Jan 10, 2005 - Sensitivity Analysis of the LHC Inflectorsâ, 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium, Rancho. Mirage, California (June 22-25, 1998) p.
DESIGN NOTE TRI-DN-05-2 January 10, 2005
TRIUMF
Test Results for PFN Capacitors and both PFN and RCPS Damping Resistors for the CERN LHC Injection System
Michael J. Barnes and Gary D. Wait TRIUMF
ABSTRACT This design note describes the results of high voltage and high current pulse tests carried out on capacitors and damping resistors for the CERN LHC Injection PFN. The goal of the tests was to compare the reliability and stability of capacitors and resistors from two different manufacturers. In addition the design note contains the results of pulse tests carried out on HVR damping resistors for the RCPS. The capacitors compared are from Norfolk Capacitors Limited (NCL) and ZEZ Silko: based on these test results the capacitors from both manufacturers have similar stability characteristics. The resistors compared are from Kanthal Globar and HVR International: it is recommended that resistors from HVR be purchased for the series of PFNs and RCPSs. 1
TRIUMF 4004 WESBROOK MALL, VANCOUVER, B.C., CANADA. V6T 2A3.
Table of Contents 1. 2.
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................................1 History of Resistors in Prototype and Test Equipment...............................................................................................................2 2.1 RCPS Damping Resistors .......................................................................................................................................................2 2.2 RCPS Bleed Resistor...............................................................................................................................................................2 2.3 Dummy Load Charging Resistors .........................................................................................................................................2 2.4 Type 4 PFN Damping Resistors.............................................................................................................................................2 2.5 Spark Gap Circuit for Testing PFN Capacitors and PFN Damping Resistors...............................................................2 3. Acceptance Criteria for PFN Capacitors and PFN Damping Resistors...................................................................................3 4. Summary of Test Results for Type 1 Sample PFN Capacitors .................................................................................................3 4.1 ZEZ Silko ...................................................................................................................................................................................3 4.1.1 High Vo ltage and High Current Tests..........................................................................................................................3 4.1.2 Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance.....................................................................................................................3 4.1.3 Voltage coefficient of capacitance ...............................................................................................................................3 4.1.4 Parasitic inductance in coaxial housing.......................................................................................................................3 4.1.5 Parasitic capacitance to coaxial housing .....................................................................................................................3 4.2 NCL ............................................................................................................................................................................................4 5. Conclusions re PFN Capacitors ......................................................................................................................................................5 6. Summary of Test Results for PFN Damping Res istors ..............................................................................................................5 6.1 Resistor Manufacture Part Numbers .....................................................................................................................................5 6.1.1 Kanthal Globar.................................................................................................................................................................5 6.1.2 HVR ...................................................................................................................................................................................5 7. Conclusions re PFN Damping Resistors.....................................................................................................................................12 8. Tests on RCPS Damping Resistors..............................................................................................................................................12 9. References........................................................................................................................................................................................12 10. Appendix 1: Detailed Test Results for HVR Resistors ........................................................................................................14 10.1 Appendix 1.2: Summary of change in value of HVR Type 4 resistors during storage..............................................20 11. Appendix 2: Detailed Test Results for Kanthal Globar Resistors......................................................................................21
Table of Tables Table 1: Summary of change in capacitance value for ZEZ Silko sample capacitors Type RUDJS 1-66/19 ...........................3 Table 2: Summary of change in capacitance value for NCL sample capacitors Type EC2860 (Type 1, +0%−10%, PFN Capacitor, manufactured using foil)...............................................................................................................................................4 Table 3: Summary of change in capacitance value for NCL sample capacitors Type EC2720 (Type 1, 20 nF+0%−10%, self healing metallized film, PFN capacitor) ................................................................................................................................4 Table 4: Summary of HV tests on Type 1 (100 Ω ) PFN damping resistors (HVR: temperature compensated).......................6 Table 5: Summary of HV tests on Type 2 (80 Ω ) PFN damping resistors (temperature compensated).....................................6 Table 6: Summary of HV tests on Type 3 (157 Ω ) PFN damping resistors (temperature compensated)...................................7 Table 7: Summary of HV tests on Type 4 (33.4 Ω ) PFN damping resistors...................................................................................8 Table 8: H11 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). TCR = −0.096%/°C. ................................................................................................14 Table 9: H12 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). TCR = −0.096%/°C. ................................................................................................14 Table 10: H13 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). TCR = −0.096%/°C. ..............................................................................................15 Table 11: H14 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). TCR = −0.096%/°C. ..............................................................................................15 Table 12: H17 @ 1 kHz (Type 2, 80Ω±5%). TCR = −0.093%/°C. ................................................................................................15 Table 13: H18 @ 1 kHz (Type 2, 80Ω±5%). TCR = −0.093%/°C. ................................................................................................15 Table 14: H15 @ 1 kHz (Type 3, 157Ω±5%). TCR = −0.101%/°C. ..............................................................................................16 Table 15: H16 @ 1 kHz (Type 3, 157Ω±5%). TCR = −0.101%/°C ...............................................................................................16 Table 16: H1 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C ................................................................................................16 Table 17: H2 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C ................................................................................................17 Table 18: H3 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C ................................................................................................18 Table 19: H4 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C ................................................................................................18 Table 20: H9 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C ................................................................................................19 Table 21: Summary of Resistance Change for HVR Resistors Stored in Ambient Air...............................................................20 Table 22: Summary of Resistance Change for HVR Resistors Stored Wet with, but not Immersed in, Silicone Oil............20 Table 23: K43 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%).....................................................................................................................................21 Table 24: K44 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%).....................................................................................................................................21 i
Table 25: K45 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%).....................................................................................................................................21 Table 26: K46 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%).....................................................................................................................................22 Table 27: K49 @ 1 kHz (Type 2, 80Ω±5%) .......................................................................................................................................22 Table 28: K50 @ 1 kHz (Type 2, 80Ω±5%) .......................................................................................................................................22 Table 29: K53 @ 1 kHz (Type 3, 157Ω±5%).....................................................................................................................................23 Table 30: K54 @ 1 kHz (Type 3, 157Ω±5%).....................................................................................................................................23 Table 31: K55 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%)....................................................................................................................................23 Table 32: K58 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%)....................................................................................................................................24 Table 33: K59 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%)....................................................................................................................................24 Table 34: K60 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%)....................................................................................................................................24
Table of Figures Fig. 1: Equivalent circuit of an LHC Injection System, not including RCPS .................................................................................1 Fig. 2: EC2720#2 Discharge Current: FUG @ 8.0 (60kV); R=5.6 Ohms. Positive trigger pulse. Scale=200A/V...................4 Fig. 3: HVR Type 1 (100 Ω) PFN Damping Resistor Summary .......................................................................................................9 Fig. 4: Kanthal Globar Type 1 (100 Ω ) PFN Damping Resistor Summary .....................................................................................9 Fig. 5: HVR and Kanthal Globar Type 2 (80 Ω) PFN Damping Resistor Summary ...................................................................10 Fig. 6: HVR and Kanthal Globar Type 3 (157 Ω ) PFN Damping Resistor Summary .................................................................10 Fig. 7: HVR Type 4 (33.4 Ω) PFN Damping Resistor Summary....................................................................................................11 Fig. 8: Kanthal Globar Type 4 (33.4 Ω ) PFN Damping Resistor Summary ..................................................................................11
ii
1.
Introduction
The European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) is constructing a Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to be installed in an existing 27 km circumference tunnel. The LHC will be equipped with fast-pulsed magnet systems for injecting two counter-rotating hadron beams. Two pulsed systems, of 4 magnets and 4 (28 cell) pulse forming networks (PFNs) each, are required for this purpose. Each system must produce a kick of 1.3 Tm with a flattop duration of 5.76 µs or 7.8 µs [1], a rise time of 900 ns, and a fall time of 3 µs. The ripple in the field must be less than ±0.5%. The energy in a PFN is provided by a resonant charging power supply (RCPS). Each resonant charging system requires a 2.56 mF storage capacitor bank charged to 3 kV. Two series thyristors are used to switch the energy on the capacitor bank onto the primary of a 1:23 stepup transformer of low leakage inductance. The output of the secondary is transferred to two PFNs through two coaxial cables, two stacks of 44 series diodes and two 70 Ω charging resistors. Capacitors, inductors and resistors are used to build 9 PFNs of 5 Ω characteristic impedance, made of two lines of 10 Ω each, connected in parallel. The PFN is charged within 1 ms to a positive voltage of 66 kV, using a RCPS, and then discharged into a load 2 ms later by high power thyratron switches, to produce a square pulse of up to 7.8 µs duration. The minimum repetition period is 5 s. The stability and pulse-to-pulse reproducibility of the PFN voltage must each be maintained to a precision of better than ± 0.1%. The equivalent circuit of the LHC system is given in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of an LHC injection system, not including RCPS.
The type 1 capacitors will be arranged in two parallel 10 Ω lines of 27 units each (the 27 does not include a trim capacitor for capacitor C2). The PFN capacitors will be mounted vertically, in individual cylindrical coaxial housings. One inductance coil will be connected to the top of the capacitors in each line and shielded by a screen. A PFN damping resistor will be connected in parallel to each individual coil inductance. The whole PFN will be housed in a tank filled with silicone insulating fluid. A detailed description of the design of the PFN is given in references [2-9]. Each 28 cell 10 Ω PFN line consists of 26 seven-turn cells (L in Fig. 1), a five-turn cell at the DS end (L” in Fig. 1), and a nine -turn cell at the MS end (L’ in Fig. 1). A cell consists of a series inductor, a damping resistor connected in parallel, and a capacitor connected to ground. The PFN capacitors must be high stability discharge capacitors rated at 66 kV. For the nine 5 Ω 28 cell PFNs, a total of 560 pieces of Type 1 capacitor (19 nF±5%, i.e. 18.05 nF to 19.95 nF) were 1
required [10]. A total of 53 (26 capacitors per 10 Ω line, times 2 lines, plus 1 back cell) Type 1 capacitors are required per 28 cell PFN. A damping resistor is connected in parallel with each cell of a PFN line. Two Type 4 resistors (each 33.4 Ω ±5%) are connected in parallel with the cell at the MS end of each PFN line to give a total resistance of 16.7 Ω±2% [11] (Rp4 in Fig. 1). One Type 3 resistor (157 Ω±5%) is connected in parallel with the cell adjacent to the MS end cell (Rp3 in Fig. 1). One Type 2 resistor (80 Ω ±5%) is connected in parallel with the cell adjacent to the DS end cell (Rp2 in Fig. 2). A Type 1 resistor (100 Ω±5%) is connected in parallel with each of the other 25 cells in a 28 cell PFN line (Rp1 in Fig. 1). Sample Type 1 PFN capacitors, and Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4 PFN Damping Resistors have been ordered and subject to tests at TRIUMF. This design note shows the results of tests carried out at TRIUMF, using the test set-up and procedures described in TRI-DN-99-03 “Testing of PFN Capacitors And PFN Damping Resistor Samples For CERN LHC”. The present design note describes the results of high voltage and high current pulse tests carried out on capacitors and damping resistors for the LHC Injection PFN. The goal of the tests was to compare the reliability and stability of capacitors and resistors from several manufacturers. The test set-up and procedures are described reference [16]. In addition the present design note contains the results of pulse tests carried out on HVR damping resistors for the RCPS.
2.
History of Resistors in Prototype and Test Equipment
2.1 RCPS Damping Resistors A bank of 4 parallel 70 Ω damping resistors is connected across the primary of the transformer [12]. In the prototype RCPS these resistors were type 887AS700JN from Kanthal Globar [13]. After 1.15 million pulses (60 kV operation) at 0.1 Hz (email of October 8, 1999), two of these resistors had changed in value by approx. 1%; one had increased by almost 26%, and the fourth was a very high value (880 kΩ). 2.2 RCPS Bleed Resistor A 300 kΩ Kanthal Globar bleed resistor, connected in parallel with the storage capacitor bank, in the prototype RCPS failed to an open-circuit during 1-million+ cycles. 2.3 Dummy Load Charging Resistors The Kanthal Globar charging resistor in dummy load #1 increased in value by almost 10% during 1-million+ cycles. The Kanthal Globar charging resistor is an 18" long resistor. 2.4 Type 4 PFN Damping Resistors The main switch end cell of each PFN line has two parallel Type 4 PFN damping resistors. In the prototype PFN these were pencil type resistors from HVR [15]; these pencil resistors did not have sufficient cros s sectional area for the current rating and therefore failed during testing of the prototype PFN. 2.5 Spark Gap Circuit for Testing PFN Capacitors and PFN Damping Resistors An 18” long 1 MΩ charging resistor from Kanthal Globar, used in the spark gap circuit for testing PFN capacitors and PFN damping resistors, cracked and failed to an open-circuit.
2
3.
Acceptance Criteria for PFN Capacitors and PFN Damping Resistors
PFN capacitors should not change in value by more than 0.1% as a result of the individual tests (section 6.1.1 of TRI-DN-99-03). PFN damping resistors should not change in value by more than 1% as a result of the tests (section 6.2.1 of TRI-DN-99-03).
4.
Summary of Test Results for Type 1 Sample PFN Capacitors
4.1
ZEZ Silko
4.1.1 High Voltage and High Current Tests Table 1. Summary of change in capacitance value for ZEZ Silko sample capacitors Type RUDJS 1-66/19. Sample Capacitor Number: Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9 Z10 100 kV DC for 20 s : −0.03% −0.03% −0.02% −0.03% −0.02% 100 kV DC for at least 120 s: −0.06% −0.06% −0.07% −0.05% −0.07% 10 discharges from 66 kV into −0.07% −0.07% −0.07% −0.06% −0.07% a “short circuit”: 66 kV for more than 60 hours: −0.08% +0.01% +0.02% 0.00% 1: 5.6 kA for 500k discharges +0.03% −0.03% −0.02% −0.02% +9.0% −0.02% +0.01% −0.02% 2: 5.6 kA for 500k discharges +0.02% 3: 5.6 kA for 500k discharges −0.01% 11.7 kA for 5,000 discharges −0.01% −0.02% −0.01%
Z7: weak point in polypropylene caused the short circuit of internal element (see e-mail from Josef Sindelar dated July 16, 1999). All five of the sample capacitors that were acceptance tested at 100 kV for 120 s passed the tests at TRIUMF. Therefore, for the main batch of capacitors the routine test voltage was increased in value and duration from 100 kV for 20 s to: •
100 kV for 120 s (=> 120 V/µm; PP foil rated at 150 V/µm DC: ref. email of August 4, 1999)
4.1.2 Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance The temperature coefficient of capacitance was measured during acceptance tests on the sample PFN capacitors. Measured temperature coefficient = −0.03%/°C 4.1.3 Voltage coefficient of capacitance The voltage coefficient of capacitance has been measured at voltages of up to 21.8 kV. Voltage coefficient of capacitance = ±0.0011%/kV (p. 38 of [14]). 4.1.4 Parasitic inductance in coaxial housing Parasitic inductance in coaxial housing = 119 nH (p. 89 of [14]) 4.1.5 Parasitic capacitance to coaxial housing Parasitic capacitance to coaxial housing is approximately 130 pF to 140 pF with air around the capacitor.
3
Parasitic capacitance to coaxial housing is approximately 165 pF with DOW Corning 561 silicone fluid (relative permittivity measured to be 2.68 at frequencies up to 1 MHz (p. 28 of [14])). 4.2
NCL Table 2. Summary of change in capacitance value for NCL sample capacitors Type EC2860 (Type 1, +0%−10%, PFN Capacitor, manufactured using foil)
Sample Capacitor Number:
100 kV DC for 10 s: 100 kV DC for at least 120 s and 35 kV rms. for 120 s : 10 discharges from 66 kV into a “short circuit”: 66 kV for more than 60 hours: 5.6 kA for 500,000 discharges 5.6 kA for 100,000 discharges 11.7 kA for 5,000 discharges
N1
N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 (not rcvd.) −0.11% −0.12% −0.10% −0.13% −0.11% −0.11% −0.11% −0.11% −0.10% −0.10% −0.11% −0.04% −0.04% +0.14% +0.14% +0.12%
−0.03%
+0.01%
+0.02%
−0.04%
Temperature coefficient = −0.033%/°C Voltage coefficient of capacitance: not measured. Parasitic inductance in coaxial housing = 166 nH (p. 90 of [14]) Table 3. Summary of change in capacitance value for NCL sample capacitors Type EC2720 (Type 1, 20 nF+0%−10% , self-healing metallized film, PFN capacitor) Sample Capacitor Number: ±90 kV DC for at least 120 s : 10 discharges from 66 kV into a “short circuit”: 66 kV for more than 60 hours: 5.6 kA for 500,000 discharges 11.7 kA for 5,000 discharges
NMF1 NMF2 +0.16% +0.06%
−0.24% −0.22%
Temperature coefficient = −0.033%/°C to −0.035%/°C (fax dated Sept. 29, 1999 from NCL) Voltage coefficient of capacitance = ±0.00012%/kV (p. 118 p. of [14]) Parasitic inductance in coaxial housing = 148 nH (p. 90 of [14])
Fig. 2. EC2720#2 Discharge Current: FUG @ 8.0 (60kV); R=5.6 Ohms. Positive trigger pulse. Scale=200A/V. 4
5.
Conclusions re PFN Capacitors
Table 1 summarizes the test results for the PFN capacitors from ZEZ Silko (RUDJS 1-66/19). Although one of the internal capacitor elements of one of the ZEZ Silko capacitors failed, the stability of these capacitors is very good. Table 2 summarizes the test results for the PFN capacitors from NCL (Type EC2860, manufactured using foil): the stability of the capacitors tested is very good.
6.
Summary of Test Results for PFN Damping Resistors
6.1
Resistor Manufacture Part Numbers
6.1.1 Kanthal Globar Type 1 (100 Ω): Type 2 (80 Ω): Type 3 (157 Ω): Type 4 (33.4 Ω):
826AS066 826AS065 826AS067 1026AS008
6.1.2 HVR Type 1 (100 Ω):
103ABA101J, HVRAPC 9903033 REV. A. TCR = −1.68%/(kV -cm). Type 2 (80 Ω): 103ABA800J, HVRAPC 9903034 REV. A. TCR = −1.60%/(kV -cm). Type 3 (157 Ω): 103ABA161J, HVRAPC 9903035 REV. A. TCR = −1.86%/(kV -cm). Type 4 (33.4 Ω): 103ABA330J, HVRAPC 9903036 REV. A. TCR = −1.32%/(kV -cm). Where: • TCR: Temperature Coefficient of Resistance • VCR: Voltage Coefficient of Resistance Note: TCR and VCR are values obtained from HVR.
5
−0.096%/ °C. VCR = −0.093%/ °C. VCR = − 0.101%/ °C. VCR = −0.080%/ °C. VCR =
Table 4. Summary of HV tests on Type 1 (100 Ω ) PFN damping resistors (HVR: temperature compensated). Sample Resistor H11
Comment
500,000 pulses @ 30 kV (Cumulative ∆R [%], Result)
HVR: 100Ω (Type 1)
H12
HVR: 100Ω (Type 1)
H13
HVR: 100Ω (Type 1)
H14
HVR: 100Ω (Type 1)
K43
Kanthal: 100Ω (Type 1)
K44
Kanthal: 100Ω (Type 1)
K45
Kanthal: 100Ω (Type 1)
K46
Kanthal: 100Ω (Type 1)
2 December (−0.29, Pass) 8 December 200k (−0.39, Pass) 17 December 300k+ (−1.27, Fail) 20 December (−1.29, Fail) 2 December (+0.30, Pass) 8 December 200k (+0.57, Pass) 17 December 300k+ (−0.75, Pass) 20 December (−0.84,Pass) 2 December (+1.00, Pass) 8 December 200k (+1.57, Fail) 2 December (+0.27, Pass) 8 December 200k (+0.49, Pass) 27 August (−0.26, Pass) 21 September (−0.06, Pass) 13 October (+0.11, Pass) 22 October (+0.34, Pass) 9 August (−0.12, Pass) 20 August (−0.14, Pass) 21 September (+0.92, Pass) 13 October (+2.09, Fail) 22 October (+3.45, Fail) 9 August (−0.06, Pass) 3 September (+0.04, Pass) 9 September (+0.36, Pass) 21 September (+4.35, Fail) 3 September (+0.15, Pass) 9 September (+1.06, Fail) 21 September (+4.40, Fail)
5,000+ pulses @ 50 kV (Cumulative ∆ R [%], Result) 14 December (−0.11, Pass)
14 December (−0.12, Pass)
18 August (−0.18, Pass)
Table 5. Summary of HV tests on Type 2 (80 Ω) PFN damping resistors (temperature compensated). Sample Resistor H17
Comment
500,000 pulses @ 30 kV (Cumulative ∆R [%], Result)
HVR: 80Ω (Type 2)
H18
HVR: 80Ω (Type 2)
K49
Kanthal: 80Ω (Type 2)
K50
Kanthal: 80Ω (Type 2)
2 December (−0.21, Pass) 8 December 200k (−0.29, Pass) 17 December 300k+ (−1.38, Fail) 20 December (−1.40, Fail) 2 December (−0.21, Pass) 8 December 200k (−0.24, Pass) 17 December 300k+ (−1.29, Fail) 20 December (−1.25, Fail) 9 August (−0.26, Pass) 20 August (+1.14, Fail) 27 August (+6.30, Fail) 13 October (+100, Fail) 9 August (−0.92, Pass) 13 October (+0.99, Pass) 22 October (+5.77, Fail)
6
5,000+ pulses @ 50 kV (Cumulative ∆ R [%], Result) 14 December (−0.11, Pass)
14 December ( −0.10, Pass)
Table 6. Summary of HV tests on Type 3 (157 Ω) PFN damping resistors (temperature compensated). Sample Resistor H15
Comment
500,000 pulses @ 30 kV (Cumulative ∆R [%], Result)
HVR: 157Ω (Type 3)
H16
HVR: 157Ω (Type 3)
K53
Kanthal: 157Ω (Type 3)
K54
Kanthal: 157Ω (Type 3)
2 December (+0.94, Pass) 8 December 200k (+1.51, Fail) 17 December 300k+ (+0.08, Pass) 20 December (−0.03, Pass) 2 December (+0.38, Pass) 8 December 200k (+0.75, Pass) 17 December 300k+ (−0.34, Pass) 20 December (−0.46, Pass) 9 August (+0.26, Pass) 13 October (+0.64, Pass) 22 October (+1.39, Fail) 9 August (+2.50, Fail) 13 October (+13.0, Fail)
7
5,000+ pulses @ 50 kV (Cumulative ∆ R [%], Result) 14 December (−0.08, Pass)
14 December (−0.11, Pass)
Table 7. Summary of HV tests on Type 4 (33.4 Ω ) PFN damping resistors. Sample Resistor H1
Comment
H2
HVR: 33.4Ω (Type 4)
H3
HVR: 33.4Ω (Type 4)
H4
HVR: 33.4Ω (Type 4)
H9
HVR: 33.4Ω (Type 4)
K55
Kanthal: 33.4Ω (Type 4)
K58
Kanthal: 33.4Ω (Type 4)
K59
Kanthal: 33.4Ω (Type 4)
K60
Kanthal: 33.4Ω (Type 4)
HVR: 33.4Ω (Type 4)
500,000 pulses @ 30 kV (Cumulative ∆R [%], Result) 3 September (−0.79, Pass) 9 September (−0.49, Pass) 21 September (−0.41, Pass) 13 October (−0.29, Pass) 22 October (−0.18, Pass) 26 July (+0.08, Pass) 20 August (−0.24, Pass) 27 August (−0.21, Pass) 3 September (−0.40, Pass) 9 September (−0.25, Pass) 13 October (−0.12, Pass) 22 October (+0.01, Pass) 26 July (+0.05, Pass) 20 August (−0.21, Pass) 27 August (−0.21, Pass) 3 September (−0.45, Pass) 9 September (−0.23, Pass) 21 September (−0.16, Pass) 13 October (−0.07, Pass) 22 October (+0.02, Pass) 20 August (+0.19, Pass) 27 August (+0.21, Pass) 3 September (+0.16, Pass) 9 September (+0.37, Pass) 21 September (+0.47, Pass) 13 October (+0.56, Pass) 22 October (+0.67, Pass) 26 July (+0.57, Pass) 20 August (+0.67, Pass) 27 August (+1.20, Fail) 3 September (+1.35, Fail) 9 September (+1.77, Fail) 21 September (+1.98, Fail) 22 October (+2.20, Fail) 26 July (−0.15, Pass) 20 August (−0.08, Pass) 27 August (+0.13, Pass) 3 September (+0.18, Pass) 9 September (+0.35, Pass) 22 October (+0.62, Pass) 26 July (−0.07, Pass) 20 August (+0.13, Pass) 27 August (+0.48, Pass) 3 September (+0.57, Pass) 9 September (+2.16, Fail) 26 July (+1.92, Fail) 20 August (+5.71, Fail) 27 August (+13.5, Fail) 20 August (−0.51, Pass) 27 August (−0.09, Pass) 3 September (+1.08, Fail) 9 September (+3.53, Fail)
8
6,500 pulses @ 50 kV (Cumulative ∆ R [%], Result)
17 August (+0.20, Pass)
17 August (+0.22, Pass)
17 August (+0.76, Pass)
18 August (−0.06, Pass)
18 August (0.00, Pass)
18 August (+2.34, Pass)
HVR Type 1 PFN Damping Resistors HVR11 (21.5C)
HVR12 (21.5C)
HVR13 (21.5C)
HVR14 (21.8C)
Cumulative Change in Resistance (%)
4 3 2 +1% Limit
1 0 -1
-1% Limit 2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
-2
Number of 30kV Pulses
Fig. 3. HVR type 1 (100 Ω ) PFN damping resistor summary.
Kanthal Globar Type 1 PFN Damping Resistors KG43
KG44
KG45
KG46
4 3 2 +1% Limit
1 0
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
Number of 30kV Pulses
Fig. 4. Kanthal Globar type 1 (100 Ω ) PFN damping resistor summary.
9
2.50E+06
-1% Limit
-1 0.00E+00
Cumulative Change in Resistance (%)
5
HVR & Kanthal Globar Type 2 PFN Damping Resistors HVR17 (22.3C)
HVR18 (22.3C)
KG49
KG50
Cumulative Change in Resistance (%)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
+1% Limit
1 0 -1
-1% Limit 2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
-2
Number of 30kV Pulses
Fig. 5. HVR and Kanthal Globar type 2 (80 Ω ) PFN damping resistor summary.
HVR & Kanthal Globar Type 3 PFN Damping Resistors HVR15 (21.5C)
HVR16 (21.7C)
KG53
KG54
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 +1% Limit
1 0
-1% Limit
Number of 30kV Pulses Fig. 6. HVR and Kanthal Globar type 3 (157 Ω ) PFN damping resistor summary. 10
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
-1 0.00E+00
Cumulative Change in Resistance (%)
10
HVR Type 4 PFN Damping Resistors HVR1
HVR2
HVR3
HVR4
HVR9
2
+1% Limit
1
0
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
4.00E+06
-1% Limit
-1
3.50E+06
Cumulative Change in Resistance (%)
3
Number of 30kV Pulses
Fig. 7. HVR type 4 (33.4 Ω) PFN damping resistor summary.
Kanthal Globar Type 4 PFN Damping Resistors KG55
KG58
KG59
KG60
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
+1% Limit
1 0
-1% Limit
Number of 30kV Pulses
Fig. 8. Kanthal Globar type 4 (33.4 Ω ) PFN damping resistor summary.
11
4.00E+06
3.50E+06
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
-1 0.00E+00
Cumulative Change in Resistance (%)
10
7.
Conclusions re PFN Damping Resistors
The HVR Type 4 resistors are considerably more reliable than those from Kanthal Globar. The one HVR resistor which exceeds the 1% limit for cumulative change in resistance value is approx. 2% high after 3 million 30 kV pulses, whereas the Kanthal Globar resistors increase in value very rapidly when they start to change their value. Hence it is recommended that resistors from HVR be purchased for the series of
PFNs.
8.
Tests on RCPS Damping Resistors
As a result of failures of the Kanthal Globar RCPS Damping Resistors (see Section 2.1), tests were carried out at TRIUMF on four resistors from HVR. The test conditions were as follows: a) 4 parallel 104ABA700J HVR resistors (each nominally 70 Ω ±5%) connected in RCPS damping circuit module; b) GTO unit used so as to be able to turn on and off current pulse. Pulse width selected to be 600 µs. c) 2.6 mF storage capacitor bank charged to 2490 V (8.30 on 3 kV FUG power supply); this voltage would give a PFN voltage of 60 kV on two 5 Ω PFNs each of 28 cells. d) Stangenes transformer disconnected from circuit so that 2.6 mF discharges only into damping circuit (for 600 µs per pulse). e) Repetition rate chosen to be 0.365 Hz (1 pulse every 2.74 s), which gives a total power dissipation of 80 W (i.e. 20 W per 70 Ω resistor). Note: the nominal total dissipation in the 4 parallel resistors, for 66 kV operation at 0.2 Hz, is predicted to be 53 W, i.e. 13 W per resistor; however HVR indicated that, for our application, these resistors should be OK at 20 W each, allowing us to accelerate the life test. f) Test performed for just over 1 million pulses. During the tests the four HVR resistors all increased in value slightly over the 1 million pulses: the minimum increase was 1.54% and the maximum increase was 1.74%. Therefore the RCPS Damping Resistors from HVR are considerably more reliable than those from Kanthal Globar. Hence it is recommended that
resistors from HVR be purchased for the series of RCPSs.
9.
References
[1] [2]
L. Ducimetière, e-mail dated 26 May 1999. L. Ducimetière, G.H. Schröder, E.B. Vossenberg, M.J. Barnes, G.D. Wait, “Design of the Injection Kicker Magnet System for CERN’s 14 TeV Proton Collider LHC”, 10th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Albuquerque (July 3-6, 1995) p. 1406-1411. M.J. Barnes, G.D. Wait, L. Ducimetière, U. Jansson, G.H. Schröder, E.B. Vossenberg, “Kick Stability Analysis of the LHC Inflectors”, 5th EPAC, Barcelona (June 10-14, 1996) p. 2591-2593. M.J. Barnes, “Optimize SPICE models to accurately simulate frequency-dependent impedances”, Personal Engineering and Instrumentation News (December 1996). M. Jheeta, “Sensitivity Analysis for the CERN LHC Inflectors” (August 20, 1997). M.J. Barnes, M. Jheeta, G.D. Wait, L. Ducimetière, G.H. Schröder, E.B. Vossenberg, “Kick Sensitivity Analysis of the LHC Inflectors”, 23rd International Power Modulator Symposium, Rancho Mirage, California (June 22-25, 1998) p. 96-99. M.J. Barnes and G.D. Wait, E. Carlier, L. Ducimetière, G.H. Schröder, E.B. Vossenberg, “High Voltage Measurements On A Prototype PFN For The LHC Injection Kickers”, Proc. of PAC’99, New York (March 29-April 2, 1999) p. 1509-1511. M.J. Barnes, G.D. Wait, L. Ducimetière, “Inductance Calculations and measurements for the CERN LHC injection pulse forming network”, Proc. of the Seventh European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC 2000) Vienna, Austria (June 26-30, 2000) p. 2355-2357. M.J. Barnes, G.D. Wait, L. Ducimetière, “Low voltage measurements on nine PFNs for the LHC injection kicker systems”, Publication in the Proc. of the Eighth European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC 2002) Paris (June 3-8, 2002) p. 2520-2522.
[3] [4] [5] [6]
[7] [8] [9]
12
[10] [11] [12]
[13] [14] [15] [16]
TRIUMF Specification TS-2605-04-98-1, “High Voltage High Stability Discharge Capacitors”, dated October 16, 1998, and Addendum dated September 10, 1999. TRIUMF Specification TS-2605-04-98-3, “PFN Damping Resistors”. Michael Barnes and Gary Wait, “Storage Capacitor, Filter Capacitor and Damping Resistor Measured Values For Production Series of 66 kV Resonant Charging Power Supplies”, TRIUMF Design Note [TRI-DN-99-24]. Kanthal Globar, PO Box 339, 3425 Hyde Blvd., Niagara Falls, New York 14302. http://www.cesiwid.com/about.html M.J. Barnes, G.D. Wait, “Laboratory Notebook, PFN#1 – prototype 25 cell, PFN#2 – 28 cell”, from August 26, 1998. HVR Advanced Power Components, 2250 Military Rd., Tonawanda, New York 14150. http://www.hvrint.com Michael Barnes and Gary Wait, “Testing of PFN Capacitors and PFN Damping Resistor Samples for CERN LHC”, TRIUMF Design Note [TRI-DN-99-03].
13
10.
Appendix 1: Detailed Test Results for HVR Resistors
The following tables detail the measurements carried out on the HVR PFN damping resistors. The date in the first column is the date the measurement in the second column was carried out. Following the measurement the resistor is subject to the conditions noted in the fourth column (“Comments”). Page numbers relate to ref. [14]. The third column of the table shows: • Percentage change in resistance resulting from the previous test (corrected for temperature effects using the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) noted in the table heading), • A cumulative percentage change in resistance resulting from ALL of the previous 30 kV pulse tests (corrected for temperature effects using the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) noted in the table heading). For clarity, this cumulative change is enclosed in parentheses. Table 8. H11 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). TCR = −0.096%/°C. ∆ R and (Σ[∆ R]) 0 −0.28%
DATE 2 December 1999 8 December 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 98.590 @ 21.5°C 98.416 @ 20.4°C
14 December 1999
98.419 @ 19.3°C
−0.10%
17 December 1999
98.140 @ 21.1°C
(−0.38% 21.5C) −0.11% 19.3C c.f.
20 December 1999
97.085 @ 23.1°C
dec 14 −0.89%
5 January 2000
97.406 @ 18.5°C
(−0.28% 21.5C)
Comments p. 101. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from oil bath p. 102. Immerse in oil for 20 0 k 30 kV pulses p. 104. Immerse in oil for 5,800 50 kV pulses p. 104. Immerse in oil for 300 k 30 kV pulses (2.6 million 10.6 kV pulses!) p. 105. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses
(−1.27% 21.5°C)
−0.11%
p. 106. Immerse in oil
(−1.38% 21.5°C)
15 March 2001
98.132 @ 17.9°C
−0.69%
Table 9. H12 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). TCR = −0.096%/°C. ∆ R and (Σ[∆ R]) 0 +0.30%
DATE 2 December 1999 8 December 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 100.45 @ 21.5°C 100.86 @ 20.4°C
14 December 1999
101.23 @ 19.3°C
+0.26%
17 December 1999
100.94 @ 21.1°C
(+0.56% 21.5C) −0.11% 19.3C c.f.
20 December 1999
99.407 @ 23.2°C
dec 14 −1.32%
5 January 2000
99.778 @ 18.4°C
(+0.30% 21.5C)
Comments p. 101. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from oil bath p. 102. Immerse in oil for 200 k 30 kV pulses p. 104. Immerse in oil for 5800 50 kV pulses p. 104. Immerse in oil for 300 k 30 kV pulses (2.6 million 10.6 kV pulses!) p. 105. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses
(−0.77% 21.5°C)
−0.09%
(−0.85% 21.5°C)
15 March 2001
100.40 @ 17.9°C
+0.58%
14
p. 106. Immerse in oil
Table 10. H13 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). TCR = −0.096%/°C. DATE 2 December 1999 8 December 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 99.314 @ 21.5°C 100.42 @ 20.4°C
∆ R and (Σ[∆ R]) 0 +1.01% (+1.01% 21.5C)
14 December 1999
101.10 @ 19.2°C
17 December 1999 20 December 1999 5 January 2000 15 March 2001
100.88 @ 20.9 °C 100.79 @ 20.6°C 100.62 @ 17.9°C 100.54 @ 17.9°C
+0.56%
Comments p. 101. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from oil bath p. 102. Immerse in oil for 200 k 30 kV pulses Place in oil bath
(+1.57% 21.5C)
−0.05% −0.12% −0.43% −0.08%
Place in oil bath Place in oil bath Place in oil bath
Table 11. H14 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). TCR = −0.096%/°C. DATE 2 December 1999 8 December 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 101.32 @ 21.8°C 101.72 @ 20.5°C
14 December 1999
102.08 @ 19.2°C
17 December 1999 20 December 1999 5 January 2000 15 March 2001
101.87 @ 20.9 °C 101.79 @ 20.7°C 101.56 @ 17.9°C 100.74 @ 17.9°C
∆ R and (Σ[∆ R]) 0 +0.27% (+0.27% 21.8C)
+0.23%
Comments p. 101. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from oil bath p. 102. Immerse in oil for 200 k 30 kV pulses Place in oil bath
(+0.50% 21.8C)
−0.04% −0.10% −0.49% +0.18%
Place in oil bath Place in oil bath Place in oil bath
Table 12. H17 @ 1 kHz (Type 2, 80Ω±5%). TCR = −0.093%/°C. DATE 2 December 1999 8 December 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 83.608 @ 22.3°C 83.587 @ 20.4°C
14 December 1999
83.606 @ 19.3°C
17 December 1999
83.384 @ 21.1°C
20 December 1999
82.314 @ 23.1°C
5 January 2000
82.668 @ 18.4°C
∆ R and (Σ[∆ R]) 0 −0.20% (−0.20% 22.3C)
−0.08%
Comments p. 101. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from oil bath p. 102. Immerse in oil for 200 k 30 kV pulses p. 104. Immerse in oil for 5800 50 kV pulses
(−0.28% 22.3C)
−0.10% 19.3C c.f. dec 14 −1.10%
p. 104. Immerse in oil for 300 k 30 kV pulses (2.6 million 10.6 kV pulses!) p. 105. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses
(−1.38% 22.3°C)
−0.02%
p. 106. Immerse in oil
(−1.39% 22.3°C)
15 March 2001
82.28 @ 17.9°C
−0.51%
Table 13. H18 @ 1 kHz (Type 2, 80Ω±5%). TCR = −0.093%/°C. DATE 2 December 1999 8 December 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 82.415 @ 22.3°C 82.388 @ 20.4°C
14 December 1999
82.440 @ 19.4°C
17 December 1999
82.232 @ 21.0°C
20 December 1999
81.208 @ 23.2°C
5 January 2000
81.601 @ 18.4°C
∆ R and (Σ[∆ R]) 0 −0.21% (−0.21% 22.3C)
−0.03%
Comments p. 101. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from oil bath p. 102. Immerse in oil for 200 k 30 kV pulses p. 104. Immerse in oil for 5800 50 kV pulses
(−0.24% 22.3C)
−0.10% 19.4C c.f. dec 14 −1.04%
p. 104. Immerse in oil for 300 k 30 kV pulses (2.6 million 10.6 kV pulses!) p. 105. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses
(−1.28% 22.3°C)
+0.04% (−1.24% 22.3°C)
15 March 2001
82.28 @ 17.9°C
+0.59%
15
p. 106. Immerse in oil
Table 14. H15 @ 1 kHz (Type 3, 157Ω±5%). TCR = −0.101%/°C. DATE 2 December 1999 8 December 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 161.72 @ 21.5°C 163.42 @ 20.5°C
14 December 1999
164.56 @ 19.1°C
17 December 1999
164.10 @ 21.1°C
20 December 1999
161.43 @ 23.1°C
5 January 2000
162.12 @ 18.4°C
∆ R and (Σ[∆ R]) 0 +0.95% (+0.95% 21.5C)
+0.55%
Comments p. 101. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from oil bath p. 102. Immerse in oil for 200 k 30 kV pulses p. 104. Immerse in oil for 5,800 50 kV pulses
(+1.51% 21.5C)
−0.08% 19.1C c.f. dec 14 −1.43%
p. 104. Immerse in oil for 300 k 30 kV pulses (2.6 million 10.6 kV pulses!) p. 105. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses
(+0.06% 21.5°C)
−0.05%
p. 106. Immerse in oil
(+0.11% 21.5°C)
15 March 2001
DATE 2 December 1999 8 December 1999 14 December 1999
162.49 @ 17.9°C
+0.19%
Table 15. H16 @ 1 kHz (Type 3, 157Ω±5%). TCR = −0.101%/°C. VALUE (Ω ) ∆ R and (Σ[∆ R]) Comments 158.29 @ 21.7°C 0 p. 101. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses 159.06 @ 20.6°C +0.38% Remove from oil bath (+0.38% 21.7C) p. 102. Immerse in oil for 200 k 30 kV pulses 159.85 @ 19.3°C +0.37% p. 104. Immerse in oil for 5,800 50 kV pulses (+0.74% 21.7C)
17 December 1999
159.38 @ 21.1°C
20 December 1999
157.35 @ 22.9°C
5 January 2000
157.86 @ 18.5°C
−0.11% 19.3C c.f. dec 14 −1.09%
p. 104. Immerse in oil for 30 0 k 30 kV pulses (2.6 million 10.6 kV pulses !) p. 105. Immerse in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses
(−0.36% 21.7°C)
−0.12%
p. 106. Immerse in oil
(−0.48% 21.7°C)
15 March 2001
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 17 August 1999
19 August 1999 3 September 1999
9 September
21 September 13 October 22 October 4 November 1999 28 February 2001
158.60 17.9°C
+0.41%
Table 16. H1 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C. VALUE (Ω ) Σ [∆ R] (%) Comments 33.095 @ 22°C 0 “Control”: Immersed in oil (p. 70) “Control”: still in oil (96 hrs to date) 32.933 @ 21.5°C Remove “Control”: has been in oil for 22 days Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C 32.915 @ 22.3°C −0.53 therefore =>32.919Ω @ 22°C) 32.899 @ 22.7°C 32.844 @ 23.7°C Immerse in oil bath. 32.866 @ 20.4ºC −0.69 Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C −0.83 therefore =>32.821Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 1st 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 86) 32.832 @ 22.7°C −0.79 Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C −0.73 therefore =>32.852Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 87) 32.934 @ 21.3°C −0.49 Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 93) 32.961 @ 21.4°C −0.41 Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96) 33.000 @ 20.7°C −0.29 Immersed in oil for 5th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97) 33.034 @ 20.1°C −0.18 33.718 @ 18.2°c Wet but not immersed in oil since Nov. 1999
16
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999
13 August 1999 17 August 1999 18 August 1999
20 August 1999 27 August 1999
3 September 1999
9 September
21 September 13 October 22 October 4 November 1999 28 February 2001
Table 17. H2 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C. VALUE (Ω ) Σ [∆ R] (%) Comments 33.164 @ 22°C 0 Immersed in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 70) 33.191 @ 22.9°C +0.08 Remove from tank. Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C +0.16 (see H1) =>33.217Ω @ 22°C) 33.300 @ 21.4°C +0.41 Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C +0.36 (see H1) =>33.282Ω @ 22°C) Install in test tank for 7000, 50 kV pulses 33.229 @ 22.3°C +0.20 Remove from tank. Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C +0.22 (see H1) =>33.237Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) 33.083 @ 23.4°C −0.24 Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C −0.12 (see H1) =>33.123Ω @ 22°C) 33.095 @ 21.2ºC −0.21 Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C −0.28 therefore =>33.072Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 86) 33.031 @ 22.4°C −0.40 Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C −0.44 therefore =>33.020Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 5th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 87) 33.080 @ 21.5°C −0.25 Immersed in oil bath 33.093 @ 21.5°C Removed from oil bath −0.41 Immersed in oil for 6th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96) 33.125 @ 20.7°C −0.12 Immersed in oil for 7th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97) 33.167 @ 20.1°C +0.01 34.011 @ 18.2°c Wet but not immersed in oil since Nov. 1999
17
Table 18. H3 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C. DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 33.196 @ 22°C 33.212 @ 22.9°C
Σ [∆ R] (%) 0 +0.05
13 August 1999
33.343 @ 21.4°C
+0.13 +0.44 +0.39
33.269 @ 22.3°C
+0.22
33.126 @ 23.3°C
−0.21
3 September 1999
33.127 @ 21ºC
−0.10 −0.21 −0.29
9 September
33.045 @ 22.7°C
−0.45 −0.39
21 September 13 October 22 October 4 November 1999 28 February 2001
33.121 @ 21.2°C 33.144 @ 21.3°C 33.172 @ 20.7°C 33.204 @ 20.2°C 33.895 @ 18.2°c
−0.23 −0.16 −0.07 +0.02
17 August 1999 18 August 1999 20 August 1999 27 August 1999
Comments Immersed in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 70) Remove from tank. Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C (see H1) =>33.238Ω @ 22°C) Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C (see H1) =>33.326Ω @ 22°C) Install in test tank for 7000, 50 kV pulses Remove from tank. Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C (see H1) =>33.163Ω @ 22° C) Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C therefore =>33.099Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 86) Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C therefore =>33.065Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 5th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 87) Immersed in oil for 6th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 93) Immersed in oil for 7th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96) Immersed in oil for 8th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97) Wet but not immersed in oil since Nov. 1999
Table 19. H4 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C. DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 33.513 @ 22°C 33.458 @ 22.9°C
Σ [∆ R] (%) 0 −0.16
13 August 1999
33.604 @ 21.4°C
−0.09% +0.27 +0.22
20 August 1999 27 August 1999
33.575 @ 23.5°C
+0.19
3 September 1999
33.582 @ 20.6ºC
+0.31 +0.21 +0.09
9 September
33.568 @ 22.4°C
+0.16 +0.20
21 September 13 October 22 October 4 November 1999 28 February 2001
33.638 @ 21.3°C 33.671 @ 21.3°C 33.701 @ 20.7°C 33.738 @ 20.1°C 35.817 @ 18.2°c
+0.37 +0.47 +0.56 +0.67
Comments “Control”: Immersed in oil (p. 70) Remove “Control”: from oil (96 hrs in oil to date). Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C (see H1) =>33.484Ω @ 22°C) Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C (see H1) =>33.587Ω @ 22°C)) Immersed in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C (see H1) =>33.618Ω @ 22°C) Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C therefore =>33.542Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 86) Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C therefore =>33.580Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 87) Immersed in oil for 5th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 93) Immersed in oil for 6th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96) Immersed in oil for 7th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97) Wet but not immersed in oil since Nov. 1999
18
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999
13 August 1999
17 August 1999 18 August 1999 20 August 1999 27 August 1999
3 September 1999
9 September
21 September 13 October 22 October 4 November 1999 28 February 2001
Table 20. H9 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). TCR = −0.080%/°C. VALUE (Ω ) Σ [∆ R] (%) Comments 33.110 @ 22°C 0 Immersed in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 70) 33.300 @ 22.9°C +0.57 Remove from tank. Assuming Temp coefficie nt of approx. −0.086%/°C +0.65 (see H1) =>33.326Ω @ 22°C) 33.428 @ 21.4°C +0.96 Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C (see H1) therefore =>33.411Ω @ 22°C) +0.91 Install in test tank for 7000, 50 kV pulses 33.361 @ 22.3°C +0.76 Remove from tank. Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) 33.333 @ 23.5°C +0.67 Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) Assuming Temp coefficient of approx. −0.086%/°C +0.80 (see H1) =>33.376Ω @ 22°C) 33.506 @ 21ºC +1.20 Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C +1.11 therefore =>33.477Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 86) 33.557 @ 23.0°C +1.35 Temp coefficient approx. −0.086%/°C +1.44 therefore =>33.586Ω @ 22°C) Immersed in oil for 5th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 87) 33.696 @ 21.5°C +1.77 Immersed in oil for 6th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 93) 33.767 @ 21.3°C +1.98 Immerse in oil for bath 33.796 @ 20.7°C +2.07 Remove from oil bath. Immersed in oil for 7th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97) 33.838 @ 20.1°C +2.20 36.504 @ 18.2°c Wet but not immersed in oil since Nov. 1999
19
10.1 Appendix 1.2: Summary of change in value of HVR Type 4 resistors during storage. Five Type 4 HVR PFN damping resistors were sent to CERN at the end of July 1999, for testing in the prototype PFN. The values of these resistors were recorded before shipment. Three of these resistors have been stor ed in air, at CERN, and have not been pulsed. These three resistors were re-measured on February 21, 2001, at CERN, using a Fluke PM6306 meter. Table 21. Summary of resistance change for HVR resistors stored in ambient air. Resistor H5 H8 H10
Value before shipment (@ approx. 23°C) [July 1999] 33.667Ω 33.567Ω 33.697Ω
Value measured on February 21, 2001 (at room temp.) 41.8Ω 41.5Ω 40.2Ω
Change in Resistance Value +24.2% +23.6% +19.3%
NOTE: None of the three above type 4 sample res istors, H5, H8 or H10 have been heat treated in silicone fluid by either CERN or TRIUMF. Five type 4 HVR PFN damping resistors were kept at TRIUMF for pulse testing. These five resistors have not been in an oil bath following the completion of pulse tests; however the resistors were still wet with silicone fluid. Table 22 shows a summary of information in Table 16 through to Table 20. Table 22. Summary of resistance change for HVR resistors stored wet with, but not immersed in, silicone oil. Resistor
H1 H2 H3 H4 H9
Original Value shipment (@ approx. 23°C) [July 1999] 33.095Ω 33.164Ω 33.196Ω 33.513Ω 33.11Ω
Value after 3.5 million 30kV pulses
Value measured February 28, 2001
Change in resistance value c.f. post pulse testing
33.034Ω 33.167Ω 33.204Ω 33.738Ω 33.838Ω
33.718Ω 34.011Ω 33.895Ω 35.817Ω 36.504Ω
+2.1% +2.5% +2.1% +6.2% +7.9%
20
11.
Appendix 2: Detailed Test Results for Kanthal Globar Resistors Table 23. K43 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%).
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 17 August 1999 19 August 1999 27 August 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 102.93 @ 22.5°C
Σ [∆ R] (% ) 0
103.06 @ 21.6°C 102.92 @ 23.9°C 103.02 @ 21.9
+0.13
3 September 1999 21 September
102.66 @ 21.1ºC 102.81 @ 21.3°C
−0.26 −0.12
13 October 22 October 4 November 1999
102.87 @ 21.6°C 103.04 @ 20.8°C 103.28 @ 20.4°C
−0.06 +0.11 +0.34
+0.09
Comments “Control”: Immersed in oil (p. 72) Remove after 18 days in oil Immerse in oil bath. Remo ve from oil bath Immersed in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 93) Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96) Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97)
Table 24. K44 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 9 August 1999 17 August 1999 18 August 1999 19 August 1999 20 August 1999 27 August 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 101.36 @ 22.5°C
Σ [∆ R] (%) 0
101.24 @ 21.5°C
−0.12
101.18 @ 22.9°C
−0.18
101.22 @ 23.3°C
−0.14
3 September 1999
101.49 @ 20.6ºC
+0.13
21 September 1999
101.53 @ 21.3°C
+0.17
13 October 22 October 4 November 1999
102.29 @ 21.4°C 103.48 @ 20.8°C 104.86 @ 20.2°C
+0.92 +2.09 +3.45
Comments Immersed in oil (p. 72) Commence 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from tank (after 18 days) Install in oil for 6600, 50 kV pulses Remove from tank Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) Remove to measure. Immersed in oil bath Remove to measure. Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 93) Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96) Immersed in oil for 5th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97)
Table 25. K45 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). Σ [∆ R] (%) 0
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 9 August 1999 17 August 1999 19 August 1999 3 September 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 103.09 @ 22.5°C
103.03 @ 21.5°C 102.94 @ 23.9°C 103.12 @ 20.5ºC
−0.06 −0.15 +0.03
9 September 1999
103.13 @ 21.6°C
+0.04
21 September 13 October
103.46 @ 21.5°C 107.57 @ 21.6°C
+0.36 +4.35
21
Comments Immersed in oil (p. 72) Commence 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from tank (after 18 days) Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath. Commence 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove to measure Commence 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 93) Immerse in oil bath
Table 26. K46 @ 1 kHz (Type 1, 100Ω±5%). DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 17 August 1999 19 August 1999 3 September 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 101.30 @ 22.5°C
Σ [∆ R] (%) 0
101.54 @ 21.6°C 101.45 @ 23.9°C 101.62 @ 20.5ºC
+0.24 +0.15 +0.32
9 September 1999
101.45 @ 21.4°C
+0.15
21 September 13 October
102.37 @ 21.5°C 105.76 @ 21.5°C
+1.06 +4.40
Comments “Control”: Immersed in oil (p. 72) Remove from tank after 18 days in oil Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath. Commence 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove to measure Commence 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 93) Immersed in oil bath
Table 27. K49 @ 1 kHz (Type 2, 80Ω±5%). DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 9 August 1999 17 August 1999 20 August 1999 27 August 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 80.447 @ 22.5°C
Σ [∆ R] (%) 0
80.239 @ 21.5°C
−0.26
81.367 @ 23.1°C
+1.14
3 September 1999
85.518 @ 21.1ºC
+6.30
13 October
86.339 @ 21.4°C
+7.32
22 October
161.34 @ 20.9°C
+100
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 9 August 1999 17 August 1999 19 August 1999 3 September 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 81.275 @ 22.5°C
80.527 @ 21.5°C 80.444 @ 23.9°C 80.613 @ 21.1ºC
−0.92 −1.02 −0.81
13 October
80.780 @ 21.6°C
−0.61
22 October 4 November 1999
82.082 @ 20.9°C 85.967 @ 20.4°C
+0.99 +5.77
Comments Immersed in oil (p. 72) Commence 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from tank (after 18 days) Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) Remove to measure. Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96)
Table 28. K50 @ 1 kHz (Type 2, 80Ω±5%). Σ [∆ R] (%) 0
22
Comments Immersed in oil (p. 72) Commence 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from tank (after 18 days) Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath to measure. Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96) Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97)
Table 29. K53 @ 1 kHz (Type 3, 157Ω±5%). Σ [∆ R] (%) 0
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 9 August 1999 17 August 1999 19 August 1999 3 September 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 158.54 @ 22.5°C
158.96 @ 21.5°C 158.80 @ 23.9°C 159.07 @ 20.8ºC
+0.26 +0.14 +0.33
13 October
159.17 @ 21.5°C
+0.40
22 October 4 November 1999
159.56 @ 20.8°C 160.75 @ 20.4°C
+0.64 +1.39
Comments Immersed in oil (p. 72) Commence 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from tank (after 18 days) Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath to measure. Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96) Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97)
Table 30. K54 @ 1 kHz (Type 3, 157Ω±5%). Σ [∆ R] (%) 0
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 9 August 1999 17 August 1999 19 August 1999 3 September 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 159.41 @ 22.5°C
163.42 @ 21.5°C 163.44 @ 23.9°C 164.01 @ 20.8ºC
+2.5 +2.53 +2.89
13 October
164.28 @ 21.6°C
+3.10
22 October
180.19 @ 20.9°C
+13.0
Comments Immersed in oil (p. 72) Commence 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from tank (after 18 days) Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath to measure. Immerse in oil bath. Remove from oil bath Imme rsed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 96)
Table 31. K55 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 13 August 1999 18 August 1999 19 August 1999 20 August 1999 27 August 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 34.203 @ 22°C 34.151 @ 22.9°C 34.196 @ 21.6°C
Σ [∆ R] (%) 0 −0.15 −0.02
34.184 @ 22.9°C
−0.06
34.176 @ 23.2°C
−0.08
3 September 1999
34.247 @ 21ºC
+0.13
9 September 1999
34.264 @ 21.5°C
+0.18
21 September 22 October
34.324 @ 21.5°C 34.362 @ 20.9°C
+0.35 +0.46
4 November 1999
34.415 @ 20.4°C
+0.62
23
Comments Immersed in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 70) Removed from tank. Install in oil for 6600, 50 kV pulses Remove from tank Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 86) Remove to measure Commence 5th 500 k 30 kV pulses Immersed in oil bath Removed from oil bath. Immersed in oil for 6th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 97)
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 13 August 1999 18 August 1999 19 August 1999 20 August 1999 27 August 1999 3 September 1999 9 September 1999 21 September
Table 32. K58 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). VALUE (Ω ) Σ [∆ R] (%) Comments 33.170 @ 22°C 0 Immersed in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 70) 33.146 @ 22.9°C −0.07 33.203 @ 21.6°C +0.1 Install in oil for 6600, 50 kV pulses 33.171 @ 22.9°C 0 Remove from tank Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) 33.214 @ 23.2°C +0.13 Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) 33.330 @ 21ºC +0.48 Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 86) 33.360 @ 21.9°C +0.57 Remove to measure Commence 5th 500 k 30 kV pulses 33.888 @ 21.5°C +2.16 Immersed in oil bath Table 33. K59 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%).
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 13 August 1999 18 August 1999 19 August 1999 20 August 1999 27 August 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 34.410 @ 22°C 35.072 @ 22.9°C 35.221 @ 21.6°C
Σ [∆ R] (%) 0 +1.92 +2.36
35.215 @ 22.9°C
+2.34
36.374 @ 23.2°C
+5.71
3 September 1999
39.060 @ 21ºC
+13.5
DATE 26 July 1999 30 July 1999 13 August 1999 20 August 1999 27 August 1999
VALUE (Ω ) 34.203 @ 22°C 34.204 @ 22.9°C 34.239 @ 21.6°C
Σ [∆ R] (%) 0 0 +0.11
34.028 @ 23.0°C
−0.51
3 September 1999
34.171 @ 21ºC
−0.09
9 September 1999
34.572 @ 21.7°C
+1.08
21 September
35.412 @ 21.5°C
+3.53
Comments Immersed in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 70)
Install in oil for 6600, 50 kV pulses Remove from tank Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) Remove to measure. Immerse in oil bath.)
Table 34. K60 @ 1 kHz (Type 4, 33.4Ω±5%). Comments “Control”: Immersed in oil (p. 70) Remove “Control” from oil (96 hrs in oil to date). Immersed in oil for 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 80) Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 2nd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 83) Remove to measure. Immersed in oil for 3rd 500 k 30 kV pulses (p. 86) Remove to measure Commence 4th 500 k 30 kV pulses Remove from test tank
24
