Trichogramma evanescens Release in Correlation with Certain

Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences ISSN 2077-4613

Volume : 5 | Issue : 02 | April-June | 2015 Pages: 290-296

Trichogramma evanescens Release in Correlation with Certain Pesticides against the Spiny Bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuidae) Infestation in Early and Late Cotton Cultivation 1

1 2

Saad A. S. A., 1E. H. Tayeb, 2Hamdy A. Awad and 2Abeer S. A. Abdel Rehiem Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Bacha, Alexandria University, Egypt Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, El - Sabahia, Alexandria, Egypt.

ABSTRACT Field experiments were carried out at a private cotton field in El-Noubaria district, Behaira Governorate to study the efficiency of releasing the parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens (West.) alone and with certain pesticides against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.) infestation in early and late cultivation, and the reflect on the cotton yield. The results revealed that the treatment of Trichogramma evanescens+ fipronil gave the lowest infestation (1.56 and 2.30 larvae/100 bolls) and gave the highest cotton seed yield ranged from 6.9 and 5.9kent./fed. for early and late-sown plants, respectively. On the other hand, the release of Trichogramma evanescens alone gave the highest infestation with an average of 4.14 and 5.39 larvae/100 bolls and the lowest cotton seed yield that ranged from 2.8 and 2.3 kent./fed. for early and latesownplants compared with untreated check in 2013 season. However, Trichogramma evanescens alone was less effective on the spiny bollworm with an average of infestation of 4.86 &5.39 larvae /100boll and gave the lowest cotton seed yield ranged from 2.6 - 2.2 kent./fed. in both early and late-sown plants. Meanwhile, the treatment of indoxacarb with the release of Trichogramma evanescens gave the lowest infestation (2.25 & 2.72 larvae/100bools) and gave the highest cotton seed yield (6.6 & 5.9 kent./fed.) in both early and late-sown cotton plants compared with the untreated check in 2014 season. All the treatments either the release of Trichogramma evanescens alone or in combination with the tested pesticides gave best bollworms control and high yield than the untreated check did. Key words: Releasing, Trichogramma evanescens, spiny bollworm

Introduction Cotton, (Gossypium barbadence L).is one of the most important economical crops in Egypt and many other countries where it is employed in several industrial productions (Al-Shannaf and Hegab, 2010). On the other hand, cotton plants are attacked by several insect-pests starting from the germination of the seeds till harvest (Afazal et al., 2003). Cotton is subjected to several serious pests that affected cotton production; of the most are the cotton bollworms (the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.), pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and the American bollworm, Heliothis armigera (Hüb.). The spiny bollworm larvae damage buds early in the growing season and squares, and bolls later in the season (Younis et al., 2007). Knight (2000) investigated the effect of individual insecticide as well as their combined action on major cotton pests and certain insect predators. However, biological control is a method used worldwide in pest management. It has been considered as a sustainable, economical and environmental attractive alternative for chemical pest control. Trichogramma species have the great potential to control bollworms in cotton integrated pest management (IPM) (Ahmad et al., 1998) Therefore, the integrated pest management (IPM) is representing the most rational program to control the infestation and to achieve high yield production. Romeis and Shanower (1996) and Ahmad et al. (1998) reported that Trichogramma species have the great potential to control bollworms in cotton integrated pest management programs (IPM) Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of the release of the parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens alone or in combination with certain pesticides to suppress the infestation of Earias insulana and how can these applications affect the cotton seed yield in early-sown cotton plants after planting clover and late-sown ones after wheat cultivation

Materials and Methods Field Experiments Corresponding Author Saad A. S. A., Faculty of Agriculture, Saba bacha , Alexandria University, Egypt

290

Middle East J. Appl. Sci.., 5(2): 290-296, 2015

Field experiments were carried out at a private cotton field in El-Noubaria district, Behaira, Governorate, during two successive cotton growing seasons of 2013 and 2014. The experimental area of one feddan was cultivated with cotton variety "Giza 88". Two different planting dates were selected as early and late sowing dates as follow: half feddan is sown with cotton after clover in 15th April (Early) divided into 5 plots representing 4 treatments and one as untreated check and each plot was of an area of 2 kerats and the other half feedan was planted with cotton after wheat cultivation in 15th May (Late) divided into 5 plots plus one used as untreated check and each plot was of an area of 2 kerats. Four replicates were prepared for every sowing date. Each block was separated from the adjacent one by a half-meter belt to minimize the interference of spray drift from one treatment to another. Complete Randomized Block design was adopted. Tested compounds The agrochemicals used in the course of the study were: 1. Lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate® 5% EC) ( a synthetic pyrethroid) IUPAC:A reaction product comprising equal quantities of (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (Z)-(1R,3R)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate and (R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(Z)-(1S,3S)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop -1enyl)-2,2 dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate. The product was supplied by Syngenta Agro Co. 2.Triflumuron(Alsystin®48%SC)(an Insect Growth inhibitor)IUPAC:1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy phenyl) urea. The product was supplied by Bayer Co. 3.Indoxacarb(Avanut® 15.8% EC)(Oxadiazine)IUPAC: 1Methyl7-chloro-2,5-dihydro-2-[[(methoxycarbonyl)[4(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazine-4a(3H)-carboxylate.The product was supplied by DuPont Co. 4. Fipronil (PteraNill®2.5% EC) (Phenylpyrazol) IUPAC:(5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)4-((1,R,S) -(trifluoromethyl) sulfinyl) -1-H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile) .The product was supplied by Chemvet Co. The recommended field rates of the tested insecticides are shown in Table (1). Table 1:.The tested compounds and their application rates during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Active ingredient Trade name Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC Karate® Triflumuron 48%SC Alsystin® Indoxacarb 15.8% EC Avanut® Fipronil2.5% EC PteraNill®

Rate of application (ml/fed) 375 100 200 300

The parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens The cards containing the eggs of Sitotroga cerealella Olivier parasitized by T. evanesces were supplied by the mass-rearing laboratory of Biological Control Research Department, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The parasitoid was released as pupae within the parasitized Sitotroga cerealella eggs at a rate of 23100-26400 parasitoids/feddan. Therelease was applied in the field using a device that protects them from the predators and unfavorable weather conditions. To decrease the labor cost, the device which consists of thick paper card (8 x 12 cm) was modified; as it was folded to make a closed container (8 x 6 cm). Three cards of the Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella eggs (1x1cm) containing parasitoid pupae (about 350-400 pupae/card) of three different stages of development (1, 2 and 3 days before adults emergence) were glued in this container with a total number of 1050-1200 parasitoids / card. The cards were hanged manually before the sunset on the plant at a distance of about 50 cm above the ground. Each feddan required about 22 cards; though the rate of releasing comprised 22 paper cards / feddan / release(2cards/2kerat).In the both seasons, when the infestation of bollworms arrived to 3%, the rate of releasing was increased to comprise 36 paper cards / feddan / release (3cards/2kerat) and the distance between the release points was 10 m and started 5 m apart from the edges of the field.When the infestation level arrived 5%, the tested insecticides were applied to decrease the infestation of the cotton bollworms. Treatments First treatment Trichogramma evanescens was released alone. The parasitoid was released in both seasons when the 1st fruiting branch of cotton plant was formed ( at the beginning of June) in early sown plants (after clover) and during mid-July in late sown plants (after wheat has been harvested). Second treatment Trichogramma evanescens was released and then triflumuron was applied. Third treatment Trichogramma evanescens was released and then indoxacarb was applied. Fourth treatment Trichogramma evanescens was released and lambadacyhalothrin was applied.

291

Middle East J. Appl. Sci.., 5(2): 290-296, 2015

Fifth treatment Trichogramma evanescens was released and fipronil was applied. Firstly, the parasitoid was released, then after 10 days the tested insecticides were applied and so on until the end of each season. The application of the different treatments was started in 15th June in earlysown plants (after clover) and 25th July in late sown plants (after wheat).In early sown plants, the parasitoid was released five times and the tested insecticides were applied three times while in late sown plants, the parasitoid was released four times and the tested insecticides were applied four times. All the tested insecticides were applied when the infestation level reached 5% by using knapsack sprayer (20 liters). Estimation of the spiny bollworm infestation Weekly inspection was done to determine the infestation levels of the spiny bollworm (Earias insulana) (Boisd).Samples of 25 green bolls/ plot were taken randomly and therefore 100 green bolls were examined for each treatment. The level of infestation by bollworms was estimated weekly over 10 weeks during the growing seasons. In each sample, the bolls were examined externally before dissection and internal inspection. Infestation records were based on the existence of injury symptoms regardless the presence of the larvae. Determination of cotton yield In each treatment, ripened open bolls from twenty-five cotton plants were collected to determine the rate of cotton yield / plant and from which, the total yield /feddan was relatively calculated as follows: Yield = plant yield (g) × No. of plants per fed (45000) = Kg/fed =Ken./fed 1000 157.5 Results and Discussion The efficiency of Trichogramma evanescens release alone and in correlation with certain pesticides application against Earias insulana and yield during 2013&2014 seasons 2013 season Data in Fig (1) illustrate that all treatments induced significant effect on the larval population of the spiny bollworm expressed as average number of larvae /100 bolls compared with the untreated check. It is obvious that the lowest infestation rate by the spiny bollworm was recorded using the treatment of Trichogramma evanescens + fipronil in both different planting times(early and late) with averages of 1.56 and 2.30 larvae/100 bolls, followed by the treatment of Trichogramma evanescens + indoxacarb with mean average number of 2.61 and 2.72 larvae/100 bolls and the treatment of Trichogramma evanescens + triflumuron with mean number of 2.92 and 3.19 larvae/100 bolls, in respect, at early and late-sown cotton plants. Meanwhile, the lowest effect was recorded for the treatment of releasing Trichogramma evanescens alone recording averages of 4.14 and 5.39 larvae/100 bolls, compared with untreated check which recorded high average values of 15.58 and 18.72 larvae/100 bolls for early and late-sown plants, respectively. Theresults illustrated in Fig.(2) show the increase of yield ranged from 6.9 and 5.9kent./fed. in both early and late-sown plantswhich has been recorded for the treatment of Trichogramma evanescens + fipronil followed by Trichogramma evanescens + indoxacarb giving 6.2 and 5.8kent./fed., in respect. When Trichogramma evanescens was used alone, the yield was decreased to 4.3 and 4.0 kent./fed. in respect, in both early and latesown plants. 2014 season It was noticed that the infestation during the cotton growing season of 2014 was higher as compared with that of 2013season.Data illustrated in Fig (3) revealed that all treatments induced significant effects on the larval population of the spiny bollworm compared with the untreated check. The treatment of Trichogramma evanescens+ indoxacarb was the most effective treatment on the spiny bollworm which decreased the inspected number of the spiny bollworm larvae to 2.25 & 2.72 larvae/100 bolls, followed by Trichogramma evanescens+ fipronil in average of 2.64 & 3.17 larvae/100 bolls for early and late-sown plants, respectively. The release of Trichogramma evanescens alone was less effective against the spiny bollworm with average of 4.86 &5.39 larvae /100bolls in both early and late-sown plants compared with untreated check treatment which recorded high average value of 15.72 and 17.36 larvae/100 bolls for early and late-sown, respectively.

292

Middle East J. Appl. Sci.., 5(2): 290-296, 2015

Data shown and illustrated in Fig. (4) exhibit the effect of the different running treatments on cotton seed yield. It is noticed that the treatment of Trichogramma evanescens+ indoxacarb recorded the highest cotton seed yield (6.6 & 5.9 kent./fed) followed by Trichogramma evanescens + fipronil(6.4 & 4.4 kent./fed) in the early and late sown plants. Trichogramma evanescens alone gave the lowest cotton seed yield (4.0 & 3.8 kent./fed) in both early and late-sown dates, in respect. It could be mentioned that the increases in cotton yield for all treatments were higher in 2013 than in 2014season. In general, it could be concluded that the treatment of cotton fields with the parasitoid Trichogramma at individual release was not sufficient to suppress the bollworms infestation, whereas, satisfactory results were obtained when the parasitoid releases were integrated with certain pesticides. Hence, higher reduction in the spiny bollworm population and greater cotton yields were achieved with this integration.

*Same letter (s) above the columns (with the same color) means that there were no significant differences at 5% level.

Fig. 1: The effect of Trichogramma evanescens release alone or followed with certain pesticides on Earias insulana infestation at early and late-sowing season of 2013.

Fig. 2: The effect of Trichogramma evanescens release alone or followed with some insecticide on cotton yield as plants were infested by bollworms in early and late-sowing plants (season of 2013).

293

Middle East J. Appl. Sci.., 5(2): 290-296, 2015

*Same letter (s) above the columns (with the same color) means that there were no significant differences at 5% level

Fig. 3: The effect of Trichogramma evanescens release alone or followed with certain pesticides on Earias insulana infestation in early-late sown plants during the season of 2014.

Fig. 4: The effect of Trichogramma evanescens release alone or followed with certain pesticides on yield in early-late sown cotton plants during the season of 2014. These present results are in agreement with the previous finding of Khidr et al. (1996), El-Sorady et al. (1998) and Abd El-Mageed et al. (2007) when they indicated that the application of insecticides in sequential use induced higher reduction in larval number as compared with the lower reduction resulting from several applications with the same insecticide alone. In this respect, our finding was in agreement with the results obtained by Patil and Rajankihanth (2004) who reported that fipronil (Regent®) (belongs to a new class of insecticides fiproles) was found to be efficient compared to pyrethroid, OP and carbmate insecticides. Sayyed and Wright (2004) stated that fipronil is a broad spectrum insecticide commercially used against insect pests of Blatteria, Diptera, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera and has proved its effectiveness in the control of bollworms pests as compared to emamectin. The results obtained are parallel with the results of Bharpoda et al. (2003) who proved the effectiveness of indoxacarb (Avaunt®) 15% SC in comparison to some conventional synthetic insecticides, cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos and acephate, alone and in mixture with indoxacarb against certain insect-pests of (H 6) upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Among the different insecticides studied, indoxacarb sprayed on (H 6) cotton ( at 75 g a i/ha) showed significant superiority as compared with the rest of the tested insecticides in terms of giving higher protection to buds and bolls of cotton crop against bollworms. The effectiveness of indoxacarb was also reflected on seed-cotton yield (2055 kg/ha). Its LC50 was almost the same as that of flufmuron but it required less time to kill the insects when it was compared with spinosad and

294

Middle East J. Appl. Sci.., 5(2): 290-296, 2015

methoxyfenozide. Indoxacarb is also acting by blocking the chloride channel associated with GABA receptors in the insect nervous system (Hainzl et al., 1998).Cross resistance has been reported in some insects against fipronil and cyclodienes (Brooke et al., 2000). A low level of cross-resistance between fipronil, spinosad and indoxacarb has been reported by Sayyed and Wright (2004) when they were tested against the diamond back moth Plutella xylostella.Salman et al. (2014) reported that the effect of the parasitoid T. evanescens treated alone against the spiny bollworm populationwas slight and a low increase in the yield was gained. Abd ElRahman et al. (2008) released T. evanescens to evaluated its efficacy in suppression of the spiny bollworm, E. insulana infestation in El-Farafra, New valley Governorate, Egypt and they found that five releases (17600 adult females in 2 waves / feddan / release) in two weeks intervals successfully suppressed cotton bollworm infestation to be one fourth to one third of that of the untreated cotton fields. Baraka et al. (2008) evaluated the number of release of the egg parasitoid, T. evanescens in suppressing the spiny bollworm, E. insulana infestation in El- Farafra cotton fields, New valley Governorate, Egypt and found that five Trichogramma releases presented 76.29% final mean reduction in boll infestation compared with 83.97% resulted from six releases. Cotton yield loss was 13.17 % in the five releases field compared with 12.05 % in the six releases treatment. The present results are in agreement with Zheng et al. (2002) who reported that early sowing crop lowered the bollworm resistance than late sowing one.

References Abd El-Mageed, A. E. M., E. M. Anwar;, L. R. A. Elgohary and H. F. Dahi, 2007. Evaluation of several program of sequences pesticides application on cotton bollworms and some other sucking pests in cotton field. J. Entomol., 4 (2): 93-103. Abdel-Rahman, A.G., Alia M. Abd El-Hafez, Bahira, M. El-Sawaf, M.R. Baraka and A.I. Imam, 2008. Efficacy of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens West. in suppressing spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.) infestation in El-Farafra cotton fields, New valley Governorate, Egypt. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control, 18(2): 265-269. Afazal, M., M. Asif and M. H. Bashir, 2003. Effect of different insecticides on some predators of insect pests of cotton. Pakistan Entomologist, 25(2): 165-168. Ahmed, N., M. Ashraf, B. Fatima and G. A. Nasrullah, 1998. Potential of Trichogramma chilonisto parasitize eggs of pink, spotted and spiny bollworms of cotton. Pak. J. Zool., 30(1): 39-40. Al-Shannaf, H.M.H. and M.E.M. Hegab, 2010. Effect of certain environmental factors on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) capture male moths in relationship to accumulated heat units. Egyptian J. Agric. Res., 88(4): 1153-1166. Baraka, Refaie M., Bahira M. El-Sawaf, Alia M. Abd El-Hafez, A.G. Abdel-Rahman and A.I. Imam, 2008. Evaluation the number of releases of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens West. in suppressing spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.) infestation in El-Farafra cotton fields, New valley Governorate, Egypt. Egypt J. Biol. Pest Control, 18(2): 271-275. Bharpoda, T. M., D. B. Sisodiya and J. R. Patel, 2003. Effectiveness of indoxacarb 15% SC in controlling insect-pests of H 6 upland cotton. India. J. Agric. Sci., 73(4): 203-205. Brooke, B.D., R. H. Hunt and M. Coetzee, 2000. Resistance to dieldrin-fipronil assorts with chromosome inversion 2La in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Med. Vet. Entomol., 14: 190-194. El-Sorady, A. E. M., A. A. S. El-Zanan; M. K. A. Abo-Sholoa and A.A. El-Dahan, 1998. Influence of some insecticide sequences on natural and artificial infestation with pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 76(2): 585-596. Hainzl, D., L. M. Cole and J. E. Casida, 1998. Mechanisms for selective toxicity of fipronil insecticide and its sulfone metabolite and desulfinyl photoproduct. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 11: 1529-1535. Khidr, A.A., W. M. H. Desuky, A. A. El-Sheakh and S. A. Raslan,1996. Sequential use of some insecticides against cotton bollworms in control trials. Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 74(2): 321-331. Knight, A. I., 2000. Tebufenozide targeted against codlig moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults, eggs and larvae. J. Econ. Entomol., 93: 760-767. Patil, B.V. and R. Rajanikanth, 2004. New class of insecticides, mode of action and their bio-efficacy. Int. Symp. Strat. Sust. Cotton Prod. A Global Vision, November 23-25. p.77-85. Romeis, J. and T.G. Shanower, 1996. Arthropod natural enemies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in India. Bio Con. Sci. Tech., 6(4): 481-508. Salman, A. M. A., G. A. Karaman, A. A. El-Zoghbey and A. R. A. Mazeed, 2014. Biological control of certain insect pests attacking cotton plants in Sohag Governorate. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 3(2): 201-207. Sayyed, A. H. and D. J. Wright, 2004. Fipronil resistance in the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Inheritance and number of genes involved. J. Econ. Entomol., 97(6): 2043-2050.

295

Middle East J. Appl. Sci.., 5(2): 290-296, 2015

Younis, A. M., H. H. S. Hamouda, A. S. Ibrahim and M. A. Z. Zeitoum, 2007. Field evaluation of certain pesticides against the cotton bollworms with special reference to their negative impact on beneficial arthropoda .African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 8th African Crop Science Society, Elminia, Egypt,October 27-31, pp. 993-1002. Zheng, W. F., W. X. Sheng and C. X. Rong, 2002.Effect of different sowing dates on the growth and bollworm resistance of the American bollworm resistant cotton variety bollguard 32B. China Cott., pp. 29-32.

296