reasoned choices based upon the environmental impact of their decisions.  Increasing awareness of green buildings by relating them to the ultimate usage of resources and energy.  Encouraging the design and construction of green buildings by raising awareness of environmental practice in the design, construction and occupation of buildings.  Minimizing the environmental impact of buildings while maintaining healthier, efficient, and environmentally sustainable working and living environments for their occupants.3  Facilitating the definition of green buildings in the market. Rating systems clarify the extent to which green components have been incorporated, and identify the green principles and practices that have been employed. In addition, rating systems promote the marketability of the buildings by informing tenants and the public about environmental benefits of green buildings.  Reducing implied risks, there is less risk that building systems will not perform as predicted. 4 1.7.2 Worldwide Green Building Rating Systems There are many rating systems used around the world, depending on different countries’ priorities as certain rating criteria, process, or 1

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), n.d., 2 Bauer M., Mösle P. and Schwarz M., 2010, P.15 3 The Egyptian Green Building Council, 2011, P.6 4 Kubba S., 2010, P.33

accessed 18-02-2014,

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technologies may not be appropriate for specific locations in some countries. Some countries have their own rating systems and others have adapted rating systems based on one of the original systems yet modified for their specific needs. Figure (1-6) shows the developed green building rating systems worldwide.

Figure 1-6: Worldwide Green Building Rating Systems Source: http://blog.greenbuildingservices.com/2012/01/shopping-around-a-retailers-guideto-choosing-an-international-rating-system/

The following table (Table 1-2) briefs these rating systems serially according to their initiation date. The table presents data for each rating system as follows:  Name - Assessment Categories  Country - Versions  Initiation Date - Levels of Certification Table 1-2: Worldwide Green Building Rating Systems

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Cou ntry/ Date

1 2

The United States of America - 1994

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) Great Britain - 1990

System

Assessment Categories         

Management Health & Well-being Energy Water Material Site Ecology Pollution Transport Land Consumption

 Sustainable Sites (SS)  Water Efficiency (WE)  Energy & Atmosphere (E&A)  Material & Resources (M&R)  Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)  Innovation & Design (I&D)

Versions BREEAM for:  Courts  EcoHomes  Education  Industrial  Healthcare  Multi-residential  Offices  Prisons  Retail LEED for:  New Construction  Existing Building  Commercial Interiors  Core & Shell  Homes  Neighborhood Development  School  Retail  Healthcare

Chapter One

Levels of Certification     

Pass Good Very Good Excellent Outstandin g1

 LEED Certified  LEED Silver  LEED Gold  LEED Platinum2

Ibid Bauer M., Mösle P. and Schwarz M., 2010, P.15 16 | P a g e

Hong Kong - 1996 Switzerland - 1998

Minergie

Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM & BEAM Plus)


 Site Aspects(SA)  Materials Aspects(MA)  Energy Use(EU)  Water Use(WU)  Indoor Environmental Quality(IEQ)

1 Dense Building Envelope 2 Efficient Heating System 3 Comfort Ventilation 4 Airlightness of Building Envelope 5 Efficiency of household appliances 6 Healthy ecological manner of construction

BEAM for  New Office Designs (Version 1/96)  Existing Office Premises (Version 2/96)  BEAM for New Residential Buildings (Version 3/99)  New (Version 4/03) and Existing (Version 5/03) Building Developments BEAM Plus V1.1 for:  New Buildings  Existing Buildings  (1,2 and 3) Minergie  (4 and 5) Minergie-P  (6) Minergie-Eco  (4,5 and 6) Minergie-P-Eco

Chapter One

   

Bronze Silver Gold Platinum1

 Minergie  Minergie-P  MinergieEco  MinergieP-Eco2

1

Hong Kong Green Building Council, 2014, accessed 17/09/2012, 2 Ibid 17 | P a g e

Taiwan - 1999 Japan - 2001

Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE)

Ecology, Energy Saving, Waste Reduction and Health (EEWH)


   

Ecology Energy Saving Waste Reduction Health

Certification on the basis of “Building Environment Efficiency Factor” (BEE) BEE=Q/L Q: Quality (Ecological Quality of Building) L: Loadings (Ecological Effects on Buildings) Main Criteria:  Energy Efficiency  Resource Consumption Efficiency  Building Environment  Building Interior

 EWH-EC (Ecological Community)  EEWH-GF (Green Factory)  EEWH-RN (Renovation)  EEWH-RS (Residential) CASBEE for:  New Construction  Existing Building  Renovation  Heat Island  Urban Development  Urban Area + Buildings  Cities  Home (Detached House)  Market Promotion (tentative version)  Property Appraisal

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    

Qualified Bronze Silver Gold Diamond1

    

C (Poor) B B+ A S (Excellent)2

1

Taiwan Green Building Council, 2011, accessed 17/09/2012, 2 Bauer M., Mösle P. and Schwarz M., 2010, P.15 18 | P a g e

India - 2003 Australia - 2003 The United States of America - 2004

Green Globes

Green Star

LEED 2011 for India


 Sustainable Sites  Water Efficiency  Energy & Atmosphere  Materials & Resources  Indoor Environmental Quality  Innovation in Design  Regional Priority

               

Management Indoor Comfort Energy Transport Water Material Land Consumption & Ecology Emissions Innovations Energy Water Resources Emissions Indoor Environment Project Management Site

LEED 2011 for India for:  New Construction  Core and Shell In addition to:  IGBC Green Homes  IGBC Green Townships  IGBC Green SEZ  IGBC Green Factory Building Green Star for:  Office-Existing Buildings  Office-Interior Design  Office-Design

 Green Globes for: New Construction (NC)  Continual Improvement of Existing Buildings(CIEB)  Green Globes CIEB for Healthcare

Chapter One

   

Certified Silver Gold Platinum1

 4 Stars: Best Practice  5 Stars: Australian Excellence  6 Stars: World Leadership2

National leaders Leadership in energy and environmenta lly efficient buildings. Excellent progress Movement beyond awareness and commitment.3

1

The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), 2011 Ibid 3 The Green Building Initiative, 2014, accessed 17/09/2012, 2

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1

Singapore - 2005 China - 2006 Germany - 2007

German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB)

GB/T 50378-2006

Building and Construction Authority Green Mark (BCA Green Mark)


 Energy efficiency  Water efficiency  Environmental protection  Indoor environmental quality, and  Other green and innovative features.

 Sustainable Sites  Water Efficiency  Energy & Atmosphere  Material & Resources  Indoor Air Quality  Innovation & Design  Ecological Quality  Economical Quality  Social Quality  Technical Quality  Process Quality  Site Quality

Chapter One

 Non-Residential New Buildings  Residential New Buildings  Existing Buildings  Existing Residential Buildings  Existing Schools  Office Interior  Landed Houses  Infrastructure  District  Restaurants  New Parks  Existing Parks  Residential Buildings  Public Buildings

 Green Mark Certified  Green Mark Gold  Green Mark Gold Plus  Green Mark Platinum1

DGNB for:  Offices  Existing Buildings  Retail  Industrial  Portfolios  Schools

 Bronze  Silver  Gold3

 1 Star  2 Stars  3 Stars2

Building and Construction Authority of Singapore, BCA Green Mark: Certification Standard for New Buildings, http://www.bca.gov.sg/EnvSusLegislation/others/GM_Certification_Std2010.pdf, 2010 2 Kubba S., 2010, P.35 3 Ibid 20 | P a g e

1

South Africa - 2007

 Management  Indoor Environmental Quality  Energy  Transport  Water  Materials  Land Use & Ecology  Emissions  Innovation  Site Location  Site Regeneration and Development  Energy and Resource Consumption  Environmental Loadings  Indoor Environmental Quality  Service Quality  Social, Cultural and Perceptual Aspects  Cost and Economic Aspects 34 criteria categorized under various sections such as:  Site Selection and Site Planning  Conservation and Efficient Utilization of Resources,  Building Operation and Maintenance  Innovation points.

International non-profit organization 2007 India - 2007

Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)

International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE) or Sustainable Building Tool (SBTool)

Green Star South Africa


Chapter One

Green Star SA for:  Design  As Built

 Star Green Star Certified  Star Green Star Certified  Star Green Star Certified1

One system for large projects or single buildings, residential or commercial, new and existing construction, or a mix of the two.

 Minimally acceptable practice.  Good practice  Best practice.2

For all building types (except for industrial complexes) in the design stage with a minimum area of 2,500 m2.

    

1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars3

Green Building Council of South Africa, n.d., accessed 17/09/2012, 2 International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), Overview of the SBTool assessment framework, , 2012 3 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment, n.d., accessed 28/11/2013, 21 | P a g e

Abu Dhabi - 2008

 IDP – Integrated Development Process  NS – Natural Systems  LB - Livable Buildings  PW – Precious Water  RE – Resourceful Energy  SM – Stewarding Materials  IP – Innovating Practice

United Arab Emirates 2010

Canada 2009

 Sustainable Sites  Water Efficiency  Energy Efficiency  Materials Selection  Indoor Air Quality  Integrated Development Process  Natural Systems  Livable Buildings Precious Water  Resourceful Energy  Stewarding Materials Innovating Practice

Egypt - 2011

Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS)

Estidama Pearl Rating System (PRS)

LEEDCanada

Estidama


 Sustainable Sites  Energy Efficiency  Water Efficiency  Materials and Resources  Indoor Environmental Quality  Management  Innovation

Chapter One

Estidama Pearl Rating System(PRS) Version 1.0:  Pearl Community Rating System  Pearl Building Rating System  Pearl Villa Rating System  Temporary 1 Pearl Building and Villa Program LEED-Canada for Homes

    

1 Pearl 2 Pearls 3 Pearls 4 Pearls 5 Pearls1

   

Certified Silver Gold Platinum2

Pearl Rating System:  Pearl Community Rating System  Pearl Building Rating System  Pearl Villa Rating System

    

1 Pearl 2 Pearls 3 Pearls 4 Pearls 5 Pearls3

GPRS for New Buildings

 GPRS Certified  Silver Pyramid  Gold Pyramid  Green Pyramid4

*Rating systems are sorted into original and modified rating systems. They are indicated as follows: 1

Estidama, 2010, accessed 23/06/2013, Canadian Green Building Council, n.d., accessed 17/09/2012, 3 Estidama,The Pearl Rating System for Estidama, Building Rating System:Design & Construction,Version 1.0, 2010, accessed 18/09/2012, 4 The Egyptian Green Building Council, 2011 22 | P a g e 2


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Original rating Modified versions of an original rating systems system The table presented green building rating systems used around the world. Some of these rating systems are original such as LEED and BREEAM and others are referenced to other rating systems with adaptation to suit the country’s context such as LEED-Canada, LEED-India, and Green Star SA. The comparison also shows that the assessment criteria differ from country to another but they all include the same concepts of green architecture principles.

1.8 Postlude This chapter reviews the increased world energy consumption due to industrial revolution and its’ corresponding remarkable increase in CO2 and other related GHG’s emissions. This has led to numerous negative environmental impacts ending with climate change and global warming. This crisis alarmed the international efforts of the urgent need to move towards environmental conservation and sustainable development. International efforts have been exerted to promote sustainable development in all fields of life. Realizing the fact that buildings sector plays a great role in world energy consumption and the corresponding environmental impacts urged the need for a new approach that consider the environment in all stages of the building life cycle (design, construction and demolition). Green architecture is one of environmental architecture branches which include: ecological architecture, solar architecture, zero energy building, smart architecture, bioclimatic architecture, vernacular architecture and sustainable architecture. In spite of the various definitions and principles of green architecture from different perspectives, but they all serve one goal which is the preservation of the environment and natural resources. USGBC presented comprehensive green architecture definition and principles that summarize the other mentioned definitions and principles. Reviewing the various worldwide rating systems shows differences and similarities among them and figures out the influence of different national contexts on the rating systems.

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Chapter Two: Experiences of Green Architecture Practices

Experiences of Green Architecture Practices

Chapter Two

2.1 Introduction As mentioned in chapter one, various green building rating systems in several countries were developed to assess buildings based on suitable criteria. At the local level, developing GPRS is considered a remarkable step towards application of green architecture principles, thus it is meaningful to study GPRS on a comparative basis with the corresponding systems that have been developed and successfully applied in other countries. This chapter reviews selected experiences of successful practices of green buildings through a comparative study with the Egyptian experience to conclude difficulties and potentials of applying green architecture principles in Egypt.

2.2 Selected Experiences of Green Architecture Practices The aim of this part is to review some countries’ experiences that have succeeded in applying green architecture principles. This success is due to several factors including developing a green building rating system which fulfills the requirements and priorities of each country’s context. Selected experiences of worldwide green building practices are analyzed to benefit from other experiences that have succeeded in implementing and mainstreaming green architecture by the help of their rating systems. 2.2.1 Criteria of selecting green architecture experiences The United States of America has developed LEED-US in 1994 which was the second developed rating system worldwide after BREEAM in 1990, and since then, LEED has gained a remarkable acceptance in US and worldwide. This international acceptance can be seen in the fast growing number of the projects that seeks to be LEED certified. While in India, green architecture has gained a great momentum in the last few years. Many Indian projects applied to be LEED-US certified and a many of them succeeded to obtain the certificate. However, Indian green architecture stakeholders have developed a rating system in 2003 to be LEED-US’s counterpart namely LEED 2011 for India-NC to apply it on the Indian projects. It should be noted that the Indian government has developed another green building rating system in 2007 namely GRIHA to be the national rating system that suits the Indian context. GRIHA was mandated for 24 | P a g e


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governmental projects, yet it did not achieve a remarkable success in the private building sector as seen in the number of registered projects (450 registered projects till Feb. 2014) compared to the number of LEEDIndia registered projects (2,362 registered projects till Feb. 2014). So the research focuses on LEED-India rather than GRIHA according to the national acceptance of it. In Egypt, green architecture practices are still in an experimental stage and the GPRS was developed later in 2011 as a step towards increasing these practices, so it is meaningful to review U.S and India’s experiences to benefit from its growth, diversity of fields of application with various versions and its large scale prevalence. A detailed analysis of the reasons of selecting these two countries is presented as follows: 2.2.1.1 The United States of America’s Experience-LEED as an international leading rating system LEED is one of the most accepted and applied rating systems worldwide, this can be concluded from the following:  Many of the world’s rating systems consider LEED as the main reference guide; many countries have developed their own rating system based on the LEED criteria and structure such as LEEDCanada, LEED-India, GB/T 50378-2006 of China, BCA Green Mark of Singapore, HK-Beam of Hong Kong and GPRS of Egypt.  The remarkable growth of the number of LEED registered and certified projects particularly in the last few years, both in the United States and worldwide. Figure 30 shows number of LEED registered and certified projects as of Sep. 2013. Many projects in different countries still seek obtaining LEED certification although their countries have already developed their own rating system.

25 | P a g e


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Figure 2-1: LEED-US Registered and Certified Projects as of Sep. 2014

 According to United States Green Building Council’s website (USGBC), as of September 2014, 71,955 projects are LEED registered or certified. The United States is the country with the most LEED registered or certified projects, while the rest of the projects are from other countries as shown in Table (2-1) and figure (2-2).1 Table 2-1: Top ten countries of LEED registered or certified projects till Sep. 2013

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Country United Stated China Brazil UAE India Canada Mexico Turkey Chile Korea

No. of Projects 51,391 1,836 900 861 604 562 502 389 283 255

Country’s Rating System LEED, Green Globes GB/T 50378-2006 N/A Estidama Pearl LEED 2011 for India & GRIHA LEED-Canada N/A N/A N/A N/A

1

U.S Green Building Council, 2014, accessed 11/9/2013, 26 | P a g e


Chapter Two

Figure 2-2: Top ten countries of LEED registered or certified projects till Sep. 2013

The previous analysis shows a remarkable application of green architecture principles in the United States of America which appears in the wide prevalence of using LEED rating system. This could be achieved through an integrated approach that promotes green architecture. Analyzing the experience of U.S could be a reference for a good practice to be applied in the Egyptian emerging experience. 2.2.1.2 The Indian Experience-LEED 2011 for India as a Similar Experience to the Egyptian Context India is the sixth country in the world in the number of LEED-US certified projects with 468 projects till Sep. 2013 according to table 2. In addition, India has adapted LEED rating system and released LEED 2011 for India to meet its specific needs and priorities which has also met remarkable acceptance in the Indian building industry with the help of stakeholders and institutional incentives. Selecting the Indian experience for study was based on the following reasons:  Similarity with Egypt in the context, as they both represent a developing country. 

India is the second-largest contributor to the increase in global energy demand to 2035 after China, accounting for 18% of the rise of energy demand. 27 | P a g e




Chapter Two

The remarkable increase of Indian green projects in the last years as shown in figure (2-3).

Figure 2-3: LEED Registered and Certified Projects in India as of Sep. 2014

A group of Indian organizations have been founded and a number of initiatives were made to initiate and support green buildings in India. Analyzing the Indian experience in promoting green architecture can help guiding the relevant emerging Egyptian experience.

2.3 Comparative Study of the Contexts of Green Architecture Practices in the United States of America, India, and Egypt The following study aims to analyze the experiences of the United States of America, India and Egypt in applying green architecture principles. The progress of green architecture practices is a result of the integration among various factors (figure 2-4) which could be summarized as follows: stakeholders, energy codes, supportive basis, incentives, leading green projects and rating systems.

28 | P a g e


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Figure 2-4: Elements of Green Architecture Application

2.3.1 Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices Stakeholders are the effective organizations that influence green building practices progress. Green architecture stakeholders could be governmental or civil bodies that promote green architecture practices and facilitate their application. Although there are several interested parties in preserving the environment and saving energy and natural resources, the research has focused on bodies that have a direct relevance to green architecture application. Accordingly, this part presents bodies with a great effect on the growth and development of green architecture through their responsibilities and steps taken towards mainstreaming the concept of green architecture in the three countries of the study. Green building stakeholders in each country are arranged according to their foundation date. 2.3.1.1 Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices in the United States of America The United States of America have a number of agencies that are involved in energy and environment conservation. Some of these agencies are specialized in energy-related issues regardless of green architecture. Department of Energy (DOE) is an example of these 29 | P a g e


Chapter Two

agencies, as it is concerned with the United States' policies regarding energy conservation and energy-related research1. Hence the research reviews the most effective bodies on green architecture movement in the United States as follows:  The National Resource Defense Center (NRDC)  Foundation: A non-profit, non-partisan international environmental advocacy group founded in 1970  Responsibilities:  Developing environmental conservation plans: It aims to conserve the environment and the ecosystem through curbing global warming, creating the clean energy future, and fostering sustainable communities.2  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  Foundation: EPA is a governmental agency that was established in 1970 to consolidate in one agency a variety of federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities to ensure environmental protection. Its mission was generally related to protecting human health and the environment. This mission has been developed with time to include making diverse, sustainable and economically productive communities and ecosystems.  Responsibilities:  Developing environmental conservation plans.  Offering advisory service to the green building industry.3  AIA Committee on the Environment (AIA/COTE)  Foundation: A professional committee for architects founded in 1990.  Responsibilities:  Developing a building-product guide: It is supervised by the American Institute of Architects (AIA). AIA/COTE was founded to develop a building-products guide based on life-cycle analysis; the guide was published in 1992 under the name of “AIA Environmental Resource Guide”.

1

United States Department of Energy (DOE), n.d., accessed 29/11/2013, 2 National Resource Defense Center, n.d., accessed 21/10/2012, 3 Environmental Protection Agency, 2014, accessed 29/11/2013, 30 | P a g e


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 Developing the “Top 10 Green Projects” program to increase the public’s awareness of successful sustainable design, this program was initiated on Earth Day 1998 and continues to the present day.1  United States Green Building Council (USGBC)  Foundation: A non-profit community of leaders who are interested in mainstreaming green architecture concept in the next generations, founded in 1993.  Responsibilities:  Developing green building rating systems: developing green building rating system, namely the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) to evaluate green buildings through technical criteria proposed by LEED committees and approved by USGBC.  Promoting a new way of thinking in the building industry that adopts environmentally friendly approaches and procedures through the building entire life cycle including all phases of design, construction, operation, and maintenance.2 2.3.1.2 Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices in India There are a number of bodies that promote green architecture and develop plans to achieve this goal.\some of these bodies are governmental and others are civil organizations. The following is a review of the affecting bodies on green architecture movement in India.  The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)  Foundation: An Indian institute established in 1974 to tackle the problems of the gradual depletion of the earth's finite energy resources. Over the years TERI has developed a wider interpretation of this core goal to include sustainable development.  Responsibilities:  Developing environmental conservation plans: Addressing global vision and local focus on national environmental problems  Constructing exemplary buildings in India that demonstrate green architecture practices.  Developing green building rating systems, namely the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) in November 2007 to measure building’s environmental performance. Keeping in view the predominance of non-Air Conditioned (non-AC) buildings by 1 2

Kubba S., 2010, P.xix U.S. Green Building Council, 2010, P.20 31 | P a g e


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integrating all relevant Indian building codes and standards and assisting in their implementation.1  Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)  Foundation: MNRE is the nodal Ministry of the Government of India founded in1992 for all matters relating to new and renewable energy.  Responsibilities: The main responsibilities of MNRE is to ensure energy Security by reducing the dependence on oil imports through development and deployment of alternate increase in the share of clean power, energy availability and access, energy affordability and energy equity.2 Although there are counterpart ministries in the U.S and Egypt to this ministry, they have not been mentioned as green architecture stakeholders in the other two countries as their responsibilities are limited to new and renewable energy regardless green architecture. While in India, in addition to the previous responsibilities, MNRE has worked in other issues that are more related to green architecture as follows:  Mandating of green building rating systems: Promoting the implementation of GRIHA by making it the national rating system in India and mandating GRIHA rating for all new public and government buildings to promote energy efficient/solar buildings.  Constructing exemplary green buildings: Constructing buildings on solar passive concepts after classification of six climatic zones to be exemplary buildings for developing design strategies for each climatic zone.3  The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)  Foundation: CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organization. CII is founded in 1896 to play a proactive role in India's development process, development.

then it extended its agenda to include sustainable

 Responsibilities: (CII) works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the development of India, partnering industry, government, and civil society through advisory and consultative processes. 1

The Energy and Resource Institute (TERI) of India, 2014, accessed 12/10/2012, 2 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, n.d., accessed 13/10/2012, 3 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy & The Energy and Resources Institute, 2010, P.17 32 | P a g e


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Its services cover various sectors including: engineering, climate change, energy, renewable energy, housing and infrastructure. In addition to the previous sectors, CII affects the progress of green architecture practices through the following:  Offering advisory services to the building sector in the areas of green buildings, energy efficiency, water management, environmental management, renewable energy, green business incubation and climate change activities.  Facilitating market transformation: Improving green practices with key stakeholders and facilitating market transformation, aiming at setting India as one of the global leaders in green businesses by 2015.1  Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)  Foundation: IGBC is a part of CII and was founded in 2001  Responsibility: The vision of the council is to usher green building revolution in India to become one of the world leaders in green buildings by 2015. IGBC is facilitating the green building movement through the following services:  Developing green building rating systems: Developing LEED-India to become a nationally accepted benchmark of high performance green buildings.  Developing a building-product guide: Providing an online directory of green building materials and service providers so as to serve as a practical ready reference for all builders, designers and contractors interested in green building practices.  IGBC Accredited Professional examination  Green Building workshops & training programs 2  Green Building Congress - India's flagship events on green buildings 2.3.1.3 Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices in Egypt There are several governmental bodies in Egypt that are concerned with environmental protection such as Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs (MSEA) and Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA). They are responsible for developing environmental policies, coordinating national and international efforts, and implementing initiatives within a 1 2

Indian Green Building Council, 2008, accessed 10/10/2012, Ibid 33 | P a g e


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context of sustainable development1. These bodies focus on environmental conservation generally without considering the role of buildings’ sector. On the other hand, a number of agencies are either more concerned with promoting green architecture application in Egypt. The following is a review of the directly related bodies to green architecture practices in Egypt.  Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC)  Foundation: Founded in 1954 as an independent institute, now it subordinates to the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities.  Responsibilities: HBRC aims at developing a policy and general plan of research, studies and their implementation in the field of construction generally within the framework of the priorities that respond to community needs with particular attention to the national problems2. HBRC’s responsibilities that are directly related to green architecture are presented as follows:  Developing new architectural design and urban planning techniques those are appropriate for the environmental conditions.  Development of construction materials industries, evaluation of natural raw and manufactured materials as well as the development of alternatives for industrial and agricultural waste.  Assessment of thermal and acoustic behavior of building materials, structures, efficient design of natural and artificial lighting and ventilation.  Developing design and construction standards in addition to updating building codes  Cooperating with local, national and international scientific institutions, and contributing to international conferences and exhibitions.3  Developing green materials and construction methods.4  Egyptian Green Building Council (EGBC)

1

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, 2014, accessed 29/11/2012, 2 Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC), 2010, accessed 20-02-2014, 3 Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities, 2006, accessed 5/9/2013, 4 Farouh H., Housing & Building National Research Center HBRC, 2012 34 | P a g e


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 Foundation: EGBC is a governmental organization which is subordinate of Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Planning (MHUUP) and HBRC, established in January 2009.  Responsibilities:  Developing local green building rating system (GPRS).  Encouraging the adaptation of building energy efficiency codes as well as other existing codes relevant to environmental protection.  Increasing the awareness of green construction benefits.  Providing incentives and removing obstacle of the green construction in Egypt by presenting it as a financially logical, environment friendly and appropriate way that meets the short term and long term needs of users and owners.1 2.3.1.4 Concluding Remarks Based on the previous review, U.S and India applied effective actions to devote their stakeholders to promote green architecture. On the other hand, Egypt has a number of organizations that seeks environmental conservation, but most of them handle the environmental issues generally without specifically considering building and its influences. The following tables summarize the green building stakeholders’ current status in the three countries of the study and their main responsibilities Table 2-2: Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices in U.S, India and Egypt

Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices U.S India Egypt The National Resource The Energy & Resources Housing & Building Defense Center (NRDC) Institute (TERI) Research Center (HBRC) Environmental Protection Ministry of New & Egyptian Green Building Agency (EPA) Renewable Energy Council (EGBC) (MNRE) AIA Committee on the The Confederation of Environment (AIA/COTE) Indian Industry (CII) U.S Green Building Council Indian Green Building (USGBC) Council (IGBC)

1

Egyptian Green Building Council, 2009 35 | P a g e


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Table 2-3: Actions of Green Architecture Practices Stakeholders

Actions of Green Architecture Practices Stakeholders U.S India Developing environmental conservation plans   Developing a building-product guide   Offering advisory services to the green building   industry Developing green building rating systems   Supporting green building rating systems   Constructing exemplary green buildings   Facilitating market transformation  

Egypt  N/A N/A  N/A  N/A

2.3.2 Energy Efficiency Codes Energy codes are key parameters for energy conservation in buildings which constitutes a basic category of green architecture principles. Developing and enforcing energy codes moves the buildings a step towards green architecture. This part reviews types of the developed energy codes, their scope, compliance status, compliance criteria and applicability in the three countries of study as follows: 2.3.2.1 Energy Efficiency Codes in the United States of America Energy codes in the United States are categorized into two main types: Private sector and federal sector energy codes. Private Sector Energy Codes Private sector energy codes are the codes developed and supervised by non-governental organizations; they include:  International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)  Development: The first version has been developed in 1998. IECC has been updated every three years resulting in: 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012 versions.  Scope: for commercial and low-rise residential buildings.  Fileds of compliance: include heating and ventilating, lighting, water heating, and power usage for appliances and building systems.  Compliance approaches: This code is intended to provide flexibility to permit the use of innovative approaches and techniques to achieve an effective use and conservation of energy over the building’s lifecycle.1

1

International Code Council, 2011 36 | P a g e


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 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standards  Development: ASHRAE was founded in 1894. It publishes the following three types of standards: Method of Measurement or Test, Standard Design and Standard Practice. ASHRAE has developed many standards, some of which are standards for energy efficiency such as ASHRAE 90.1 and ASHRAE 90.2. In addition, ASHRAE has developed a standard for green architecture practices (ASHRAE 189.1) which provides a “total building sustainability package” to design, build and operate green buildings. ASHRAE 189.1 differs from LEED as LEED has been developed for implementation as a voluntary system which provide a limited number of prerequisites and many other optional credits. While standard 189.1 is primarily based on the mandatory requirements (with some elements allowing a choice between a prescriptive or performance options for compliance) that establish baseline criteria for a high-performance green building found in voluntary rating systems as shown in figure (25).

Figure 2-5: Percentage of mandatory requirements in ASHRAE 189.1 and LEED Source: Bilka A., 2012

In addition, ASHRAE 189.1 categories include the same categories of LEED (SS, WE, E&A, M&R and IEQ) in additon to two other categories which are: building’s impact on the atmosphere and construction and plans for operation.  Scope: for all buildings types except low-rise residential buildings.  Fileds of compliance(for ASHRAE 189.1): include site sustainability, water use efficiency, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, building’s impact on the atmosphere, materials and resources and construction and plans for operation.1 1

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), n.d., accessed 24/12/2013, 37 | P a g e


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 Compliance approaches(for ASHRAE 189.1): All criteria have mandatory and voluntary requirments. Voluntary requirments can be achieved by two compliance options:Simple prescriptive compliance options(minimal choices and few calculations) or flexible performance compliance options (more options and more effort)1  International Green Construction Code (IGCC)  Development: IGCC has been developed by the participation of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and American Institute of Architects (AIA) with the Internation Code Council (ICC). The code was developed to integrate with the rest of the international codes family, so as not to conflict with provisions of other international codes.  Public Version 1.0 of the IGCC was developed in 2010. Modification of Version 1.0 was approved and Public Version 2.0 was issued on November 2010. The final version (2012 IGCC) was published in 2012.  Scope: for all building types except detached one-and two-family dwellings, multiple single-family dwellings (townhouses) not more than three stories and equipment or systems that are used primarily for industrial or manufacturing processes.  Fileds of compliance: Site development and land use, material resource conservation and efficiency, energy conservation, efficiency, and atmospheric quality, water resource conservation and efficiency, indoor environmental quality and comfort, building commissioning, operation, and maintenance, existing buildings, and building additions.  Compliance approaches: Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement of this code, the specific requirement shall be applicable. Unlike LEED rating system, IGCC contains more mandatory requirements in each compliance criteria. Figure (2-6) shows the different percentage of mandatory requirements in IGCC and LEED.

1

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Introduction to standard 189.1, 38 | P a g e


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Figure 2-6: Percentage of mandatory requirements in IGCC and LEED Source: Bilka A., 2012

 It is intended that the provisions of this code provide flexibility to allow and encourage the use of innovative approaches, techniques and technology to achieve compliance with the intent of the code.1 Federal Sector Energy Codes  Development: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the Building Energy Codes Program (BECP), is required by law to establish mandatory energy efficiency requirements for new federal commercial and residential buildings.  Scope: for commercial federal buildings (Energy Efficiency Design Standards for New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High-Rise Residential Buildings) and residential federal buildings (Energy Efficiency Standards for New Federal Low-Rise Residential Buildings)  Fileds of compliance: Building Envelope, HVAC, Service Water Heating, Power, Lighting, and other equipment for different climate zones.  Compliance approaches: Energy codes are adopted at the state and local levels of government as the United States does not have a national energy code or standard.2 2.3.2.2 Energy Efficiency Codes in India India has several building codes among which is an energy efficiency one developed by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) of the Indian government. This code is presented as follows: Energy Conservation Building Code  Development: It has been developed in 2007 based on ASHRAE, yet amended to suit Indian context 1 2

Bowyer J. and others, 2012 U.S Department of Energy, n.d., accessed 1/10/2013, 39 | P a g e


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 Scope: for commercial and public buildings  Compliance status: Mandatory  Fileds of compliance: include building envelope, lighting system, HVAC system, electrical system, and water heating and pumping systems  Compliance approaches: 1. Prescriptive: Compliance with the performance requirements for each subsystem and system 2. Trade Off: Compliance with the performance requirements of each system, but with tradeoffs between subsystems 3. Whole Building Performance.1 2.3.2.3 Energy Efficiency Codes in Egypt The government of Egypt has developed a number of building codes through the Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC). In the last few years, HBRC has developed two energy efficiency codes to set standards for energy performance of buildings. These codes are: Egyptian Code for Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings (ECP 1/306/2005)  Development: It has been developed in 2006.  Scope: for residential buildings.  Fileds of compliance: include Building envelope, Ventilation, Thermal comfort, HVAC system, Water heating system, Lighting system, and Electrical system.  Compliance approaches: 1. Prescriptive: Compliance with the performance requirements for each subsystem and system 2. Trade Off: Compliance with the performance requirements of each system, but with tradeoffs between subsystems 3. Whole Building Performance.2 Egyptian Code for Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings (ECP 2/306/2005)  Development: It has been developed in 2009.  Scope: for commercial buildings.

1

Global Buildings Performance Network, 2013, accessed 1/10/2013, 2 -603 ‫ كود رقم‬,‫ الكود المصري لتحسين كفاءة استخدام الطاقة فى المبانى‬,‫المركز القومى لبحوث اإلسكان و البناء‬ 5002 ‫ طبعة‬,)1/603( ‫ المبانى السكنية كود رقم‬:‫ الجزء األول‬,5002 40 | P a g e


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 Fileds of compliance: include Building envelope, Ventilation, Thermal comfort, HVAC system, Water heating system, Lighting system, and Electrical system.  Compliance approaches: 1. Prescriptive: Compliance with the performance requirements for each subsystem and system 2. Trade Off: Compliance with the performance requirements of each system, but with tradeoffs between subsystems 3. Whole Building Performance.1 2.3.2.4 Concluding Remarks India’s policymakers have focused on reducing energy consumption in commercial buildings without considering the residential sector. However, India has mandated its energy code, a step that facilitates the transformation of construction sector practices towards green architecture. While in United States and Egypt, energy efficiency codes are still voluntary except for federal sector energy codes of the United States of America (for federal buildings). An important step towards green architecture has been taken by the United States through developing a green building code (IGCC).Table (2-4) summarizes energy efficiency codes status in the three countries. Table 2-4: Energy Codes’ Status in U.S, India, and Egypt

IEC For low-rise residential buildings For high-rise residential buildings For commercial buildings For governmental buildings For green buildings 1

ASHRA E AGCC

Energy Efficiency Codes United States India Egypt Private Federal ECBC ECP ECP Sector Sector 1/306/2 2/306/2 005 005

Building Type

























 

‫ كود رقم‬,‫ الكود المصري لتحسين كفاءة استخدام الطاقة فى المبانى‬,‫المركز القومى لبحوث اإلسكان و البناء‬ 5002 ‫ طبعة‬,)5/603( ‫ المبانى التجارية كود رقم‬:‫ الجزء الثانى‬,5002-603 41 | P a g e


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2.3.3 Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices The availability of some bases such as green materials, equipment and technologies facilitate the progress of green architecture. In addition, awareness about green architecture concept and its principles can play a vital role in adopting these principles by architects, owners and contractors. These bases are discussed in the three countries of the study as follows: 2.3.3.1 Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices in the United States of America  Materials, Equipment, and Technologies  AIA COTE has developed The Environmental Resource Guide (ERG) in 1992 to create a methodology that assesses the environmental impact of building materials based on their life cycle.1  In 1992, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established the ENERGY STAR (energy efficiency labeling voluntary program) to provide certified energy efficient products. The certified products include windows, doors, skylights, roof products, Insulation, solar water heaters, high efficiency gas storage, light fixtures, heat pumps and air conditioning.2  In October 2012, the AIA has released the Energy Modeling Guide to help architects evaluating the performance of the buildings they design.3  Awareness  Increasing knowledge about green buildings through providing LEED Green Associate (LEED GA) and LEED Accredited Professional (LEED AP) certifications which qualify individuals to be active participants in the green building practices. LEED AP certification is

1

American Institute of Architects, 5015, accessed 25/12/2013, 2 Energy Star, n.d., accessed 25/12/2013, 3 American Institute of Architects, 5015, accessed 25/12/2013, 42 | P a g e


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not only available for architects, but also for other relevant professionals such as contractors and builders.1  Further training is available for contractors, subcontractors and builders about procedures required to properly track and document each construction phase to maintain LEED credits. This information is provided by USGBC local chapters and communities which offer training programs that cover issues the contractor needs to know to confidently manage their LEED-specific responsibilities.2  Free consultation/promotional services: Offering free technical assistance, green building guidelines and public promotion for qualified projects  Free technical assistance: Offering technical green building training, support, and education for Private sector buildings registering for LEED certification.3  Committees, Chapters, and Conferences: Dialog avenues in both national and international levels are organized by three main ways; founding volunteers committees to search the green building industry demands and respond accordingly, secondly founding local chapters (to act like small branches for USGBC in different areas at the regional levels to penetrate the building sector with the concept of green architecture, reach out to wider section of stakeholders and involve local agencies & Institutions in the Green building practices, and finally organizing conferences to spread the concept of green buildings.4 2.3.3.2 Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices in India  Materials, Equipment, and Technologies  Providing an online directory for building materials and service providers by CII’s website to facilitate decision making in the green building process and serving as a practical ready reference for all those interested in the building materials and service market of India. Directory includes the following categories: energy efficiency, water 1

U.S.Green Building Council, 2014, accessed 25/12/2013, 2 Green Step Education, n.d., accessed 25/12/2013, 3 United States Green Building Council, Summary of Government LEED® Incentives , March 2009 4 United States Green Building Council, 2014, accessed 25/12/2013, 43 | P a g e


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efficiency, material products and technologies, indoor environmental quality and service providers as shown in figure (2-7).1

Figure 2-7: Snapshot of the Indian Green Building Council’s Website: Directory of Building Materials and Service Providers Source: http://www.igbc.in/site/igbcdir/index.jsp, 2012

 Awareness  IGBC provides certification program to who are interested in green building practices. Certifications are obtained through IGBC Accredited Professional (AP) examination. In addition, IGBC organizes green building workshops, training programs and conferences.  IGBC provides local chapters to communicate with architects, contractors and owners to share experiences about green buildings in different regions.2 2.3.3.3 Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices in Egypt  Materials, Equipment, and Technologies There is no available database about green materials, equipment, and technologies in the Egyptian market except for "Improving energy efficiency" project which is a result of the cooperation between the Ministry of Electricity and the United Nations Energy Development Program in the field of improving and rationalizing the use of energy in various sectors. 1

Indian Green Building Council, 2012, accessed 22/11/2013, 2 Indian Green Building Council, 2012, accessed 22/11/2013, 44 | P a g e


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The project aims at transforming the Egyptian market towards the use of energy efficient lighting systems and energy-saving electrical appliances through providing appliances’ energy labels as shown in figure (2-8).

Figure 2-8: Example of Energy Efficiency Labels Source:http://www.moee.gov.eg/tarshed/elect_device_saving.aspx, n.d.

These labels allow the consumer the opportunity to compare the appliances in terms of energy efficiency and electricity monthly consumption.1 In addition, EGBC works on introducing green building products in the Egyptian market through EGBC members’ visits to many countries of a good experience in the field of green architecture such as India, China, Indonesia and.2  Awareness  Training, research and advisory services are the main activities provided by UTI (The Urban Training Institute, a private organization affiliated with HBRC). Training aims at enhancing skills and effectiveness of individuals from governmental and non-governmental organizations, who are directly involved in planning, design, implementation and management of urban development programs and 1

The Project of Improving Energy Efficiency, n.d., accessed 21-02-2014, < http://www.eeiggr.com/cards.html> 2 Egyptian Green Building Council, 2009 45 | P a g e


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projects. Examples of UTI training programs are: Principles and Practices of International Rating Systems (LEED Green Associate), Integrated Solid Waste Management, Eco- Building design, Sustainable Projects Management and Design Builder (environmental design simulation program). UTI research is oriented to institutional analysis and the assessment of government policy effectiveness and implementation impacts, while the advisory services provide the practical experience.1  Other training programs are provided by Egyptian Earth Construction Association (EECA), a non-governmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1997 and registered with the Ministry of Social Solidarity. EECA provides training programs that enable community groups, Architects, Conservators, Craftsmen, Urban planners and others to acquire knowledge and skills in all the fields related to the act of building and heritage. These programs including the following topics: climate analysis, zero energy design, passive design, sustainable neighborhoods, life cycle assessment and building performance simulation.2  The MED-ENEC project which is resulted from initiatives taken under the European Union Energy Initiative (EU-EI) after Kyoto protocol. It is a regional project funded by the European Union. It aims to increase the use of Energy Efficiency measures and Renewable Energy systems in buildings in southern and eastern Mediterranean countries. The project’s emphasis is on the support of large building programs as multipliers of climate friendly and cost-saving technologies and measures. It aims at developing the markets for Energy Efficiency EE and Renewable Energy RE in the Building sector and related industrial and services activities within the Mediterranean Partner Countries.  Improve framework conditions.  Develop business and technology cooperation.  Build institutional capacities and offer Technical training.  Support awareness campaigns.  Initiate and promote success stories through pilot projects.

1

Urban Training and Studies Institute, 2013, accessed 25/12/2013, 2 Cairo Urban Initiatives Platform, n.d., accessed 21-02-2014, 46 | P a g e


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Intensify networking among actors.1  Conferences and Workshops  The Egyptian Green Building Council (EGBC) cooperates with HBRC in organizing conferences and workshops to promote green architecture practices in Egypt.2 

2.3.3.4 Concluding Remarks The previous analysis shows that the United States of America has provided supportive bases for the green architecture which remarkably affected the progress of local green architecture practices. While in India, factors related to availability of materials, equipment and technologies are efficiently provided, awareness of green architecture lacks some points compared with the United States experience. The following table presents a brief of the available bases that support green architecture in the three countries to indicate the points that need to be considered in Egypt. Table 2-5: Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices in U.S, India and Egypt

Green Building Practices’ Supportive Bases U.S India Materials, equipment, and technologies   Training for designers   Training for contractors and builders   Free consultation/promotional services N/A  Free technical assistance N/A  Committees N/A  Local chapters   Conferences and workshops  

Egypt N/A  N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 

2.3.4 Incentives of Green Architecture Practices Providing incentives can widely affect the prominence of green architecture practices, incentives should be provided to encourage owners, designers and contractors to adopt green principles in their architectural practices. The following is a review of green architecture incentives in the United States of America, India and Egypt.-

1

MED-ENC, 2014. Accessed 18-04-2014, 2 Egyptian Green Building Council, 2010, accessed 25/12/2013, 47 | P a g e


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2.3.4.1 Incentives of Green Architecture Practices in the United States of America In 1995, the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) was established and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). DSIRE addresses a comprehensive source of information on state, federal, local, and utility incentives and policies that support renewable energy and energy efficiency1. In addition to renewable energy incentives, green building incentives are offered by local states and governments. Most of these incentives are provided for LEED certified projects except some points that require only registering to obtain LEED certificate as explained in each point. These incentives differ from state to another according to each state policy. They can be summarized as follows:  Density bonus- Increased Floor to Area Ratio (FAR): Developing LEED registered projects’ sites at a higher density than conventional projects.  Expedited (fast-track) permitting: Offering expedited permitting to home builders registered to obtain LEED certificate with a completed LEED scorecard.  Fee reduction: Offering exemption from fees for all green installations and fee reductions to cover the cost of LEED certification  Tax break: Offering tax abatement for LEED certified projects for number of years then tapering off taxes by a defined percentage.  Grant: Providing grants for commercial and multi-family, multi-story residential projects earning LEED certification.  Low interest loans: Providing low interest loans for energy efficiency measures and building materials that meet LEED or other generally accepted green building standards.2 2.3.4.2 Incentives of Green Architecture Practices in India In India, renewable energy use is supported by Indian Renewable Energy Development Authority (IREDA) with ESCOs1 through providing financial support. 1

Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), 2014, aaccessed 3/10/2013, 2 U.S. Green Building Council, Summary of Government LEED® Incentives , March 2009 48 | P a g e


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As mentioned before, India has two green building rating systems: GRIHA which is supervised by MNRE (governmental supervision) and LEED-India which is supervised by IGBC (private sector supervision). Accordingly, green building incentives in India can be categorized into three main groups as follows:  Governmental incentives for green buildings which are provided from MNRE to GRIHA rated buildings.  Private sector incentives for green buildings which are provided by IGBC and other private sector bodies to LEED-India rated buildings.  Governmental incentives for energy efficiency and use of renewable energy resources A review of those three groups is summarized as follows:  Governmental incentives for green buildings  Expedited (fast-track) permits: Offering priority and fast processing for the project’s permits.  Tax break: Tax incentives, particularly property tax abatements, for projects achieving LEED Silver/GRIHA 3 star or better certification.  Density bonus- Increased Floor to Area ratios (FAR): Increased FAR, which allow a developer to construct more building area than allowed by applicable zoning.2  Private sector incentives for green buildings  Small and Medium Enterprises loans: Providing loans for efficiency audits, retrofits and upgrades  ESCO financing: Funded energy service company (ESCO) project with Nasik Municipal Corporation that demonstrated 40 percent savings in energy bills with a 1.5 year payback  Mortgage finance: Reduced processing fees for LEED-India rated buildings  The Energy Efficiency Initiative (EEI): In 2007, Asian Development Bank (ADB) earmarked 1 billion to spend on energy efficiency and renewable energy projects. From 2013, ADB has pledged to double its target to 2 billion a year.3 1

Indian company that develops, installs, and arranges financing for projects designed to improve energy efficiency for facilities over an extended time period 2

Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA), n.d., accessed 26/12/2013, 3 Administrative Staff College of India and(ASCI) & Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), Constructing Change: Accelerating Energy Efficiency in India’s Buildings Market, October 2012 49 | P a g e


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 Governmental incentives for energy efficiency and use of renewable energy resources  Equipment subsidy for solar hot water installation: Indian Renewable Energy Development Authority (IREDA) with ESCOs Provides financial support by for solar hot water system installations  Guarantee:Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) provides partial risk coverage to commercial lenders by covering up to 50 percent of loan loss amount for the green projects  Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP): BEE provides bankable detailed project reports to enhance comfort for lenders for aggregated energy efficiency projects  Venture Capital Fund for Energy Efficiency (VCFEE): BEE provides leverages private venture investments in energy efficiency by identifying co-investment opportunities with other venture capitalists  State Energy Conservation Fund (SECF): India’s national Energy Conservation Act of 2001 requires states to establish energy conservation funds to facilitate implementation of energy efficiency projects.1 2.3.4.3 Incentives of Green Architecture Practices in Egypt There are no actual incentives for green architecture in the building industry practical field, yet HBRC proposes some incentive that should promote green architecture application in Egypt. These proposed incentives include:  Access to preferred and prime locations in the governorates of Egypt  Utility concessions  Equipment support and finance2 2.3.4.4 Concluding Remarks The previous review indicates that efforts have been exerted by United States and India to encourage green architecture practices in different forms of incentives. United States gave a good example of applying green architecture incentives through the cooperation of private and governmental sectors to encourage designers, owners and contractors to build green buildings. 1

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In India, the cooperation between governmental and private sector is not efficient, as the governmental sector promotes the application of GRIHA rating system while the private sector encourages applying to LEEDIndia rating system. This conflict could affect the progress of green architecture practices compared to the case of merging governmental and private sector incentives. In Egypt, there are no actual incentives in the practical field in spite of proposing some incentives by HBRC which should come into forces and be regularly updated to efficiently encourage green architecture practices in Egypt. Table (2-6) summarizes green architecture incentives in United States, India and Egypt. Table 2-6: Green Architecture Incentives in U.S, India, and Egypt

Green Architecture Incentives U.S Density bonus- Increased Floor to Area ratios (FAR)  Expedited (fast-track) permitting  Fee reduction  Tax break  Low interest loans  Loan programs  Guarantee N/A

India   N/A  N/A  

Egypt N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

2.3.5 Green Architecture Leading Projects Some projects are considered as a role model of the application of green architecture principles in its country’s context. These projects are leading projects that show how architects can use their country’s context to develop green projects. The aim of this part is to review the first trials of green architecture practices in United States, India and Egypt. The selection of these projects is based on the following criteria:  Selecting the first green projects in each country  Selecting the projects that significantly affected the transformation of architectural practices towards green architecture 2.3.5.1 Green Architecture Leading Projects in United States As mentioned before in Table 1, United States is ranked as first country with LEED registered and certified green projects worldwide with a total 46,474 green projects as of September 2013. The selected pilot project in United States is Philip Merrill Environmental Center. The Center is the first LEED certified project 51 | P a g e


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(Platinum rating) in United States and worldwide. The center was designed when green building was still a new concept. There were numerous challenges because of the non-availability of green building materials, equipment, technologies, or qualified contractors. The vision of the center design is to be able to convince so many business leaders and government leaders that it’s something anyone is able to do.  Project Profile The center is owned by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, an environmental advocacy, restoration, and education organization. It was designed in 1997 and completed in 2001. It works as an environmental education and training center for students and volunteers.1  Green Strategies  Sustainable Sites  Minimizes heat island potential through landscaping and exterior material choices.  Minimizes light pollution by using timers on exterior lights.  Water Efficiency  Composting toilets.  Water efficient appliances.  Native landscaping.  Captures and reuses rainwater.  Uses bio retention filter to treat oil and other pollutants in runoff from the previous parking area.  90% reduction in water use over comparable conventional office building  Energy and Atmosphere  Maximizes daylight with large windows, clerestories, and an open interior design.  North clerestory for daylighting without heat gain or glare  South clerestory with low heat gain coefficient  Shaded window wall for views to the bay  Interior blinds on west, south and east facades.  Each workstation has a motion sensor that automatically shuts off computer monitor and task lighting when not used. 1

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 Luminous sensors control overhead lighting.  Photovoltaic panels on south wall.  Solar hot water panels on the roof.  South façade shaded with large slotted wooden structure, allows winter sun, keeps out summer sun as shown in figures (2-9) and (2-10).

Figure 2-9: Study of Daylight and Passive Heat Gain Strategies Source: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2002

Figure 2-10: Perspective showing green strategies applied in the center Source: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2002

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 Materials and Resources  Based on "cradle-to-cradle" philosophy (consider what materials can be at the end of their useful lives), using deconstruction, rather than demolition, of existing structures on the site; all materials were auctioned, salvaged, or recycled.  Materials with recycled content (i.e., galvanized siding made from cans, cars, and guns; interior fabrics; and rubber flooring).  Materials from rapidly renewable or regenerable resources (i.e., cork and bamboo flooring).  Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPS) in roof and walls.  Parallel strand timber beams.  Local sources (over 50% of materials came from a 300-mile radius).  Indoor Environmental Quality  Natural ventilation is used whenever possible through the use of clerestory windows  CO2 monitoring and automatically controlled operable windows.  Natural, non-toxic materials and paints.  South-facing exposure takes advantage prevailing winds for natural ventilation as shown in figure (2-11).

Figure 2-11: Section Showing Air Movement through Clerestory windows Source: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2002

2.3.5.2 Green Architecture Leading Projects in India According to the previously mentioned data in Table 1, India is ranked as the sixth country worldwide in the LEED registered and certified projects 54 | P a g e


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with a total number of 468 green projects as of September 2013. The selected leading project for green architecture in India is CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Center. The project is the first LEED Platinum rated building in India. The center would emerge as a model for the Indian green buildings. It encourages key stakeholders to embrace green practices and facilitates market transformation, paving way for India to become one of the global leaders in Green businesses by 2015.  Project Profile The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) built the center to be an example of green architecture practices in the Indian context. The center was completed in 2003. It offers advisory services to the Industry in the areas of: green buildings, energy efficiency, water management, environmental management, renewable energy, green business incubation, and climate change activities.

Figure 2-12: Aerial View of the CII Source: http://www.solaripedia.com/13/94/815/godrej_solar_panels.html, 2014

 Green Strategies  Sustainable Sites  Minimal damage during construction and occupancy, to the natural elements of water flow, air vegetation, and topography.  Small footprint, design retains site contours and existing boulders.  "Contour trenching" adopted to avoid erosion and sedimentation.  During construction, barricades were installed to prevent contaminants from spreading to surrounding areas.  Energy Efficiency 55 | P a g e


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 Energy savings are achieved by the two wind towers (figure 2-13)

Figure 2-13: Schematic Sketch of the Wind Towers Source: CII, 2012

 Use of Solar photovoltaic cells on the rooftop grid provides about 24 kilowatts, or 16 % of the building's electricity needs  Placed appropriately on the roof facing South and West to capture maximum heat gain  A heavily insulated roof further reduces the cooling load.  Air cooled by up to 8 C, is supplied to the AHUs, substantially reducing the load on the air conditioning system.  Water Efficiency  Some rainwater goes into the soil by the use of permeable grid pavers.  The remaining rainwater follows existing flow patterns and is collected in a water pond to be used in irrigation.  The building achieves a 35 % reduction of municipally supplied potable water through the use of low-flush toilets and waterless urinals.  All wastewater generated is recycled and used in vegetation irrigation.  Wastewater management  Materials and Resources  77 % of the building materials are recycled.  Low VOC paints have also been applied  All of the new wood used was sustainably harvested, as certified by the Forest Stewardship Council.  Reuse of a significant amount of material salvaged from other construction.  A waste management plan ensured that 96 % of construction waste was recycled.  Environmental Indoor Quality 56 | P a g e


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 Green cover acts as modifier of micro climate (figure 2-14)

Figure 2- 14: Roof gardens to reduce heat island effect Source: http://www.solaripedia.com/13/94/813/godrej_roof_gardens.html, 2014

 Building layout ensures that 90 % of spaces have daylight access and views to the outside.  North facades are glazed for efficient diffused light  Low heat transmitting glass used  Double glass to further reduce heat gain Natural lighting - no lights are used until late in the evening Minimum lux levels for all work stations have been ensured. 2.3.5.3 Green Architecture Leading Projects in Egypt According to USGBC’s website, there are only nineteen LEED registered/certified projects (Table 2-7).

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Table 2-7: LEED Registered and Certified Projects in Egypt as of Sep. 2013

Project Name

City

1

Dabash office building

Cairo

2

Raya Offices

3

Bureau 175

4

Mobinil New Call Pyramids Height Raya Plaza

5 6 7

Rating system

Versi on

Core and Shell

v4

Core and Shell

v2009

Cairo

Core and Shell

v2009

Cairo Cairo

Commercial Interiors Core and Shell

v2009 v2009

LOREAL PYRAMIDS

Cairo

New Construction

v2009

NC 200/201

Cairo

Core and Shell

v2009

Info Fort Warehouse Project Mars Egypt Site Development

New Construction New Construction

v2009 v2009

Aramex Burg El-Arab

Cairo Giza Burj Al Arab

New Construction

v2009

EFG Hermes New Head Office Building

Cairo

New Construction

v2.2

Aramex Mashreq WarehouseCairo

Cairo

New Construction

v2009

Johnson Controls ME Cairo Egypt

New Cairo

Commercial Interiors

v2009

Q Hotel

Cairo

New Construction

v2009

Delta Socks Egypt

Cairo

New Construction

v2.2

EMEC Headquarters Egypt Nanotechnology Center

Cairo Cairo


v2009 v2009

Outsourcing service building MB4

Cairo

New Construction

v2009

HSBC Bank Egypt Processing Centre EEAA - New Building

Giza Cairo


v2.2 v2009

6th of Oct.

New Construction

v2.2

Center-

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Cert. level Gold

Gold Silve r Silve r

Silve r

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Designopolis

Cairo Gold

Six of them are LEED certified projects (highlighted in grey). The six certified projects are a private sector owned projects, while the governmental sector participated with one LEED registered project which 58 | P a g e


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is the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) new building designed by HBRC. The researcher couldn’t reach any data from HBRC about the EEAA project, although it is already registered to obtain LEED certificate. Accordingly, the research studies one of the LEED certified projects which can be considered as the first experiences of adopting USGBC’s green building principles in the Egyptian context. The selected project is Aramex Mashreq Warehouse which is second LEED certified and the first to earn Silver certification in Egypt.

Figure 2-15: Panoramic View of Aramex Mashreq Warehouse Source: Affify M., 2013

 Project Profile:  Project function: Warehouse  Location: 6th of October city, Giza, Egypt  Date of completion: 2012  Owner: Aramex Mashreq  Designer: MA Consultant (Dr. M. Moemen Affify’s consultant office)  Total area: 32,516 m2  LEED certification: Gold, LEED-NC, v.2.2 The project is divided into two phases, phase 1 includes the main building of the warehouse, main administration building and labors and drivers building. While phase 2 includes three separated buildings with administration zone for each building as shown in figure 25.

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Figure 2-16: Aramex Mashreq Warehouse Layout Source: Affify M., 2013

 Green Strategies:  Sustainable Sites  Reducing construction activities pollution  Public transportation access  Alternative transportation, bicycle storage & changing rooms  Alternative transportation, low-emitting & fuel-efficient vehicles  Providing sufficient parking spaces  Protection of habitat  Maximize open space  Avoiding heat island effect in non-roof spaces  Avoiding heat island effect in roofed spaces  Water Efficiency  Water Efficient Landscaping, irrigation demand reduced by 50%  Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction compared to conventional plumbing fixtures  Energy & Atmosphere  Fundamental commissioning of the building energy systems  Minimum energy performance 28% reduction  Energy saving through using skylights to provide natural lighting and minimize artificial lighting (figure 2-17)

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Figure 2-17: Natural lighting through skylights Source: Affify M., 2013

 Fundamental & enhanced refrigerant management  Measurement & verification of the building energy systems consumption  Materials & Resources  Storage & Collection of Recyclables (figure 2-18)

Figure 2-18: Waste separation on site Source: Affify M., 2013

 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% from Disposal  Regional Materials, 20% Extracted, Processed, and Manufactured Regionally 61 | P a g e


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 Indoor Environmental Quality  Minimum IAQ Performance  Environmental Tobacco Smoke  Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring  Increased Ventilation  Construction IAQ Management Plan, during construction  Low-emitting materials, paints & coatings  Controllability of systems, lighting & thermal comfort  Thermal comfort, design and verification 2.3.5.4 Concluding Remarks Green architecture leading projects in United States and India are considered as a role model for architects who seek green architecture in the U.S and Indian context. These projects present green materials, equipment, technologies which are available in each country. They show how to incorporate natural elements into fully functional buildings with minimal impact on the environment. The leading projects also tend to convince government leaders, architects, and contractors that green buildings are applicable, functional and profitable as well. Although there are a number of green architecture projects in Egypt, they are mostly experimental or simple buildings that prioritize the use of vernacular or natural building materials without considering complexity of different disciplines in the design of a sophisticated building. So these projects could be considered as vernacular architecture more than green architecture. 2.3.6 Green Building Rating Systems in United States, India and Egypt As mentioned before, rating systems are tools of green buildings evaluation that increase the applicability of green architecture principles through definitive criteria. Analyzing the rating systems of the three countries of study gives an idea about the effect of different contexts on the green architecture practices. This part compares the three rating systems in terms of their initiation date, versions, compliance status, progress, criteria, categories’ relative weighting and categories and credits.

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2.3.6.1 Comparing the three rating systems Rating systems’ criteria and credits differ from a country to another according to the previously mentioned factors. The following table (Table 2-7) presents a comparison between LEED, LEED-India and GPRS to give an overview of the main differences between the three rating systems. Table 2-1: Comparison between LEED, LEED-India and GPRS

U.S

Complian ce Progress

New

India

Versions

Initiation

Green Building Rating Systems LEED LEED-India GPRS 1998 2011 2011  LEED for:  LEED 2011 for  GPRS for New India-NC for: Buildings Construction, New Construction and Existing Building, Core and Shell Commercial Interiors, Core & Shell, Homes, Neighborhood Development, School, Retail and Healthcare Voluntary Voluntary Voluntary

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 No certified projects  One registered project till date.

 Sustainable Sites  Water Efficiency  Energy & Atmosphere  Materials & Resources  Indoor Environmenta l Quality  Innovation in Design

 Sustainable Sites  Water Efficiency  Energy & Atmosphere  Materials & Resources  Indoor Environmental Quality  Innovation in Design

 Sustainable Sites  Water Efficiency  Energy & Atmosphere  Materials & Resources  Indoor Environmental Quality  Management

India Egypt

Categories’ relative weights

U.S.

Criteria

Egy.


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Egypt

India

U.S.

Cert. Levels

In addition, the research reviews differences and similarities in the categories and credits of the three rating systems. This comparison is based on an analysis of LEED and GPRS categories and credits which was presented in a M.Sc. thesis titled “the Applicability of the Egyptian Sustainability Rating System (GPRS) as an Alternative for USGBC (LEED), Case Study: Aramex Mashreq Logistic Center in Egypt”. The researcher summarized the obtained data in the following table to indicate the compatible credits in the three rating systems. The used arrows refer to the compatible credits in LEED and GPRS. Different shapes of the arrows are just to clarify the path of each arrow to avoid crossing. Table 2-2: Comparison between LEED-India, LEED and GPRS’ categories and credits

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LEED-India (SS)

LEED

4

13 Points

Prereq.*1 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point --1 Point

Sustainable Site (SS)

26 Points

Prereq.1 Construction activity pollution prevention Credit 1 Site selection Credit 2 Development density & community connectivity Credit 3 Brownfield redevelopment Credit 4.1 Alternative transportation, Public transportation access Credit 4.2 Alternative transportation, Bicycle storage & changing rooms Credit 4.3 Alternative transportation, Low emitting & fuel efficient vehicles Credit 4.4 Alternative transportation,Parking capacity Credit 5.1 Site development, Protect or restore habitat Credit 5.2 Site development, Maximize open space Credit 6.1 Storm water design, Quantity control Credit 6.2 Storm water design, Quality control Credit 7.1 Heat island effect, Nonroof Credit 7.2 Heat island effect, Roof Credit 8 Light pollution Reduction

Prereq.1 1 Point 5 Points 1 Point 6 Points

Water Efficiency (WE) Prereq.1 Water use reduction Credit 1.1 Water efficient landscaping, Reduction Credit 1.2 Water efficient landscaping, No potable water use or no irrigation Credit 2 Innovative waste water technologies Credit 3 Water use reduction

Comparative Analysis of LEED, LEED-India and GPRS Rating 1 Systems' Categories

GPRS Sustainable Site (SS)

2

1 Point 3 Points

1.M.1 Presentation of the Project Design and Implementation Plan

10 Points M

3

1.1 Site selection 1.1.1 Site selection in desert areas 1.1.2 Redeveloping informal areas 1.1.3 Redeveloping brownfield sites 1.1.4 Compatibility with the national development plan

1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

1.2 Accessibility 1.2.1 Transport infrastructure connection 1.2.2 Catering for remote sites 1.2.3 Alternative methods of transportation 1.3 Ecological balance

1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

1.3.1 Protection of habitat 1.3.2 Respect for sites of historic or cultural interest 1.3.3 Minimizing pollution during construction

1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

10 Points

Water Efficiency (WE)

50 Points

Prereq.1 2 Points 2 Points 2 Points 2-4 Points

3.M.1 Minimum water efficiency 3.M.2 Water use monitoring 3.1 Indoor water efficiency improvement 3.2 Outdoor water efficiency improvement 3.3 Efficiency of water-based cooling systems 3.4 Water feature efficiency 3.5 Water leakage detection 3.6 Efficient water use during construction 3.7 Waste water management 3.8 Sanitary used pipes

M M 8 Points 9 Points 2-4 Points 4 Points 6 Points 3 Points 12 Points 4 Points

Energy & Atmosphere (E&A)

35 Points

Energy Efficiency (EE)

50 Points

Prereq.1

Prereq.1 Fundamental commissioning of the building energy systems

Prereq.1

Prereq.2 Prereq.3 10 Points

Prereq.2 Minimum energy performance Prereq.3 Fundamental refrigerant management Credit 1 Optimized energy performance Credit 2 On-site renewable energy Credit 3 Enhanced commissioning Credit 4 Enhanced refrigerant management Credit 5 Measurement & verification Credit 6 Green power

2.M.1 Minimum energy performance level 2.M.2 Energy monitoring and reporting 2.M.3 Ozone depletion avoidance 2.1 Energy efficiency improvement 2.2 Passive external heat gain/loss reduction 2.3 Energy efficient appliances 2.4 Vertical transportation systems 2.5 Peak load reduction 2.6 Renewable energy resources 2.7 Environmental impact 2.8 Operation and maintenance 2.9 Optimized balance of energy and performance 2.10 Energy and carbon inventories

1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

(WE)

6 Points

2 Points 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

(E&A)

17 Points

3 Points 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

(M&R)

13 Points

Prereq.1 2 Points 1 Point 1-2 Points 1-2 Points 1-2 Points 1-2 Points 1 Point 1 Point

(IEQ) Prereq.1 Prereq.2 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

15 Points

2 Points 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

Prereq.2 Prereq.3 1-13 Points 1-7 Points 2 Points 2 Points 3 Points 2 Points

M M M 1-10 Points 1-7 Points 3 Points 3 Points 6 Points 10 Points 4 Points 1 Point 4 Points 2 Points

Materials & Resources (M&R)

14 Points

Materials & Resources (M&R)

Prereq.1 Storage and collection of recyclables Credit 1.1 Building reuse, maintain 55%, 75% or 95% of existing walls, floors and roof

Prereq.1 1-3 Points

4.M.1 Presentation of a schedule of principal project materials

M M

20 Points

Credit 1.2 Building reuse, maintain 50% of non-structural elements Credit 2 Construction waste management Credit 3 Resource reuse Credit 4 Recycled content Credit 5 Regional materials Credit 6 Rapidly renewable materials Credit 7 Certified wood

1-2 Points 1-2 Points 1-2 Points 1-2 Points 1 Point 1 Point

4.M.2 Elimination of exposure of building occupants to asbestos and to any other hazardous and toxic materials 4.1 Regionally produced materials 4.2 Materials fabricated on site 4.3 Use of readily renewable materials 4.4 Use of salvaged materials 4.5 Use of recycled materials 4.6 Use of lightweight materials 4.7 Use of higher durability materials 4.8 Use of prefabricated elements 4.9 Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of project's materials

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)

14 Points

Indoor Environmental Quality (IAQ)

15 Points

Prereq.1 Minimum IAQ performance Prereq.2 Environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) control Credit 1 Outdoor air delivery monitoring Credit 2 Increased ventilation Credit 3.1 Construction IAQ management plan, during construction Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ management plan, before occupancy Credit 4.1 Low emitting materials, Adhesive & sealants Credit 4.2 Low emitting materials, Paints & coating Credit 4.3 Low emitting materials, Flooring systems Credit 4.4 Low emitting materials, Composite wood & agrifiber products Credit 5 Indoor chemicals & pollutant source control Credit 6.1 Controllability of systems, Lighting Credit 6.2 Controllability of systems, Thermal comfort Credit 7.1 Thermal comfort, Design Credit 7.2 Thermal comfort, Verification Credit 8.1 Daylight & views, Daylight Credit 8.2 Daylight & views, Views

Prereq.1 Prereq.2 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

5.M.1 Minimum ventilation and indoor air quality 5.M.2 Control of smoking in and around the building 5.M.3 Control of legionella and other health risks 5.1 Optimized ventilation 5.2 Controlling emissions from building materials 5.3 Thermal comfort 5.4 Visual comfort 5.5 Acoustic comfort

M M M 5 Points 5 Points 2 Points 2 Points 1 Points

Management

20 Points

1 Point

1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point 1 Point

Notes: Categories and credits relations data's source: Tarek M. Kamel, The Applicability of the Egyptian Sustainability Rating System (GPRS) as an Alternative for USGBC (LEED), Case Study: Aramex Mashreq Logistic Center in Egypt, Msc, Cairo University, 2013 *Comparative analysis editing by researcher 2 Prereq.: Prerequisite Requirment 3 M: Mandatory Requirement 4 LEED-India's categories and credits are almost the same as LEED except for categories and credits points' weight. Points of categories and credits of LEED-India are presented in the left column.

1

LEED credits that have no equivalent credits in GPRS and vice versa

3 Points 1 Point 3 Points 3 Points 4 Points 1 Point 1 Point 3 Points 1 Point

6.M.1 Presentation of an integrated plan and method statement for site operations

M

6.M.2 Compliance with all relevant national health & safety regulations

M

6.M.3 Where the project involves demolition work, a method statement with clear evidence of the use of suitable methods of demolition 6.1 Site provision 6.1.1 Containers for site materials waste 6.1.2 Employing waste recycling workers on site 6.1.3 Access for lorries, plant and equipment 6.1.4 Identified and separated storage areas 6.2 Site environmental management 6.2.1 Project waste management plan 6.2.2 Engaging a company specialized in recycling and disposal

M

6.2.3 Protecting water sources from pollution 6.2.4 Waste from mixing equipment 6.2.5 Control of emissions and pollutants 6.3 Building user guide 6.3.1 Providing a building user guilde 6.3.2 Providing a periodic maintenance schedule

2 Points 1 Point 1 Point 2 Points 1 Point 2 Points 2 Points 2 Points 2 Points 3 Points 2 Points


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2.3.6.2 Concluding Remarks This comparison shows that there are similarities among the three rating systems to a great extent. They are all based on the same criteria which include six categories (Sustainable Sites, water Efficiency, energy & atmosphere, materials & resources, indoor environmental quality and innovation in Design) except for management category in GPRS. However, defining these six categories and their credits differs from rating system to another. In addition, the relative weight of each category differs from country to another according to its priorities.

2.4 Postlude This chapter analyzes the experience of United States, India, and Egypt in mainstreaming the application of green architecture. The comparative study has shown that the application of green architecture principles requires integration of different factors include: stakeholders, energy codes, supportive factors, incentives, leading projects and rating systems. The deficiency of any of those factors could remarkably affect the progress of green architecture application. Summarized results of the comparative study between the three countries are presented as follows: Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices Comparing Egyptian experience with United States and India, it was found that green architecture stakeholders in Egypt lack considering some points that could significantly affect the progress of green practices. These points can be summarized as follows:  Developing a building-product guide  Offering advisory services to the green building industry  Supporting of green building rating systems  Facilitating market transformation towards green buildings Energy Codes In Egypt, mandating energy codes currently seems a difficult step to be taken in a context where basic building code requirements are not effectively enforced. In order to facilitate mandating of energy codes in the Egyptian context, some weak points need to be overcome. These points can be listed as follows:  Analyzing the capacity of building industry to respond to energy efficiency requirements 67 | P a g e


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 Developing a clear plan for transforming building industry to facilitate the compliance of energy codes  Providing a governmental support for developing basic compliance and enforcement procedures Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices Egyptian Green Building Council is considered the main governmental body that should work on providing the required potentials for the green architecture practices. The following are the concluded potentials from analyzing the United States and Indian experience that would be considered as important motivations for green architecture in Egypt:  Providing Materials, equipment, and technologies database that is suitable for green architecture practices  Developing technical and engineering capacity of green building supply chain through training for designers, contractors, and builders  Offering free technical assistance, green building guidelines and public promotion for qualified projects  Offering technical green building training, support, and education for Private sector buildings registering for LEED certification  Providing dialog avenues in both national and international levels by formation of volunteers committees to search the green building industry demands and respond accordingly  Providing local chapters to increase awareness about green architecture in all governorates and regions in Egypt  Increasing public recognition and marketing for the green architecture Incentives of Green Architecture Practices The progress of green architecture movement is a result of integrated set of incentives that should be considered to increase green architecture practices in Egypt. These incentives could be governmental such as density bonus- increased FAR, expedited (fast-track) permitting, fee reduction and tax break. Other public sector incentives could be in the form of loan programs, rebates program, tax incentives. Providing information about cost benefits of green buildings through the building life cycle is also an effective way to encourage building industry towards green practices. Leading Projects of Green Architecture Practices Reviewing leading projects in United States, India and Egypt indicates the remarkable gap of applying green architecture principles in Egypt. All the projects lack many of the green building criteria and the 68 | P a g e


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complexity of different disciplines integration. They could be considered vernacular projects more than green projects. Rating Systems Comparing LEED and GPRS categories and credits indicates the differences that reflect different contexts. In addition, this comparison will be used as a reference guide in the application of GPRS on a LEED registered/certified project in the next chapter.

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Chapter Three: Evaluation of Local Environmentally Oriented Projects in Terms of Green Architecture Principles

Evaluation of Local Environmentally Oriented Projects in Terms of Green Architecture Principles Chapter Three

3.1 Introduction Although the green architecture rating systems has been developed to evaluate the application of its principles in the rated buildings or projects, but the research used them differently to serve its objectives without prejudice to the original target of these systems. This was achieved through a review of selected Egyptian environmentally oriented projects in terms of green architecture principles via reviewing the fulfillment of GPRS’s credits.

3.2 Criteria of Selecting Case Studies The main criteria of selecting case studies projects is considering many of green architecture principles, as the environmentally oriented projects in Egypt that do not seek green building rating systems’ certificates may not apply most of the green building rating systems credits. As LEED registered, LEED certified and GPRS registered projects fulfill these criteria, the selected projects for case studies are as follows:  Info Fort Warehouse Project (LEED Certified Project)  Loreal Pyramids Cosmetics Factory (LEED Certified Project)  Credit Agricole Egypt New Head Office (LEED Registered Project)  Outsourcing Service Building - MB4 (LEED Registered Project)  Florenta Residential Compound (GPRS Registered Project)

3.3 Methodology of Case Studies Analysis Case studies analysis is reviewed in terms of fulfilling GPRS credits to determine the following:  The obtained credits and the potentials of their achieving  The non-obtained credits and the reasons for not being achieved The non-obtained credits could be because LEED does not require achieving this credit or the existence of implementation obstacles. Data required for the selected case studies is collected, in addition, an open-ended interview is held with key persons in the design teams of the selected case studies projects. This interview consists of two parts:  Part one is a set of questions about orienting the project towards green architecture. This part includes the following points:  The reasons of adopting green architecture approach in the project  Obstacles that prevented achieving some LEED credits 70 | P a g e


Challenges in coordinating between different disciplines in the LEED registered/certified project  The designer’s knowledge about developing an Egyptian green building rating system (Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS))  The reasons for applying to obtain LEED certificate rather than of GPRS certificate  The designer’s intent to apply for obtaining GPRS certificate in the future projects  Part two reviews projects in terms of fulfilling GPRS credits to determine the reasons of not obtaining the missing credits to find out whether due to not requiring them in LEED or to obstacles in their obtaining, in addition to defining potentials of the obtained credits. The open-ended interview for every project case by case is summarized; the conducted information of the four case studies is analyzed to conclude the questioned potentials and obstacles. 

3.4 Evaluating the Selected Case Studies in terms of Green Architecture Principles Each case study will be analyzed according to the following points:  Project Profile  Applying GPRS on the Project  Project's Evaluation 3.4.1 Case Study 1: Info Fort Warehouse (LEED Silver Certified Project)

Figure 3-1: Info Fort Project Perspective Source: http://www.construction-eg.com/project_details.php?id=8, 2011

71 | P a g e


3.4.1.1

Project Profile

 Project Type: Warehouse (Multiple building project )  Location: 6th of October city, Giza, Egypt  Date of Completion: 2013  Owner: Info Fort Company (International company)  Designer: MA Consultants (Dr. Moemen Affify’s Consultant Office) (Local Consultant)  Total Area: 23,000 m2.1

Figure 3-2: Warehouse interior showing the use of skylights Source: http://www.construction-eg.com/project_details.php?id=8, 2011

According to the open-ended interview held with one of the key persons of the project, the following information was concluded:  The owner requires designing the project based on LEED criteria to obtain LEED certification.  Lack of awareness about green is the main obstacle hindered achieving some credits Coordination among the designer and other disciplines’ consultants to achieve LEED credits can be considered the main challenge, as the other disciplines consultants do not have specialists in green strategies and they resist new methods to accomplish their tasks. They usually prefer their conventional approaches which lack the environmental orientation.  The designer applied to obtain LEED certificate rather than GPRS certificate as LEED is a widely accepted rating system that can be considered an important factor to increase the marketability of the project. In addition the project owner (Infofort) is one of the companies 1

CONSTEC Construction and Design co.,2011, accessed 03-07-2013, 72 | P a g e


that adopted a self-commitment for obtaining LEED certification for their projects built anywhere around the world.  The designer does not have intentions to obtain GPRS certificate in the future projects unless the owner requires this. 3.4.1.2 Credits 1.M.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

2.M.1 2.M.2

Applying GPRS on the Project Points

Reasons Cre of Un-obtained Credits/Strategies of obtained credits Category 1: Sustainable Site, Accessibility and Ecology Project Design and M Presenting a plan that explains how to Implementation Plan control erosion and sedimentation during the construction Desert area development 1/1 The Project is located in the 4th industrial zone, 6th of October city Informal area 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED redevelopment neither applicable for this project type Brownfield site 0/1 The project site is a desert land redevelopment Compatibility with 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED National Development Plan Transport infrastructure 1/1 Providing shuttle buses for the nearest connection bus station Catering for remote sites 0/1 High initial cost Alternative methods of 1/1 Promoting carpooling and providing transport parking lots for it Protection of habitat 1/1 Preserving the site’s original status by using the originally found stones, soil and plants in project’s landscape Respect sites of 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED historic/cultural interest Minimizing Pollution 1/1 Measures considered were: Dust control during construction by covering trucks’ roads with gravel, sprinkling the site with water daily and covering of building materials on site and during transportation to site. It addition to providing a checklist to review some measures such as truck speed on site and closing the water outputs Category 2: Energy Efficiency Minimum Energy M Reducing energy consumption by 10% Performance compared to simulated base case model. Energy Monitoring & M Providing energy sub-meters for all Reporting occupied areas to record a minimum of 90% of the estimated annual consumption of each fuel type 73 | P a g e


2.M.3

Ozone Depletion avoidance

M

2.1

Energy Efficiency Improvement

6/10

2.2

Passive External Heat Gain/Loss Reduction Energy Efficient Appliances

0/7

Vertical Transportation Systems Peak Load Reduction

0/3

Renewable Energy Sources Environmental Impact

0/10

2.8

Operation and Maintenance

1/1

2.9

Optimized Energy and Performance

2/4

2.10

Energy and Carbon Inventories

0/2

3M.1

Minimum Water Efficiency

2.3

2.4 2.5

2.6 2.7

3M.2 3.1

3/3

3/6

2/4

Using HVAC devices that do not use Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) or Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) based refrigerants Achieving 30% further reduction in energy consumption compared to credit 2.M.1 This credit is not required in LEED Providing building occupants with formal documentary guidelines on the purchase and use of energy efficient appliances with reference to rating schemes such as Energy Star(US) or Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme (EU) This credit is not required in LEED Reducing the peak electrical load of the project by 20% compared to the project conventional annual average electrical load. This is presented through dynamic energy simulation of the annual average and peak electrical loads for the building. High initial cost The project uses refrigerants that have a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of less than 12. All the gaseous fire suppression systems have a GWP of less than 2 Providing an easily-followed operation manual for all MEP apparatus, equipment, devices and sub-system Minimizing of artificial lighting use in the warehouse zone. The project design provides an acceptable indoor air quality at all operation profiles. This credit is not required in LEED

Category 3: Water Efficiency M Reducing the predicted potable water consumption of the simulated base case model. This was achieved by applying credits 3.1 and 3.2 Water Use Monitoring M This credit was not achieved as it is not required in LEED Indoor Water Efficiency 6/8 Reducing indoor potable water 74 | P a g e


Improvement

3.2

Outdoor Water Efficiency Improvement

5/9

3.3

Efficiency of Waterbased Cooling Water Feature Efficiency

0/4

3.4 3. 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.M.1 4.M.2 4.1.1

4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5

4/4

consumption by 35% than the water use baseline calculated for the base case model. This is achieved by using conserving water and sanitary fixtures (lavatory, faucets, showers, kitchen sinks, water closets and urinals) This was achieved by: developing an irrigation operation and maintenance plan, incorporating a water-efficient irrigation system into landscape design, reducing landscape irrigation demand to less than 5 litres/m2/day by using plant species that need to be irrigated for the first year only and palm trees that need less amounts of water, and using exterior allowance to meet all exterior irrigation demand This credit is not required in LEED The project has no exterior water features or swimming pools This credit is not required in LEED

Water Leakage 0/6 Detection Efficient Water Use 3/3 Using prefabricated concrete to minimize During Construction water loss during concrete mixing Waste Water 0/12 High initial cost + Lack of specialists Management Sanitary Used Pipes 0/4 This credit is not required in LEED Category 4: Materials and Resources Schedule of Principal M Done as a basic technical measure of the Project Materials project Elimination of exposure M Controlling dust, isolating and covering to toxic materials of building materials during construction Regionally procured 3/3 Using more than 75% of the project’s materials materials that are extracted and manufactured in Egypt such as bricks, paints, flooring and concrete Materials fabricated on 0/1 Lack of contractors’ awareness and site technology. In addition, this credit is not applicable Use of readily renewable 0/3 This credit is not applicable due to its materials high initial cost and unavailability of renewable materials Use of salvaged 0/3 This credit is not required in LEED materials Use of recycled 0/4 Lack of contractors’ awareness materials 75 | P a g e


4.1.6

4.1.7

4.1.8

4.1.9 5.M.1

5.M.2

5.M.3 5.1

5.2 5.3

5.4

Use of lightweight materials

1/1

Although this credit is not required in LEED, it was achieved by using more than 25% of the project’s material (steel structure and corrugated sheets) that are lightweight materials compared to similar conventional materials Use of higher durability 1/1 Although this credit is not required in materials LEED, it was achieved by using more than 25% of the project’s material (steel structure and concrete) that have higher abrasion resistance and minimal maintenance costs compared to similar conventional materials Use of prefabricated 3/3 Although this credit is not required in elements LEED, it was achieved by using more than 50% of the project’s materials that are prefabricated elements such as steel frames and prefabricated concrete slabs LCC analysis of 0/1 Local unavailability of relevant materials in the project information for about materials Category 5: Indoor Environmental Quality Minimum Ventilation M Project design complies with ASHRAE in and Indoor Air Quality the separation distance between outdoor air intakes and any exhausts or discharge points. Exhausts are located outside the public spaces providing the minimum ventilation rate for occupied areas as required by ASHRAE Control of Smoking in M Smoking is prohibited throughout the and around the Building buildings including car parks, and 25m smoke free zone is provided around all entrances, outdoor intakes and operable windows Control of Legionella M This credit was not achieved as it is not and other health risks required in LEED. Optimized Ventilation 1/5 Increasing the fresh air ventilation rate by 15% compared to the base case determined in credit 5.M.1. This is achieved by increasing the windows area and number of air intakes Controlling emissions 2/5 Using low emitting adhesives, sealants, from building materials paints and coatings Thermal Comfort 2/2 The project is designed to have separately controllable thermal zones in accordance with ASHRAE 55 adapted for Egyptian Climatic Regions Visual Comfort 0/2 The project type (warehouse) limits the application of this credit 76 | P a g e


5.5 6.M.1 6.M.2 6.M.3 6.1.1 6.1.2

Acoustic Comfort

0/1 This credit is not required in LEED Category 6: Management Integrated Plan and M Presentation of an integrated plan and Method Statement method statement for site operations Health, Safety and M Compliance with relevant health and Welfare regulations safety regulations Demolition Method M This credit is not applicable as the project Statement19 does not have demolition work Containers for site 2/2 Providing an appropriate number of materials waste separate identified containers for different kinds of waste with clear sign on each Employing waste 1/1 Employing workers for daily materials recycling workers on site recycling on site

6.1.3

Access for lorries, plant and equipment

1/1

6.1.3

Identified and separated storage areas

2/2

6.2.1

Project Waste Management Plan

1/1

6.2.2

Company specialized in 2/2 recycling and disposal Protecting water sources 0/2 from pollution Waste from mixing 2/2 Using prefabricated concrete to avoid equipment waste water in concrete mixing Control of emissions and 2/2 Mitigating noise and exhaust emissions pollutants from machinery and equipment on site Providing a Building 0/3 This credit is not required in LEED User Guide Providing a Periodic 0/2 This credit is not required in LEED Maintenance Schedule Category 7: Innovation and Added Value Cultural Heritage 0/3 --Exceeding Benchmarks 0/4 --Innovation 2/3 ---

6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.3.6 6.3.7 7.1 7.2 7.3

3.4.1.3

Identifying a proper access roads for lorries to reduce any negative impact on the site during site operations Providing separated storage areas for building materials, separation of flammable and toxic materials and prevention of soil pollution in these areas Presenting a plan that includes strategies of reducing and recycling the waste generated from site operations Engaging a company that manages a proper disposal of waste Lack of contractors’ awareness

Project's Evaluation

Green Pyramid Category

A

B

Credits Available

Credits Achieved

C= B/A x 100% % Credits

D

E= CxD

Category Weight

Category Score

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10 1: Sustainable Site, Accessibility, Ecology 50 2: Energy Efficiency 50 3: Water Efficiency 20 4: Materials and Resources 20 5: Indoor Environmental Quality 20 6: Management 10 7: Innovation and Added Value TOTAL GREEN PYRAMID RATING

5

Achieved 50%

15%

7.5

16 18 8

32% 36% 40%

25% 30% 10%

8 10.8 4

5

25%

10%

2.5

13 2

65% 20%

10% Bonus

6.5 2

41.3 Certified

3.4.2 Case Study 2: L’Oreal Pyramids Cosmetics Factory (LEED Certified Project)

Figure 3-3: L’Oreal Pyramids Perspective Source: Best Practices & Implementation of LEED Requirements in L’Oreal New Plant in Cairo, Part of Innovation in Design Credit’s Documents, Green Educational Program, 2013

3.4.2.1

Project Profile

 Project Type: Factory  Location: Pyramids Industrial Parks, 10th of Ramadan City, Cairo  Date of Completion: 2013 78 | P a g e


 Owner: L’Oreal Cosmetics  Designer: French Designer  Total Area: 103,814 m2, Footprint Area: 15,366 m2.1

Figure 3-4: Applied strategies in the sustainable sites category Source: Best Practices & Implementation of LEED Requirements in L’Oreal New Plant in Cairo, Part of Innovation in Design Credit’s Documents, Green Educational Program, 2013

According to the open-ended interview held with one of the key persons of the project, the following information was concluded:  The owner requires designing the project based on LEED criteria and to obtain LEED certification as Environment protection is one of L’Oreal essential principles.  Initial cost required for applying some credits and lack of awareness about green buildings can be considered the main barriers to achieve them.  Coordination among the designer and other disciplines’ consultants to achieve LEED credits can be considered the main challenge, as the other disciplines consultants and contractors resist new methods to accomplish their tasks. They usually prefer their conventional approaches which lack the environmental orientation. 1

Prezi, 2014, accessed 08-09-2014, < http://prezi.com/ao49arlpb8pw/leed-spot/> 79 | P a g e


In addition, designer and other disciplines do not know how to apply the requirements of LEED to obtain credits.  The designer does not know about developing GPRS  The designer applied to obtain LEED certificate rather than GPRS certificate as L’Oreal is a multi-national company; therefore they go for the most internationally acceptable rating system.  The designer does not have intentions to obtain GPRS certificate in the future projects unless the owner requires this. 3.4.2.2

Applying GPRS on the Project Credits

1.M.1

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4

1.2.1

1.2.2

1.2.3

1.3.1

1.3.2

Points

Reasons of Un-obtained Credits/Strategies of obtained credits Category 1: Sustainable Site, Accessibility and Ecology Project Design and M Presenting a plan that explains how to Implementation Plan control erosion and sedimentation during the construction Desert area 1/1 The Project is located in Pyramids th development Industrial Park, 10 of Ramadan city Informal area 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED redevelopment neither applicable for this project type Brownfield site 0/1 The project site is a desert land redevelopment Compatibility with 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED National Development Plan Transport infrastructure 1/1 Located within 3.2 Km of the public connection transportation and shuttle buses for the nearest bus station are provided Catering for remote sites 0/1 The project is located in a new industrial city, few kilometres after the International Medical Hospital on MisrIsmailia Road. It is a desert area away from the nearest community (10th of Ramadan City) by at least 15-minutesdriving distance. Alternative methods of 1/1 Promoting carpooling, low-emitting transport and fuel efficient vehicles and providing parking lots for it. Protection of habitat 0/1 L’Oreal decided late to go for LEED certification after the contractor had already mobilized to the site and started the work. Respect sites of 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED historic/cultural interest 80 | P a g e


1.3.3

2.M.1

2.M.2

2.M.3

2.1

2.2

2.3

Minimizing Pollution during construction

1/1

Measures considered were: preventing loss of soil during construction by storm water run-off and/or wind erosion, protecting topsoil by stockpiling for reuse, preventing sedimentation of storm sewers and reducing air pollution caused by dust and particulate matter Category 2: Energy Efficiency Minimum Energy M Reducing energy consumption by 10% Performance compared to simulated base case model. Energy Monitoring & M Providing energy sub-meters for all Reporting occupied areas to record a minimum of 90% of the estimated annual consumption of each fuel type Ozone Depletion M Using HVAC devices that do not use avoidance Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) or Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) based refrigerants Energy Efficiency 1/10 Achieving 10% further reduction in Improvement energy consumption compared to credit 2.M.1 Passive External Heat 5/7 This credit is not required in LEED, Gain/Loss Reduction however it is achieved by: first, installing roof material painted with light green colour with high SRI value (Solar Reflectance Index) to reflect big amount of the heat from the roof surface. Second, using high efficient metal cladding and double glazing curtain walls and windows. The metal cladding performance is based on efficient thermal insulation, and the windows performance is based on double glazing section with argon gas in between as argon gas has a good result in isolation. Energy Efficient 3/3 Providing building occupants with Appliances formal documentary guidelines on the purchase and use of energy efficient appliances with reference to rating schemes such as Energy Star(US) or Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme (EU) 81 | P a g e


2.4

Vertical Transportation Systems Peak Load Reduction

0/3

This credit is not required in LEED

3/6


4/10

2.8


1/1

2.9


4/4

2.10

Energy and Carbon Inventories

0/2

Reducing the peak electrical load of the project by 20% compared to the project conventional annual average electrical load. This is presented through dynamic energy simulation of the annual average and peak electrical loads for the building. Solar heaters provide 5% of the project’s total energy demand The project uses refrigerants that have a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of less than 12. All the gaseous fire suppression systems have a GWP of less than 2 Providing an easily-followed operation manual for all MEP apparatus, equipment, devices and sub-system This credit has been achieved by: Decreasing the use of artificial lighting by using 132 sky domes features (4m2 each), optimization between min. thermal cooling loads and max. daylighting using high efficient glass and sun breakers, providing acceptable indoor air quality at all operation profiles and optimization between building passive systems and the anticipated min. thermal cooling This credit is not required in LEED

3M.1

Minimum Water Efficiency

2.5

2.6 2.7

3M.2 3.1

2/4

Category 3: Water Efficiency M Reducing the predicted potable water consumption of the simulated base case model. This was achieved by applying credits 3.1 and 3.2 Water Use Monitoring M This credit was not achieved as it is not required in LEED Indoor Water Efficiency 8/8 Reducing indoor potable water Improvement consumption by 55% than the water use baseline calculated for the base case model. This is achieved by using conserving water and sanitary fixtures (lavatory, faucets, showers, kitchen 82 | P a g e


sinks, water closets and urinals) This was achieved by: reducing landscape irrigation demand to less 2 than 3 litres/m /day as few cactus were planted at the site gate and building entrance to give green view but don’t need a permanent irrigation system. , and using exterior allowance to meet all exterior irrigation demand This credit is not required in LEED

3.2


3/9

3.3


0/4

Water Leakage Detection Efficient Water Use During Construction Waste Water Management

0/6

The project has no exterior water features or swimming pools This credit is not required in LEED

0/3

Lack of contractors’ awareness

3.4 3. 3.6 3.7

3.8 4.M.1 4.M.2

4.1.1

4.1.2 4.1.3

4.1.4 4.1.5

4/4

8/12

This credit is achieved by: preserving the local environment from any untreated water, and reducing potable water consumed for building sewage conveyance. Sanitary Used Pipes 0/4 This credit is not required in LEED Category 4: Materials and Resources Schedule of Principal M Done as a basic technical measure of Project Materials the project Elimination of exposure M Isolating entry ways from dust and to toxic materials pollutants, isolating exhaust of hazardous materials rooms, providing self-closing doors and full height partitions for copy/janitor room, using Regionally procured 3/3 Using more than 75% of the project’s materials materials that are extracted and manufactured in Egypt such as bricks, paints, flooring and concrete Materials fabricated on 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED site Use of readily renewable 0/3 This credit is not applicable due to its materials high initial cost and unavailability of renewable materials Use of salvaged 0/3 This credit is not required in LEED materials Use of recycled 1/4 This credit is achieved by using more materials than 50% of all structural steel (by 83 | P a g e


4.1.6

4.1.7

4.1.8

4.1.9

5.M.1

5.M.2

5.M.3 5.1

weight) that has a minimum of 25% post-consumer recycled content or is reused Use of lightweight 1/1 Although this credit is not required in materials LEED, it was achieved by using more than 25% of the project’s material (steel structure and corrugated sheets) that are lightweight materials compared to similar conventional materials Use of higher durability 1/1 Although this credit is not required in materials LEED, it was achieved by using more than 25% of the project’s material (steel structure and concrete) that have higher abrasion resistance and minimal maintenance costs compared to similar conventional materials Use of prefabricated 3/3 Although this credit is not required in elements LEED, it was achieved by using more than 50% of the project’s materials that are prefabricated elements such as steel frames LCC analysis of materials 0/1 Local unavailability of relevant in the project information about materials Category 5: Indoor Environmental Quality Minimum Ventilation M Project design complies with ASHRAE and Indoor Air Quality in the separation distance between outdoor air intakes and any exhausts or discharge points. Exhausts are located outside the public spaces providing the minimum ventilation rate for occupied areas as required by ASHRAE Control of Smoking in M Smoking is prohibited throughout the and around the Building buildings including car parks, and 25m smoke free zone is provided around all entrances, outdoor intakes and operable windows Control of Legionella M This credit was not achieved as it is not and other health risks required in LEED. Optimized Ventilation 5/5 Increasing the fresh air ventilation rate by 30% compared to the base case determined in credit 5.M.1. This is achieved by increasing the windows area and number of air intakes. In 84 | P a g e


5.2

5.3

5.4 5.5 6.M.1 6.M.2 6.M.3 6.1.1

6.1.2

6.1.3

addition co2 sensors have been installed at all return points. Controlling emissions 5/5 Using low emitting adhesives, sealants, from building materials paints, coatings, flooring systems, composite wood and agrifiber products Thermal Comfort 2/2 The project is designed to have separately controllable thermal zones in accordance with ASHRAE 55 adapted for Egyptian Climatic Regions. Visual Comfort 0/2 The project type (warehouse) limits the application of this credit Acoustic Comfort 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED Category 6: Management Integrated Plan and M Presentation of an integrated plan and Method Statement method statement for site operations Health, Safety and M Compliance with relevant health and Welfare regulations safety regulations Demolition Method M This credit is not applicable as the Statement19 project does not have demolition work Containers for site 2/2 Providing an appropriate number of materials waste separate identified containers for different kinds of waste with clear sign on each Employing waste 1/1 Employing workers for daily materials recycling workers on site recycling on site Access for lorries, plant and equipment Identified and separated storage areas

0/1

6.2.1


1/1

6.2.2

Company specialized in recycling and disposal Protecting water sources from pollution Waste from mixing equipment Control of emissions and pollutants

2/2

6.1.3

6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5

2/2

0/2 2/2 2/2

Lack of coordination between design team and contractors Providing separated storage areas for building materials, separation of flammable and toxic materials and prevention of soil pollution in these areas Presenting a plan that includes strategies of reducing and recycling the waste generated from site operations Engaging a company that manages a proper disposal of waste This credit is not required in LEED Using prefabricated concrete to avoid waste water in concrete mixing Mitigating noise and exhaust emissions from machinery and equipment on site 85 | P a g e


6.3.6

Providing a Building User Guide

6.3.7

Providing a Periodic 0/2 Maintenance Schedule Category 7: Innovation and Added Value Cultural Heritage 0/3 --Exceeding Benchmarks 1/4 --Innovation 2/3 ---

7.1 7.2 7.3

3.4.2.3

3/3

This credit is not required in LEED, however it is achievable if considered by the design team This credit is not required in LEED



A

B

Credits Available

Credits Achieved


4

C= B/A x 100% % Credits Achieved 40%

D

E= CxD

Category Weight

Category Score

15%

6

23 23 9

46% 46% 45%

25% 30% 10%

11.5 13.8 4.5

12

60%

10%

6

13 0

65%

10% Bonus

6.5 3

51.3 Silver

86 | P a g e


3.4.3 Case Study 3: Credit Agricole Egypt New Head Office (LEED Registered Project)

Figure 3-5: Exterior perspective showing window to wall ratio, shading and white painted walls Source:http://www.ecgsa.com/crditagricoleegyptnewheadoffice, n.d.

3.4.3.1

Project Profile

 Project Type: Head Office Complex  Location: New Cairo  Date of Completion: Unknown  Owner: Credit Agricole Egypt  Designer: Engineering Consultants Group (ECG)  Total Area: 51,334 m2, Footprint Area: 26,667 m2, Total Built Up Area: 42,000m2.1

1

Engineering Consultant Group (ECG), n.d., accessed 05-07-2013, 87 | P a g e


Figure 3-6: Exterior perspective showing shading of South façade Source:http://www.ecgsa.com/crditagricoleegyptnewheadoffice, n.d.

Figure 3-7: Exterior perspective showing using native plants in landscape Source: http://www.ecgsa.com/crditagricoleegyptnewheadoffice, n.d.

Figure 3-8: Interior perspective showing natural daylit spaces Source:http://www.ecgsa.com/crditagricoleegyptnewheadoffice, n.d.

88 | P a g e


According to the open-ended interview held with one of the key persons of the project, the following information was concluded:  The owner requires designing the project based on LEED criteria and to obtain LEED certification.  Initial cost required for applying some credits can be considered the main barrier to achieve them.  Coordination among the designer and other disciplines’ consultants to achieve LEED credits can be considered the main challenge, as the other disciplines consultants and contractors resist new methods to accomplish their tasks. They usually prefer their conventional approaches which lack the environmental orientation. In addition, designer and other disciplines do not know how to apply the requirements of LEED to obtain credits.  Only designers who are involved in the academic career know about GPRS.  The designer applied to obtain LEED certificate rather than GPRS certificate as LEED is a widely accepted rating system that can be considered an important factor to increase the marketability of the project.  The designer does not have intentions to obtain GPRS certificate in the future projects unless the owner requires this. 3.4.3.2


1.M.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3

Points

Reasons of Un-obtained Credits/Strategies of obtained credits Category 1: Sustainable Site, Accessibility and Ecology Project Design and M Presenting a plan that explains how to Implementation Plan control erosion and sedimentation during the construction Desert area development 1/1 The Project is located in New Cairo City Informal area 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED redevelopment neither applicable for this project type Brownfield site 0/1 The project site is an undeveloped land redevelopment (desert land) Compatibility with 1/1 The project site complies with National National Development Development Plan Plan Transport infrastructure 1/1 Providing shuttle buses for the nearest connection bus station Catering for remote sites 0/1 High initial cost Alternative methods of 1/1 Promoting carpooling and providing transport parking lots for it 89 | P a g e


1.3.1

Protection of habitat

1/1

1.3.2

Respect sites of historic/cultural interest Minimizing Pollution during construction

0/1

1.3.3

2.M.1 2.M.2

2.M.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

2.4 2.5

2.6 2.7

Preserving the site’s original status by using the originally found stones, soil and plants in project’s landscape This credit is not required in LEED

1/1

This credit was achieved by applying strategies that minimize dust and pollutant generated from construction works Category 2: Energy Efficiency Minimum Energy M Reducing energy consumption by 10% Performance compared to simulated base case model. Energy Monitoring & M Providing energy sub-meters for all Reporting occupied areas to record a minimum of 90% of the estimated annual consumption of each fuel type Ozone Depletion M Using HVAC devices that do not use avoidance Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) or Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) based refrigerants Energy Efficiency 9/10 Achieving 50% further reduction in Improvement energy consumption compared to credit 2.M.1 Passive External Heat 0/7 This credit is not required in LEED Gain/Loss Reduction Energy Efficient 3/3 Providing building occupants with Appliances formal documentary guidelines on the purchase and use of energy efficient appliances with reference to rating schemes such as Energy Star(US) or Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme (EU) Vertical Transportation 0/3 This credit is not required in LEED Systems Peak Load Reduction 3/6 Reducing the peak electrical load of the project by 20% compared to the project conventional annual average electrical load. This is presented through dynamic energy simulation of the annual average and peak electrical loads for the building. Renewable Energy 1/10 High initial cost Sources Environmental Impact 2/4 The project uses refrigerants that have a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of less than 12. 90 | P a g e


All the gaseous fire suppression systems have a GWP of less than 2 Providing an easily-followed operation manual for all MEP apparatus, equipment, devices and sub-system Most of the project spaces are daylit. The project design provides an acceptable indoor air quality at all operation profiles. This credit is not required in LEED

2.8


1/1

2.9


2/4

2.10

Energy and Carbon 0/2 Inventories Category 3: Water Efficiency Minimum Water M Reducing the predicted potable water Efficiency consumption of the simulated base case model. This was achieved by applying credits 3.1 and 3.2 Water Use Monitoring M Providing water meters to monitor water consumption Indoor Water Efficiency 3.5/8 Reducing indoor potable water Improvement consumption by 20% than the water use baseline calculated for the base case model. This is achieved by using conserving water and sanitary fixtures (lavatory, faucets, showers, kitchen sinks, water closets and urinals) Outdoor Water 5/9 This was achieved by: developing an Efficiency Improvement irrigation operation and maintenance plan, incorporating a water-efficient irrigation system into landscape design, reducing landscape irrigation demand to less than 5 litres/m2/day and using recycled grey water in irrigation and toilets flush Efficiency of Water0/4 This credit is not required in LEED based Cooling Water Feature Efficiency 4/4 The project has no exterior water features or swimming pools Water Leakage 0/6 This credit is not required in LEED Detection Efficient Water Use 0/3 Lack of contractors’ awareness During Construction Waste Water 2/12 Reducing potable water use by using Management recycled grey water for building sewage. Sanitary Used Pipes 0/4 This credit is not required in LEED Category 4: Materials and Resources Schedule of Principal M Done as a basic technical measure of

3M.1

3M.2 3.1

3.2

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.M.1

91 | P a g e


4.M.2

Project Materials Elimination of exposure to toxic materials

M

4.1.1

Regionally procured materials

1/3

4.1.2

Materials fabricated on site

0/1

4.1.3

Use of readily renewable materials Use of salvaged materials Use of recycled materials

0/3

Use of lightweight materials Use of higher durability materials

0/1

4.1.4 4.1.5

4.1.6 4.1.7

4.1.8 4.1.9 5.M.1

5.M.2

0/3 2/4

1/1

the project Controlling dust, isolating and covering of building materials during construction Using more than 25% of the project’s materials that are extracted and manufactured in Egypt such as bricks, paints, flooring and concrete This credit is not applicable due to lack of contractors’ awareness and technology High initial cost + unavailability of renewable materials Lack of contractors’ awareness Using 75% of all reinforcing steel that has 90% post-consumer recycled content. In addition to reducing the amount of the used Portland cement by using supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag This credit is not required in LEED Using more than 25% of the project’s material (steel structure and concrete) that have higher abrasion resistance and minimal maintenance costs compared to similar conventional materials High initial cost

Use of prefabricated 0/3 elements LCC analysis of 0/1 Local unavailability of information for materials in the project materials Category 5: Indoor Environmental Quality Minimum Ventilation M Project design complies with ASHRAE and Indoor Air Quality in the separation distance between outdoor air intakes and any exhausts or discharge points. Exhausts are located outside the public spaces. Providing the minimum ventilation rate for occupied areas as required by ASHRAE Control of Smoking in M Smoking is prohibited throughout the and around the Building buildings including car parks, and 25m smoke free zone is provided around all entrances, outdoor intakes and operable windows 92 | P a g e


5.M.3 5.1 5.2 5.3

5.4

5.5 6.M.1 6.M.2 6.M.3 6.1.1

6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.3

6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5

Control of Legionella and other health risks Optimized Ventilation Controlling emissions from building materials Thermal Comfort

M

This credit was not achieved as it is not required in LEED 0/5 High initial cost 2/5 Using low emitting adhesives, sealants, paints and coatings 2/2 The project is designed to have separately controllable thermal zones in accordance with ASHRAE 55 adapted for Egyptian Climatic Regions Visual Comfort 1/2 The project is designed to provide suitable lighting intensity for all spaces to meet the requirements of local codes. In addition to providing view such as green areas and water features Acoustic Comfort 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED Category 6: Management Integrated Plan and M Presentation of an integrated plan and Method Statement method statement for site operations Health & Safety and M Compliance with relevant health and Welfare regulations safety regulations Demolition Method M This credit is not applicable as the Statement19 project does not have demolition work Containers for site 2/2 Providing an appropriate number of materials waste separate identified containers for different kinds of waste with clear sign on each Employing waste 1/1 Employing workers for daily materials recycling workers on site recycling on site Access for lorries, plant 1/1 Identifying a proper access roads for and equipment lorries to reduce any negative impact on the site during site operations Identified and separated 2/2 Providing separated storage areas for storage areas building materials, separation of flammable and toxic materials and prevention of soil pollution in these areas Project Waste 1/1 Presenting a plan that includes Management Plan strategies of reducing and recycling the waste generated from site operations Company specialized in 2/2 Engaging a company that manages a recycling and disposal proper disposal of waste Protecting water sources 0/2 Lack of contractors’ awareness from pollution Waste from mixing 2/2 Managing waste generated from mixing equipment equipment by reusing it in other building materials Control of emissions and 0/2 Lack of contractors’ awareness 93 | P a g e


6.3.6 6.3.7 7.1 7.2 7.3

3.4.3.3

pollutants Providing a Building 0/3 This credit is not required in LEED User Guide Providing a Periodic 0/2 This credit is not required in LEED Maintenance Schedule Category 7: Innovation in Design Cultural Heritage 0/3 --Exceeding Benchmarks 0/4 --Innovation 0/3 ---



A

B

Credits Available

Credits Achieved


6


D

E= CxD

Category Weight

Category Score

15%

9

21 14.5 4

42% 29% 20%

25% 30% 10%

10.5 8.7 2

5

25%

10%

2.5

11 0

55%

10% Bonus

5.5 0

38.2 Uncertified

94 | P a g e


3.4.4 Case Study 4: Outsourcing Service Building - MB4 (LEED Registered Project)

Figure 3-9: Exterior perspective showing South facade Source: http://www.ecgsa.com/maadicallcentremb4building, n.d.

3.4.4.1

Project Profile

 Project Type: Call Center Activities  Location: Maadi, Autostrad Road  Date of Completion: Unknown  Owner: Ministry of Communications  Designer: Engineering Consultant Group (ECG)  Total Area: Footprint: 4,200 m2, Total Built Up Area: 25,200m2.1 The designer of this case study is the same of the previous one (ECG), so part one of the open-ended interview is the same.

1

Engineering Consultant Group (ECG), n.d., accessed 05-07-2013, 95 | P a g e


Figure 3-10: Project Location Source: http://www.ecgsa.com/maadicallcentremb4building, n.d.

Figure 3-11: Interior perspective showing used materials Source: http://www.ecgsa.com/maadicallcentremb4building, n.d

3.4.4.2


1.M.1 1.1.1 1.1.2

Points

Reasons of Un-obtained Credits/Strategies of obtained credits Category 1: Sustainable Site, Accessibility and Ecology Project Design and M Presenting a plan that explains how to Implementation Plan control erosion and sedimentation during the construction Desert area 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED development Informal area 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED 96 | P a g e


1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

2.M.1 2.M.2

2.M.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

2.4

redevelopment Brownfield site redevelopment Compatibility with National Development Plan Transport infrastructure connection Catering for remote sites Alternative methods of transport Protection of habitat Respect sites of historic/cultural interest Minimising Pollution during construction

0/1

neither applicable for this project type The project site is an undeveloped land

0/1


1/1

Providing shuttle buses for the nearest bus station High initial cost

0/1 1/1 1/1 0/1

Promoting carpooling and providing parking lots for it Preserving the site’s original status by using the originally found stones, soil and plants in project’s landscape This credit is not required in LEED

1/1

This credit was achieved by applying strategies that minimize dust and pollutant generated from construction works Category 2: Energy Efficiency Minimum Energy M Reducing energy consumption by 10% Performance compared to simulated base case model. Energy Monitoring & M Providing energy sub-meters for all Reporting occupied areas to record a minimum of 90% of the estimated annual consumption of each fuel type Ozone Depletion M Using HVAC devices that do not use avoidance Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) or Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) based refrigerants Energy Efficiency 2/10 Achieving 15% further reduction in Improvement energy consumption compared to credit 2.M.1 Passive External Heat 0/7 This credit is not required in LEED Gain/Loss Reduction Energy Efficient 3/3 Providing building occupants with Appliances formal documentary guidelines on the purchase and use of energy efficient appliances with reference to rating schemes such as Energy Star(US) or Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme (EU) Vertical Transportation 0/3 This credit is not required in LEED Systems 97 | P a g e


2.5

Peak Load Reduction

3/6

2.6


0/10

2.8


1/1

2.9


2/4

2.10

Energy and Carbon 0/2 Inventories Category 3: Water Efficiency Minimum Water M Reducing the predicted potable water Efficiency consumption of the simulated base case model. This was achieved by applying credits 3.1 and 3.2 Water Use Monitoring M Providing water meters to monitor water consumption Indoor Water 3.5/8 Reducing indoor potable water Efficiency consumption by 20% than the water use Improvement baseline calculated for the base case model. This is achieved by using conserving water and sanitary fixtures (lavatory, faucets, showers, kitchen sinks, water closets and urinals) Outdoor Water 4/9 This was achieved by: developing an Efficiency irrigation operation and maintenance Improvement plan, incorporating a water-efficient irrigation system into landscape design and reducing landscape irrigation demand to less than 5 litres/m2/day Efficiency of Water0/4 This credit is not required in LEED based Cooling Water Feature 4/4 The project has no exterior water Efficiency features or swimming pools

2.7

3M.1

3M.2 3.1

3.2

3.3 3.4

2/4

Reducing the peak electrical load of the project by 20% compared to the project conventional annual average electrical load. This is presented through dynamic energy simulation of the annual average and peak electrical loads for the building. High initial cost The project uses refrigerants that have a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of less than 12. All the gaseous fire suppression systems have a GWP of less than 2 Providing an easily-followed operation manual for all MEP apparatus, equipment, devices and sub-system Most of the project spaces are daylit. The project design provides an acceptable indoor air quality at all operation profiles. This credit is not required in LEED

98 | P a g e


3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.M.1 4.M.2 4.1.1

4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5

4.1.6 4.1.7

4.1.8 4.1.9 5.M.1


0/6


0/3


2/12

Reducing potable water use by using recycled grey water for building sewage. Sanitary Used Pipes 0/4 This credit is not required in LEED Category 4: Materials and Resources Schedule of Principal M Done as a basic technical measure of Project Materials the project Elimination of exposure M Controlling dust, isolating and covering to toxic materials of building materials during construction Regionally procured 1/3 Using more than 25% of the project’s materials materials that are extracted and manufactured in Egypt such as bricks, paints, flooring and concrete Materials fabricated on 0/1 This credit is not applicable due to lack site of contractors’ awareness and technology Use of readily 0/3 High initial cost + unavailability of renewable materials renewable materials Use of salvaged 0/3 Lack of contractors’ awareness materials Use of recycled 2/4 Using 75% of all reinforcing steel that materials has 90% post-consumer recycled content. In addition to reducing the amount of the used Portland cement by using supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag Use of lightweight 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED materials Use of higher durability 1/1 Using more than 25% of the project’s materials material (steel structure and concrete) that have higher abrasion resistance and minimal maintenance costs compared to similar conventional materials Use of prefabricated 0/3 High initial cost elements LCC analysis of 0/1 Local unavailability of relevant materials in the project information for materials Category 5: Indoor Environmental Quality Minimum Ventilation M Project design complies with ASHRAE and Indoor Air Quality in the separation distance between outdoor air intakes and any exhausts or 99 | P a g e


5.M.2

5.M.3 5.1 5.2 5.3

5.4

5.5 6.M.1 6.M.2 6.M.3 6.1.1

6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.3

discharge points. Exhausts are located outside the public spaces. Providing the minimum ventilation rate for occupied areas as required by ASHRAE Control of Smoking in M Smoking is prohibited throughout the and around the Building buildings including car parks, and 25m smoke free zone is provided around all entrances, outdoor intakes and operable windows Control of Legionella M This credit was not achieved as it is not and other health risks required in LEED Optimized Ventilation 0/5 High initial cost Controlling emissions 2/5 Using low emitting adhesives, sealants, from building materials paints and coatings Thermal Comfort 2/2 The project is designed to have separately controllable thermal zones in accordance with ASHRAE 55 adapted for Egyptian Climatic Regions Visual Comfort 1/2 The project is designed to provide suitable lighting intensity for all spaces to meet the requirements of local codes. In addition to providing view such as green areas and water features Acoustic Comfort 0/1 This credit is not required in LEED Category 6: Management Integrated Plan and M Presentation of an integrated plan and Method Statement method statement for site operations Health & Safety and M Compliance with relevant health and Welfare regulations safety regulations Demolition Method M This credit is not applicable as the Statement19 project does not have demolition work Containers for site 2/2 Providing an appropriate number of materials waste separate identified containers for different kinds of waste with clear sign on each Employing waste 1/1 Employing workers for daily materials recycling workers on recycling on site site Access for lorries, plant 1/1 Identifying a proper access roads for and equipment lorries to reduce any negative impact on the site during site operations Identified and separated 2/2 Providing separated storage areas for storage areas building materials, separation of flammable and toxic materials and prevention of soil pollution in these areas 100 | P a g e


6.2.1


1/1

6.2.2

Company specialized in recycling and disposal Protecting water sources from pollution Waste from mixing equipment

2/2

6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.3.6 6.3.7 7.1 7.2 7.3

3.4.4.3

Presenting a plan that includes strategies of reducing and recycling the waste generated from site operations Engaging a company that manages a proper disposal of waste Lack of contractors’ awareness

0/2 2/2

Managing waste generated from mixing equipment by reusing it in other building materials Lack of contractors’ awareness

Control of emissions 0/2 and pollutants Providing a Building 0/3 This credit is not required in LEED User Guide Providing a Periodic 0/2 This credit is not required in LEED Maintenance Schedule Category 7: Innovation in Design Cultural Heritage 0/3 --Exceeding Benchmarks 0/4 --Innovation 0/3 ---



A

B

Credits Available

Credits Achieved


4


D

E= CxD

Category Weight

Category Score

15%

6

13 13.5 4

26% 27% 20%

25% 30% 10%

6.5 8.1 2

5

25%

10%

2.5

11 0

55%

10% Bonus

5.5 0

30.6 Uncertified

101 | P a g e


3.4.5 Case Study 5: Florenta Residential Compound (GPRS Registered Project)

Figure 3-12: Master Plan Source: http://www.reechome.com/property.html?task=detail&id=513, 2011

3.4.5.1

Project Profile

 Project Type: Residential compound  Location: El Maadi Ring Road, New Cairo, Cairo  Date of Completion: 2015  Owner: Abraj Misr Company  Designer: K&A Designs  Total Area: 21,000 m2

Figure 3-13: Separate waste containers for recycling Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbVtXuQc-s8, n.d.

102 | P a g e


Figure 3-14: Exterior perspective showing window to wall ration and exterior painted walls Source:http://www.reechome.com/property.html?task=detail&id=513, 2011

Figure 3-15: Photovoltaic Cells on Building Roofs Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbVtXuQc-s8, n.d.

In April 2012 Abraj Misr Company has signed a co-operation protocol with the Egyptian Green Building Council to adopt the GPRS for the project.1 According to the open-ended interview held with one of the key persons of the project, the following information was concluded:  The designer adopted green architecture principles to increase the marketability of the project, as it will be the first GPRS certified project.  Initial cost required for applying some credits could be considered the main barrier to achieve them.  Coordination among the designer and other disciplines’ consultants to achieve GPRS credits could be considered the main challenge, as the other disciplines consultants and contractors resist new methods to accomplish their tasks. They usually prefer their conventional approaches which lack the environmental orientation.

1

Real Esitate Egyptian Center, 2011, accessed 06-07-2013, 103 | P a g e


In addition, designer and other disciplines do not know how to apply the requirements of GPRS to obtain credits. 3.4.5.2

Application of GPRS on the Project Credits

1.M.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

2.M.1 2.M.2

2.M.3

2.1 2.2

Points

Reasons of Un-obtained Credits/Strategies of obtained credits Category 1: Sustainable Site, Accessibility and Ecology Project Design and M Presenting a plan that explains how to Implementation Plan control erosion and sedimentation during the construction Desert area development 1/1 The Project is located in New Cairo city Informal area 0/1 This credit is not applicable for this redevelopment project type Brownfield site 0/1 The project site is an undeveloped land redevelopment (desert area) Compatibility with 1/1 The project complies with National National Development Development Plan as it is located in a Plan site for residential use Transport infrastructure 1/1 There is a public transport station within connection 500 m on the ring road Catering for remote sites 1/1 Providing shuttle buses for transportation to main squares Alternative methods of 1/1 Promoting carpooling and providing transport parking lots for it Protection of habitat 1/1 Respect sites of 0/1 The project site is not historic or cultural historic/cultural interest Minimising Pollution 1/1 This was achieved through an integrated during construction system which includes construction waste management and reducing pollution and dust generated from site works by providing a fence of trees surrounds the work area Category 2: Energy Efficiency Minimum Energy M Reducing energy consumption by 10% Performance compared to simulated base case model. Energy Monitoring & M Providing energy sub-meters for all Reporting occupied areas to record a minimum of 90% of the estimated annual consumption of each fuel type Ozone Depletion M Using HVAC devices that do not use avoidance Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) or Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) based refrigerants Energy Efficiency 0/10 High initial cost + Lack of technology Improvement Passive External Heat 2/7 Using magnesium oxide boards instead 104 | P a g e


Gain/Loss Reduction

2.3

Energy Efficient Appliances

3/3

2.4

Vertical Transportation Systems Peak Load Reduction Renewable Energy Sources

0/3

2.5 2.6

0/6 10/10

of the red-brick in the exterior walls (The outer wall consists of three layers: outer panels of magnesium oxide then 6 cm void and clay brick wall thickness of 12 cm). In addition to using a double glazed aluminium windows Providing building occupants with formal documentary guidelines on the purchase and use of energy efficient appliances with reference to rating schemes such as Energy Star (US) or Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme (EU). In addition to using Led lighting and Electronic Ballast to reduce energy consumption. Lack of equipment High initial cost + Lack of technology Using photovoltaic cells to produce energy to be used in stairs, entrances and basement lighting, water pumps, sewage pumps and lighting used in the landscape. In addition to using solar heaters that provide all apartments with hot water. The project uses refrigerants that have a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of less than 12. All the gaseous fire suppression systems have a GWP of less than 2. Using FM-200 gas for fire fighting in the converters rooms and multipurpose powder cylinders in the electric rooms Providing an easily-followed operation manual for all MEP apparatus, equipment, devices and sub-system Lack of specialist + Incoordination between disciplines High initial cost + Lack of technology

2.7

Environmental Impact

2/4

2.8


1/1

2.9

Optimized Energy and 0/4 Performance Energy and Carbon 0/2 Inventories Category 3: Water Efficiency Minimum Water M Reducing the predicted potable water Efficiency consumption of the simulated base case model. This was achieved by applying credits 3.1 and 3.2 Water Use Monitoring M Providing water meters to monitor water consumption Indoor Water Efficiency 5/8 Reducing indoor potable water 105 | P a g e

2.10 3M.1

3M.2 3.1


Improvement

3.2


6/9

3.3


0/4


0/6

3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

3.8 4.M.1 4.M.2 4.1.1

4.1.2 4.1.3

2/4

consumption by 30% than the water use baseline calculated for the base case model. This is achieved by using conserving water and sanitary fixtures (lavatory, faucets, showers, kitchen sinks, water closets and urinals) This was achieved by: developing an irrigation operation and maintenance plan, incorporating a water-efficient irrigation system into landscape design, reducing landscape irrigation demand to less than 5 litres/m2/day, using exterior water allowances in all exterior irrigation and using recycled grey water in irrigation and toilets flush Lack of technology Reusing swimming pools water in toilets flush High initial cost + Lack of technology

3/3

Following up the use of water sources to ensure an efficient use of them 8/12 This is achieved by: disposal of untreated water through appropriate way without affecting any natural water sources in the local environment such as deep wells, rivers and enclosed lakes. In addition to reducing potable water use by using recycled grey water for building sewage. Sanitary Used Pipes 4/4 Using UPVC CLASS-05 &04 pipes that are certified from HBRC Category 4: Material and Resources Schedule of Principal M Done as a basic technical measure of the Project Materials project Elimination of exposure M Controlling dust, isolating and covering to toxic materials of building materials during construction Regionally procured 2/3 Using more than 50% of the project’s materials materials that are extracted and manufactured in Egypt such as bricks, paints, flooring and concrete Materials fabricated on 1/1 Reusing construction waste in site fabricating building materials such as light weight concrete used in roofs Use of readily renewable 0/3 High initial cost + unavailability of materials renewable materials 106 | P a g e


4.1.4

Use of salvaged materials Use of recycled materials

0/3


2/4

4.1.6

Use of lightweight materials

1/1

4.1.7

Use of higher durability materials

1/1

4.1.8

Using 75% of all reinforcing steel that has 90% post-consumer recycled content. In addition to reducing the amount of the used Portland cement by using supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag Using more than 25% of the project’s material (steel structure and corrugated sheets) that are lightweight materials compared to similar conventional materials Using more than 25% of the project’s material (steel structure and concrete) that have higher abrasion resistance and minimal maintenance costs compared to similar conventional materials High initial cost

Use of prefabricated 0/3 elements LCC analysis of 0/1 Unavailability of database about materials in the project materials life cycle cost Category 5: Indoor Environmental Quality Minimum Ventilation M Project design complies with ASHRAE and Indoor Air Quality in the separation distance between outdoor air intakes and any exhausts or discharge points. Exhausts are located outside the public spaces providing the minimum ventilation rate for occupied areas as required by ASHRAE Control of Smoking in M Smoking is prohibited throughout the and around the Building buildings including car parks, and 25m smoke free zone is provided around all entrances, outdoor intakes and operable windows Control of Legionella M Developing a legionella management and other health risks plan for all water based systems following the requirements in Approved Code of Practice and Guidance (L8), 3rd edition, 2000, UK Health and Safety Executive (or other approved) Optimized Ventilation 1/5 Increasing the fresh air ventilation rate by 15% compared to the base case determined in credit 5.M.1. This is achieved by increasing the windows area and number of air intakes Controlling emissions 2/5 Using low emitting adhesives, sealants, 107 | P a g e

4.1.5

4.1.9 5.M.1

5.M.2

5.M.3

5.1

5.2


5.3

5.4

5.5 6.M.1 6.M.2 6.M.3 6.1.1

6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.3

6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.3.6

from building materials Thermal Comfort

paints and coatings The project is designed to have separately controllable thermal zones in accordance with ASHRAE 55 adapted for Egyptian Climatic Regions Visual Comfort 2/2 The project is designed to provide suitable lighting intensity for all spaces to meet the requirements of local codes. In addition to providing view such as green areas and water features Acoustic Comfort 0/1 Lack of specialists Category 6: Management Integrated Plan and M Presentation of an integrated plan and Method Statement method statement for site operations Health & Safety and M Compliance with relevant health and Welfare regulations safety regulations Demolition Method M This credit is not applicable as the Statement19 project does not have demolition work Containers for site 2/2 Providing an appropriate number of materials waste separate identified containers for different kinds of waste with clear sign on each Employing waste 1/1 Employing workers for daily materials recycling workers on site recycling on site Access for lorries, plant 1/1 Identifying a proper access roads for and equipment lorries to reduce any negative impact on the site during site operations Identified and separated 2/2 Providing separated storage areas for storage areas building materials, separation of flammable and toxic materials and prevention of soil pollution in these areas Project Waste 1/1 Presenting a plan that includes strategies Management Plan of reducing and recycling the waste generated from site operations Company specialized in 2/2 Engaging a company that manages a recycling and disposal proper disposal of waste Protecting water sources 2/2 Preventing affecting water sources by from pollution any pollution generated from site operation Waste from mixing 2/2 Managing waste generated from mixing equipment equipment by reusing it in other building materials Control of emissions and 0/2 Lack of contractors’ awareness pollutants Providing a Building 3/3 Providing a building user guide which User Guide contains the necessary technical and 2/2

108 | P a g e


6.3.7

7.1 7.2 7.3

3.4.5.3

non-technical information for the building occupants to enable the efficient and responsible operation of the building Providing a Periodic 2/2 Providing a comprehensive periodic Maintenance Schedule maintenance schedule which is regularly updated Category 7: Innovation in Design Cultural Heritage 0/3 --Exceeding Benchmarks 0/4 --Innovation 0/3 ---



A

B

Credits Available

Credits Achieved


7


D

E= CxD

Category Weight

Category Score

15%

10.5

18 28 7

36% 56% 35%

25% 30% 10%

9 16.8 3.5

7

35%

10%

3.5

18 ---

90%

10% Bonus

9 ---

52.3 Silver Rating

3.5 Postlude: Application of GPRS on the four case studies projects results in two main points: The open-ended interview answers lead to determining designers’ opinions about LEED and GPRS application. A summary of the interview results is presented in the following table:

109 | P a g e


Table 3-1: Interview results for the five case studies

Open-ended Interview Points The reason of adopting green architecture principles in the project The main obstacles that prevented from achieving some LEED credits?

Case Studies 1 Owner

2 Owner

3 Owner

4 Owner

5 Owner

Lack of awarenes s

Initial cost

Initial cost

Initial cost

Lack of knowho w and qualified contracto rs



Only if involved in the academic career

Only if involved in the academic career

Yes

Marketab ility

Marketab ility

N/A

Only if owner requires



The main challenges in coordinating between different disciplines in the LEED registered/certified project?

Lack of specialist s

The designer’s knowledge about developing an Egyptian green building rating system (Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS)) to be compatible with the Egyptian context The reason for applying to obtain LEED certificate rather than GPRS certificate

Yes

Lack of awarenes s& Initial cost Lack of specialist s& knowho w and qualified contracto rs No

Marketab ility and owner requirem ents Only if owner requires

Marketab ility and owner requirem ents Only if owner requires

The designer’s intent to apply for obtaining GPRS certificate in the future projects

From the previous table, concluding remarks can be formulated as follows:  Designers orient their projects towards environmental architecture according to the owner requirements in all case studies.  The main obstacle that prevented from achieving some credits is the initial cost in most of the cases.

110 | P a g e


 The main challenges in coordinating between different disciplines in the LEED registered/certified project are lack of specialists, knowhow and qualified contractors.  Knowledge about developing an Egyptian green building rating system (GPRS) is not wide, especially when the designer is not involved in the academic career.  Designers seek LEED certificate instead of GPRS certificate to increase the project marketability in most of the cases.  Applying for GPRS certificate in the future projects depends on the owner requirements in all case studies. The evaluation is divided into six categories. Table (3-2) explains the evaluation categories and how they are calculated. Table 3-2: Evaluation Categories of GPRS Credits

Evaluation Categories

No. of projects fulfilled this credit 5 of 5 4 of 5 3 of 5 2 of 5 1 of 5 0 of 5

Fully obtained credits Frequently obtained credits Possibly obtained credits Hardly obtained credits Slightly obtained credits Rarely obtained credits

Score 4/4 3.2/4 2.4/4 1.6/4 0.8/4 0/4

Based on the previous six categories, evaluation of GPRS credits’ fulfillment is presented in Table (3-3) as follows:

F

Score/4

M

M

M

M

M

M

4

1 1

1 0

1 0

1 0

0 0

1 0

3.2 0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

1.6

Rare.

E

Sligh.

D

Hard

Case Study 5

C

Poss.

Case Study 4

B

Freq.

Case Study 3

A

Evaluation

Fully

Case Study 2

Project Design and Implementation Plan Desert area development Informal area redevelopment Brownfield site redevelopment Compatibility with National Development Plan

Case Study 1

Sustainable Sites

Credit Points

Categories/Credits

(B+C+D+E+F/ A*5) /*4

Table 3-3: Fulfillment of GPRS credits in the four case studies

    

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1

1

1

1

1

4



1 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

1 1

0.8 4



1 1

1 0

0 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

3.2 0

1

1

1

1

1

1

4



10

5

4

6

4

7

1.6

4

2

--

1

1

3

Energy Efficiency

A

B

C

D

E

F

Freq.

Poss.

Hard

Sligh.

Rare.

Minimum Energy Performance Energy Monitoring & Reporting Ozone Depletion avoidance Energy Efficiency Improvement Passive external heat gain/loss reduction Energy Efficient Appliances Vertical Transportation Systems Peak Load Reduction Renewable Energy Sources Environmental Impact Operation and Maintenance Optimized Energy and Performance Energy and Carbon Inventories Total

M

M

M

M

M

M

4



M

M

M

M

M

M

4



M

M

M

M

M

M

4



10

6

1

9

2

0

1.44



7

0

5

0

0

2

0.8



3

3

3

3

3

3

4

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

6 10 4 1

3 0 2 1

3 4 2 1

3 1 2 1

3 0 2 1

0 10 2 1

1.6 1.2 2 4

4

2

4

2

2

0

2

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

50

17

23

22

14

18

2.2

Water Efficiency

A

B

C

D

E

F

Minimum Water Efficiency Water Use Monitoring Indoor Water Efficiency Improvement Outdoor Water Efficiency Improvement Efficiency of Water-based Cooling Water Feature Efficiency Water Leakage Detection Efficient Water Use During Construction Waste Water Management

M

M

M

M

M

M

4

M 8

--6

-8

M 3.5

M 3.5

M 5

2.4 2.6

9

5

3

5

4

6

2

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

4 6 3

4 0 3

4 0 0

4 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 3

3.6 0 1.6

12

0

8

2

2

8

1.33

  

      

3

2

Rare.

3

Sligh.

--

Hard

--

Poss.

5

Freq.



Fully

Score/4

Transport infrastructure connection Catering for remote sites Alternative methods of transport Protection of habitat Respect sites of historic/cultural interest Minimizing Pollution during construction Total

Score/4

1

Fully


        

112 | P a g e


A

B

C

D

E

F

Schedule of Principal Project Materials Elimination of exposure to toxic materials Regionally procured materials Materials fabricated on site Use of readily renewable materials Use of salvaged materials Use of recycled materials Use of lightweight materials Use of higher durability materials Use of prefabricated elements LCC analysis of materials in the project Total

M

M

M

M

M

M

4



M

M

M

M

M

M

4



3

3

3

1

1

2

2.66

1 3

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

0.8 0

3 4 1

0 0 1

0 1 1

0 2 0

0 2 0

0 2 1

0 1.4 2.4

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

3

3

3

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

20

8

9

5

5

7

2.3

Indoor Environmental Quality

A

B

C

D

E

F

Minimum Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Control of Smoking in and around the Building Control of Legionella and other health risks Optimized Ventilation Controlling emissions from building materials Thermal Comfort Visual Comfort Acoustic Comfort Total

M

M

M

M

M

M

4



M

M

M

M

M

M

4



M

--

--

--

--

M

0.8



5 5

1 2

5 5

0 2

0 2

1 2

1.12 1.6



2 2 1 15

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 12

2 1 0 5

2 1 0 5

2 2 0 7

4 1.6 0 2.14

Management

A

B

C

D

E

F

Integrated Plan and Method Statement Health & Safety and Welfare regulations Demolition Method Statement Containers for site materials waste

M

M

M

M

M

M

4



M

M

M

M

M

M

4



M

M

M

M

M

M

4



2

2

2

2

2

2

4



1

2

2

2

       

2

--

Freq.

Poss.

Hard

3

3

Rare.

--

Sligh.

3

Fully



 

--

1

2

 2

Hard

Sligh.

Rare.

--

Poss.

3

Freq.



Fully

Score/4

1

Rare.

Materials & Resources

0.8 1.8

Sligh.

4 28

Hard

0 13. 5

Poss.

0 14. 5

Freq.

0 23

Fully

0 17

Score/4

 2

4 50

Score/4

Sanitary Used Pipes Total

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Employing waste recycling workers on site Access for lorries, plant and equipment Identified and separated storage areas Project Waste Management Plan Company specialized in recycling and disposal Protecting water sources from pollution Waste from mixing equipment Control of emissions and pollutants Providing a Building User Guide Providing a Periodic Maintenance Schedule Total



1

1

1

1

1

1

4

1

1

0

1

1

1

3.2

2

2

2

2

2

2

4



1

1

1

1

1

1

4



2

2

2

2

2

2

4



2

0

0

0

0

2

0.8

2

2

2

2

2

2

4

2

2

2

0

0

0

1.6



3

0

3

0

0

3

1.6

 

2

0

2

0

0

2

1.6

20

13

15

11

11

18

3.2



 

9

1

--

3

1

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--

Conclusions and Recommendations


Conclusions The main objective of the research was achieved by the realization of the concept of green architecture, its principles and rating systems in chapter one. In chapter two, the main challenges of expanding the scope of green buildings in Egypt are defined by helding a comparative study between United States of America, India and Egypt’s experiences. The comparative study helped to benefit from other successful experiences in application of green architecture principles and to find out the incentives and potentials of scaling up the implementation of it in the Egyptian context in order to conclude strategies and approaches for mainstreaming green architecture principles in Egypt. These approaches can be summarized as follows: Stakeholders of Green Architecture Practices Responsibilities of stakeholders lack some points to be considered. These points can be summarized as follows:  Developing a building-product guide  Offering advisory services to the green building industry  Supporting of green building rating systems  Facilitating market transformation towards green buildings Energy Codes Mandating energy codes in the Egyptian context needs some weak points to be overcome. These points can be listed as follows:  Analyzing the capacity of building industry to respond to energy efficiency requirements  Developing a clear plan for transforming building industry to facilitate the compliance of energy codes  Providing a governmental support for developing basic compliance and enforcement procedures Supportive Bases of Green Architecture Practices Egyptian Green Building Council could support green architecture practices in Egypt by considering some actions:  Providing Materials, equipment, and technologies database that is suitable for green architecture practices  Developing technical and engineering capacity of green building supply chain through training for designers, contractors, and builders  Offering free technical assistance, green building guidelines and public promotion for qualified projects 115 | P a g e


 Offering technical green building training, support, and education for Private sector buildings registering for LEED certification  Providing dialog avenues in both national and international levels by formation of volunteers committees to search the green building industry demands and respond accordingly  Providing local chapters to increase awareness about green architecture in all governorates and regions in Egypt  Increasing public recognition and marketing for the green architecture Incentives of Green Architecture Practices Governmental and non-governmental organizations in Egypt can promote green architecture practices by providing some incentives such as density bonus- increased FAR, expedited (fast-track) permitting, fee reduction, tax break, loan programs, rebates program and tax incentives. Leading Projects of Green Architecture Practices Reviewing leading projects in United States, India and Egypt indicates the remarkable gap of applying green architecture principles in Egypt. The number of green projects in Egypt cannot be compared to the green projects in U.S. and India. And the green projects in Egypt are still in experimental phase. Rating Systems Comparing LEED and GPRS categories and credits indicates the differences that reflect different contexts. While chapter three completes the goal of chapter two to determine the overall image of the Egyptian green architecture practices with its potential and obstacles. This is met via evaluating some local environmentally oriented projects in terms of applying green architecture principles through reviewing fulfilling of GPRS credits for each case study. As the credits describe measures of applying green architecture principles, achieving these credits could be utilized as relative indicator of implementing these measures. It should be noted that the evaluation results exclusively describe the five case studies, yet they indicate and assert what can be described as obstacles and potentials for applying green architecture principles in the local Egyptian context. The application of GPRS on the selected case studies indicates the credits that can be described as easy to be obtained and the credits that designers may face some obstacles of fulfilling them. Fully, frequently and possibly obtained credits indicate the easiness of their application and the availability of their application requirements, thus green architecture potentials in Egypt can be concluded from them. 116 | P a g e


Obstacles of fulfilling other credits can be concluded from the credits that are hardly, slightly and rarely obtained in the examined case studies. Table (4-1) presents a summary of the fully, frequently and possibly obtained credits with discussing the potentials of fulfilling each of them. Table 4-1: Potentials of fulfilling fully, frequently and possibly obtained credits of GPRS

Credits

Category Score/4 Strategies Category 1: Sustainable Sites Project design and Fully 4 Presenting a plan that explains implementation plan project design and strategies of its construction Desert area Frequentl 3.2 Site selection in desert areas to development y encourage development in the desert outside the Nile Valley Transport infrastructure Fully 4 Demonstrating a suitable connection connection with existing public transport systems. Alternative methods of Fully 4 Demonstrating strategies to reduce transportation reliance on private automobile use and encourage the use of greener methods of transport. Protection of habitat Frequentl 3.2 Demonstrating a suitable strategy y for conserving or restoring natural areas to provide habitat and promote biodiversity, including the preserving / replanting of trees found on site. Minimizing pollution Fully 4 Demonstrating a strategy to during construction minimize pollution from construction operations (including generation of dust and pollutants). Credits Category Score/4 Strategies Category 2: Energy & Atmosphere Minimum energy Fully 4 Demonstrating a Minimum Energy performance Performance Level 10% above an appropriate simulated base case model. Energy monitoring & Fully 4 Provision of accessible energy subreporting meters, clearly labeled and with instructions, for all occupied areas. Sub-meters should enable monitoring and recording of a minimum of 90% of the estimated annual consumption of each fuel type, with separate meters for equipment that exceeds 10 K.W. Ozone depletion Fully 4 All refrigerants and gaseous fire avoidance suppression agents within the 117 | P a g e


Project have an Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) near zero. Energy efficient Fully 4 Providing the building occupier appliance with formal documentary guidelines on the purchase and use of Energy Efficient Appliances for the building, with reference to rating schemes such as Energy Star (USA) or the Energy Efficiency Labeling Scheme (EU). Operation and Fully 4 Providing a simple and easilyMaintenance followed Operations Manual for all Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) apparatus, equipment, device, and sub-system. Credits Category Score/4 Strategies Category 3: Water Efficiency Minimum water Fully 4 Minimizing the building’s predicted efficiency potable water consumption than that of a simulated base case model. Water use monitoring Possibly 2.4 Providing efficient, regularly calibrated, easily accessible and clearly labeled water meters that are capable of monitoring the water consumption. Indoor water efficiency Possibly 2.6 Reducing indoor potable water improvements consumption by 10-50% than the water use baseline calculated for the base case model. This can be achieved by using conserving water and sanitary fixtures (lavatory, faucets, showers, kitchen sinks, water closets and urinals) Water feature efficiency Frequentl 3.6 The Project has no exterior water y features or swimming pools; If the project has external water features or swimming pools, they are all provided with adequate retractable shading covers or pool blankets. Credits Category Score/4 Strategies Category 4: Materials & Resources Schedule of principal Fully 4 Listing all significant building project materials materials (any material whose total cost exceeds 0.5% of the total Project Cost) to be used on the Project. Information to be provided on the quantity, cost, and origin of 118 | P a g e


the materials and transportation to site. Elimination of exposure Fully 4 Elimination of exposure of building to toxic materials occupants to asbestos and to any other hazardous and toxic materials Use of regionally Possibly 2.66 Using 25-75% of the project’s procured materials materials that are extracted and manufactured in Egypt such as bricks, paints, flooring and concrete Use of lightweight Possibly 2.4 Using more than 25% of the materials project’s material (steel structure and corrugated sheets) that are lightweight materials compared to similar conventional materials Use of higher durability Fully 4 More than 25% (by value) of total materials materials have higher abrasion resistance and minimal maintenance costs in comparison with similar conventional materials. Credits Category Score/4 Strategies Category 5: Indoor Environmental Quality Minimum ventilation Fully 4 Undertaking a verified and indoor air quality observational survey of outdoor local air quality according to ANSI / ASHRAE 62. Demonstrating that the building mechanical system meets the following requirements:  Separation distances between outdoor air intakes and any exhausts or discharge points comply with local codes or ASHRAE (whichever is more stringent);  All exhausts are located outside of the defined public realm or as defined by local code, whichever is more stringent;  All occupied areas comply with the minimum thresholds set out in ANSI / ASHRAE 62 using the ventilation rate procedure or local code, (whichever is more stringent). Control of smoking in Fully 4 Incorporating appropriate measures and around the building into the building design to reduce exposure to tobacco smoke. Also demonstrating that smoking is prohibited throughout the building 119 | P a g e


Thermal comfort

Credits Integrated plan method statement Health, safety and welfare regulations Demolition method statement

Employing waste recycling workers on site Access for lorries, plant and equipment Identified and separate storage areas

including car parks, and 25 m smoke free zones around all entrances, outdoor air intakes and operable windows. Training all security staff for smoking control within and outside buildings. Locating any dedicated external smoking areas away from public or high use pedestrian thoroughfares and install suitable facilities for collecting ash and cigarette ends; and install, in all dedicated external smoking areas, signage that lists the negative health impacts of smoking and details assistance for those aiming to stop. Fully 4 Demonstrating that all spaces within the building have been modeled to determine zonal cooling demand and designed to have separately controllable thermal zones, Provision for these zones and various types of building should be in accordance with ANSI / ASHRAE 55 adapted for Egyptian Climatic Regions. Category Score/4 Strategies Category 6: Management Fully 4 Presentation of an Integrated Plan and Method Statement for site operations Fully 4 Compliance with all relevant national Health & Safety regulations Fully 4 Where the Project involves demolition work, a Method Statement with clear evidence of the use of suitable methods of demolition is presented. Fully 4 Employing workers for daily recycling of waste materials on site. Frequentl y

3.2

Fully

4

Providing proper access roads for lorries to reduce any negative impact on the environment during site operations. Providing site storage areas, separation of flammable and toxic materials and prevention of soil 120 | P a g e


Project waste management plan

Fully

4

Company specialized in recycling and disposal

Fully

4

Waste from mixing equipment

Fully

4

pollution in these areas. Presenting a project Waste Management Plan that includes strategies from reducing, and, where possible, re-using and recycling the waste arising from site operations. Engaging a company specialized in building materials recycling and management and in proper disposal of waste. Proper disposal of waste (including waste water from the mixing process) from mixing equipment without harm to the environment.

On the other hand, the hardly, slightly and rarely obtained credits in the five case studies indicate the existence of obstacles that hindered fulfilling them. Table (4-2) presents a summary of the hardly, slightly and rarely credits with discussing the obstacles of fulfilling each of them. Table 4-2: Obstacles of fulfillment of hardly, slightly and rarely obtained credits of GPRS

Credits Informal area redevelopment Brownfield site redevelopment Compatibility with national development plan Catering for remote sites Respect site of historic/cultural interest Credits Energy efficiency improvements Thermal comfort strategies

Vertical transportation

Category Score/4 Obstacles Category 1: Sustainable Sites Rarely 0 Absence of governmental incentives for redeveloping informal areas+ Inapplicability of this credit Rarely 0 This credit conflicts with (Desert Area Development) credit Hardly 1.6 Absence of governmental incentives for following the national development plan Slightly 0.8 High initial cost Rarely

0

Sites of historic/cultural interest are exceptional cases+ Inapplicability of this credit Category Score/4 Obstacles Category 2: Energy & Atmosphere Slightly 1.44 High initial cost. Slightly

0.8

Rarely

0

Lack of design team specialist who are aware of environmental control strategies and building simulation programs to choose the optimum choices for the building environmental performance Unavailability of the required 121 | P a g e


systems Peak load reduction

Renewable energy resources Environmental impact Optimized energy and performance

Energy and carbon inventories Credits Outdoor water efficiency improvements

Efficiency of water based cooling Water leakage detection Efficient water use during construction Waste water management Sanitary used pipes Credits Materials fabricated on

equipment. High initial cost. Slightly 1.6 Lack of design team and other disciplines specialists who are aware with energy efficiency strategies and the use of simulation programs required for that purpose. Slightly 1.2 Lack of design team specialists. High initial cost. Slightly 2 Unavailability of the required equipment and technology. High initial cost. Slightly 2 Lack of design team specialist who are aware of environmental control strategies and building simulation programs to choose the optimum choices for the building environmental performance. Rarely 0 Unavailability of the required technology. High initial cost. Category Score/4 Obstacles Category 3: Water Efficiency 2 Lack of design team awareness of the Slightly importance of irrigation operation and maintenance plan. Unavailability of the required equipment. High initial cost. Rarely 0 Unavailability of the required equipment. High initial cost. Rarely 0 Unavailability of the required equipment. High initial cost. Slightly 1.6 Lack of contractors’ awareness. Slightly

1.33

Slightly

0.8

Lack of the required technology. Lack of specialists. High initial cost.

Unavailability of certified sanitary pipes in the Egyptian market. High initial cost. Category Score/4 Obstacles Category 4: Materials & Resources Slightly 0.8 Lack of qualified contractors and 122 | P a g e


site Use of readily renewable materials

builders. Lack of qualified contractors and builders. High initial cost. Use of salvaged Rarely 0 Lack of qualified contractors and materials builders. High initial cost. Use of recycled Slightly 1.4 Lack of contractors’ awareness materials Unavailability of recycling companies for construction materials to provide the required materials Use of prefabricated Slightly 1 Lack of qualified contractors and elements builders. High initial cost. LCC analysis of Rarely 0 Unavailability of data about life cycle project’s materials cost of the available materials. Credits Category Score/4 Obstacles Category 5: Indoor Environmental Quality Control of legionella Slightly 0.8 The mentioned code is not a local and other health risks one, designers are not aware of its requirements and how to apply it Optimized ventilation Slightly 1.12 Lack of the required technology. Lack of specialists. High initial cost. Rarely

0

Controlling emissions from building materials Visual comfort

Hardly

1.6

Hardly

1.6

Acoustic comfort

Rarely

0

Credits Protecting water sources from pollution

Unavailability of low emitting materials in the Egyptian market. Lack of design team specialists who are aware about appropriate daylighting strategies and simulation programs required for this purpose. Lack of specialists. High initial cost.

Category Score/4 Obstacles Category 6: Management Slightly 0.8 Lack of awareness of contractors and builders.

Control of emissions & pollutants

Hardly

1.6

Lack of awareness of contractors and builders.

Providing a building user guide

Hardly

1.6

Providing a periodic maintenance schedule

Hardly

1.6

This credit is not required in LEED, but it is achievable if considered by the design team. This credit is not required in LEED, but it is achievable if considered by 123 | P a g e


the design team.

From the previous table, the potentials of fulfilling GPRS credits can be summarized as:  Category 1: Sustainable Sites  Presenting a plan that explains project design and strategies of its construction  Site selection in desert areas to encourage development in the desert outside the Nile Valley  Demonstrating a suitable connection with existing public transport systems.  Demonstrating strategies to reduce reliance on private automobile use and encourage the use of greener methods of transport.  Demonstrating a suitable strategy for conserving or restoring natural areas to provide habitat and promote biodiversity, including the preserving / replanting of trees found on site.  Demonstrating a strategy to minimize pollution from construction operations (including generation of dust and pollutants).  Category 2: Energy & Atmosphere  Demonstrating a Minimum Energy Performance Level 10% above an appropriate simulated base case model.  Provision of accessible energy sub-meters, clearly labeled and with instructions, for all occupied areas. Sub-meters should enable monitoring and recording of a minimum of 90% of the estimated annual consumption of each fuel type, with separate meters for equipment that exceeds 10 K.W.  All refrigerants and gaseous fire suppression agents within the Project have an Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) near zero.  Providing the building occupier with formal documentary guidelines on the purchase and use of Energy Efficient Appliances for the building, with reference to rating schemes such as Energy Star (USA) or the Energy Efficiency Labeling Scheme (EU).  Providing a simple and easily-followed Operations Manual for all Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) apparatus, equipment, device, and sub-system.  Category 3: Water Efficiency  Minimizing the building’s predicted potable water consumption than that of a simulated base case model. 124 | P a g e


 Providing efficient, regularly calibrated, easily accessible and clearly labeled water meters that are capable of monitoring the water consumption.  Reducing indoor potable water consumption by 10-50% than the water use baseline calculated for the base case model. This can be achieved by using conserving water and sanitary fixtures (lavatory, faucets, showers, kitchen sinks, water closets and urinals)  The Project has no exterior water features or swimming pools;  If the project has external water features or swimming pools, they are all provided with adequate retractable shading covers or pool blankets.  Category 4: Materials & Resources  Listing all significant building materials (any material whose total cost exceeds 0.5% of the total Project Cost) to be used on the Project. Information to be provided on the quantity, cost, and origin of the materials and transportation to site.  Elimination of exposure of building occupants to asbestos and to any other hazardous and toxic materials  Using 25-75% of the project’s materials that are extracted and manufactured in Egypt such as bricks, paints, flooring and concrete  Using more than 25% of the project’s material (steel structure and corrugated sheets) that are lightweight materials compared to similar conventional materials  More than 25% (by value) of total materials have higher abrasion resistance and minimal maintenance costs in comparison with similar conventional materials.  Category 5: Indoor Environmental Quality  Undertaking a verified observational survey of outdoor local air quality according to ANSI / ASHRAE 62. Demonstrating that the building mechanical system meets the following requirements:  Separation distances between outdoor air intakes and any exhausts or discharge points comply with local codes or ASHRAE (whichever is more stringent);  All exhausts are located outside of the defined public realm or as defined by local code, whichever is more stringent; 125 | P a g e


 All occupied areas comply with the minimum thresholds set out in ANSI / ASHRAE 62 using the ventilation rate procedure or local code, (whichever is more stringent).  Incorporating appropriate measures into the building design to reduce exposure to tobacco smoke. Also demonstrating that smoking is prohibited throughout the building including car parks, and 25 m smoke free zones around all entrances, outdoor air intakes and operable windows. Training all security staff for smoking control within and outside buildings. Locating any dedicated external smoking areas away from public or high use pedestrian thoroughfares and install suitable facilities for collecting ash and cigarette ends; and install, in all dedicated external smoking areas, signage that lists the negative health impacts of smoking and details assistance for those aiming to stop.  Demonstrating that all spaces within the building have been modeled to determine zonal cooling demand and designed to have separately controllable thermal zones, Provision for these zones and various types of building should be in accordance with ANSI / ASHRAE 55 adapted for Egyptian Climatic Regions.  Category 6: Management  Presentation of an Integrated Plan and Method Statement for site operations  Compliance with all relevant national Health & Safety regulations  Where the Project involves demolition work, a Method Statement with clear evidence of the use of suitable methods of demolition is presented.  Employing workers for daily recycling of waste materials on site.  Providing proper access roads for lorries to reduce any negative impact on the environment during site operations.  Providing site storage areas, separation of flammable and toxic materials and prevention of soil pollution in these areas.  Presenting a project Waste Management Plan that includes strategies from reducing, and, where possible, re-using and recycling the waste arising from site operations.  Engaging a company specialized in building materials recycling and management and in proper disposal of waste.

126 | P a g e


 Proper disposal of waste (including waste water from the mixing process) from mixing equipment without harm to the environment. While the concluded obstacles of fulfilling some of GPRS’s credits in the Egyptian context are listed below:  Category 1: Sustainable Sites  Absence of governmental incentives for redeveloping informal areas  Absence of governmental incentives for following the national development plan  High initial cost  Sites of historic/cultural interest are exceptional cases  Category 2: Energy & Atmosphere  High initial cost required for some credits.  Lack of design team specialist who are aware of environmental control strategies and building simulation programs to choose the optimum choices for the building environmental performance  Unavailability of the required equipment for some credits.  Lack of design team and other disciplines specialists who are aware with energy efficiency strategies and the use of simulation programs required for that purpose.  Lack of design team specialists.  Unavailability of the required equipment and technology.  Lack of design team specialist who are aware of environmental control strategies and building simulation programs to choose the optimum choices for the building environmental performance.  Unavailability of the required technology for some credits.  Category 3: Water Efficiency  Lack of design team awareness of the importance of irrigation operation and maintenance plan.  Unavailability of the required equipment for some credits.  High initial cost required for some credits.  Lack of contractors’ awareness.  Lack of the required technology for some credits.  Lack of specialists.  Unavailability of certified sanitary pipes in the Egyptian market.  Category 4: Materials & Resources  Lack of qualified contractors and builders. 127 | P a g e


 High initial cost required for some credits.  Lack of contractors’ awareness  Unavailability of recycling companies for construction materials to provide the required materials  Unavailability of data about life cycle cost of the available materials.  Category 5: Indoor Environmental Quality  The mentioned code is not a local one, designers are not aware of its requirements and how to apply it  Lack of the required technology for some credits.  Lack of specialists.  High initial cost required for some credits.  Unavailability of low emitting materials in the Egyptian market.  Lack of design team specialists who are aware about appropriate daylighting strategies and simulation programs required for this purpose.  Category 6: Management  Lack of awareness of contractors and builders.

Recommendations The research has shown that the application of green architecture principles is an integrated process which is affected by many factors including: stakeholders, energy codes, supportive factors, incentives, leading projects and finally rating systems. To promote green architecture practices in Egypt, some actions need to come into force. These actions are summarized as follows:  Governmental and civil stakeholders of green architecture practices in Egypt should:  Develop a green building-product guide  Offer advisory services to the green building practices  Support green building rating systems  Develop plans to facilitate market transformation towards green buildings  Governmental bodies responsible for developing energy codes should: 128 | P a g e


 Analyze the capacity of building industry to respond to energy efficiency requirements  Develop a clear plan for transforming building industry to facilitate the compliance of energy codes  Providing a governmental support for developing basic compliance and enforcement procedures  Green architecture stakeholders should promote the supportive bases of relevant practices by:  Providing Materials, equipment, and technologies database that is suitable for green architecture practices  Developing technical and engineering capacity of green building supply chain through training for designers, contractors, and builders  Offering free technical assistance, green building guidelines and public promotion for qualified projects  Offering technical green building training, support, and education for Private sector buildings registering for LEED certification  Providing dialog avenues in both national and international levels by formation of volunteers committees to search the green building industry demands and respond accordingly  Providing local chapters to increase awareness about green architecture in all governorates and regions in Egypt  Increasing public recognition and marketing for the green architecture  Government and private sector should cooperate to provide:  Governmental incentives for green buildings in the form of: Offering a density bonus- increased FAR, expedited (fast-track) permitting, fee reduction, tax break and providing information about cost benefits of green buildings through the building life cycle  Private sector incentives for green buildings in the form of: Loan programs, rebates program, tax incentives.  Governmental and private sector stakeholders of green architecture should:  Develop a plan to design and construct exemplary leading projects of green architecture practices that can be followed in the future projects, as environmental projects in Egypt lack many of the green building criteria and the complexity of different disciplines integration. They could be considered vernacular projects more than green projects. 129 | P a g e


 Provide the data about the applied strategies to fulfill green architecture principles to act as a reference guide for designers who are interested in green architecture practices  According to reviewing the selected case studies in terms of GPRS: The concluded obstacles should be avoided and EGBC should work on mitigating them by:  Providing governmental incentives for following the national development plan  Providing governmental incentives for investors who build on a brownfield area and informal areas  Providing loans and tax breaks to buy the required equipment and technologies in addition to developing a database of their local suppliers, these equipment and technologies such as:  Permanent refrigerant leak detection systems,  Automatic refrigerant pump-down system,  Energy efficient lifts, escalators and travelators  Energy and carbon inventories  Conserving water and sanitary fixtures  Water efficient water-based cooling systems  Water meters and leak detection systems  Using of readily renewable materials  CO2 sensors and monitoring systems which alert when additional fresh air is required  Providing local energy efficient appliances and equipment with low initial cost  Developing new strategies for using renewable energy resources onsite and off-site which should be regularly updated and published on its website  Developing new strategies for using treated water and reusing grey water which should be regularly updated and published on its website  Offering training courses that qualify all engineering disciplines for environmental control strategies, energy efficiency strategies and building simulation programs  Offering technical training courses that qualify all engineering disciplines for reusing water strategies, waste water management and the relevant simulation programs 130 | P a g e


 Offering training courses that qualify all designers about daylighting and acoustic control strategies and the relevant simulation programs  Offering technical training courses that qualify contractors and builders for green construction strategies such as:  Strategies for efficient water use during construction  Using of recycled materials  Using of lightweight materials  Using of materials that are fabricated on site  Using of prefabricated element  Using of readily renewable materials  Preserving water sources from pollution arising from site operations  Mitigating noise and exhaust emissions from machinery and equipment on site  Developing a database of certified sanitary pipes materials and tested sanitary systems  Developing a database of materials’ life cycle cost  Developing a local code of practice that preserve water based systems from legionella and other health risks  Developing a database of low emitting materials in the Egyptian market including adhesives, sealants, paints, coatings, flooring and ceiling systems

131 | P a g e

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