Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 189 (2017) 569 – 575
Transportation Geotechnics and Geoecology, TGG 2017, 17-19 May 2017, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Transportation Structures And Constructions With Geoecoprotective Properties Antonina Sakharovaa *, Marina Baidarashvilia, Andrei Petriaeva a
Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University (PGUPS), Moskovsky pr. 9, St. Petersburg, 190031, Russia
Abstract In this article the authors examine the construction wastes using autoclave foam concrete, silicate brick and an artificial mineral substance such as cement clinker as an example. Studies have shown that these materials have geoecoprotective properties and they can neutralize heavy metal ions. Therefore the authors suggest applying these materials in geoecoprotective technologies of transport construction to reduce environment pollution. The aim of this research is in agreement with the principles of sustainable development. © 2017 2017The TheAuthors. Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © Published by Elsevier Ltd. This (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Transportation Geotechnics and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Transportation Geotechnics and Geoecology Geoecology. Keywords: geoecoprotective materials, heavy metals ions, construction wastes, railway transport, geosynthetic materials
1. Introduction Environment pollution near railway structures results from unsafe transportation of dangerous loads. Heavy metal ions and petroleum products are the most dangerous pollutants from railway transport. Thus, the aim of this research is to develop geoecoprotective technologies in the sphere of transport construction. This purpose can be achieved by using following construction wastes: autoclave foam concrete, silicate brick or an artificial mineral substance such as cement clinker [1].
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-904-643-2110 E-mail address:
[email protected]
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Transportation Geotechnics and Geoecology
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.090
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The main tasks of the research are to determine the geoecoprotective properties of listed materials and to develop technologies in order to protect the environment from harmful effects of heavy metal ions. Studies [2] have proved that the railway transport is one of the environment pollution sources. Environment pollution which is caused by heavy metal ions is particularly dangerous. As opposed to other pollutants heavy metal ions are kept in soils for a long time even when a pollution source is eliminated. The ability of heavy metal ions to migrate into soil, lakes and rivers and then through food and drinking water into human body makes an adverse impact on human health [3]. The heavy metal ions are carcinogenic. They are genetic poisons that are accumulated in human body with a long-term effect [4, 5]. The analysis of modern transport structures has shown that some of them can be considered to be geoecoprotective. These structures are railway substructure and drainage gutters. Modernization of technological operations during the construction of such structures are based on the replacement of natural materials which are used in their constructional design for geoecoprotective ones. The use of these geoecoprotective transport structures will make it possible to solve two ecological problems [6]. Firstly they minimize negative impacts on the environment near railways. Secondly they contribute to the utilization of construction wastes [7]. 2. Determination of construction wastes and cement clinker geoecoprotective properties Geoecoprotective properties of clinker and some technogenic wastes are considered to be absorbing properties of heavy metals ions. The Engineering Chemistry and Natural Sciences Department of Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University headed by Professor L.B. Svatovskaya has carried out such a research for the last 20 years. Department scientists have identified geoecoprotective properties of such materials as non-autoclave foam concrete [8], granulated blast-furnace slag, phosphogypsum [9], crushed shungite ballast and others construction materials [10, 11]. 2.1. Laboratory experiment conditions Four fractions of materials were selected for the research: 0.14-0.315 mm, 0.315-0.63 mm, 0.63-1.25 mm, 1.252.5 mm. Studies of artificial and technogenic material geoecoprotective properties were carried out with the standardized test solutions of heavy metal salts. Those solutions had concentration of 10 -5, 10-4 and 10-3 mol/l that exceeded maximum allowable concentration (MAC) 200 times and more. The following salts were used for the solutions: Cd(NO3)2 and Pb(NO3)2. Laboratory experiment conditions are presented at Table 1. Determination of heavy metal ion concentration in a solution was performed with the help of an electronic analyzer «Expert- 001», using «ALICE» series ion selective electrodes, before and after the interaction of that solution with the tested materials. During the experiment the measuring flasks were filled with 100 ml of the standardized test solution which contained heavy metal ions of different concentrations. Then 1 gram of various fraction tested materials was added in the flasks. The suspensions were stirred up every 5-10 minutes. The contact time was 1 hour that was specified by the adsorption-desorption equilibrium. As the time passed the materials were separated from the test solutions and put on a filter paper. The final concentration of heavy metal ions was determined in each sample. It was a self-reaction at the air temperature of 293 K. Table 1. Laboratory experiment conditions. Initial concentration of heavy metal ions (HMI)
Measurement units of the initial concentration of HMI
Cd(II) -5
Pb(II) 10
-3
10
-5
10-4
10-3
mol / l
10
mmol / l
0.01
0.1
1
0.01
0.1
1
1.12
10.75
104.43
2.28
24.40
250.64
224
2150
20886
380
4067
41773
mg / l The excess ratio of maximum allowable concentration (MAC)
10
-4
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2.2. Laboratory experiment results According to the laboratory experiment results the most effective neutralization of polluted water by silicates and hydrosilicates are achieved when the initial content of polluted cation is 0.1 mmol/l (Figure 1). It is significantly higher than the level of real cadmium pollution on railways. Figure 2 illustrates the dependence of the final concentration of cadmium ions in the solution on the dispersion degree of tested materials. The concentration of cadmium ions in the initial solution was 10 -3 mol/l. Figure 2 demonstrates the fact that with increasing particle dimensions from 0.1 to 2.5 mm the final concentration of cadmium ions after their interaction with the tested materials is risen too. That is why it is possible to conclude that the fewer fractions of materials are the better their geoecoprotective properties are. However, in terms of geoecoprotective material practical use in transport structures the smallest fraction is not always the best one because of the structure drainage properties. The laboratory experiment results are presented on Figure 1 and Figure 2 using cadmium ions as an example.
Fig. 1. The dependence of the solution treatment efficiency on the initial concentration of cadmium ions in the.
Fig. 2. The dependence of the final concentration of cadmium ions in the solution on the tested material dispersion degree.
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So, laboratory experiments have shown that the following construction wastes, namely autoclave foam concrete, silicate brick and also an artificial mineral substance such as cement clinker, can be used as geoecoprotective fillers [12] in different railway structures in order to minimize negative impact of heavy metal ions on water resources. 3. Use of construction wastes and cement clinker in transport construction technologies The wastes of construction work and artificial mineral substances can be used as geoecoprotective materials during railway construction. The analysis of modern transport technologies has shown that some of them can use these materials [13, 14]. 3.1. Geoecoprotective technology using geocontainers The problems of contaminated surface water treatment near railway bed are examined in this study. The investigated materials are put along drainage gutters in the space out of geocontainers’ walls. Passing through geoecoprotective material, polluted wastewater is purified before it gets into a gutter (Fig. 3). It is possible to use containers made of woven geotextile in which a geoecoprotective material can be placed (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3. Drainage gutter with geoecoprotective properties.
Fig. 4. Geocontainer with geoecoprotective material.
Technological operation schematic diagram for geoecoprotective drainage gutters is shown in Figure 5.
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Fig. 5. Technological operation schematic diagram for geoecoprotective drainage gutter.
This technology was introduced by October railway (St.Petersburg). Autoclave foam concrete of fraction 0.631.25 mm was used as a filler for geocontainers. This allowed reducing the concentration of lead ions in surface sewage from 0.0516 mg /l to 0.0001 mg/l that exceeded maximum allowable concentration (MAC) 8.6 times. So, the treatment efficiency was 99.8 %. 3.2. Geoecoprotective technology using geomembrane Contaminated surface water should be intercepted on the ground surface as close as possible to a source of pollution. The technology using geomembrane is included in the set of operations on railway track repair and it is used to collect surface water contaminated by heavy metal ions (Fig. 6). Geomembrane which is laid on the top of a roadbed turns the polluted water from the ground surface towards a sod line where it is purified from heavy metal ions [15]. Technological operation schematic diagram for railway track with geoecoprotective properties is shown in Figure 7.
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Fig. 6. Railway track with geoecoprotective properties.
Fig. 7. Technological operation schematic diagram for railway track with geoecoprotective properties.
This technology was introduced during the reconstruction of Vyborg station approach lines (Leningrad region). The geoecoprotective material such as silicate brick of 0.63-1.25 mm fraction was placed under a sod line together with a geomembrane. This allowed reducing the concentration of lead ions in surface sewage from 0.036 mg/l that exceeded MAC 6 times to 0.0008 mg/ l. So, treatment efficiency was 98 %. 4. Conclusions The results of the experiments have shown that the investigated materials have geoecoprotective properties. These materials can be used with geosynthetic materials in structures of transport construction. Presented geoecoprotective technologies are preventive. They improve transport structures in order to minimize negative environmental impacts and also contribute to the utilization of construction wastes [16]. Solving these problems will reduce the anthropogenic load on the geosphere.
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