urban green infrastructure planning

June 2017

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING A GUIDE FOR PRACTITIONERS

WƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͛ŐƵŝĚĞƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ďĂƐĞĚŽŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŝƟĞƐĂƐƉĂƌƚ ŽĨƚŚĞh&WϳƉƌŽũĞĐƚ 'ZE^hZ'͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING – A GUIDE FOR PRACTITIONERS ^ƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚĐŝƚĂƟŽŶ͗ Hansen, R., Rall, E., Chapman, E., Rolf, W., Pauleit, S. (eds., 2017). Urban Green Infrastructure WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗'ƵŝĚĞĨŽƌWƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͘'ZE^hZ'͘ZĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚĨƌŽŵŚƩƉ͗ͬͬŐƌĞĞŶƐƵƌŐĞ͘ĞƵͬ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐͲƉĂĐŬĂŐĞƐͬǁƉϱͬ

GREEN SURGE Deliverable 5.3 tŽƌŬWĂĐŬĂŐĞϱ͗'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞWůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ Partners Involved: TUM, UNIBA, FFCUL, MRI, UCPH, UH, WU, SRC, FCRA, ICLEI, ULOD, UL, WZK&;ƐĞĞ>ŝƐƚŽĨŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ͕ƉĂŐĞƐϵϰͲϵϱĨŽƌĨƵůůŶĂŵĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐͿ The content of this report is based on the results of research on green infrastructure planning ĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŝŶƵƌŽƉĞĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞh&WϳƉƌŽũĞĐƚ'ZE^hZ';Es͘ϮϬϭϯ͘ϲ͘ϮͲϱͲ ϲϬϯϱϲϳ͖ϮϬϭϯͲϮϬϭϳͿ See more at ǁǁǁ͘ŐƌĞĞŶƐƵƌŐĞ͘ĞƵ

ĚŝƚŽƌƐ͗ZŝĞŬĞ,ĂŶƐĞŶ͕ŵŝůǇZĂůů͕ůĞĂŶŽƌŚĂƉŵĂŶ͕tĞƌŶĞƌZŽůĨ͕^ƚĞƉŚĂŶWĂƵůĞŝƚ;dhDͿ ZĞǀŝĞǁ͗ŝĂŶĐĂŵďƌŽƐĞͲKũŝ;&ZͿ͕ĂƌďĂƌĂŶƚŽŶ;/>/Ϳ >ĂǇŽƵƚ͗ůĞĂŶŽƌŚĂƉŵĂŶ͕ZŝĞŬĞ,ĂŶƐĞŶ;ĂƐŝĐ>ĂǇŽƵƚ͗^ĐĂŶĚŝŶĂǀŝĂŶƌĂŶĚŝŶŐͿ

WƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ͗ Rieke Hansen, Emily Rall, Stephan Pauleit, Werner Rolf, Sandra Fohlmeister and Sabrina ƌůǁĞŝŶ;dhDͿ ƌƚƵƌ^ĂŶƚŽƐ͕ŶĂĂƚĂƌŝŶĂ>Ƶǌ͕DĂƌŐĂƌŝĚĂ^ĂŶƚŽƐͲZĞŝƐ͕ƌŝƐƟŶĂƌĂŶƋƵŝŶŚŽ;&&h>Ϳ ǀĂ'ĞƌƅŚĄǌŝ͕>ƵĐĂ^ǌĄƌĂǌ͕/ǀĄŶdŽƐŝĐƐ;DZ/Ϳ ĂŶŝĞůƌŝŶŬŵĞǇĞƌ;dhͿ ůĞǆĂŶĚĞƌǀĂŶĚĞƌ:ĂŐƚ;&ZͿ KůĞ,͘ĂƐƉĞƌƐĞŶ͕ŶƚŽŶ^ƚĂŚůKůĂĨƐƐŽŶ͕^ĂŶĚƌĂ'ĞŶƟŶ;hW,Ϳ ůŝǀĞĂǀŝĞƐ͕zŽůĞĞĞůůŝƐĂŶĚZĂīĂĞůĞ>ĂĨŽƌƚĞǌǌĂ;hE/Ϳ Ϳ dŝŵĞůƐŚĂŵŵĂƌ;ŝƚǇŽĨDĂůŵƂͿ

&ƌĞŝƐŝŶŐͬDƵŶŝĐŚ͕:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϳ /ŵĂŐĞĐƌĞĚŝƚƐ͗ /ĐŽŶĨƌŽŵǁǁǁ͘ŇĂƟĐŽŶ͘ĐŽŵ͕ůŝĐĞŶƐĞĚƵŶĚĞƌzϯ͘Ϭ dŝƚůĞƉĂŐĞ͗ĞƌŝĂůǀŝĞǁŽĨWĂƌĐŽEŽƌĚDŝůĂŶŽ͕/ƚĂůǇ͘ŽƵƌƚĞƐǇŽĨZ^&ͲZĞŐŝŽŶĂůŐĞŶĐǇĨŽƌ Agriculture and Forestry Services, Milan Other credits listed with associated images

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING A GUIDE FOR PRACTITIONERS

PREFACE There has been much research in recent years focusing on how green space can contribute to health, quality of life and economic growth in cities. Emerging from some of this research is a new concept: urban green infrastructure (UGI) planning – an integrated approach to strategically planning green spaces. This guide presents this new approach as well as offering guidance and inspiration for the planning and governance of cities around the world. The content of this guide is based on the results of research on current knowledge and practice of green infrastructure planning and implementation in Europe, as part of the project Green Infrastructure and Urban Biodiversity for Sustainable Urban Development and the Green Economy (2013-2017) – GREEN SURGE for short. The project is a collaboration between 24 partners in 11 countries and is funded by the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). Overall, GREEN SURGE aims to identify, develop and test ways of linking green spaces, biodiversity, people and a green economy, in order to meet major urban ϐǢ Ǣ ǢǤ

This guide is a product of GREEN SURGE Work Package 5 ‘Green infrastructure planning and implementation’ and is the result of three consecutive phases of research: 1) analysis of the current stateof-the-art in planning practice across 20 European cities, 2) analysis of good practices in 10 of those cities, and 3) tool and strategy development in selected Urban Learning Labs. The research included literature reviews, analysis of planning documents and other written ǡϐǡings, stakeholder workshops, interviews ϐ ǡǦϐ Ǥϐ ϐ found on the project website at http:// greensurge.eu/working-packages/wp5/. A first draft edition of this guide was shared with GREEN SURGE partners in different European cities for review and field testing in 2016. This edition incorporates their feedback. We would like to warmly thank all those who shared their experience and ideas as part of this process!

dŚĞ'ZE^hZ'ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƚĞĂŵŝŶĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͕ϮϬϭϰ͘DĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞƉĞŽƉůĞƉŝĐƚƵƌĞĚǁĞƌĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƚŚŝƐŐƵŝĚĞ͘ Credit: GREEN SURGE

i

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

A B C

D E

>ŝƐƚŽĨĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ ,ŽǁƚŽƵƐĞƚŚŝƐŐƵŝĚĞ͍

iii iv vi

tŚĂƚŝƐh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚǁŚǇĚŽŝƚ͍ An overview 'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƚǇƉŽůŽŐǇ hƌďĂŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ

1 3 6 7

ŽƌĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ 'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞǇŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͗ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚŐƌĞǇŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͗ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͗ĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐŵƵůƟƉůĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ^ŽĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͗ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞĂŶĚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ

21 23 27 31 36

DĂŬŝŶŐŝƚŚĂƉƉĞŶ͊ ŵďĞĚĚŝŶŐh'/ŝŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐh'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͗ƵŶĐŽǀĞƌǀĂůƵĞĂŶĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƉůĂŶƐ͗ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͗ĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌĂůĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͗ƚĂŬĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ

43 ϰϱ 46 ϱϬ ϱϮ ϱϱ

ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŶĞǆƚƐƚĞƉƐ ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ZĞŇĞĐƟŶŐŽŶh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶǇŽƵƌĐŝƚǇ ZĂƉŝĚh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ ĞƚĂŝůĞĚh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ

57 ϱϵ 60 61 62

ƌŽƐƐͲĐƵƫŶŐĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĨƌŽŵƐŝǆƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŝƟĞƐ

69

dŽŽůďŽǆ dϭ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌWƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ dϮ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌĂ'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇ dϯ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌ^ŽĐŝĂůŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ dϰ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌ'ƌĞĞŶͲ'ƌĞǇ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ dϱ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ dϲ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ dϳ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ dϴ͗&ƵŶĚŝŶŐdŽŽůƐĂŶĚDĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

83 ϴϱ 86 87 88 ϴϵ ϵϬ ϵϭ ϵϮ

Appendix >ŝƐƚŽĨĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ

93 ϵϰ


ii

LIST OF CASE STUDIES

A B

C

E

iii

Žǆ

ŝƚǇ͕ŽƵŶƚƌǇ

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ

A1

ůŵĂĚĂ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ

ϵ

A2

,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝ͕&ŝŶůĂŶĚ

h'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĨŽƌĞƐƚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ

12

A3

ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͕^ĐŽƚůĂŶĚ

ĚŝďůĞĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ

ϭϱ

A4


'ƌĂŶƚŽŶŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ'ĂƌĚĞŶĞƌƐ

18

ϭ

ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͕ Denmark

ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚWůĂŶ

24

Ϯ

^ǌĞŐĞĚ͕,ƵŶŐĂƌǇ

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƵƌďĂŶƌĞŶĞǁĂů

Ϯϱ

ϯ

ĞƌůŝŶ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ

/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇĂƚƚŚĞĐŝƚǇůĞǀĞů

Ϯϵ

ϰ

Malmö, Sweden

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŝŶDĂůŵƂ

33

ϱ

Ljubljana, Slovenia

ĞǇŽŶĚƚŚĞŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ^ŝƚĞ

37

ϲ

ƵĚĂƉĞƐƚ͕,ƵŶŐĂƌǇ ĞƌůŝŶ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ

Teleki Square and Helmholtz Square

38

ϳ

>ŝƐďŽŶ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

WW'/^ĂƐĂƚŽŽůĨŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ

40

C1


ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůǀĂůƵĞŽĨŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞǁŝƚŚWW'/^

47

C2

Malmö, Sweden

dŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚŝŶh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ

ϰϵ

C3

hƚƌĞĐŚƚ͕ The Netherlands

EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ'ƌĞĞŶWůĂŶƐ

ϱϬ

C4

Malmö, Sweden

DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ'ƌĞĞŶͲůƵĞWůĂŶ

ϱϭ

ϱ

DŝůĂŶ͕/ƚĂůǇ

hƌďĂŶƌĞĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚůŽĐĂůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ

ϱϯ

C6


h'/ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŚĞůƉŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ

ϱϰ

C7

Lodz, Poland

WWWĨŽƌŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƌĞŶĞǁĂů

ϱϱ

C8

Ljubljana, Slovenia

dĞƐƟŶŐŶĞǁƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ

ϱϲ

E1

Malmö, Sweden

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ

70

E2

DŝůĂŶ͕/ƚĂůǇ

DŝůĂŶ͛ƐZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůEĞƚǁŽƌŬ

72

E3

Aarhus, Denmark

ZĞŶĞǁĂůŽĨƚŚĞ'ĞůůĞƌƵƉŚŽƵƐŝŶŐĐŽŵƉůĞǆ

74

E4


ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛ƐKƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ

76

ϱ

>ŝƐďŽŶ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨŽƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ

78

E6


ŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐh'/ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ/z

80


Page

HIGHLIGHTS t,d/^hZE'ZE/E&Z^dZhdhZW>EE/E'͍ hƌďĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ;h'/ͿƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝƐĂƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŚĂƚĂŝŵƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚďůƵĞƐƉĂĐĞƐŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞĚƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌĂǁŝĚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂƚĂůůƐƉĂƟĂůƐĐĂůĞƐ͘

t,z/^hZE'ZE/E&Z^dZhdhZ^K/DWKZdEd͍ h'/ŝƐĐĂƉĂďůĞŽĨĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĂďƌŽĂĚƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƵƌďĂŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐĐŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ĂĚĂƉƟŶŐƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŐƌĞĞŶĞĐŽŶŽŵǇĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘dŽĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƚŚŝƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐŶĞĞĚƚŽƉůĂŶĐĂƌĞĨƵůůǇĂŶĚŚŽůŝƐƟĐĂůůǇ͘

CORE PRINCIPLES ƐŽƵŶĚh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĨŽƵƌƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͗ ͻ 'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞǇŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶʹĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚŐƌĞǇŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ͻ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇʹĐƌĞĂƟŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ͻ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇʹĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐŵƵůƟƉůĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ services

ͻ ^ŽĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶʹĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞĂŶĚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ

ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂŚĂƐƉůĂŶƐƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůǇŝŶƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛Ɛ ͚'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇWůĂŶ͛ŝƐĂŶ ĂŵďŝƟŽƵƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƚŽŽůƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇŝŶƚŚĞ ĚĞŶƐĞůǇͲďƵŝůƚDĞĚŝƚĞƌƌĂŶĞĂŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶ ŶŐůŝƐŚǁǁǁ͘ďĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ĐĂƚ Credit: Rieke Hansen


iv

HIGHLIGHTS KEY MESSAGES &ŽƌďĞƐƚƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͕h'/ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚ͗ ͻ ŵďƌĂĐĞƚŚĞĨƵůůĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶʹĂŶĚďůƵĞ͊ůůƚǇƉĞƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŽƌŽƌŝŐŝŶ͕ĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƉĂƌƚŽĨĂh'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘

ͻ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĨƵůůƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͗ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ƐŽĐŝĂůEĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ͘ ͻ Use a mix of assessment tools to raise awareness of the diverse values of h'/ĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŽŐĂŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĞ͘

ͻ Seek support to develop UGI planning strategies, for example, through ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐŽƌĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐ͕ŽƌďǇŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐǁŝŶĚŽǁƐŽĨŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇ͘

ͻ ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƉůĂŶƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐĂƚŵƵůƟƉůĞƐĐĂůĞƐ͕ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƌĞŐŝŽŶƐƚŽŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐŝƚĞƐ͘

ͻ ŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůĞǆƉĞƌƚƐ͘ ͻ ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚĐŝǀŝůƐŽĐŝĞƚǇŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ ͻ ĞǀĞůŽƉƐƚƌŽŶŐ͕ďƵƚŇĞǆŝďůĞ͕ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐĂŶĚŵŝǆ͚ŚĂƌĚ͛ĂŶĚ͚ƐŽŌ͛ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ĂĚŽƉƟŶŐĂůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵŽƵƚůŽŽŬ͘

ͻ ^ƚĂƌƚǁŝƚŚƉŝůŽƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŽƚĞƐƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂŶĚďƵŝůĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘ ͻ hŶůŽĐŬĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐďǇĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐ͕ƉŽŽůŝŶŐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͘

ͻ /ĚĞŶƟĨǇůĞƐƐǀŽĐĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĂŶĚƵƐĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞƚŚĞŵ͕ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐŝŶŐƐŬŝůůĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐĨŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ͘

ͻ >ŽŽŬĨŽƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůŝŶŬƐ͕ƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐĂŶĚͬŽƌĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘

^ĞůĨͲĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŽŽůƐ͗ ͻ ŽŵƉůĞƚĞƚŚĞĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚƐ;WĂƌƚͿƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞǇŽƵƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͛ƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚh'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĞīŽƌƚƐĂŶĚƐĞĞƚŚĞdŽŽůďŽǆĨŽƌǁĂǇƐƚŽƉƵƚh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘

tEddKŝƐƚƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐƚŽƚŚĞŐƵŝĚĞ͘

LEGEND ֻ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐͲůŝŶŬďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŬĞǇƚŚĞŵĞƐĂŶĚĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĞǆƉůŽƌĞĚŝŶWĂƌƚƐ͕͕ĂŶĚ͘ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐĂĐůŝĐŬĂďůĞŚǇƉĞƌůŝŶŬƚŽĂƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŽŶůŝŶĞ͘ ŝƌĞĐƚƐǇŽƵƚŽƚŚĞƚŽŽůďŽǆ͕ǁŚĞƌĞǇŽƵĐĂŶĮŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƚŽŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘


vi

A

t,d/^h'/W>EE/E'ͳ Et,zK/d͍ ŶŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ 'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƚǇƉŽůŽŐǇ hƌďĂŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ

1

AN OVERVIEW

A

WůĂŶŶŝŶŐhƌďĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ hZE'ZE/E&Z^dZhdhZΈh'/ΉW>EE/E'͵ A DEFINITION UGI planning is a strategic planning approach that aims to develop networks of green and blue spaces in urban areas, designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂƚĂůůƐƉĂƟĂůƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ ƵĞƚŽŝƚƐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟǀĞ͕ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝƐĐĂƉĂďůĞŽĨĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĂďƌŽĂĚƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƵƌďĂŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ĂĚĂƉƟŶŐƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŚĞŐƌĞĞŶĞĐŽŶŽŵǇĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘

We are in the middle of an urban era. Worldwide, more than half of us live in cities, and the number is rising – making urbanisation a fundamental reality of our common future. There can be little doubt that cities are where ‘our struggle for global sustainability will be won or lost1’. Meanwhile, in the urban context and beyond, concerns have grown regarding loss of biodiversity and degradation of natural resources – giving rise to recognition of the central role that green space networks have to play in cities and cityregions. In May 2013, the European Commission published a strategy to promote green infrastructure – essential to

the functioning of cities and regions – and mainstream it in EU policy areas2. The strategy notes the potential for green spaces to make a major contribution to sustainable development, by enhancing social cohesion, supporting the economy, and adapting to a changing climate, and highlights the importance of green infrastructure solutions in cities, where more than 60% of the EU population lives3. To harness the full potential of urban green spaces, however, a carefully conceived, evidence-based approach is required. This guide aims to support such an approach by providing advice on how to plan for and develop urban green infrastructure (UGI).

dŚĞ^ĐŚƂŶĞďĞƌŐĞƌ^ƺĚŐĞůćŶĚĞ ŝŶĞƌůŝŶŝƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĂŶƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌĂŶĚĞǆĞŵƉůŝĮĞƐ ĂŶŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕Ăƌƚ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƵƌďĂŶǁŝůĚĞƌŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

REFERENCES 1 United Nations, 2012. Our Struggle for Global Sustainability Will Be Won or Lost in Cities,’ Says Secretary-General, at New York Event [Press release]. Available from: un.org/press/en/2012/sgsm14249.doc.htm

2 European Commission, 2013. Building a Green Infrastructure for Europe. Luxembourg. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013DC0249


3

See European Commission, 2013.

3

hƌďĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͙ ͙ĐĂŶŚĞůƉƚŽƚĂĐŬůĞŬĞǇƵƌďĂŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƚŚĂƚĐŝƟĞƐĨĂĐĞ

,ĞƌĞŝŶWĂƌƚ͕ǁĞĞǆƉůŽƌĞŚŽǁh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ƚĂŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƚǇƉĞƐ;ƐĞĞ'ƌĞĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞdǇƉŽůŽŐǇŽŶƉĂŐĞϲͿĐĂŶĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĨŽƵƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƵƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͗ ϭ͘ ĚĂƉƟŶŐƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ Ϯ͘ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ϯ͘ WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐĂŐƌĞĞŶĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ ϰ͘ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ These are explored in more detail here in Part A.

…is based on four core principles

ϭͿ'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞǇŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶʹĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚŐƌĞǇŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐĞĞŬƐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶĨƌĂͲ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚƵƟůŝƟĞƐ͘

ϮͿŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇʹĐƌĞĂƟŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨŽƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŚĂƚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĐĂŶŶŽƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂůŽŶĞ͘

ϯͿDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇʹĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐŵƵůƟƉůĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŝŵƐĂƚĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇŽĨƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌŵƵůƟƉůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐʹĐƌĞĂƟŶŐƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐĂŶĚƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīƐ͘

ϰͿ^ŽĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶʹĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞĂŶĚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŝŵƐĨŽƌĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůůǇŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞŽƉĞŶƚŽĂůůĂŶĚŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚŶĞĞĚƐŽĨĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƉĂƌƟĞƐ͘ ůůĨŽƵƌƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐĂƌĞĞǆƉůŽƌĞĚŝŶWĂƌƚ͘

͙ŵƵƐƚďĞƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůĂĐƟŽŶƐŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ

^ƵĐŚĂĐƟŽŶƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĂůůƉŚĂƐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ ĞĂƌůǇĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƉůĂŶƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞǇĂƌĞĞǆƉůŽƌĞĚŝŶWĂƌƚ͘

4


A

&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŽīĞƌƐĂĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƚŽďĞĂĚĂƉƚĞĚƚŽǇŽƵƌůŽĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ͕ĂƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďĞůŽǁ͘dŚŝƐĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŝƐ ĚƌŝǀĞŶďǇƚŚĞĨŽƵƌĐŽƌĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͘ŽŵďŝŶĞĚ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐĂĐƚŝŶƚǁŽĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ͗ϭͿƚŽƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƵƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐǇŽƵƌĐŝƚǇĨĂĐĞƐĂŶĚϮͿƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůĂĐƟŽŶƐŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͘

IN

R TEG

IO AT

N

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

CO

TY I VI CT E NN BIODIVERSITY

SOCIAL COHESION

LT MU

N IFU

CT

ION

ITY AL

GREEN ECONOMY

ION

L

CIA

S LU INC

SO

URBAN CHALLENGES (PART A)

T EN SM S S N SE AS PLA G S N I ER O P OL D L N H VE DE TAKE TATIO S N E G M GIN LE GA IMP EN

PRINCIPLES (PART B) MAKING IT HAPPEN (PART C)

SUPPORTING PRINCIPLES tŚŝůĞƚŚĞĨŽƵƌĐŽƌĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂůƐŽ ƚĂŬĞŶŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͗ ͻ DƵůƟͲƐĐĂůĞ͗h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŝŵƐƚŽůŝŶŬĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƉĂƟĂůůĞǀĞůƐ͕ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƌĞŐŝŽŶƐƚŽŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐŝƚĞƐ͘ ͻ DƵůƟͲŽďũĞĐƚ͗ůůƚǇƉĞƐŽĨƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚďůƵĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉĂŶĚŽƌŝŐŝŶ͕ĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ ĂŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘ ͻ /ŶƚĞƌͲĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌǇ͗h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŝŵƐĂƚůŝŶŬŝŶŐĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ƉŽůŝĐǇĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘/ƚŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞƐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚĚĞŵĂŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĮĞůĚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĞĐŽůŽŐǇ͕ƵƌďĂŶĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚŝƐŝĚĞĂůůǇĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚŝŶƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶůŽĐĂůĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘


5

GREEN SPACE TYPOLOGY Urban green (and blue) spaces are incredibly diverse, ranging from urban forests to rooftop gardens. Some of these spaces are already typically considered in planning practice, but others (particularly private green spaces such as gardens, but also urban farmlands) have received less attention in research and practice. Often, their contribution to UGI networks is not so well understood.

ůůŽƚŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ

GREEN SURGE has contributed to this knowledge gap by developing a green space typology made up of 44 elements, in eight groups, and ϐ their corresponding ecosystem services (see Deliverable 3.1). This provides an important basis for understanding the functional connections between green spaces and the surrounding built environment. An overview of the elements is provided below.

EĂƚƵƌĂů͕ƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĨĞƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐ ͻ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƌĞŵŶĂŶƚǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ŵŝǆĞĚĨŽƌŵƐͿ ͻ shrubland ͻ abandoned areas ͻ rocks ͻ sand dunes ͻ ƐĂŶĚƉŝƚ͕ƋƵĂƌƌǇ͕ŽƉĞŶĐĂƐƚŵŝŶĞ ͻ wetland, bog, fen, marsh

ƵŝůĚŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐ ͻ balcony green ͻ ground-based green wall ͻ facade-bound green wall ͻ extensive green roof ͻ intensive green roof ͻ atrium

'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƚǇƉŽůŽŐǇ͕ŵĂĚĞƵƉ ŽĨϰϰŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƚǇƉĞƐ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌĞĚŝŶĞŝŐŚƚŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘ Image credits: Rieke Hansen

6

WĂƌŬƐĂŶĚƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ͻ large urban park ͻ historical park/garden ͻ pocket park ͻ botanical garden/arboretum ͻ zoological garden ͻ neighbourhood green space ͻ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ͻ cemetery and churchyard ͻ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉŽƌƚĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ͻ camping areas

ͻ

While all these elements can and should be considered in UGI planning, urban green infrastructure is more than simply a new name for existing green space elements. Using the principles of connectivity and multifunctionality, it is possible to determine which of these spaces form part of the city’s UGI network (see Part B) and where it is necessary either to improve the quality of existing elements, or invest in new ones and strengthen linkages (see Part C).

ůƵĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ͻ lake, pond ͻ river, stream ͻ dry riverbed ͻ canal ͻ estuary ͻ delta ͻ coast ZŝǀĞƌďĂŶŬ ŐƌĞĞŶ

WƌŝǀĂƚĞ͕ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞͬŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŐƌĞǇŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ͻ bioswale ͻ tree alley and street tree, hedge ͻ street green and green verge ͻ private garden ͻ railroad embankment ͻ green playground, schoolground

ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚ ͻ arable land ͻ grassland ͻ tree meadow/orchard ͻ ďŝŽĨƵĞůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶͬ agroforestry ͻ ŚŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞ


URBAN CHALLENGES

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

GREEN ECONOMY

BIODIVERSITY

SOCIAL COHESION

Green space planners are typically well aware of the potential of urban green spaces to contribute to challenges such as human health, species protection and adaptation to climate change. When understood as part of a UGI planning framework, these and other emerging challenges and trends are not just obstacles to be overcome, they can also form important drivers for investing in green space – especially when a challenge is high on the political agenda. For instance, urban growth can present a threat to urban green spaces, but also a chance to recognise UGI’s importance for human welbeing and develop corresponding planning strategies. Economic crises and environmental hazards, such as

A ϐǡ testing new ways of planning and managing UGI (see Deliverable 5.2). In this way, adopting a UGI planning approach can assist practitioners to productively link urban challenges with the unrealised potential of green spaces, in the interest of gaining support for planned measures and achieving policy objectives. In the following pages, we look at the potential contribution of UGI to two wellknown challenges – biodiversity protection and climate change adaptation. In addition, we explore two that tend to be lesser-known in planning circles – increasing social cohesion and promoting a green economy (see Deliverable 5.2 for more details).

t>>/E'

URBANISATION

HEALTH

WĂƌĐŽEŽƌĚDŝůĂŶŽŝƐĂ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůƉĂƌŬǁŝƚŚŝŶDŝůĂŶ͛Ɛ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶŐƌĞĞŶďĞůƚ͘ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐƐƵĐŚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽŶƚŚĞĐŝƚǇŽƵƚƐŬŝƌƚƐĐĂŶďĞ ƉĂƌƚŽĨĂƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇƚŽĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ ƵƌďĂŶƐƉƌĂǁů͘ Credit: Courtesy of ERSAF Regional Agency for Agriculture and Forestry Services, Milan


7

hƌďĂŶŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͗ĚĂƉƚŝŶŐƚŽůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ

h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĐĂŶƉůĂǇ ĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƌŽůĞŝŶ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ĨŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ ďǇƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶĐůŝŵĂƚĞŽƌ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͘

Cities are increasingly facing the risks and Ǣ ǡǡϐ rainfall, heat extremes, drought, effects on health, higher energy demand for heating and cooling, and reduced availability of water and food1. This situation presents an urgent imperative to both mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt to them. Climate change adaptation involves making changes to existing systems – whether natural, built or social. This means anticipating adverse effects and taking appropriate action to prevent or minimise the corresponding damage, as well as seizing opportunities that may arise. Adaptation differs from mitigation, which concerns efforts to reduce current and future green-

house gas emissions and enhance carbon storage2. Both mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed to address the impacts of climate change, however, it is important to be aware that they do not always work in harmony with one another. For instance, increasing green space may reduce overall urban density and thus Ǧϐǡ ϐtive capacity of cities. UGI can play a key role in strategies for climate change adaptation and – to a lesser degree – mitigation, by delivering ȋֻȌǤ Importantly, planned adaptation is more cost effective than emergency measures ϐȋֻ ȌǤ

dŚĞŝƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞǁŝůů ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͗ ƚƌĞĞƐŽīĞƌƐŚĂĚĞƚŽďƵīĞƌ ƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶŚĞĂƚŝƐůĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƚŝŶDƵŶŝĐŚ͘ Credit: Stephan Pauleit

8


A Kyϭ͗>/Dd,E'Wdd/KE^dZd'z͕>D ůŵĂĚĂŝƐĂĚĞŶƐĞĐŝƚǇŝŶƚŚĞ>ŝƐďŽŶ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƌĞĂ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů͘/ƚƐ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞĐŽĂƐƚůŝŶĞĂƩƌĂĐƚƐĂďŽƵƚ ϴŵŝůůŝŽŶǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐĂŶŶƵĂůůǇ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂĂůƐŽĨĂĐĞƐŵĂŶǇĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ůĂŶĚƐůŝĚĞƐ͕ƌŝƐŝŶŐƐĞĂůĞǀĞůƐ͕ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͕ ŇĂƐŚŇŽŽĚƐ͕ƐĂůŝŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ĨŽƌĞƐƚĮƌĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇůŽƐƐ͘/ŶƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ͕ ůŵĂĚĂŚĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇƚŚĂƚĂŝŵƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂ ŚĞĂůƚŚŝĞƌ͕ƐĂĨĞƌĂŶĚŵŽƌĞƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚĐŝƚǇ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ /Ŷϭϵϵϵ͕ƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇŽĨůŵĂĚĂ established the Department of SustainͲ ĂďůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ;'^ͿƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĨƵŶĚƐǁĞƌĞƐĞĐƵƌĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϮ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ͚hŝƟĞƐĚĂƉƚ͛ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚĞŶĂďůĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ ŝƚƐĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐŝŶƚŽŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͛ƉůĂŶƐĂŶĚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ '^ůĞĚƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶǀŝƚĞĚ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐƚŽĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŐƌŽƵƉƐ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĞƌŐǇŐĞŶĐǇŽĨůŵĂĚĂ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ŵŽŶŝͲ

hƌďĂŶĐůŝŵĂƚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ The intensity, frequency and length of summer heatwaves is expected to increase in the future. Urban areas are hit particularly hard due to their high concentration of impervious surfaces. There is evidence that increasing the quantity of UGI elements can play a role in countering the urban heat island effect3. However, as individual parks have limited cooling capacity on their own, they should ideally form part of a network, including green corridors that

ƚŽƌĞĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͕ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞůůĞĚƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͘ ^ƵĐĐĞƐƐĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ dŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨ'^͕ŝƚƐĐůĞĂƌ ĨŽĐƵƐĂŶĚŝƚƐŵƵůƟͲƐŬŝůůĞĚƚĞĂŵŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶŬĞǇƚŽůŵĂĚĂ͛ƐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐƐŽĨĂƌ͘ ŵƵůƟƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚǁĂƐĂůƐŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͚ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͛ĂŶĚ ͚ƵƌďĂŶƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͛ƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐĞ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘ /ŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ƚŚŝƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐĂŶĚǀŝƐƵĂůŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ;ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůͿ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďǇŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞĐŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞ ƌŝƐŬƐ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŝŶh ŝƟĞƐĚĂƉƚĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌhƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĐĂƚĂͲ ůǇƐĞĚĞīŽƌƚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͕ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘ dŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇŚĂƐƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐŵŽďŝůŝƚǇ͕ ƵƌďĂŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ĐŽĂƐƚĂůƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞŚĞĂƚŝƐůĂŶĚĞīĞĐƚ͘ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ďŽƩůĞŶĞĐŬĨŽƌŝƚƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘

allow cool, unpolluted air to penetrate the city from the surrounding countryȋֻȌǤ

ŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨƌŝǀĞƌŝŶĞŇŽŽĚŝŶŐĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂůƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŇŽŽĚƐ Intense rainfall events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude because of climate change4 and lead to a demand for improved stormwater management. Here, ‘greening’ grey infrastructure can play a role, e.g., utilising bioswales or rain gardens in


ǆĂŵƉůĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͗ƵŶĞƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞ ^͘:ŽĆŽĚĂĂƉĂƌŝĐĂďĞĂĐŚĞƐ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƐĂŶĚĐĂƉƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞƚŽĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ͘ Credit: Almada City Council

&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĂ>ŽĐĂůƉĂƌĂĂƐ ůƚĞƌĂĕƁĞƐůŝŵĄƟĐĂƐŶŽDƵŶŝĐşƉŝŽ de Almada (in Portuguese). Câmara Municipal de Almada, 2007. ŽĂƐƚĂůŚĂǌĂƌĚŵĂƉƉŝŶŐĂƐĂŶ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚŽŽů͗ůŵĂĚĂ͛Ɛ >ŽĐĂů^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĨŽƌůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ͘ Lopes, N. et al, 2014. 5th Global Forum on Urban Resilience and ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͘ŽŶŶ͘ hŝƟĞƐĚĂƉƚͲĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĨŽƌƵƌŽƉĞĂŶŝƟĞƐ͗&ŝŶĂů ZĞƉŽƌƚ͘Ricardo-AEA, 2013.

lieu of conventional stormwater ȋֻ ȌǤ

ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƚŽƐĞĂͲůĞǀĞůƌŝƐĞ Cities in low-elevation coastal zones face the threat of rising sea-levels, with associated risks of submergence and ϐǤ possible solutions are the maintenance and restoration of coastal landforms and ecosystems, including increasing vegetation so as to stabilise sand dunes5ȋֻͳȌǤ

9

ŝƐďŽŶͿƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶ;ŽƌĂƐǁĞůůĂƐͿŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐĨŽƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;ֻŽǆϮ ,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝͿ͘

WůĂŶĂƚŵƵůƟƉůĞƐĐĂůĞƐĂŶĚďĞǇŽŶĚĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ dŚĞƐƉĂƟĂůƐĐĂůĞĂŶĚďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĨŽƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂƌĞŽŌĞŶŶŽƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂƐ ƚŚŽƐĞƚŚĂƚŝŶĨŽƌŵƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŝƟĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐĐĂŶŝŶĂĚǀĞƌƚĞŶƚůǇĚŝƐƌƵƉƚĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚ ŇŽǁĂŶĚĞǀĂƉŽƚƌĂŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ͕ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŝŵƉĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ֻŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇֻ͕DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇͿ͘dŚŝƐŽďƐƚĂĐůĞĐĂŶ ďĞƌĞĚƵĐĞĚŽƌŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞďǇŵƵůƟͲƐĐĂůĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƌĞĂĐŚĞƐďĞǇŽŶĚĐŝƚǇďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚůŝŶŬƐƐŝƚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚŽĐŝƚǇͲǁŝĚĞh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘

/ŶǀŽůǀĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽůŽĐĂůƐƚŽŐĂŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ >ŽĐĂůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŽŌĞŶďĞŶĞĮƚĨƌŽŵůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶŽƌŶĞĂƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͲƌŝĐŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚŝƐŝƐ ŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůǇǁŝĚĞůǇƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ͘DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐĐĂŶƚĂŬĞĂŵŽƌĞĂĐƟǀĞƌŽůĞŝŶƌĂŝƐŝŶŐ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚŝŶƚƵƌŶŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐĐŝƟǌĞŶƐŝŶĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽŝƚƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽǆdϭĨŽƌĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĂŶĚŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘

͞EĞĂƌůǇĂůůƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŚĂƐƐŽŵĞďĞŶĞĮƚƚŽďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ĐĂŶĂŶĚƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌǁŝůĚůŝĨĞ͗ŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽďŝƌĚƐĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ŵĂŵŵĂůƐ͕ŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͕ĨƵŶŐŝĂŶĚĮƐŚĐĂŶĂůůďĞŶĞĮƚĨƌŽŵǁĞůůͲĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂͲ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘͟10

REFERENCES 1 United Nations Environment Programme, n.d. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Available from: www.cbd.int/sp

4 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992. Section I. 3rd Edition. Available from: www.cbd. int/convention/ refrhandbook.shtml

8 See more on the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry website at http://mmm.fi/en/forests/ biodiversity-and-protection/metso-programme

2 See more on the IPBES website at www. ipbes.net

5 Hanski, I., et al., 2012. Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. PNAS.

9 Dearborn, D. C., Kark, S., 2010. Motivations for Conserving Urban Biodiversity. Conservation Biology 24, 432–440

6 See more at: www.integratedstormwater. eu/content/green-area-factor-and-other-tools

10 Forest Research n.d. Evidence Note: Ecological benefits of urban green infrastructure, p1.

3 European Commission, 2011. Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions. 3 May 2011, Brussels. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/nature/biodiversity/strategy/ index_en.htm#stra

7 Helsingin luonnonsuojeluyhdistys, 2014. Arvometsäaloite 17th June 2014. Proposal for forest conservation network in Helsinki made by five nature conservation organizations. Available from: http://helsinginmetsat.fi/about/#


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hƌďĂŶŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͗WƌŽŵŽƚŝŶŐĂ'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇ The recent global economic crisis and ongoing environmental challenges, such as climate change, have sparked a renewed interest in alternative economies and forms of growth. Of these, green growth and the transition to a green economy are the most widely discussed2.

h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĐĂŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽĂŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵǇƚŚĂƚĂŝŵƐƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲ ďĞŝŶŐĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůĞƋƵŝƚǇ͕ ǁŚŝůĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ ŵĞŶƚĂůƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚ ĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐϭ͘

A holistic approach to sustainability underpins the green economy concept, which aims for simultaneous environmental, social and ϐǤϐ ϐǡness and business opportunities, a green economy seeks to improve the quality of urban environments, reduce resource consumption by creating synergies between functions, and provide opportunities for people to engage with each other and with their environment. It is an emerging concept yet to be fully embraced by green space planners, although many cities already have planning objectives tied to related concepts like sustainable planning, green jobs, a low carbon economy, or attractive public spaces.

DĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĂƐĞĨŽƌĂŐƌĞĞŶĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ4 ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ϐǯ a range of ways, both directly and indirectly.

Attractive urban green spaces can not only improve a city’s competitiveness as a destination for new residents, businesses and tourists, but also help generate income, e.g., in the food and service industries, through leisure activities and special events5. For local business owners, greenery has been linked to positive shopper perceptions, lower ϐǣ encouraging sales, while also increasing staff motivation. UGI can also support local food production and sale at farmers markets. Importantly, a green economy would see all ϐ their corresponding social and environmental impacts in evaluating their net effect. ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇʹĂǀŽŝĚĞĚĐŽƐƚƐ In addition to generating income, UGI planning can also help to avoid costs, e.g., by creating healthier communities or avoiding the damage caused by natural ǤǦϐstrating such costs avoided through UGI can make a compelling case for investȋֻͳhagen). One study estimated the average ϐ housing in a 100 mile-long greenway along the Meramec River in the USA to be $7.7 million per year6ȋֻ ȌǤ

ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉƚŽĂǀŽŝĚĐŽƐƚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƐĞůĨͲƐƵĸĐŝĞŶĐǇ͕ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽŽīĞƌƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌƐŽĐŝĂů ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘ZĂŝƐĞĚďĞĚƐĂƚ >ŽĐŚĞŶĚŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ'ƌŽǁŝŶŐ WƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ĚŝďůĞĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚϮϬϭϱ

14


A Kyϯ͗/>/EhZ', /ŶϮϬϭϰ͕ƚŚĞŝƚǇŽĨĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚŽƵŶĐŝů͕ ^ĐŽƚůĂŶĚ͕ůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚƚŚĞĚŝďůĞĚŝŶͲ ďƵƌŐŚ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ&ŽŽĚŝƚǇWůĂŶ͕ǁŝƚŚ ĂǀŝƐŝŽŶĨŽƌŐŽŽĚĨŽŽĚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂůů͕ ŚĞĂůƚŚǇ͕ƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚĂ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞƉůĂŶĞŵĞƌŐĞĚĨƌŽŵĂĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘/ƚĂŝŵƐ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ ƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚƉƵďůŝĐƐĞĐƚŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝͲ ƐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇƐŽĂƐƚŽ͗ĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů͕ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƐŬŝůůƐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ŵĂŬĞŵŽƌĞůĂŶĚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ĨŽƌĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛Ɛ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĨŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚ͕ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚ ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƚŽĨŽŽĚ͘ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ dŚĞŝŵƉĞƚƵƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞŵĞƌŐĞĚŝŶ ϮϬϭϭ͕ĂŌĞƌĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶĨŽƌĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶ͚^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ 2020’ revealed food to be a major ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ͘ĐŽĂůŝƟŽŶŽĨϭϮ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐ͕ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĂŶĚĐŝǀŝůƐŽĐŝĞƚǇƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŶŽŶƉƌŽĮƚƐ͕ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚƐĂŶĚ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐͿĨŽƌŵĞĚƚŽ ĞǆƉůŽƌĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĂůŽĐĂůĨŽŽĚ

,ĞĂůƚŚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ Access to green space in cities has been shown to positively affect health in a range of ways, among them longer lives, quicker recovery from surgery, reduced stress, mental ϐǦ reported perceptions of health – all of which translate into greater wellbeing and reduced health care costs. Employee health is also relevant for Ǥϐ has been found to exist between access to green space in and around

ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͘/ŶŝƟĂůůǇ͕ŵŽŶƚŚůǇƐĞŵŝŶĂƌƐǁĞƌĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚĨŽƌĂŽŶĞͲǇĞĂƌƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ ĂŝŵƐ͕ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚǁĂǇƐŽĨ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁĞƌĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚ͘ƚƚŚĞ ĮŶĂůƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĐŽĂůŝƟŽŶĂŐƌĞĞĚƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐƚŽ ĨŽƌŵĂůůǇĞŶĚŽƌƐĞ͚ĚŝďůĞĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛͘Ǉ ĂƵƚƵŵŶϮϬϭϯ͕ĂĐŽŵŵŽŶǀŝƐŝŽŶŚĂĚ been formulated and was released for ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ͘KǀĞƌϰϬϬƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐǁĞƌĞ ƚĂŬĞŶŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĮŶĂůǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞĐŽĂůŝƟŽŶŝƐŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ͕ǇĞƚůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽĞǆŝƐƟŶŐŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ƐŝŶĐĞ ŝƚŝƐĐŚĂŝƌĞĚďǇĂĐŽƵŶĐŝůůŽƌ͕ĂŶĚĂŝŵƐƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĂŐĞŶĚĂƐ͘/ƚĞŶĐŽƵŶͲ ƚĞƌĞĚƚǁŽŵĂŝŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͗ĮƌƐƚůǇ͕ ĐŽŵŝŶŐƚŽĂŶĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞ ĂŝŵƐĂŶĚŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚďƌŽĂĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ĂĐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚ ƐĞĐŽŶĚůǇ͕ŐĞƫŶŐďƵǇͲŝŶĨƌŽŵĐŽƵŶĐŝůͲ ůŽƌƐĂŶĚŬĞǇŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐ͘dŽĚĂǇ͕ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞƐĞŚƵƌĚůĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞʹ ĨŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇ ƉĞƟƟŽŶĞĚƚŚĞůĞĂĚĞƌƐŽĨĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚĂŶĚ 'ůĂƐŐŽǁŝƚǇŽƵŶĐŝůƐƚŽŝƐƐƵĞĂũŽŝŶƚ ƉůĞĚŐĞŽŶĨŽŽĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ͘dŚĞƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďǇĂƉŽůŝĐǇ

the workplace and the attitudes and stress levels of employees. dŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝŵƉĞƚƵƐĨŽƌĂŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ A green economy can also be a powerful tool to support more socially engaged and equitable communities7. Where people feel attached to their local urban green spaces, they may be inspired to become more actively involved in related planning processes. Green spaces are also generally free and


ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐůŽĐĂůĂƵƚŚŽƌŝͲ ƟĞƐƚŽĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚͲ ŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŽĨƚŚĞŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĐƚ;ƉĂƐƐĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϱͿƚŽ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽǀĞƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘

&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ&ŽŽĚŝƚǇWůĂŶ͘ Edible Edinburgh, 2014. :ŽŝŶƚ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚŽŶ&ŽŽĚ WŽǀĞƌƚǇ͘Published by the Leaders of Edinburgh and Glasgow City Councils, 2015.

WŝĐŬǇĂƚĞƌƐtŽƌŬƐŚŽƉĂƚ>ŽĐŚĞŶĚ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ'ƌŽǁŝŶŐWƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ĚŝďůĞĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚϮϬϭϱ

open to all, encouraging a mix of people with varied backgrounds to ȋֻȌǤǡ green spaces can provide opportunities for direct engagement with the environment, whether through farming, gardening, volunteering, or informal creative ventures. These experiences can contribute to individual wellbeing, learning and the development of social and profesȋֻ͵ǡ͸ Milan, and E6 Berlin).

15

ŽĐĂůĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚƐƚŽĞǆŝƐƟŶŐƐƉĂĐĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ͕ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨ ƚƌǇŝŶŐƚŽƐŽůǀĞƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ͚ĂŶƟͲƐŽĐŝĂů͛ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌďǇĚŝƐƉůĂĐŝŶŐŝƚĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞϭϯ͘

&ŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƐĞůĨͲƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ

^ĞĞdŽŽůďŽǆdϯ for exemplary methods and tools to increase social cohesion

Bringing people together for a common purpose, whether through cultural events, ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ŽƌĞǀĞŶďǇƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƐŽŵĞďĂƐŝĐĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ͕ĐĂŶĐĂƚĂůǇƐĞƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘ĐƟǀĞĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚͬŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨh'/ĐĂŶŚĞůƉƚŽ ďƵŝůĚůŽĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚůĞĂĚƚŽĐůĞĂŶĞƌ͕ƐĂĨĞƌ͕ĂĐƟǀĞƐƉĂĐĞƐϭϰ͘>ŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐĐĂŶĂĐƚ ĂƐĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐďǇƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƐĞůĨͲŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ĚĞĮŶŝŶŐĨƌĂŵŝŶŐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ;ֻŽǆϯhƚƌĞĐŚƚͿ͘h'/ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŇĞǆŝďůĞ͕ůĞĂǀŝŶŐ ƌŽŽŵĨŽƌƐĞůĨͲŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ;ֻŽǆϲĞƌůŝŶͿ͘hƌďĂŶŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐŝƐĂŐŽŽĚ example (ֻŽǆϰĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚĂŶĚϱ>ũƵďůũĂŶĂͿ͘

REFERENCES 1 Council of Europe, 2004. Strategy for Social Cohesion (Revised). European Committee for Social Cohesion, p1. 2 Kazmierczak, A.E., James, P., 2007. The role of urban green spaces in improving social inclusion. Presented at the 7th International Postgraduate Research Conference in the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford, Manchester. 3 Kemperman, A., Timmermans, H., 2014. Green spaces in the direct living environment and social contacts of the aging population. Landscape and Urban Planning 129, 44-54. 4 Ward Thompson, C., 2002. Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 60, 59-72. 5

See Kazmierczak et al., 2007.

6 Peters, K., et al., 2010. Social interactions in urban parks: Stimulating social cohesion? Urban For Urban Green. 9, 93-100. 7 Department for Communities and Local Government: Annual Report 2009. Community, opportunity, prosperity. Available from: www.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/228792/7598.pdf 8 Curran, W., Hamilton, T., 2012. Just green enough: Contesting environmental gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Local Environment 17, 1027-1042. 9 Wolch, J. R., et al., 2014. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities “just green enough”. Landscape and Urban Planning 125, 234–244., p241.


10 See Ward Thompson, 2002. ϭϭ /Dd,E'

hƌďĂŶĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƵƌŽƉĞ͗ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌ ĐŝƟĞƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚƐƵƉƉŽƌƟǀĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͘European EnvironͲ ŵĞŶƚŐĞŶĐǇ;Ϳ͕ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͘ZĞƉŽƌƚEŽϮͬϮϬϭϮ͕͘ϮϬϭϮ͘ ůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶďǇĚĞƐŝŐŶ͗ĂŐƵŝĚĞĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘London. ^ŚĂǁ͕Z͕͘ŽůůĞǇ͕D͕͘ĂŶĚŽŶŶĞůů͕Z͕͘ϮϬϬϳ͘ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨŽƌůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ͗^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ͕sĂůƵĞƐͲďĂƐĞĚƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽƌhƌďĂŶWůĂŶͲ ŶĞƌƐʹdŽŽůŬŝƚ͘hEͲ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ͕EĂŝƌŽďŝ͘hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ,ƵŵĂŶ^ĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ;hEͲ,ĂďŝƚĂƚͿ͕ϮϬϭϰ͘

/K/sZ^/dz

dŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶ>ĞĂƉ͘WƌŝŵĞƌĨŽƌŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŝŶ^ƵďĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂŶWƌĞƐƐ͘,ŽƐƚĞƚůĞƌ͕D͕͘͘ϮϬϭϮ͘ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌŝƟĞƐ͗WƌŝŵĞƌŽŶEĂƚƵƌĞŝŶŝƟĞƐ͘/>/Ͷ>ŽĐĂů'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇ;DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚͿ/ŶĐ͕͘dŽƌŽŶƚŽ͘/>/͕dŽƌŽŶƚŽĂŶĚZĞŐŝŽŶŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ͕ϮϬϭϰ͘ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇďǇĞƐŝŐŶ͗ŐƵŝĚĞĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘dŽǁŶĂŶĚŽƵŶƚƌǇ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ;dWͿ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶ͘hZ;ƚŚĞhƌďĂŶĂŶĚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ Group), the TCPA and ALGE for the TCPA, 2004.

'ZEKEKDz

&ŝŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ'ƌĞĞŶhƌďĂŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ;KZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚtŽƌŬŝŶŐ WĂƉĞƌƐͿ͘K͕WĂƌŝƐ͘DĞƌŬ͕K͘ĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϮ͘ DŝĐƌŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨ/ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚϮ ;D/ϮͿ͕EĂƚƵƌĂůŶŐůĂŶĚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚZĞƉŽƌƚƐ͘EĂƚƵƌĂůŶŐůĂŶĚ͕ƌŝƐƚŽů͘ZŽůůƐ͕^͕͘ Sunderland, T., 2014.

^K/>K,^/KE

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dŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůǀĂůƵĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘:ŽƐĞƉŚZŽǁŶƚƌĞĞ&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͕zŽƌŬ͘tŽƌƉŽůĞ͕KhhZ^dW>E ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͛ƐůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚDĂŶĂŐĞͲ ment Plan (2012) demonstrates an ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƌǇ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƐƚŽƌĂŐĞŝŶƐƚƌĞĞƚƐĂŶĚ ĐŽŶǀĞǇĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƐĞǁĂŐĞ ƉŝƉĞƐ͕ŽīĞƌŝŶŐƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ĐŽƐƚƐĂǀŝŶŐƐ͘ ZĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƚƌĞĞƚƐŽīĞƌƐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞŝƌ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐĂŶĚƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂƐ ǁĞůůĂƐƚŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇďǇ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐƚƌĞĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌǀĞŐĞƚĂͲ ƟŽŶ͘ĐŽƐƚͲďĞŶĞĮƚͲĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐƐŚŽǁĞĚ

ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐŽƐƚƐĨŽƌŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŝŶŶĞƌĐŝƚǇ between 2013 and 2033 would be ĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇΦϱϬϬŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽΦϴϬϬŵŝůůŝŽŶŽĨ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐĚĂŵĂŐĞĐĂƵƐĞĚďǇĂƐŝŶŐůĞ ŵĂũŽƌƌĂŝŶƐƚŽƌŵŝŶϮϬϭϭ͘/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶͲ ƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶŝƐƵŶĚĞƌǁĂǇ͘

&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚWůĂŶ͘ City of Copenhagen, 2012.

KEY TERMS 2,3 ŝŽƐǁĂůĞƐ͕ŝŽĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƐǁĂůĞƐ͗ ƐŚĂůůŽǁĐŽŶĚƵŝƚƐͬƚƌĞŶĐŚĞƐĮůůĞĚ ǁŝƚŚǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƚŽ ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽƐůŽǁƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƌƵŶŽīĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶ͘ >Žǁ/ŵƉĂĐƚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ;>/Ϳ͗land development ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĨŽƌŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐƐƚŽƌŵͲ ǁĂƚĞƌĂƚƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞǁŝƚŚĚĞĐĞŶͲ ƚƌĂůŝƐĞĚŵŝĐƌŽͲƐĐĂůĞĐŽŶƚƌŽů measures. ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƚƌŽůDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ;^DͿ͗ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐďŝŽƌĞͲ ƚĞŶƟŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ;ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚͿĂŶĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐƚŽ ĚŝƐĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůĚŽǁŶͲ ƉŝƉĞƐ;ŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚͿ͘ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞhƌďĂŶƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ ^ǇƐƚĞŵƐ;^h^Ϳ͗ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ for sustainable stormwater ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ͕ƵƐƵĂůůǇŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚƚŽ ǁŽƌŬƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŝŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ͘

dŚĞϭ͘ϱŬŵͲůŽŶŐůŝŶĞĂƌ,ĂŶƐͲĂůƵƐĐŚĞŬͲ WĂƌŬŝŶĞƌůŝŶŝƐƉŽƉƵůĂƌĨŽƌďŝŬŝŶŐĂŶĚ ŝŶůŝŶĞƐŬĂƟŶŐ͘/ƚďĞůŽŶŐƐƚŽĞƌůŝŶ͛ƐĐŝƚǇͲ ǁŝĚĞďŝŬĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĂŶĚŝƐĂůƐŽƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐͲĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ>ĞŝƉǌŝŐͲĞƌůŝŶďŝŬĞƚƌĂŝů͘ Credit: Emily Rall

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B KyϮ͗/Ed'Zd/KEhZ/E'hZEZEt>͕^' /ŶƚŚĞŝƚǇŽĨ^ǌĞŐĞĚ͕,ƵŶŐĂƌǇ͕ŝŶƚĞͲ ŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŐƌĞǇĂŶĚŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐͲ ƚƵƌĞŝƐƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚŝŶĞǀĞƌǇĚĂǇƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶĨŽƌŵĂůͲ ŝƐĞĚŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞ ƵŐŽŶŝĐƐ^ƋƵĂƌĞƌĞŶĞǁĂů;ϮϬϬϵͲϮϬϭϯͿ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚĂŵĂũŽƌƵƉŐƌĂĚĞŽĨĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ƵƟůŝƟĞƐ͕ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŐƌĞĞŶĞƌǇƚŽ ĐĂůŵƚƌĂĸĐĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞďŽƚŚƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛Ɛ ŵŝĐƌŽͲĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ ƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĞŵĞƌŐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ ĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐŝŵƉŽƐĞĚďǇŽƵƚĚĂƚĞĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂůĂĐŬŽĨĚĂƚĂŽŶ ƚŚĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚƵƟůŝƟĞƐ͕ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐŽĨůŽĐĂů

Retention ponds and bioswales can retain heavy rainfall over short periods and are usually most effective at managing stormwater, although individual elements such as trees may also have an impact. In regard to stormwater management overall, UGI can offer: ͻ EŽƚŽŶůǇĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽĨƵŶĐͲ ƟŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞŽǀĞƌŐƌĞǇŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐͲ ƚƵƌĞ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƵƌďĂŶĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĞǀĂƉŽͲƚƌĂŶƐƉŝͲ ƌĂƟŽŶ͕ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĐŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐ ĨƌŽŵǁĂƚĞƌƌƵŶŽī͕ĂŶĚůĞƐƐŚǇĚƌŽͲ ůŽŐŝĐĂůƐƚƌĂŝŶŽŶƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ ďŽĚŝĞƐŝŶĚƌǇƉĞƌŝŽĚƐ͘ ͻ ^ƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůŽŶŐĞƌͲƚĞƌŵĐŽƐƚ ƐĂǀŝŶŐƐĨŽƌĐŝƚǇĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ;ֻ'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇֻ͕Žǆϭ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶͿ͘ ͻ ^ŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƐƚŽƌŵͲ ǁĂƚĞƌƌƵŶŽī͕ĨƌŽŵĂŶǇǁŚĞƌĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶϳĂŶĚϱϲйĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƵƉŽŶĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ͕ƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞͲ ŶĂŶĐĞŽĨh'/ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐϰ͘

residents, tourists and businesses, and ĂƉƵďůŝĐƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƌĞůŝĂŶƚ ŽŶƚŚĞůŽǁĞƐƚͲƉƌŝĐĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ͘ ^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŝƐƐƵĞƐǁĞƌĞƉĂƌƚůǇŽǀĞƌͲ ĐŽŵĞďǇŐŽŽĚĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇ͘ KƚŚĞƌŝƐƐƵĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞůĞƐƐŽŶƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůů ďĞƵƐĞĨƵůĨŽƌĨƵƚƵƌĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘&Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇŚĂƐŶŽǁ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĂĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚŽĨƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐƚŽ ŐƵŝĚĞǁŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞŵƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚĂƚĞĂĐŚƐƚĂŐĞŽĨĂƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉͲ ŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ŝƚŚĂƐĂĐƟǀĞůǇ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚĂůŽĐĂůƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĂƚƌĞĞĐĂĚĂƐƚƌĞ͕ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝĐƌŽͲĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŝƚǇͲǁŝĚĞ͘/ŶϮϬϭϰ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƐ

h'/ŝŶƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞŵŽďŝůŝƚǇ Integrating vegetation and green spaces into transportation networks is not a new concept, however, it has experienced a resurgence around the world in the past few decades. Increasingly, local governments are seeking to draw on the approach to create more attractive and environmentally sustainable mobility routes, e.g., pedestrian-friendly ȋֻʹȌǤ At the community and neighbourhood level, too, interest is growing in green, walkable streets that integrate transit, safe pedestrian access and stormwater management – known as ‘green streets’ or ‘complete streets’. There is evidence that even simple measures such as landscaping along ϐǡ block wind, increase driver alertness and lower stress5.


ĂǁĂƌĚĞĚĂWƵďůŝĐ^ƉĂĐĞZĞŶĞǁĂů ǁĂƌĚŽĨǆĐĞůůĞŶĐĞďǇƚŚĞ,ƵŶŐĂƌŝĂŶ hƌďĂŶŝƐƟĐƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĂŶĚhE^K͘

ŚŝůĚƌĞŶƉůĂǇŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ͕ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶƌĞŶĞǁĂů;ƌƉĄĚ^ƋƵĂƌĞ͕ ĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚƚŽƵŐŽŶŝĐƐ^ƋƵĂƌĞͿ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗>ƵĐĂ^ǌĄƌĂǌ

'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞǇŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ In general, the need to shift towards ϐǡ incorporating UGI, has been globally recognised6 and in some cases translated into legislation, e.g., the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Water Act or the EU Water Directive. The challenge is to translate these highlevel agendas to the local level and into concrete measures. Barriers to implementation exist in many cities, including a lack of funding, lack of access to land, low levels of citizen engagement, and administrative fragmentation. Nonetheless, there are good examples of municipal policies for Ǧȋֻ B1 Copenhagen and E1 Malmö). If such ‘hard’ instruments are absent, incentives, voluntary rating schemes (e.g., Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED for short7) or guidelines can also encourage integrated approaches.

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CONNECTIVITY ƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ

B

KEY OBJECTIVES ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͙ ͙ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐďŽƚŚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂĚĚĞĚǀĂůƵĞĨƌŽŵĂŶŝŶƚĞƌůŝŶŬĞĚƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘

͞dŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶŽĨ ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ ʹƉĂƌŬƐ͕ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ͕ ƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐʹŝƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘͟ϭ

͘͘͘ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐĐůĞĂƌůǇĚĞĮŶĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌŚƵŵĂŶƐĂŶĚǁŝůĚůŝĨĞ͕ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŬŝŶĚƐŽĨĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ;ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĂďŝŽƟĐͿĂŶĚƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌ ƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŵ͘ ͙ŵĂƚĐŚĞƐĂŝŵƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƉĂƟĂůƐĐĂůĞƐʹƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů͕ĐŝƚǇĂŶĚůŽĐĂůʹĂŶĚ ŝĚĞĂůůǇŝƐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞŵ͘

h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŝŵƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂǁĞůůͲ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚ ƐĞƌǀĞƐŚƵŵĂŶƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘dŚŝƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐĐŽŶŶĞĐͲ ƟŽŶƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŶĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŚĂƚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĐĂŶŶŽƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂůŽŶĞϮ͘ Landscape connectivity can be broadly ϐ ϐ landscape3. It has played a central role in ϐ some time, for instance in countering the negative impacts of wildlife habitat fragmentation4. Yet connectivity is also of rele-

ϐǡ as improved movement between homes and recreational spaces, e.g., via safe and attractive bicycle paths, and other modes of sustainable mobility. UGI networks are not just important for enabling the movement of people and wildlife, they can also ϐǡǡ water and air5. Ventilation corridors improve the supply of fresh air and reduce pollution, while the cooling effect of urban parks is enhanced when these form part of a network. In this way, interconnected green spaces can minimise environmental risks and the impacts of climate change ȋֻȌǤ

dŚĞ/ƐĂƌƌŝǀĞƌŝŶDƵŶŝĐŚ ƐĞƌǀĞƐĂƐĂĐĞŶƚƌĂůƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶƐƉĂĐĞĂŶĚĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ͘dŚĞƌŝǀĞƌďĂŶŬƐĂůƐŽ ĂĐƚĂƐĂŐƌĞĞŶĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌĨŽƌ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐĂŶĚďŝŬŝŶŐ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen


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B ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ Common approaches to connectivity emphasise its ‘structural’ dimension, i.e., the spatial structure of the landscape and physical relationships between green spaces6. However, such an emphasis fails to take into account the ‘functional’ dimensions of the landscape, i.e., the attributes and behaviour of the wildlife and humans that interact with the overall landscape structure. Functional connectivity considers these behavioural aspects, including habitat preferences, patterns of movement and ability to adapt to changes in the environment7. While structural impacts on connectivity, e.g., a road through a nature reserve, tend to be visible and readily understood, wider social and ecological effects can only be fully grasped by considering functional connectivity, too8. Failing to do so may result in inappropriate planning strategies9. This means that successful planning for connectivity relies on a holistic consideration of functional and structural aspects.

In addition, the kind of connectivity ϐǡ ideally encompassing ecological, social and abiotic movement, and seeking synergies between them10 ȋֻȌǤ

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ The value of linking green spaces is already widely recognised in European planning (see Deliverable 5.1). However, the level of understanding of connectivity’s objectives and ϐǤ Structural connectivity issues tend to be more prominent than functional ones, while ecological and social connectivity objectives in local and regional plans are not always directly integrated with another, with some exceptions ȋֻ͵ȌǤǡ municipalities are recognising the importance of coordinating connectivity plans at multiple scales and according to a long-term timeframe ȋֻʹ͵ȌǤ

DĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ Numerous quantitative approaches have been developed to measure and map connectivity. Measures of structural connectivity are often based on concepts such as presence or Ǣǡ of corridors and stepping-stones (see illustration below). Connectivity can be calculated using various indices such as distances, frequency, density, or cost distance analysis (based on graph theory principles). Aerial photography archives and GIS software can assist in visualising changes to green corridors over time. Often, such data is used as a surrogate for the functional elements of connectivity, based on assumptions. However, there are additional measures to assess functional connectivity that consider the probability of organism movement Ǣ Ǣscape/urban matrix. Overall, a range of measurement and assessment tools are ȋֻͷȌǤ

Large natural area (hub)

Core

Backyard (stepping stone)

Green shared foot/bikepath (corridor)

Green roof (stepping stone)

Pond (stepping stone) Riverbank green (corridor) Green shared foot/bikepath (corridor) Park (site)

River (corridor) River (corridor) Green belt (corridor - link to other hubs)

ŶƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝƐ ŵĂĚĞƵƉŽĨŵĂŶǇĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ Design: Eleanor Chapman

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Pocket park (stepping stone)

Tree lined street for bikes and cars (corridor)


B Kyϯ͗/EZ^/E'KEEd/s/dzdd,/dz>s>͕Z>/E ŐĂŝŶƐƚĂďĂĐŬĚƌŽƉŽĨƌĂƉŝĚƉŽƉƵůĂͲ ƟŽŶŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ƚŚĞĐŝƚǇͲǁŝĚĞ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;>ĂWƌŽͿŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇŝŶĞƌůŝŶ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ͘ dŚĞ>ĂWƌŽŝƐĂďŝŶĚŝŶŐƉůĂŶĨŽƌƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐůŽƐĞůǇ ůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐůĂŶĚƵƐĞƉůĂŶ͘/ƚƐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐĂƌĞƟĞĚƚŽĨŽƵƌŬĞǇ ƚŚĞŵĞƐ͗ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƌďĂŶĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͕ŚĂďŝƚĂƚĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞ͚'ĞŶĞƌĂůhƌďĂŶ ŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶWůĂŶ͛;'ŽŽƉ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen


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KEY MESSAGES FOR CONNECTIVITY ůĞĂƌůǇĚĞĮŶĞƚŚĞŬŝŶĚŽĨĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŝŵƐ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŽŶůĂƌŐĞƐƉĂƟĂůƐĐĂůĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŬŝŶĚƐŽĨĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĨŽƌŚƵŵĂŶƐ͕ĨŽƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ŽƌĨŽƌƵƌďĂŶ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘WƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐůĞĂƌůǇĚĞĮŶĞƚŚĞƐĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƉůĂŶĨŽƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘

dŚŝŶŬůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵĂŶĚŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐĂƚŵƵůƟƉůĞůĞǀĞůƐ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐĂƌĞďĞƐƚĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚǁŚĞŶĂůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵŽƵƚůŽŽŬŝƐĂĚŽƉƚĞĚ͕ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚƌĞŐƵůĂƌŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƵƉĚĂƚĞƐƚŽŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞŶĞǁƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘WůĂŶŶŝŶŐŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞĂƚĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞƐŚŽƵůĚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůǇďĞ͚ŶĞƐƚĞĚ͛ǁŝƚŚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐĂŶĚƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐͿĂƚŵƵůƟƉůĞƐĐĂůĞƐĂŶĚĂĐƌŽƐƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ;ֻŽǆϮDŝůĂŶĂŶĚ ϯĞƌůŝŶͿ͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽǆdϱĨŽƌƚŽŽůƐƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘

REFERENCES 1 Benedict, M. A., McMahon, E. T., 2006. Green infrastructure: Linking landscapes and communities. Washington, D.C. Island Press, p37. 2 Ahern, J., 2007. Green Infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension. In: Novotny, V. (ed). Cities of the future: Towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management. London. IWA Publications. 3 Taylor, P.D., et al., 2006. Landscape connectivity: a return to the basics. In: Crooks, K.R., Sanjayan, M. (eds). Connectivity Conservation. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 4 Jongman, R.H.G., et al., 2004. European ecological networks and greenways. Landscape and Urban Planning 68 (2-3), 305-319.

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5 Bagstad, K.J., et al., 2014. From theoretical to actual ecosystem services. Mapping beneficiaries and spatial flows in ecosystem service assessments. Ecology and Society, 19(2), art. 64.

8 Auffret, A. G., et al., 2015. The spatial and temporal components of functional connectivity in fragmented landscapes. AMBIO 44 (Suppl 1). 51-59. 9

6 Tischendorf, L., Fahrig, L., 2000. On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity. Oikos 90, 7-19. 7 Baudry, J., Merriam, G., 1988. Connectivity and connectedness: functional versus structural patterns in landscapes. In: Schreiber, K.F. (ed). Connectivity in landscape ecology, 2nd International seminar of the International Association for Landscape Ecology. Münstersche Geogr. Arbeiten 29, 23-29.

See Taylor et al., 2006.

10 Fumagalli, N. & Toccolini, A., 2012. Relationship between greenways and ecological network: A case study in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research 6(49), 903916.


WZ/E/W>MULTIFUNCTIONALITY ĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐŵƵůƚŝƉůĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ

B

KEY OBJECTIVES DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͙ ͙ĂŝŵƐƚŽƐĞĐƵƌĞĂŶĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞŵƵůƟƉůĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨh'/͘ ͙ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐŝŶƚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚĞŵ͕ǁŚŝůĞĂǀŽŝĚŝŶŐƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīƐ͘

͞DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ ĐĂŶĂƉƉůǇƚŽŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƐŝƚĞƐĂŶĚƌŽƵƚĞƐ͕ďƵƚŝƚ ŝƐǁŚĞŶƚŚĞƐŝƚĞƐĂŶĚ ůŝŶŬƐĂƌĞƚĂŬĞŶ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĂƚǁĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĂĨƵůůǇ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘͟ϭ

͙ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŽĨĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽh'/ĂŶĚŝƚƐďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘

h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŝŵƐĂƚŝŶƚĞƌƚǁŝŶŝŶŐŽƌ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇŽĨƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌŵƵůƟƉůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘WůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇƐĞĞŬƐƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐĂŶĚƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīƐ͘ Multifunctionality concerns the ability of UGI to provide several ecological, socio-cultural, ϐǤ planning process expressly considers how to ϐ chance. This is not simply a case of ‘the more functions the better’. Potential trade-offs and ϐ assessed, as well as the capacity of different UGI elements2. For instance, using land for ϐ protection of species sensitive to distur-

Ǥϐtimes be avoided by physically separating incompatible uses (e.g., through zoning, visitor management or agreements with land users), or by planning them so as not to happen at the same time (e.g., when ϐȌǤ means it is not only the functions themselves and the associations between them that are important, but also their spatial and temporal dimensions. ǡϐ should be considered in relation to who needs them and who has access to them. Otherwise, UGI planning could deliver beneϐ groups in society3 ȋֻȌǤ avoid this trap, a strong element of public ȋֻ ȌǤ

WĂƌŬdƌĂŶƐǁŝũŬ͕hƚƌĞĐŚƚŝƐĂ ƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƉƵďůŝĐƉĂƌŬƚŚĂƚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚŵĂŶǇƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůƵƐĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂŶƵƌďĂŶĨĂƌŵĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůŐĂƌĚĞŶ͘ Credit: Sabrina Erlwein


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B

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32

s er nt u o e nc enc le Sci a + i c on So ucati Ed tion a Inspir Urban Structure Mobilit y To Ha urism H bit ab at (c ita om t

nt me ve ity mo ers life div ild ral W uctu sity Str e biodiver Nativ Wilderness Reg u la ti o n of a Glo ir qua b a lity T l N emp clima te o i r e s era gul t e ur atio m er n iti eg g u a lat tio ion n

hƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞ ŐƌŽƵƉĞĚŝŶƚŽĨŽƵƌďƌŽĂĚƚǇƉĞƐ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

Cul tur al fun cƟ

s vice ser nd sa on

er gs

es vic

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ Though municipalities often consider the multiple ecological and social ϐ ǡ enhancing multifunctionality has so far received less explicit attention (see Deliverable 5.1). In general, there seems to be uncertainty about how to actively plan and design for multifunctional green infrastructure7. A more proactive approach to multifunctionality is likely to be needed in light of trends such as climate change and urbanisation, both of which are increasing the pressure on UGI.

w le ab m u r ns ate Co sh w e Fr , pulp Wood Medicine Recre ation Na Ae ture c ont Se sth em ns eti pla cs tion e of pl ac e, he rit ag e

Of course, the types of functions and services that UGI can provide, and their relevance, largely depend on the environmental and socio-

Pro vis ion in

Additionally, green spaces provide a number of important functions that cannot strictly be categorised as

WƌŝŽƌŝƚǇĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ In urban green space planning, recreational and other cultural functions and services are usually in focus, as well as functions that contribute to biodiversity. Those ecosystem services with a direct impact on people’s health and wellbeing, such ϐǡǡ urban cooling and runoff mitigation are also of particular relevance6.

economic characteristics of a city or region. The spatial scale that is considered also matters. For instance, it is more relevant to evaluate provisioning services such as supply of food and raw materials from a city-regional perspective, rather than at the level of a densely built-up neighbourhood.

ild

Yet, in urban areas these different services are usually provided not only by natural elements, but also man-made ones, e.g., paths and ǢǢǢ sewer systems that combine green spaces and technical elements for ȋֻ ȌǤ

ecosystem services, such as ȋֻȌǡ structuring the urban surroundings ϐ ȋֻȌǤ that the full spectrum of green space functions and services is much ϐtions of ecosystem services allow, encompassing more than 30 possibilities (see illustration below).

ns Ɵo nc fu

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ services An important concept that has emerged in relation to multifunctionality is ecosystem services. Broadly speaking, ecosystem services are the ϐ deliver to people4. They can be ϐǣ provisioning, regulating, habitat (biodiversity), and cultural services5, which together represent the ecological, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions of multifunctionality.

B Kyϰ͗Dh>d/&hEd/KE>hZE'ZE^W^/ED>DP ƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĂ'ZE^hZ'hƌďĂŶ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ >ĂďŝŶDĂůŵƂ͕^ǁĞĚĞŶ͕ƚŚĞŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶͲ ĂůŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐǁĂƐ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚŝŶǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐĂŶĚŵĞĞƟŶŐƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŝƚǇƐƚĂī͘ dŚƌŽƵŐŚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞĐŝƚǇŝƐ ĂŝŵŝŶŐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨŝƚƐh'/ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ŵĂŝŶůǇ ǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚͿĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƉƌŽǀŝͲ ƐŝŽŶŝŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ƚĂŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚͿ͘&ŽƵƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚďĞůŽǁ͘ WŝůĚĂŵŵƐƉĂƌŬĞŶ͗ĐůĂƐƐŝĐƉĂƌŬ ƚĂƐŝǌĞŽĨϰϱŚĂ͕ƚŚŝƐƌŽƵŐŚůǇϭϬϬǇĞĂƌ ŽůĚƉĂƌŬŝƐƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐůĂƌŐĞƐƚ͘/ƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ several ponds, meadows, an amphitheͲ ĂƚƌĞĨŽƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂŶĚŝƐƉŽƉƵůĂƌĨŽƌƉŝĐŶŝĐƐĂŶĚ ƌƵŶŶŝŶŐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŚŽƐƟŶŐŵĂŶǇďŝƌĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ƵĞƚŽŝƚƐƐŝǌĞĂŶĚƉĂƚŚŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͕ ƚŚĞƉĂƌŬƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂŵƉůĞƐƉĂĐĞĨŽƌƌĞĐƌĞͲ ĂƟŽŶĂŶĚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘^ŽŵĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŚĂǀĞƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶŵŝŶŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽŶƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚƌĂŵƉůĞĚǀĞŐĞƚĂͲ ƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĨƌŽŵǀŝƐŝͲ ƚŽƌƐ͛ĞŶũŽǇŵĞŶƚŽĨĨĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĚƵĐŬƐ͘

ŽĨƚŚĞZŝƐĞďĞƌŐĂƌĞĞŬ͕^ŬŽŐŚŽůŵƐćŶŐĂƌ has been developed into an area with ŽƉĞŶƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƉŽŶĚƐ͘dŚĞ ƐŝƚĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽŚŽƐƚŚŝŐŚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚƉůĂŶƚĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞ ǁĂƚĞƌďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĞƚůĂŶĚďŝŽƚŽƉĞƐ͘ tŚŝůĞŶŽƚĂůůƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƐŝƚĞĂƌĞĞĂƐŝůǇ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͕ƉĂƚŚƐĨŽƌǁĂůŬŝŶŐĂŶĚŚŽƌƐĞͲ ďĂĐŬƌŝĚŝŶŐďƌŝŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞŝŶƚŽĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂƌĞĂ͛ƐƌŝĐŚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘

ŝŶƵƐĞĂƐĂŵŝůŝƚĂƌǇǌŽŶĞĂŶĚĂůƐŽĂĐƚƐĂƐ ĂƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌďĞƚǁĞĞŶDĂůŵƂ and the proposed Almåsa nature ƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ͘dŚĞǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶŝƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞĚ ďǇŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚƐĨŽƌŵĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƉĂƐƚƵƌŝŶŐĂŶĚŚĂǇƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂŚĂďŝƚĂƚĨŽƌŵĂŶǇƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ ^ĞǀĞƌĂůůĂŶĚƵƐĞƐĂƌĞĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞĚŽŶ ƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚůŽǁͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚǇŐƌĂǌŝŶŐ͘

ƌĞĚŝƚ͗tĞƌŶĞƌZŽůĨ;ĂůůŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ZŝĞŬĞ,ĂŶƐĞŶͿ

ŬŽƐƚĂĚĞŶƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐ͗ĞĐŽͲĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ dŚĞŬŽƐƚĂĚĞŶƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĂƌĞĂŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůǇƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞůĂƚĞϭϵϵϬƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŽĨ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƐŽĐŝĂů͕ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇ;ֻŽǆϭ DĂůŵƂͿ͘DĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŚĂǀĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚƌĞŶŽͲ ǀĂƟŽŶŽĨďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽĨƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚƚƌĂĸĐĂƌĞĂƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶŽƉĞŶ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƐǇƐƚĞŵĂŶĚŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐ͘dŚŝƐ ŚĂƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƚŚĞƵƐĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ ĂŶĚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ůŽĐĂůƐŽĐŝĂůƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ͘

ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ Cultural • • • • •

ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ;ĂĐƟǀĞͿ EĂƚƵƌĞĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟŽŶ;ƉĂƐƐŝǀĞͿ ĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ Social encounters Mobility

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ • • •

Habitat for rare species Structural diversity EĂƟǀĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ

ZĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ • • • • •

hƌďĂŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ EŽŝƐĞŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ZƵŶͲŽīŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ &ůŽŽĚĐŽŶƚƌŽů;ǁĂƚĞƌƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶͿ WŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶ

WƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ

^ŬŽŐŚŽůŵƐćŶŐĂƌ͗ƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ dŚŝƐϰϱŚĂŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĂƌĞĂŝŶƐŽƵƚŚͲ eastern Malmö has been developed as a ƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĂŶ h>/&нWƌŽũĞĐƚ͘dŽƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ

• •

Farming/Gardening products Consumable wild plants

High provision Medium provision

ZŽďŽƞćůƚĞƚ͗ŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚ tŝƚŚĂƐŝǌĞŽĨĂďŽƵƚϭϭϬŚĂ͕ƚŚĞZŽďŽƞćůƚĞƚ ĂƌĞĂŝƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚĞĂƐƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͘/ƚŝƐƉĂƌƚůǇƐƟůů


Low provision

33

B One initial step can be to develop a city-wide planning strategy that highlights the different functions and ȋֻͶ Malmö). Such a strategic plan needs to ensure that UGI services contribute to an array of policy ȋֻ ǡֻȌǤ further components are also important. First, taking into account the interests and needs of all citizens ȋֻ Ȍǡǡ promoting collaboration with ϐǤ latter ‘multifunctional thinking’ approach is important to counter the ‘silo thinking’ that can be a barrier to cross-departmental collaboration. It may also open the door to synergies, for example, between recreation, climate change adaptation, and biodiversity conservation ȋֻ ǡ͵ȌǤ

Gathering knowledge on local citizens’ needs requires time, resources and an array of carefully selected participatory methods to make sure that the voices of all relevant groups ȋֻͶȌǤ

that all elements deliver a broad ϐǡ network as a whole provides a ϐ services, and in those areas where they are needed.

ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ A systematic spatial assessment, providing knowledge about UGI’s different functions and services, can be helpful to communicate the multiple values of UGI to decision-makers. Mapping and assessment tools can be used to quantify functions and services and reveal their spatial distribution ȋֻ networks, Toolbox T6).

ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ Alongside knowledge of multiple functions at the city level, it is crucial to consider the site level, since tradeϐ functions within the same area are not compatible. The capacity to deliver multiple services on one site often depends on its size. While larger sites tend to have greater capacity than smaller ones, several functions and services can usually be provided by the same area, even on small sites. Good design can help to ϐ ȋֻͶÚȌǤ

The provision of and demand for different functions and services can be analysed to identify areas where multifunctionality needs to be enhanced. It is not always essential

dĂŶŶĞƌ^ƉƌŝŶŐƐŝƐĂƐŵĂůůĐŝƚǇƉĂƌŬŝŶĚŽǁŶƚŽǁŶWŽƌƚůĂŶĚ͕KƌĞŐŽŶ͕ƚŚĂƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐŵƵůƟƉůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘/ƚĐŽůůĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶƐƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ͕ ŽīĞƌƐƐƉĂĐĞĨŽƌƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂŚĂďŝƚĂƚĨŽƌǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

34


B KEY MESSAGES FOR MULTIFUNCTIONALITY ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐůĞǀĞůƐ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚĂƐĂŶŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŝŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƉůĂŶƐ͕ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƐƉĂƟĂůĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͘ůĞǀĞƌĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚǀŝƐŝƚŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĐĂŶŚĞůƉƚŽŵĂǆŝŵŝƐĞƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐĂƚƚŚĞƐŝƚĞͲůĞǀĞů͘

hƐĞƚŽŽůƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ dŽŽůƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌŝĞƐŽƌĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĨƵůƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŵƵůƟƉůĞŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ;ֻdŽŽůďŽǆdϲͿ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞǇƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďǇĂƐŽƵŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŬŝŶĚŽĨŝŶƚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐĂŶĚƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīƐƚŚĂƚĞǆŝƐƚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƐĞ͘

^ƵƉƉŽƌƚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƚŽƌĂŝƐĞĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽĨĚĞŵĂŶĚƐĂŶĚŶĞĞĚƐ ĐƟǀĞůǇŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐĂĚŝǀĞƌƐĞŐƌŽƵƉŽĨůŽĐĂůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŝŶh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŵĂŬĞƐŝƚŵŽƌĞ ůŝŬĞůǇƚŚĂƚŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐǁŝůůŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞh'/ďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌĂǁŝĚĞƌĂŶŐĞ of people (ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘

&ŽƐƚĞƌŝŶƚĞƌͲĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌǇĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌĂůĂŶĚĐƌŽƐƐͲĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂů ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĞǆƉĞƌƟƐĞĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƐŝůŽͲƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŵƵƐƚ ďĞŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞƚŽƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇƉůĂŶĨŽƌŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ďǇƐŚĂƌŝŶŐƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚ ŽƵƚƉƵƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ (ֻŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ^ƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐͿ͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽǆdϲĨŽƌĞǆĞŵƉůĂƌǇŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŶĚƚŽŽůƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇĂŶĚĂƐƐĞƐƐŵƵůƟƉůĞŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘

REFERENCES 1 Natural England, 2009. Green Infrastructure Guidance, p22. Available from: http:// publications.naturalengland.org.uk/ publication/35033

4 TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 2011. TEEB Manual for Cities: Ecosystem Services in Urban Management. Available from: www.teebweb.org

2 Hansen, R., Pauleit, S., 2014. From Multifunctionality to Multiple Ecosystem Services? A Conceptual Framework for Multifunctionality in Green Infrastructure Planning for Urban Areas. AMBIO 43, 516-529.

5 Kumar, P., 2010. The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecological and economic foundations. In: TEEB: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. Earthscan, London.

3 Rodriguez, J.P., et al, 2006. Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services. Ecology and Society 11 (1), art. 28.

6 Gómez-Baggethun, E., et al, 2013. Urban Ecosystem Services, 175–251. In: T. Elmqvist, et al (eds). Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: challenges and opportunities. Springer, Dordrecht.


7 Sussams, L. W., et al, 2015. Green infrastructure as a climate change adaptation policy intervention: Muddying the waters or clearing a path to a more secure future? Journal of Environmental Management 147, 184-193.

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WZ/E/W>SOCIAL INCLUSION ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŝǀĞĂŶĚWĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ KEY OBJECTIVES Social inclusion… ͙ĂŝŵƐĂƚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂůůƐŽĐŝĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨh'/͕ǁŚŝůĞƉƵƫŶŐĂ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŽŶƚŚĞŵŽƐƚǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞŽŶĞƐ͘ ͙ƐĞĞŬƐŶŽƚŽŶůǇƚŽĂƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐďƵƚĂůƐŽƚŽďĂůĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞŵ͘

͞/ŶŵĂŶǇĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĚĞŶĐǇŝŶ ƌĞĐĞŶƚǇĞĂƌƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶ ƚŽƐŚŝŌƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚǇĂǁĂǇĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƐĞĐƚŽƌ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĚŽŝŶŐƚŚŝŶŐƐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨ ĚŽŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĂůŽŶĞ͘͟ϭ

͙ŝŶƚĞŶĚƐƚŽĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞŵŽƌĞĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘

h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŝŵƐĨŽƌĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂůůǇŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞŽƉĞŶƚŽĂůů ĂŶĚŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐŽĨĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƉĂƌƟĞƐ͘ Social inclusion in general refers to the involvement of a wide range of social groups (including vulnerable ones that are often excluded) in all spheres of life. Making UGI planning socially inclusive demands attention to the needs of these different groups. Of particular concern are those with the most ϐlating their interests, such as immigrants or Ǣless, unemployed or poor. If not carefully managed, initiatives to involve citizens in planning produce results that favour some

and not others, by further empowering those in advantaged positions, or encouraging resistance from narrow interest groups to policies designed for the public interest2. In order to avoid these pitfalls, it is essential that governing institutions are capable of not only listening to a range of interests, but also channelling and balancing them. Social inclusion is related to social cohesion, yet these are not the same. The latter concerns the outcome of UGI planning with ȋֻsion), while socially inclusive UGI planning is instead a process of including all social and cultural groups people in decision-making – one end goal of which is UGI that is equally accessible to them and meets their various ȋֻȌǤ

tŽƌŬŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉĂƚƚŚĞ y//͘:h>:E ĞǇŽŶĚƚŚĞŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ^ŝƚĞ;^ͿŝƐ ĂƉƌŽũĞĐƚĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐůŽĐĂůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐŝƚĞŝŶ>ũƵďůũĂŶĂ͕ ^ůŽǀĞŶŝĂ͘ 'ƌĂƐƐƌŽŽƚƐďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐƐ ^ǁĂƐŬŝĐŬͲƐƚĂƌƚĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϬďǇŶĞŝŐŚͲ ďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚĂĐƟǀŝƐƚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞE'KƐ ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĨƌŽŵϭϴŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ĞǆĂŵƉůĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƵƌŽƉĞ͘ Deliverable 6.2.

Kyϲ͗d>D,K>d^YhZ͕Z>/E dǁŽƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶǇĂŶĚƵĚĂƉĞƐƚ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌǇ͕ƌĞǀĞĂůƚŚĞĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůǇ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶƌĞƐƵůƚ ĨƌŽŵĂƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ ŽƚŚŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞĚŝŶĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚ ƉĂƌƚƐŽĨĞĂĐŚĐŝƚǇ͘ ĚǀŽĐĂĐǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƵĚĂƉĞƐƚ dŚĞƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽĨdĞůĞŬŝ^ƋƵĂƌĞ͕ƵĚĂͲ ƉĞƐƚ͕ǁĂƐŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚďǇĂŐƌŽƵƉŽĨǇŽƵŶŐ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ǁŚŽ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͕ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ƐĂ ƌĞƐƵůƚ͕ĂƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͛ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞƚŚĞƐƋƵĂƌĞ͛ƐŽŶŐŽŝŶŐŵĂŝŶͲ ƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŶĞǁĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨdĞůĞŬŝ^ƋƵĂƌĞĐůĞĂƌůǇ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞĂƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌĞƐŝͲ ĚĞŶƚƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞĞǆĐůƵĚŝŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘^ƚƌĞĞƚ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞǁĂƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ƐůĞĞƉŝŶŐ͖ĞĂƟŶŐĂŶĚĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐĂƌĞ ĨŽƌďŝĚĚĞŶ͖ŐƵĂƌĚƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶǇŽŶĞǁŚŽĚŝƐŽďĞǇƐƚŚĞ ƌƵůĞƐ͘dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚĐĂŶďĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĞĚĂƐ ĂŶĞǁĞǆĐůƵƐŝŽŶĨŽƌĂůƌĞĂĚǇͲĚŝƐĞŶĨƌĂŶͲ ĐŚŝƐĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞZŽŵĂ͕ ŚŽŵĞůĞƐƐƉĞŽƉůĞĂŶĚĂůĐŽŚŽůŝĐƐͿ͘

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ƋƵŝƚǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶĞƌůŝŶ dŚĞƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ,ĞůŵŚŽůƚǌ^ƋƵĂƌĞ ǁĂƐŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĞĂƌůǇϮϬϬϬƐ͕ĂƐƉĂƌƚ ŽĨĂĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĨŽƌ ĚĞƉƌŝǀĞĚŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ;ֻŽǆϲ ĞƌůŝŶͿ͘dŚĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƉĂŝĚĨŽƌĂĐŽŵŵƵͲ ŶŝƚǇŽĸĐĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚĂƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐŽĨĂůů ŐƌŽƵƉƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƋƵĂƌĞ͕ĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ŝŶĂŐĞŶƵŝŶĞůǇŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘^ŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞŶ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨŐĞŶƚƌŝĮͲ ĐĂƟŽŶŚĂƐƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚƚŚĞƐĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞĂƌĞĂůŽƐƚŝƚƐĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ĂŶĚůŝŬĞǁŝƐĞŝƚƐĐŽŵŵƵͲ ŶŝƚǇŽĸĐĞ͘^ŽŵĞŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐ ǁŚŽŚĂĚŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚĐĞŶƚƌĂůƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞ ƐƋƵĂƌĞĂƌĞŶŽǁĨĂĐŝŶŐůĞƐƐƚŽůĞƌĂŶĐĞ ĨƌŽŵŵŝĚĚůĞĐůĂƐƐŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ǁŚŽƐĞ ǀŽŝĐĞƐĂƌĞŐƌŽǁŝŶŐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůǇĚŽŵŝͲ ŶĂŶƚ͘,ŽǁƚŚŝƐŵŽƵŶƟŶŐĐŽŶŇŝĐƚǁŝůů ďĞƐŽůǀĞĚŝƐŶŽƚǇĞƚĐůĞĂƌ͘ tŚŝůĞƚŚĞƚǁŽĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĚŝīĞƌ;ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚďĞŝŶŐĂŐŽŽĚĞǆĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂĚǀŽĐĂĐǇ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚŽĨĞƋƵŝƚǇƉůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐʹƐĞĞĞǀĞůƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͗ĨƌŽŵ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŽĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ Many levels of participation in planning are possible and these have often been represented along a spectrum, starting at one end with simply informing citizens, all the way to complete citizen control in decisionmaking at the other end – with several steps in between (e.g., see the IAP2 Public Participation Spectrum5). In European cities, information and consultation processes are usually dictated by laws or regulations. Despite their formality, these processes can help to reveal citizens’ concerns and ideas. However, ensuring that they ϐϐǯests requires different efforts to engage people. Further, trust is built when participants feel that their voices are actually being considered instead of just heard. Consultation tends to be less formal in cities where citizens’ demands are part of the public policy culture and strengthened by bottom-up initiatives. To promote collaborative decision-making, some cities, such as Aarhus, have agreed on guidelines for citizen involvement from the outset of all municipal plans, strategies and projects6.

ϐ over decision-making processes and outcomes, while governments may ϐzens and accessing non-traditional forms of local knowledge. Examples in practice have included participatory budgeting or public-led priority green space projects for neighbourȋֻͷ͵ Utrecht). Allowing for and considering citizens’ concerns and ideas in the planning process is a step towards more socially inclusive planning, especially if included in a co-governance framework. Yet, there is more a practitioner can do to improve inclusivity in the planning process. In recent decades, even more radical approaches to citizen participation have been formulated, such as advocacy, empowerment or equity planning (see Key Terms Box, ֻ͸Ȍ7. When it comes to realising social inclusion in UGI planning practice, there are many ways to increase the willingness of citizens to express their preferences and participate in different stages of

ȋֻ͹ǡ Box E3 Aarhus).

KEY TERMS8 ĚǀŽĐĂĐǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗ĂƩĞŵƉƚƐƚŽŽīĞƌ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽƚĂŬĞƉĂƌƚŝŶ ŶĞŐŽƟĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐ͘ ĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ͘ ŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗ seeks to ĞŶĂďůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐďǇ ďƌŝŶŐŝŶŐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇĂĐƟŽŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĂĐƟŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŝŶŐ;ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚŽƐĞ ĂīĞĐƚĞĚďǇĂƉƌŽďůĞŵŵŽďŝůŝƐĞƚŽ ĮŶĚĂƐŽůƵƟŽŶͿ͕ĂŶĚƉŽƉƵůĂƌĞĚƵĐĂͲ ƟŽŶ;ƌĂŝƐŝŶŐĐƌŝƟĐĂůĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ ĂŵŽŶŐĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐͿĂƐƉĂƌƚ ŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƚŽƌĞĚƌĞƐƐƉŽǁĞƌƌĞůĂͲ ƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďƌŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚƐŽĐŝĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞϵ. ƋƵŝƚǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗involves planners ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƐŝĚĞŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚǁŚŽƵƐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĞǆƉĞƌƟƐĞƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ǀŝĞǁƐ͕ŵŽďŝůŝƐĞŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƵŶĚĞƌͲ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĂĚǀĂŶĐĞƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂŝŵŽĨƌĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽŽƌ͘

ŽͲŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ Another way to think about participation is in terms of co-governance, where power is distributed between authorities and citizens (see Deliverables 6.1 and 6.2). Citizens can be KŶĞŽĨĞƌůŝŶ͛ƐŵŽƐƚǁĞůůͲŬŶŽǁŶ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͕ƚŚĞ WƌŝŶǌĞƐƐŝŶŶĞŶŐĂƌƚĞŶŝƐĐŽͲŵĂŶĂŐĞĚďǇĂ ƐŵĂůůƚĞĂŵŽĨĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐĂŶĚŚƵŶĚƌĞĚƐŽĨ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐŽŶůĂŶĚƌĞŶƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ &ƌŝĞĚƌŝĐŚƐŚĂŝŶͲŝƐďŽŶ͛ƐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͍͟ /ŶϮϬϭϳ͕ĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ'ZE^hZ' ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ĂWW'/^ƐƵƌǀĞǇǁĂƐ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚŝŶ>ŝƐďŽŶ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ ĂŝŵŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐůŽĐĂůh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ;ƐĞĞŵĂƉďĞůŽǁͿ͘ dŚĞƐƵƌǀĞǇĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚƚŚŽƐĞŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůǇǀŝƐŝƚĞĚ͕ƚŚŽƐĞ ĂǀŽŝĚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚŽƐĞƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚĂƐ ŚĂǀŝŶŐŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ŽƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘/ƚǁĂƐůĞĚďǇƚŚĞĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌĐŽůŽŐǇ͕ǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ ŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂŶŐĞƐ;ĐϯĐͿĂƚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌͲ ƐŝƚǇŽĨ>ŝƐďŽŶ͕ŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇŽĨ>ŝƐďŽŶ͘ƚƚŚĞƟŵĞŽĨ ǁƌŝƟŶŐ͕ĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞƐƵƌǀĞǇ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐǁĂƐƐƟůůŝŶƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͘WƌĞůŝŵͲ ŝŶĂƌǇƌĞƐƵůƚƐƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚĂďŽƵƚϳϬй of respondents were not aware of the ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇ͛ƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂŶĚƉůĂŶƐĨŽƌ ŝƚƐŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐ ŵŽƌĞǁŽƌŬŝƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽƌĂŝƐĞůŽĐĂů ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽĨh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

ĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨWW'/^ŝŶ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƉƵďůŝĐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ϭ͘ Enables many residents and stakeholders to more easily ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƚŚŽƐĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƟŵĞ ŽƌĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞƚŽĂƩĞŶĚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĨŽƌƵŵƐ͘ Ϯ͘ ĂŶƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚǇŶĂŵŝĐŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ ϯ͘ /ƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůǇŝŶĞǆƉĞŶƐŝǀĞĂŶĚĞĂƐǇ ƚŽĐŽŶĚƵĐƚ͘

Green spaces most frequently visited City parks Lisbon municipal boundary ϬϭϮϯϰϱŬŵ

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ϰ͘ KīĞƌƐŵĂƉƐĂƐĂƚĂŶŐŝďůĞ outcome to support planning and ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘ DĂƉƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚĞWW'/^ ƐƵƌǀĞǇŝŶ>ŝƐďŽŶ͘ Credit: Ana Catarina Luz


B KEY MESSAGES FOR INCREASING SOCIAL INCLUSION DĂƚĐŚƚŚĞůĞǀĞůŽĨƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƐĐĂůĞ͕ĐŽŶƚĞǆƚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌǇ͕ďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞĐĂŶĞŵƉŽǁĞƌůŽĐĂůƉĞŽƉůĞĂŶĚ͕ŝŶƐŽŵĞĐĂƐĞƐ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚ in local residents taking responsibility to manage an urban green space (ֻBox B5 >ũƵďůũĂŶĂͿ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŵĂǇŶŽƚďĞƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĂƚĂŵƵĐŚůĂƌŐĞƌͲƐĐĂůĞ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŶĞĞĚƚŽĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƐƵƉƉůĂŶƚ͕ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͘

/ĚĞŶƟĨǇƵŶĚĞƌͲƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŽĞŶŐĂŐĞƚŚĞŵ WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĐĂŶĞĂƐŝůǇůĞĂĚƚŽĂŶƵŶďĂůĂŶĐĞĚůĞǀĞůŽĨŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĞǆĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ůĞƐƐƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŐƌŽƵƉƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂŶĚĂďƵŶĚůĞŽĨĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚƚŽŝŶǀŽůǀĞƚŚĞŵ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƐƉĞĐŝĂůƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇŽīĞƌƐĨŽƌǇŽƵŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ ǁŽŵĞŶ͕ŽƌĞƚŚŶŝĐŵŝŶŽƌŝƟĞƐ;ֻŽǆϯĂƌŚƵƐͿ͘KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĞĂƐŝĞƐƚǁĂǇƐŝƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĐŝƟǌĞŶ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝƐƚŽĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞďƵƌĚĞŶƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƚŽŵĂŬĞŝƚĂƐƐŝŵƉůĞĂƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌƉĞŽƉůĞƚŽŐĞƚŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚֻ͘dŽŽůďŽǆdϳƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŽŽůƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶŚĞůƉ͘

ĚĚƌĞƐƐƐŬŝůůĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ dŽŵŽǀĞĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂůĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶƚŽƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐƚŽĞĸĐŝĞŶƚƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞĚĞĂůƚǁŝƚŚ͘dŚĞƐĞŵŝŐŚƚďĞůĂĐŬŽĨĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ƟŵĞĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐ͕ŝŶƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ůĂĐŬŽĨƐŽĐŝĂů ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŬŝůůƐĂŵŽŶŐĐŝƚǇŽĸĐŝĂůƐĂŶĚͬŽƌŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ŽƌƚŚĞ ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽůŝĐǇĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐ͘dŽƚŚŝƐĞŶĚ͕ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂƌĞĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐĂ ĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚŽƌ͕ŽƌĂĚǀŽĐĂƟŶŐƚŽŚŝŐŚĞƌƉŽůŝƟĐĂůůĞǀĞůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌ ŵŽƌĞƉŽůŝĐǇŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

^ŽĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŐŽĞƐďĞǇŽŶĚƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŌĞƌƉůĂŶƐĂƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŶŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂůůŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘dŚŝƐ may include physical maintenance programmes, but also social work (ֻ^ŽĐŝĂůŽŚĞƐŝŽŶͿ͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽǆdϳĨŽƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŶĚƚŽŽůƐƚŽŚĞůƉĨŽƐƚĞƌƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘

REFERENCES 1 Kooiman, J., 1993. Modern Governance: New Government-Society Interactions. Sage, London. 2 Cook, B., Kothari, U. (eds), 2001. Participation: the new Tyranny? Zed Books Ltd. New York. 3 Aalbers, C., Eckerberg, K., 2013. Governance and Sustainability of Peri-Urban Areas: A Comparative Analysis of the PLUREL Case Studies. In: Nillson, K., Pauleit, S., et al. (eds). Peri-urban futures: Scenarios and models for land use change in Europe. Springer, p367.

4 Baker, S., Eckerberg, K. (eds). 2008. In Pursuit of Sustainable Development, New governance practices at the sub-national level in Europe. Routledge, p91. 5 IAP2 International Federation, 2012. IAP2 Spectrum of Public Participation. Available from: www.iap2.org/?page=A5

7 Bratt, R.G., Reardon, K.M., 2013. Beyond the Ladder: New Ideas About Resident Roles in Contemporary Community Development in the United States. In: Carmon, N., Fainstein, S. (eds.). Policy, Planning, and People. Promoting Justice in Urban Development. University of Pennsylvania Press, p359. 8

6 See more at City of Aarhus website: https:// www.aarhus.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/ CityOfAarhus/Home/The-City-Council/TheAarhus-model.aspx?sc_lang=da


See Bratt et al., 2013.

9 Reardon, K.M., 2000. An Experiential Approach to Creating a Community/University Partnership That Works: The East St. Louis Action Research Project. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 5-1, 59-74.

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FURTHER READING PRACTICAL GUIDANCE ŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐtŝƚŚ'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ. EPA, 2014. 'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂƐĞ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ͗DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůWŽůŝĐŝĞƐĨŽƌDĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘EPA, 2010. 'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ'ƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ;EŽ͘EϭϳϲͿ͘EĂƚƵƌĂůŶŐůĂŶĚ͕ϮϬϬϵ͘ dŚĞDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇŽĨ'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĨŽƌŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůWŽůŝĐǇ͕ /ŶͲĚĞƉƚŚZĞƉŽƌƚ͘ DG Environment, 2012. dDĂŶƵĂůĨŽƌŝƟĞƐ͗ĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶhƌďĂŶDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dʹdŚĞ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŽĨĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ϮϬϭϭ͘ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘&ŽƌĞƐƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŐĞŶĐǇ͕hŽĐĂů^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ'ƌŽƵƉdŽŽůŬŝƚ͘hZd͕ϮϬϭϯ͘

SCIENTIFIC TEXTS 'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĨŽƌ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ,ƵŵĂŶĂŶĚEĂƚƵƌĂů Systems. ďŝŶŐĚŽŶ͕hŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ Review. ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚϮ͕ϭͲϮϰ͘ĞĂƵĐŚĂŵƉ͕W͕͘ ĚĂŵŽǁƐŬŝ͕:͕͘ϮϬϭϯ͘ ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƉŽůŝĐǇŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚϰϮ͕ϭϱϭʹϭϲϰ͘ĂƌƚĞƌ͕d͕͘&ŽǁůĞƌ͕>͕͘ϮϬϬϴ͘ īĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨ>Žǁ/ŵƉĂĐƚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚWƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͗>ŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞZĞǀŝĞǁĂŶĚ ^ƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐĨŽƌ&ƵƚƵƌĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘tĂƚĞƌ͕ŝƌĂŶĚ^ŽŝůWŽůůƵƟŽŶ͘ϮϮϯ͕ϰϮϱϯͲϰϮϳϯ͘ Ahiablame, L.M. et al., 2012. dŚĞĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƵƌďĂŶůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞͲďĂƐĞĚƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͗ĂƌĞǀŝĞǁŽĨƚǁĞŶƚǇƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶƵƌŽƉĞ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƌĐŚŝͲ ƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ϴ;ϮͿ͕ϱϮͲϲϯ͘ĂĐŬŚĂƵƐ͕͕͘&ƌǇĚ͕K͕͘ϮϬϭϯ͘ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽƐƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨ'ƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘&ŝŶĂů ƌĞƉŽƌƚƚŽƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͘'ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ĐŽůŽŐŝĐŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĂŶĚ',/Dd,E'

/K/sZ^/dz

'ZEKEKDz

^K/>K,^/KE dŚĞĨŽƵƌĐŽƌĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨ h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĐĂŶĞĂĐŚŚĞůƉ ƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞ ĞǆĂŵŝŶĞĚŝŶ'ZE^hZ'͘

'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞǇŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚŐƌĞĞŶ ĨŽƌŇŽŽĚƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶŽƌ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚ ƵƌďĂŶĐŽŽůŝŶŐ͘ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŶĂƚƵƌĂů ǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĐŽŽůŝŶŐ͘

ZĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂĚĂƉͲ ƚĂƟŽŶĂƐĂŶŝŶƚĞŐƌĂů ƉĂƌƚŽĨƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨŽƌ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͘

/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŽĨŐƌŽƵƉƐ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŝŶ h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

Habitat provision, ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐŶĂƟǀĞ plants as one of the ĐŽͲďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶͲ ŐƌĞǇƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͘

Networks for ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘

WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚĂƐĂŶŝŶƚĞŐƌĂů ƉĂƌƚŽĨƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨŽƌ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͘

&ŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ĂŵŽŶŐĂůůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽĨ the value of ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘

ZĞĚƵĐĞĚŵĂŶĂŐĞͲ ŵĞŶƚĐŽƐƚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŐƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞǇ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͖ĂǀŽŝĚĞĚ ĐŽƐƚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƌŝƐŬ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ͘

WƌŽŵŽƟŽŶŽĨ sustainable transport ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐĂŶĚďŝŬŝŶŐƚŽ lessen environmental ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͘

ŽƐƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞh'/ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŵƵůƟƉůĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘

WƌŽŵŽƟŽŶŽĨĂŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽͲĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽͲŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ĐŽͲŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

WƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨh'/ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ demands and needs ŽĨĂůůŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘

ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞĂŶĚůĞƐƐͲ ǀŽĐĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ͛ŶĞĞĚƐ and their empowerͲ ŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĐŽůůĂďͲ ŽƌĂƟǀĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ Provision of ƵƐĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚĂŵĞŶŝƚǇ ĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽ ǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ h'/ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘


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ASSESSING UGI NETWORKS hŶĐŽǀĞƌǀĂůƵĞĂŶĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ ^ǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ h'/ŝƐĂŶĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƉƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƌƚŽƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŶǇƐŽƵŶĚh'/ ƉůĂŶ͕ďƵƚĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽ ƚŽŽůƐƚŽƌĂŝƐĞĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽĨh'/͛Ɛ ŵƵůƟƉůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘YƵĂŶƟĨǇŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇƚŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝŶ h'/͕ŝĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚǁĞůůƚŽƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐ͘ YƵĂŶƟƚǇEƋƵĂůŝƚǇ Identifying and quantifying a broad ȋֻ ǡȌϐ in understanding the shortcomings and potential of a UGI network, but it is also important to assess the quality of these elements and their ȋֻtivity). Quality in its simplest form can be assessed by gathering data on ϐ UGI elements. Any qualitative assessment as a basis for UGI planning

KEY MESSAGES ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐh'/͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƋƵĂŶƟƚǇ͕ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ƐƵƉƉůǇĂŶĚĚĞŵĂŶĚ͕ŝƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůĨŽƌĚĞĮŶŝŶŐĂĐƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐ͘ hƐĞĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƚŽƌĂŝƐĞĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨh'/ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ ŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞŽĨĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƚŽŽůƐĞǆŝƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨh'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐʹŝƚŝƐďĞƐƚƚŽƵƐĞĂŵŝǆŽĨƚŚĞŵ͘ ϐtrum of functions and services before identifying priorities ȋֻȌǤ ecosystem services approach is one means of doing so. The TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) initiative suggests a stepwise procedure to identify and ϐ needs in a given urban area ȋֻͶͺȌǤ

^ƵƉƉůǇĂŶĚĚĞŵĂŶĚ Alongside information about existing green and blue spaces, both demand for and access to them need to be considered. Top-down assessments can also help determine priority actions, such as a green space audit, which assesses and maps city green spaces along with their shortcomings, potential and accessibility for residents in different parts of the city ȋֻͶȌǤ

dŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉĂĐŝƚǇ͛ƐŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐŶĞĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŶŽƚŽŶůǇƚŚĞǀĂůƵĂďůĞŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐďƵƚĂůƐŽƚŚŽƐĞĂƌĞĂƐƚŚĂƚŚŽůĚ ŚŝĚĚĞŶƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐŝƚǇŽĨ>ŝƐďŽŶ͕ĨŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝƐƚƵƌŶŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞůĂŶĚƐŝŶƚŽŐƌĞĞŶĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

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C Kyϭ͗^^^^/E'd,^K/>s>hK&'ZE^Wt/d,WW'/^͕Z>/E tĂǇƐƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚƵƐĞƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞĂƌĞŽĨ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶŵĂŶǇĐŝƟĞƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐŽŌĞŶŶĞĞĚƚŽďĂůĂŶĐĞ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂƟƐͲ ĨĂĐƟŽŶ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ͕WƵďůŝĐWĂƌƟĐŝͲ ƉĂƚŽƌǇ'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ^ǇƐƚĞŵƐ;WW'/^ͿĐĂŶŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŽŶƚƌĂĚŝͲ ƟŽŶĂůƐƵƌǀĞǇŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͕ĐĂƉƚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůǀĂůƵĞŽĨŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽǀĞƌƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƐƵƌǀĞǇƐ ZĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶŚĂƐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůǇ ďĞĞŶĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚĞŝƚŚĞƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉŽƐƚĂů ƐƵƌǀĞǇƐŝŶƋƵŝƌŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƵƐĞŽĨ ĂŶĚƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉĂƌŬƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚǇŝŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕ŽƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽŶͲƐŝƚĞ͕ŽŶĞͲŽŶͲŽŶĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ͘dŚĞƐĞƐĂŵĞŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ŚĂǀĞĂůƐŽďĞĞŶƵƐĞĚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂͲ ƟŽŶĂůŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ͘ tŚŝůĞďŽƚŚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĐĂŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŵƵĐŚ ƵƐĞĨƵůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕WW'/^ĂůůŽǁƐĐŝƟĞƐƚŽ ŽďƚĂŝŶƚŚŝƐĚĂƚĂĂĐƌŽƐƐĞŶƟƌĞĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐŽƌ

ĐŝƚǇͲǁŝĚĞ͘ZĞƐƵůƚƐĨƌŽŵĂWW'/^ƐƵƌǀĞǇ ĐĂŶŐƌĞĂƚůǇĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƉůĂŶͲ ŶĞƌƐĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŚŽǁ parks are used, the needs and preferͲ ĞŶĐĞƐŽĨƉĂƌŬͲŐŽĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ;ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͿƚŚĂƚƐƵĐŚƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇĂƌŝƐĞ͘ ůƐŽ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐĞŶƚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶƚŽĂ'/^͕ŝƚĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞƌůĂŝĚǁŝƚŚŵĂƉ ůĂǇĞƌƐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůǇƵƐĞĚďǇƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŽĨŚĂďŝƚĂƚƋƵĂůŝƚǇͿ͕ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐŵŽƌĞ ŚŽůŝƐƟĐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŵĂŬŝŶŐŝƚĞĂƐŝĞƌƚŽŝĚĞŶͲ ƟĨǇǁŚĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐŵĂǇďĞŶĞĞĚĞĚ͘ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶĞƌůŝŶ ƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ'ZE^hZ'͕ĂŶŽŶůŝŶĞWW'/^ ƐƚƵĚǇǁĂƐĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚŝŶĞƌůŝŶƚŽĞǆƉůŽƌĞ ƵƐĞƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŚĞǇƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂƌĞƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ;ƐĞĞŵĂƉďĞůŽǁͿ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĂďůĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐůĂƐƚ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶƐƵƌǀĞǇŝŶƚĞƌŵƐ

ŽĨŐĞŶĞƌĂůƵƐĞƐĂŶĚƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐŽĨŶĞĞĚƐ͕ ƚŚĞWW'/^ƐƵƌǀĞǇƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŵƵĐŚƌŝĐŚĞƌ ĚĞƚĂŝůĂďŽƵƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƉĂƌŬƐ͘dŚĞƐƵƌǀĞǇ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐĞǆƉĞƌŝͲ ĞŶĐŝŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐůŝŬĞŽǀĞƌĐƌŽǁĚŝŶŐŽƌ ůĂĐŬŽĨŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞŬŝŶĚƐŽĨĂĐƟǀŝͲ ƟĞƐƚĂŬŝŶŐƉůĂĐĞĂŶĚǁŚĞƌĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůǀĂůƵĞƐƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŬŝŶĚŽĨ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐĂŶƐĞƌǀĞĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨƉůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐ͕ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƉƉůŝĐĂͲ ƟŽŶƐ;ƐĞĞŝŶƐĞƚďĞůŽǁͿ͘

WŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨWW'/^ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ϭ͘ /ĚĞŶƟĨǇŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐŽĨǀĂůƵĞĂŶĚ uses Ϯ͘ /ĚĞŶƟĨǇƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ and/or redevelopment areas ϯ͘ ŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞŚŽǁƉĞŽƉůĞŵĂǇ react to planning and management decisions DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ϭ͘ WŝŶƉŽŝŶƚĂŶƟͲƐŽĐŝĂůĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ Ϯ͘ ĞƩĞƌĂůůŽĐĂƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĨŽƌ maintenance ϯ͘ ĞƩĞƌƚĂƌŐĞƚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇͿ ĞƐŝŐŶ ϭ͘ Protect especially loved features in a park redesign Ϯ͘ Redesign areas experiencing ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐŚŽƌƚĐŽŵŝŶŐƐ

ϬϱϭϬϮϬŬŵ


,ŽƚƐƉŽƚŵĂƉŽĨĨĂǀŽƵƌŝƚĞŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂůƐŽƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚĂƐ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĂů͘dŚĞŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐ͕ƐŚŽǁŶŝŶƌĞĚ͕ ĂƌĞĐĞŶƚƌĞĚĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƉĂƌŬƐ dŝĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶ͕dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨĞƌ&ĞůĚ͕dƌĞƉƚŽǁĞƌ WĂƌŬĂŶĚsŽůŬƐƉĂƌŬ&ƌŝĞĚƌŝĐŚƐŚĂŝŶ͘ Credit: Emily Rall

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C dΈd,KEKD/^K&K^z^dD^E/K/sZ^/dzΉ^dWt/^WWZK,1 dŚĞdƐƚĞƉǁŝƐĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝƐŽŶĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŵĞĂŶƐŽĨŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐĂŶĚĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐďŽƚŚƚŚĞŶĞĞĚƐŽĨƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨh'/͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐŝŶŐĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘ ^ƚĞƉϭ͗^ƉĞĐŝĨǇĂŶĚĂŐƌĞĞŽŶĂƉƌŽďůĞŵŽƌƉŽůŝĐǇŝƐƐƵĞǁŝƚŚƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞƚĂĐŬůĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ;^^Ϳ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘ ^ƚĞƉϮ͗/ĚĞŶƟĨǇǁŚŝĐŚ^^ĂƌĞŵŽƐƚƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͿ͘ ^ƚĞƉϯ͗ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞǁŚĂƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐŶĞĞĚĞĚĂŶĚƐĞůĞĐƚƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞ^^ƵŶĚĞƌĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ͘ ^ƚĞƉϰ͗/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐ;ĨƵƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶͿ^^ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ ^ƚĞƉϱ͗/ĚĞŶƟĨǇĂŶĚĂƐƐĞƐƐƉŽůŝĐǇ͕ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽƉƟŽŶƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŽƌƐĞĐƵƌĞ^^ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƐŝŐŶͬ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŽŽůƐƚŽƐĞƚƚŚĞŽƉƟŽŶƐŝŶŵŽƟŽŶ͘ ^ƚĞƉϲ͗ƐƐĞƐƐƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂů͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƉŽůŝĐǇŽƉƟŽŶƐŽŶƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘

ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ϐ economic values can be a particularly convincing strategy to persuade decision-makers. For instance, the City of Edinburgh assessed the social return on investment of its urban green space, showing that, for every single GBP spent, 12-14GBP are generated in social-economic and ϐ2. Similarly, illustrating the costs of NOT investing in UGI can be equally ȋֻʹȌǤ ^ŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ϐ cannot be easily translated into monetary values, or it may simply not make sense to do so. Examples include a powerful place identity, inspiration received from green spaces, or the value of biodiversity. Here, other kinds of assessment come into play.

Ecological assessments can look at the quantity and quality of green spaces in general, of ecosystems, or of particular components of ecosystems. For example, a vulnerability assessment can identify areas which are more exposed to hazards from climate change and/or have less ȋֻͳȌǤ Social assessments concern the perceptions, values and goals of individuals or groups, and their relationships with green space. This type of assessment is more useful for intangible services, like spirituality or Ǣ are likely to have very different Ǣ for potentially controversial green space-related actions. Tools such as ȋֻ͹ Lisbon and C1 Berlin on PPGIS) can help to reveal what matters most to

citizens. Some expert-based studies, such as Edinburgh’s Open Space Audit, can also be considered a form ȋֻͶburgh).

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ Finally, integrated assessments bring together the ecological, economic and/or social dimensions. In their simplest form, individual results of the different assessment types can be discussed alongside one another, recognising that each is important to consider. Depending upon the consistency and comparability of methods, there are also integrated assessment tools that allow better side-by-side comparisons, such as multi-criteria analysis. See Toolboxes T1, T2, T6 and T7 for a range of assessment tools and Milestone 32 for more information on integrated valuation methods for UGI.

REFERENCES 1 TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 2011. TEEB Manual for Cities: Ecosystem Services in Urban Management. See more at www.teebweb.org

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2 Reil, A., 2015. 1st Stakeholder Dialogue Forum - “Green Infrastructure for and with citizens: How can local governments make it happen?” Brussels, 13 October 2015. GREEN SURGE joint milestone “Workshop on good practice in UGI planning and green space governance” (MS35).


C KyϮ͗^^^^/E'd,ZK>K&WZ/ͳhZE&ZD>E/Eh'/W>EE/E'͕D>DP hƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚĞŶĚƐƚŽ ĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƉĂƌŬƐŽƌ ƵƌďĂŶĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ǁŝƚŚůĞƐƐĂƩĞŶƟŽŶƉĂŝĚ ƚŽƉƌŝǀĂƚĞůǇͲŽǁŶĞĚŽƌůĞĂƐĞĚƐŝƚĞƐƐƵĐŚ ĂƐĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ůĂŶĚƵƐĞĚĨŽƌ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐŚĂƐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽŵĂŬĞĂ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘&ĂƌŵĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐĨŽƌh'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐĂŶĚƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚďƌŽĂĚĞƌƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘ As part of the GREEN SURGE Urban >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ>ĂďŝŶDĂůŵƂ͕^ǁĞĚĞŶ͕ĂŶ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛Ɛ ƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚǁĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚďǇ ĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌǇƚĞĂŵ͕ŵĂĚĞƵƉŽĨ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚƐƚĂīĨƌŽŵĮǀĞŵƵŶŝĐͲ ŝƉĂůĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞŝƚǇŽĨDĂůŵƂ owns about half of the farmland within ŝƚƐĐŝƚǇůŝŵŝƚƐʹĂďŽƵƚϮ͕ϮϬϬŚĂŝŶƚŽƚĂů ʹĂŶĚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌϭ͕ϱϬϬŚĂŝŶĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ͘dŚĞĐŝƚǇƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚƚŚŝƐ land for urban expansion purposes, ďƵƚŚĂƐƐŝŶĐĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽůŝĐǇĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĐŽŵƉĂĐƚƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘

dŚŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƚŽĨŽƌŵƵͲ ůĂƚĞŶĞǁƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŐŽĂůƐĨŽƌƚŚĞůĂŶĚ͕ ĂŶĚĂůƐŽƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝƚ ĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĂh'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘dŚĞĂƐƐĞƐƐͲ ŵĞŶƚĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ͗ ϭ͘ dŚĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇĨŽƌĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞͲ ĮƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞ͕ ĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƐĞůĨͲƐƵĸĐŝĞŶĐǇ͖ Ϯ͘ ^ŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͖ ϯ͘ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͖ĂŶĚ ϰ͘ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘ dŚĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƐŝƚĞĐŽŶĚŝͲ ƟŽŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƐŽŝů͕ŚǇĚƌŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚƚŽƉŽŐͲ ƌĂƉŚǇ͕ŝŶƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĨĂƌŵͲ ůĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘dŚĞĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŚĂƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶƚǁŽŵĂŝŶƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇϭ͗ƐƐŝƐƚŚŝŐŚůǇͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽh'/ďǇ ;ĂͿŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐŵĂůů

ďŝŽƚŽƉĞƐĂŶĚůŝŶĞĂƌƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ƐŽĂƐƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇĨŽƌǁŝůĚůŝĨĞĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ;ďͿĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐŵƵůƟƉůĞ ŽŶͲƐŝƚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ŵĂƌŬĞƚͲŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ďĞƌƌǇͲƉŝĐŬŝŶŐĮĞůĚƐŽƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞŐĂƌĚĞŶƐͿ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇϮ͗ƐƐŝƐƚůĞƐƐͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽh'/ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚůŽǁͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƐŽĂƐƚŽŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůǀĂůƵĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂŶĚƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐŵĂǇŚĞůƉĞǆƉĂŶĚƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨDĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ'ƌĞĞŶͲ ůƵĞWůĂŶ;ֻŽǆϰDĂůŵƂͿƚŽĂŐƌŝͲ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚ͘tŚŝůĞƚŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŝŶ Malmö is unique, the assessment ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŵŝŐŚƚĂůƐŽďĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞƚŽŽƚŚĞƌĐŝƟĞƐůŽŽŬŝŶŐƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌŽůĞŽĨƉĞƌŝͲ ƵƌďĂŶĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŝƌh'/ networks.

DĂůŵƂ͛ƐĞĂƐƚĞƌŶůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞŝƐŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐ͕ŚŝůůǇĂŶĚĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďǇƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚ͘/ƚŚĂƐŐƌĞĂƚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĂŶĚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇǀĂůƵĞ͕ ĂŶĚĂůƐŽŽīĞƌƐƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘>ĞƐƐͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚŝƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů͕ůŽǁͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚǇƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐŐƌĂǌŝŶŐƐŚĞĞƉ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗tĞƌŶĞƌZŽůĨ͘


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DEVELOPING PLANS ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ůĂƌŐĞǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨƉůĂŶƐĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚh'/͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƉůĂŶƐŽƌ ƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐŽŶďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ ƵƌďĂŶǁĂƚĞƌŽƌĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂƚƚŚĞĐŝƚǇͲǁŝĚĞŽƌĐŝƚǇͲ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůůĞǀĞůŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝƐƚĂŬĞŶŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͘ ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ Strategic UGI plans should be longǡϐ updated regularly in order to provide an accurate and useful framework ȋֻ͵ʹ Milan). Often multiple instruments are needed, including at different spatial scales, and these need to be coordinated with one another. Therefore, it is important that UGI plans are embedded in the city’s planning system and linked to other planning ȋֻͶÚȌǤ Berlin’s Urban Landscape Strategy is a good example of a strategic plan coordinated with other planning

KEY MESSAGES 'ĞƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐ͘ ĞǀĞůŽƉƐƚƌŽŶŐďƵƚŇĞǆŝďůĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐĂŶĚŵŝǆŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƉůĂŶƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐ ŐŽĂůƐ͕ĂůƐŽĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƉĂƟĂůƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ mechanisms, as well as instruments such as pilot projects and dialogue forums, within a framework to involve non-government actors to ǯ ȋֻ͸ Berlin).

WůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨŽƌĂŶƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĨƵƚƵƌĞ In the face of the uncertainties that current urban challenges create, especially climate change, the key requirement for planning is to adopt ‘no-regret’ or ‘low-regret’ strategies over ‘hard’ adaptation (e.g., early warning systems, insurance, dykes). No/low-regret strategies are designed to increase robustness at low costs, or

ϐ ȋֻǡֻ ǡ also Box E1 Malmö).

>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟŶŐĂŶĚĂĚǀŽĐĂƟŶŐ Legal requirements and political mandates are often a powerful driver for a UGI strategy, since they constitute a commitment on a higher legal or political level. However, even without ϐǡǦ such as local politicians can sometimes secure enough political support to ȋֻͳ Szeged), while NGOs can use evidenceϐ ȋֻʹȌǤ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛ƐKƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŵĂŶǇĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ;ֻŽǆϰͿ͘ Credit: City of Edinburgh Council

Kyϯ͗E/',KhZ,KK'ZEW>E^͕hdZ,d ŝƟǌĞŶƐĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ǁŚŽĐĂŶďĞŵŽďŝůŝƐĞĚƚŽƚĂŬĞƉĂƌƚ ŝŶƐŚĂƉŝŶŐƉůĂŶƐ͘KŌĞŶŝƚŝƐĞĂƐŝĞƌ ƚŽĞŶŐĂŐĞƉĞŽƉůĞĂƚĂŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌͲ ŚŽŽĚůĞǀĞů͕ǁŚĞŶƚŚĞĂƌĞĂƚŚĞǇůŝǀĞ ŝŶŝƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞĐŝƚǇ͘/ŶhƚƌĞĐŚƚ͕dŚĞ EĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ͕EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ Green Plans have proved to be a ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƚŽĞŶŐĂŐĞ ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐŝŶĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞ

50

ĐŝƚǇ͘&ŽƌĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐƚĞŶ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ͕ĂďƵĚŐĞƚŽĨ ΦϱϬϬ͕ϬϬϬŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƚŽƌĞĂůŝƐĞ͚ŐƌĞĞŶ͛ŝĚĞĂƐďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚďǇůŽĐĂůƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŝĚĞĂƐǁĞƌĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚďǇƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚ ƚŚŽƐĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĨĞĂƐŝďůĞďƵŶĚůĞĚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŽĨŽƌŵĂ'ƌĞĞŶWůĂŶ͘ ŌĞƌŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝͲ ƉĂůŝƚǇƉůĂŶƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝŶǀŽůǀĞ ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐŝŶƐĞůĨͲŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͘


C Kyϰ͗D>DP͛^'ZEͳ>hW>E dŚĞĐŝƚǇŽĨDĂůŵƂ͕ůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĨĂƐƚͲ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐPƌĞƐƵŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ŝƐĞǆƉĞƌŝͲ ĞŶĐŝŶŐƌĂƉŝĚƵƌďĂŶĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͘^ƉĂƟĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐĂƌĞĚƌŝǀĞŶďǇƚŚĞ ͚ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚĐŝƚǇ͛ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ǁŝƚŚŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞŵĞƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŝŶŶĞƌĐŝƚǇ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌǇƐŝĚĞ͘dŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞƐĞĂŝŵƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŽƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝƚƐďůƵĞͲŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐͲ ƚƵƌĞ͕ƚŚĞĐŝƚǇŝƐƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐĂ͚'ƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚůƵĞWůĂŶ͛ƚŽƌĞƉůĂĐĞƚŚĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐ 'ƌĞĞŶWůĂŶ;ϮϬϬϯͿ͘ hƐŝŶŐĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚ ŐƌĞĞŶďůƵĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ dŚĞŶĞǁƉůĂŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌͲ ƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚŚŝŐŚ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇŐƌĞĞŶͲďůƵĞŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĨŽƌ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚŽĨĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͕ĨŽƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŽŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘dŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĂǁĂƌĞͲ ŶĞƐƐŽĨh'/͛ƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŵŽŶŐ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞƐƚĂī͕ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐĂŶĚĐŝƟͲ ǌĞŶƐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ͕ŝůůƵƐͲ ƚƌĂƟŶŐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚďůƵĞƐƉĂĐĞƐĨŽƌŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ ďǇƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ƌĞŐƵůĂƟǀĞĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ƐĞĞŝŶƐĞƚďĞůŽǁͿ͘ DĂƉƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƉůĂŶǁŝůůďĞŝŶƚĞͲ

ŐƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐtĞďͲ'/^ƉůĂƚͲ ĨŽƌŵ͕ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐĞĂƐǇĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƚŚĞŵ͘ dĞĂŵŝŶŐƵƉĨŽƌŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ dŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞƉůĂŶŝŶĂĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ǁĂǇ͕ƐĞǀĞƌĂůƚŚĞŵĂƟĐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐ ǁĞƌĞƐĞƚƵƉ͕ĐƌŽƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŶŝŶĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞƵŶŝƚƐ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞ ^ƚƌĞĞƚƐĂŶĚWĂƌŬƐĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ŝƚǇ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐKĸĐĞ͕ZĞĂůƐƚĂƚĞĞƉĂƌƚͲ ment, as well as the Culture DepartͲ ment and Leisure Department). This ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶůŽĐĂůĞǆƉĞƌƚƐ͘ĚĚŝͲ ƟŽŶĂůůǇ͕ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ'ZE ^hZ'ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐͿŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚƚŽĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝĚĞĂƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞͲ ŐŝĞƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬŶĞƐƐ ŽĨĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŐƌĞĞŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůǁĂǇƐĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͘dŚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌͲ ĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌǇĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞŚĞůƉĞĚ ƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂĐƵƫŶŐͲĞĚŐĞƉůĂŶ͘ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ dŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶͲůƵĞWůĂŶŝƐũƵƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ͛ƐƐƉĂƟĂůƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞWůĂŶ ;ϮϬϭϰͿ͕ĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƉůĂŶƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌWůĂŶ;ϮϬϭϲͿĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌ

ŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞWůĂŶ

NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION 'ƌĞĞŶͲůƵĞWůĂŶ tĂƚĞƌWůĂŶ

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Nature ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶWůĂŶ

ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ;ƚŚĞD^dĂŶĚ^dƉůĂŶƐͿ͘ tŚŝůĞŶŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞůĞŐĂůůǇͲďŝŶĚŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞǇŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂĚŽƉƚĞĚďǇƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐĂƚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚůĞǀĞů͘ &ŽƌŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŶͲůƵĞWůĂŶǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ůĂƚĞƌŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶ͘

dŚĞƉůĂŶ͛ƐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ϭ͘ /ŶDĂůŵƂ͕ĞǀĞƌǇŽŶĞŚĂƐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚ ŚĞĂůƚŚǇŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚďůƵĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĞǀĞƌǇĚĂǇůŝĨĞ Ϯ͘ /ŶDĂůŵƂ͕ŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞŚĂǀĞĂƋƵĂŶƟƚǇ͕ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ŚŝŐŚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ϯ͘ /ŶDĂůŵƂ͕ŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞŝƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌĐůŝŵĂƚĞĂĚĂƉͲ ƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŝƌ ĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌ ϰ͘ /ŶDĂůŵƂ͕ƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞŝƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚůŽŶŐͲ ƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞǁĂǇ ϱ͘ /ŶDĂůŵƂ͕ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶĂůůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ͕ƉŽůŝƚͲ ŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ

&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ DĂůŵƂ͛ƐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞWůĂŶ (English summary).

dŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶͲůƵĞWůĂŶŝƐĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵĂŶĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂ ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŽƚŚĞƌĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ͘ Credit: City of Malmö

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ENGAGING STAKEHOLDERS ƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌĂůĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ h'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƚŚĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ŶŽƚŽŶůǇ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐďƵƚĂůƐŽďƵƐŝͲ ŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ĐŝǀŝůƐŽĐŝĞƚǇĂŶĚĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͘ ĐƟǀĞĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĂ ƐĞŶƐĞŽĨƐŚĂƌĞĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĐŽͲĐƌĞĂͲ ƟŽŶ͕ĐŽͲŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ĐŽͲŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘ ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůĞǆƉĞƌƚƐ Interdisciplinary cooperation between urban planners, green space planners, infrastructure planners and others is a critical aspect of UGI planning and an especially important success factor for green-grey integration approaches, where the complexity involved cannot be effectively addressed by a single ȋֻ ȌǤ Berlin, an informal planning strategy illustrating a vision through visually-

KEY MESSAGES ŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůĞǆƉĞƌƚƐ͘ ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂůƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĐŽͲŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ WĂƌƚŶĞƌͲƵƉǁŝƚŚĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚĮŶĚŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů ǁĂǇƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵƚŽďĞĐŽŵĞĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͘ engaging graphics and collages has promoted cooperation with other departments, because the plan content was presented in an unusual and easily ȋֻ͸ȌǤwhere, there is evidence that collaboration between planners social workers ȋֻ͸ ǡֻȌǤ Networking, forming partnerships between different departments and

sectors and integrating (external) experts early-on can also be especially helpful for developing UGI strategies at the city level. Effective local responses require knowledge of the context and potential paths forward as well as motivated actors to implement actions. ϐtions can also play a role in providing the relevant knowledge and measures ȋֻͳǡʹǡͳ Szeged).

^ƚĂīĨƌŽŵǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƚǇŽĨDĂůŵƂĚŝƐĐƵƐƐh'/ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĨŽƌDĂůŵƂ͛ƐƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚǁŝƚŚĂ'ZE^hZ' ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůĞǆƉĞƌƚƐ͘ Credit: Anders Mårsén

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C ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ Fostering co-governance arrangements can lead to new roles for local government, e.g., as a facilitator and supporter responsible for enabling frameworks and funding programmes, but also providing ongoing oversight and guidance to ensure that public spaces remain

safe and accessible. Such an approach requires a framework, ϐ implementation (see Deliverable D6.2). In Berlin, the Urban Landscape Strategy built upon an existing ‘DIY’-culture to engage citizens in ȋֻ͸ȌǤ Where such a culture does not already exist, an external facilitator

can be a reliable partner in fostering a new approach, engaging individuals in new roles. The extra efforts ϐ two-way learning processes, can lead to unexpected planning solutions and often unburden local authorities from the full scope of monitoring or instructing tasks ȋֻͷǡͷȌǤ

>^^KE^&KZh'/s>KWDEdt/d,EKEͳ'KsZEDEd>dKZ^ ĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝǌŝŶŐ/zͲƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŽŶƉƵďůŝĐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͕ĐŝƚǇŽĸĐŝĂůƐŝŶĞƌůŝŶŐĂŝŶĞĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚŵĂǇďĞŽĨƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌĐŝƟĞƐ͘ ͻ ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌƉƵďůŝĐĂĐĐĞƐƐĨĂƌŝŶĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĂŶĚƌĞǀŝĞǁƚŚĞƐĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂůůǇƚŽďĂůĂŶĐĞƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞͬƵƐĞƌ ŶĞĞĚƐ͘ ͻ ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶĂƌĞĂƐǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞŐŽŽĚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĐůŽƐĞƚŽĂƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďĂƐĞŽĨƵƐĞƌƐ͘ ͻ ůƵƐƚĞƌĂŶĚĂĚǀĞƌƟƐĞƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇƵƐĞƐƐŽƉĞŽƉůĞĂƌĞĂǁĂƌĞŽĨƚŚĞŵ͘ ͻ &ĂĐƚŽƌŝŶĂůŽƚŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌƐŝŐŚƚŽĨƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘

Kyϱ͗hZEZ&KZ^dd/KEt/d,>K>Z^/Ed^͕D/>E ŽƐĐŽŝŶĐŝƩă;dŚĞ&ŽƌĞƐƚŝŶƚŚĞŝƚǇͿŝƐ ĂŶƵƌďĂŶƌĞĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶDŝůĂŶ͕/ƚĂůǇ͕ĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚƚŽĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ ƚŚĞŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚƚŽĨŽƐƚĞƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͘ ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶϭϵϳϰŽŶϯϱŚĂŽĨĂďĂŶͲ ĚŽŶĞĚĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ͕ŽƐĐŽŝŶĐŝƩăŚĂƐ ƐŝŶĐĞŐƌŽǁŶƚŽŽǀĞƌϭϮϬŚĂ͘dŚĞƐŝƚĞ ŽīĞƌƐϭϱϬĂůůŽƚŵĞŶƚŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͕ĂǀĂŝůͲ ĂďůĞƚŽůŽĐĂůĐŝƟǌĞŶƐƵƉŽŶĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘ There are also bike and footpaths and ŚŽƌƐĞďĂĐŬƌŝĚŝŶŐƚƌĂŝůƐ͖ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖ĂŶĚĞǀĞŶƚƐƉĂĐĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŚŝƌĞ͘,ŝŬŝŶŐĂŶĚ ĐǇĐůŝŶŐƚŽƵƌƐƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞƌĞŐƵůĂƌůǇ͕ĂƐ ǁĞůůĂƐǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐĨŽƌƐĐŚŽŽůƐĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘

dŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝƐŵĂŶĂŐĞĚďǇƚŚĞŶŽŶͲ ƉƌŽĮƚŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ/ƚĂůŝĂEŽƐƚƌĂ;KƵƌ /ƚĂůǇͿĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďǇƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐŽĨ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƉůĂŶƟŶŐ͕ŵĂŝŶͲ ƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŚĂƐ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞďƵƌĚĞŶŽŶ ƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇŽĨDŝůĂŶ;ǁŚŝĐŚŽǁŶƐ ƚŚĞůĂŶĚͿĂŶĚĞŶĂďůĞĚƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƚŽ ĞǆƉĂŶĚ͕/ƚŚĂƐĂůƐŽĨŽƐƚĞƌĞĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵͲ ŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌůŽĐĂůĐŝƟǌĞŶƐƚŽŐƌŽǁĨŽŽĚ͕ ĂŶĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚǁŝƚŚŶĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚ ĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͘dŚĞƉŽƐŝƟǀĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐĨŽƌ ƚŚĞůŽĐĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͕ĨŽƌĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͛ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĂŶĚĨŽƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƟĞƐ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͕'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇͿŚĂǀĞ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚĂŶĞǁŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƉĂƌŬƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘'ŝƌĞƩĂWĂƌŬͿŝŶƚŚĞƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶďĞůƚŽĨDŝůĂŶ͘


ĞĨŽƌĞ;ƚŽƉͿĂŶĚĂŌĞƌ;ďŽƩŽŵͿ͘ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ŽŶƚŚĞƐŝƚĞŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇͲĚƌŝǀĞŶŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ Credit: Centro Forestazione Urbana archive

&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ /ƚĂůŝĂEŽƐƚƌĂǁĞďƐŝƚĞ;ŝŶ/ƚĂůŝĂŶͿ

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C Kyϲ͗h'/s>KWDEdt/d,d,,>WK&^K/>tKZ/E ^ŝŶĐĞϭϵϵϵ͕ƚŚĞŝƚǇŽĨĞƌůŝŶŚĂƐďĞĞŶ ƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶƵƌďĂŶƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞEĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ ƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂů͚^ŽĐŝĂůŝƚǇ͛ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͘ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ ZŝŐŚƚŶŽǁ͕ϯϰĚĞƉƌŝǀĞĚĂƌĞĂƐŽĨƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇĂƌĞďĞŝŶŐĂƐƐŝƐƚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŶĞŝŐŚͲ ďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĸĐĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ƵƐƵĂůůǇĞŵƉůŽǇďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚǁŽĂŶĚĨŽƵƌ ƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŽĸĐĞƐĂƌĞǁĞůůͲ informed about the problems of their ůŽĐĂůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƐŽŵĞĂůƐŽŚĂǀĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚǇƉĞƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞͲďĂƐĞĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ŽƌĐŽŶƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌƐŵĂůůŐƌĞĞŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŝƌŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ͘DŽƐƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂŝŵƚŽŵĂŬĞĚŝƌĞĐƚĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŽŶͲƐŝƚĞ͘

ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ /ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƐĞĐĂƐĞƐƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚ ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐĐĂŶŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŝŶĚĞŶƐĞŝŶŶĞƌͲĐŝƚǇĂƌĞĂƐǁŚĞƌĞƉƵďůŝĐ ŽƌƐĞŵŝͲƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐĂƌĞƐĐĂƌĐĞ͘ ZĞͲŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐĂŶŝŶŶĞƌĐŽƵƌƚǇĂƌĚ͕Ă ƉƵďůŝĐƐƋƵĂƌĞŽƌĂƉůĂǇŐƌŽƵŶĚŽīĞƌƐĂ ĐŚĂŶĐĞƚŽŝŶǀŽůǀĞƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶĞǁŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞ͘&ŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌͲ ŚŽŽĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĸĐĞŝŶĞƌůŝŶͲ EĞƵŬƂůůŶŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĐĂůůĞĚ ͛,ŝĚĚĞŶWůĂĐĞƐʹĞĂƵƟĨƵůŽƵƌƚǇĂƌĚƐ͛ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐďŽƚŚůĂŶĚůŽƌĚƐĂŶĚ ƚĞŶĂŶƚƐƚŽƌĞͲŐƌĞĞŶƚŚĞŝƌĐŽƵƌƚǇĂƌĚƐ with the help of planners and some ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘dŚĞƐĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝͲ ƟĞƐĐĂŶďĞƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇǀĂůƵĂďůĞĨŽƌůŽǁ ŝŶĐŽŵĞƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͕ǁŚŽĂƌĞŽŌĞŶ ƐŽĐŝĂůůǇƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƚĞĚ͘

^ŽĐŝĂůĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨůŽĐĂůŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ 'ZE^hZ'ĂŶĂůǇƐĞĚƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƐŝǆ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĸĐĞƐŝŶ

dŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵŝŶŐŽďƐƚĂĐůĞƐ KďǀŝŽƵƐůǇ͕ĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĂƌĞ ůŝŬĞůǇƚŽĂƌŝƐĞ͗ůĂŶĚůŽƌĚƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞ

ĐŽŶǀŝŶĐĞĚ͕ƚĞŶĂŶƚƐĂƌĞƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐůĞƐƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌͲ ŚŽŽĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐƚŚĂŶ ŽǁŶĞƌƐ͕ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĐŽƵŶĐŝůƐŽŌĞŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďǇ͚ŵŝĚĚůĞͲĐůĂƐƐ ŝĚĞĂƐ͛ŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞƉůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƚŽŽ ďƵƌĞĂƵĐƌĂƟĐĂŶĚŶŽƚŽƉĞŶƚŽŝŶŶŽǀĂͲ ƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝŶƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌƐĐĂŶƉůĂǇĂŬĞǇ ƌŽůĞŝŶŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŶŐ ƐƵĐŚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞǇďĞĐŽŵĞ ŵĂũŽƌƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ĞƐƚĂďͲ ůŝƐŚĞĚůŝŶŬƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ĂŶĚůŽĐĂůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĚĞŵŽͲ ŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶĐƌƵĐŝĂůƚŽƚŚĞůŽŶŐĞƌƚĞƌŵ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞĐĂƐĞƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŚĞƌĞƌĞǀĞĂůƚŚĂƚ ƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌƐĐĂŶŚĞůƉh'/ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƉŽƐŝƟǀĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐǁŝƚŚ ƐŵĂůů͕ƵƉͲƐĐĂůĂďůĞŐƌĞĞŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ĂĐƟͲ ǀĂƟŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨůŽĐĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ,ŝĚĚĞŶWůĂĐĞƐͲĞĂƵƟĨƵů ŽƵƌƚǇĂƌĚƐ͘sŝĚĞŽĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ (in German).

KƩŽWĂƌŬŝŶƚŚĞǀĞƌǇĚĞŶƐĞDŽĂďŝƚͲtĞƐƚ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞĂ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗/ǀĄŶdŽƐŝĐƐ

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IMPLEMENTATION dĂŬĞĂĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ DĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞĂƉĨƌŽŵƉĂƉĞƌƚŽƉƌĂĐͲ ƟĐĞŝƐĂĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞĨŽƌĂŶǇƉŽůŝĐǇŽƌ ƉůĂŶ͘ƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŽŽůƐĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƚŽŚĞůƉŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ;Ğ͘Őֻ͕͘dŽŽůďŽǆdϳƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶͿ͕ďƵƚĂŬĞǇƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝƐ ƵƐƵĂůůǇŚŽǁƚŽŐĞƚƚŚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ Collaboration and sharing knowledge can be an effective way to better deal with resource constraints. This includes, in particular, collaboration at the expert level and pooling knowledge from various partners ȋֻȌǤ ǡ the involvement of citizens can help planning to better correspond to local needs and to target investments more ϐȋֻ ȌǤ

>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐďǇĚŽŝŶŐ Pilot projects have been shown to be an effective means of testing new approaches. They can encourage similar initiatives and convince decision-makers that an idea is worth pursuing. A pilot project focusing on a key issue or objective of broad relevance can help to gain interest and support across different departȋֻͳÚȌǤ from these examples can also help to ϐ before it is expanded to other areas.

KEY MESSAGES ƌĞĂƚĞĂĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŽĨh'/ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ ^ƚĂƌƚǁŝƚŚƉŝůŽƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĂĚĂƉƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂŶĚďƵŝůĚ ƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘ hŶůŽĐŬĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐďǇĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐ͕ƉŽŽůŝŶŐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͘ hŶůŽĐŬĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ GREEN SURGE research found external funding to be a major factor for supporting UGI (see Deliverable 5.1). Access to European and national funding programmes is very important for implementing innovative strategies on larger scales and testing new approaches that require time and (human) resources. However, funds from developers or other private actors can also support implementation ȋֻ͵ǡ͹Ȍǡ there is a framework to ensure that ϐ ǡϐ ȋֻ ȌǤ tantly, resources are not only monetary! Volunteerism and citizens’ knowledge count among the resources that local governments can harness to get ȋֻͺȌǤ

Kyϳ͗WWW FOR GREEN SPACE RENEWAL >ŝƐĐŝĂƐƚĂWĂƌŬZĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞŝƐĂ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐĐŽŵƉůĞǆŝŶƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚŽĨ >ŽĚǌ͕WŽůĂŶĚ͕ĂŶĚďŽƌĚĞƌĞĚďǇ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƐŽƵƚŚĂŶĚ ĞĂƐƚʹŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƉĂƌŬ͕ƚŚĞ Sokolowka stream and several ƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌƐ͘/ŶϮϬϬϲ͕ƚŚĞŝƚǇKĸĐĞ rehabilitated the stream and ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚƚŚĞdĞƌĞƐĂZĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌ͕ďƵƚ there were no funds to improve ƚŚĞƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ tŚĞŶƚŚĞZĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞǁĂƐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚƐŽŽŶĂŌĞƌ;ϮϬϭϬͲ ϮϬϭϯͿ͕ĂWƵďůŝĐͲWƌŝǀĂƚĞͲWĂƌƚŶĞƌͲ ƐŚŝƉǁĂƐĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇ͘ dŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌĐůĞĂŶĞĚĂŶĚƌĞŚĂͲ ďŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚƚŚĞĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚůĂŶĚ͖ƉĂƌƚůǇ ĂƐŵĂŶĚĂƚŽƌǇĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨůŽĐĂůƚƌĞĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌƚůǇƚŽŵĂǆŝŵŝƐĞƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĞĞŶƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚͲ ŝŶŐƐŽŶƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐĂůĞƐ͘dŚĞ ƌĞŚĂďŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƌĞŵĂŝŶƐ ŝŶƉƵďůŝĐŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞͲ ŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƚǇKĸĐĞŚŽƉĞƐ to enable similar private investͲ ŵĞŶƚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͘

>ŝĐŝĂƐƚĂWĂƌŬZĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŝƚƐ ƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕>ŽĚǌ͘ Credit: Budomal


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C Kyϴ͗d^d/E'EthZE'ZEWZdEZ^,/W^͕>:h>:E dŚĞŝƚǇŽĨ>ũƵďůũĂŶĂ͕^ůŽǀĞŶŝĂ͕ŝƐ ĂŝŵŝŶŐƚŽĮŶĚŶĞǁǁĂǇƐƚŽĞŶŐĂŐĞ ǁŝƚŚĐŝƟǌĞŶƐĂŶĚ͕ĂƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞ͕ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĂĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůůǇƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ĂǀŽŝĚŝŶŐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƉƵďůŝĐ ĞǆƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞŽŶŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĂƐĂ ƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͘ /ŶƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƚŽƚŚĞƐĞŐŽĂůƐ͕Ă'ZE ^hZ'>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐůůŝĂŶĐĞƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇ͕ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶǀĞƐͲ ƟŐĂƚĞĚŶĞǁƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŵŽĚĞůƐǁŝƚŚ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚE'KƐ͘dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶŚĂƐŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ>ũƵďůũĂͲ ŶĂ͛ƐŶĞǁ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞhƌďĂŶ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ϮϬϭϰͲϮϬϮϬ͗ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƚŽ ͚ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞŽĨƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ǁŝƚŚǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞŐƌŽƵƉƐ͛ŝƐŶŽǁĂƚƚŚĞ ĐŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͘ ,ŽǁƚŽƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ The partnership also resulted in a ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕͚>ŝǀĂĚĂ>͕͛ ƚĞƐƟŶŐĂŶĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ

EŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ A wide range of instruments and approaches can be used to secure ϐǦ state actors. These include: ͻ dĂǆĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ

ͻ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ;ֻŽǆϳ>ŽĚǌͿ ͻ /ŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ͻ ŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƐŽĐŝĂůƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂůĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉ

ֻͺ funding mechanisms, as does

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ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞŵŽĚĞůŽŶĂϬ͘ϲŚĂƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇŽĸͲ ĐŝĂůƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͕ďƌŝŶŐŝŶŐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁĂƐĂŬĞǇ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨĂĐƚŽƌĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƚŽďĞ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞůǇŵĂƉƉĞĚĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůǇƐĞĚ͘͞dŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŚĞůƉĞĚƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇĂǀĞƌǇŐŽŽĚůŽĐĂůE'KƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ͕ ĂǀŽĚK͕ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞƐŝƚĞǁŝƚŚ ƵƐ͟ƐŚĞƐĂǇƐ͘dŚĞƉĂƌƚŶĞƌE'KĚƌŽǀĞĂ ĨŽĐƵƐŽŶŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƐĐŚŽŽůĚƌŽƉͲ ŽƵƚƐǁŚŽĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇƵŶĚĞƌͲ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ WƵƫŶŐŝĚĞĂƐŝŶƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞʹƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ dŚƌŽƵŐŚƚĞĂŵͲďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĞīŽƌƚƐ͕ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶŽĨ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝƚĞ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͛Ɛ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ŚŽǁĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĐŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͕ĂŶĚŚŽǁĐŝƟǌĞŶƐĐŽƵůĚ ďĞďĞƐƚĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͘/ŶƚŚĞĞŶĚ͕ĂůĂƌŐĞůǇ ƵŶƵƐĞĚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞǁĂƐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ ŝŶƚŽŽŶĞŽīĞƌŝŶŐŵƵůƟƉůĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƐƉŽƌƚƐƚŽĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͖ĨƌŽŵ

Deliverable 4.1. DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ Monitoring is essential to ensure that UGI is not only maintained in a good state but ideally regularly improved. It is also a mechanism to check if targets are being met or strategies need to be adjusted. For instance, a UGI strategy for climate change adaptation may involve targets to protect and increase tree cover, in order to moderate the urban heat island effect, reduce stormwater runoff, sequester carbon, and reduce cooling energy demands. Regular tree audits could help to determine if stronger

ůŽĐĂůĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƌĂƌĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚ ƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͘dŚŝƐƉŝůŽƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚŚĂƐŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚ ƚŚĞĐŝƚǇƚŽĞǆƉůŽƌĞǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŽŝŶƚƌŽͲ ĚƵĐĞƚŚĞƐĂŵĞŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌ ŽƚŚĞƌƉƵďůŝĐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

KƉĞŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ>ŝǀĂĚĂ>ǁŝƚŚǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐ ĂŶĚƚŚĞDĂǇŽƌŽĨ>ũƵďůũĂŶĂ͕ĚƵƌŝŶŐh 'ƌĞĞŶtĞĞŬϮϬϭϲ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ŶũĂDĂŶũĂ^ĞŐƵůŝŶ

&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ >ũƵďůũĂŶĂ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞhƌďĂŶ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇϮϬϭϰͲϮϬϮϬ(in Slovenian)

protections for existing trees in certain types of development are necessary, or more incentives to encourage tree planting. Monitoring is often undervalued and underfunded in many cities. However, there are cases of municipalities successfully partnering with university researchers to monitor ϐȋֻͷ Lisbon). Monitoring goes hand-inhand with a commitment to reguǢ goals and strategies remain in line with the reality on the ground ȋֻ͵ǡͶȌǤ


D

CONCLUSION AND NEXT STEPS ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ZĞĨůĞĐƚŝŶŐŽŶh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶǇŽƵƌĐŝƚǇ ZĂƉŝĚh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ ĞƚĂŝůĞĚh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ

57

CONCLUSION dŚŝƐŐƵŝĚĞŚĂƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚƚŚĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƐ ĨŽƌƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞʹǁŚĞƚŚĞƌŝƚďĞƚŽŬŝĐŬƐƚĂƌƚ ĂŶĞǁh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇŝŶǇŽƵƌĐŝƚǇ͕ ŽƌƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĂŶĞǆŝƐƟŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ hůƟŵĂƚĞůǇ͕ŝƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌ ŐĞƫŶŐƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ͕ǁŝƚŚŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƵƌŽƉĞ͘DŽƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŝŶƚŚĞֻdŽŽůďŽǆƐĞĐƟŽŶ͘ WƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐĨŽƌůŽĐĂůh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ Before developing a UGI planning strategy, ϐǤ priorities are often driven by widelyrecognised urban challenges. Hence, these challenges may present windows of opportunity for UGI planning to play a greater role in urban development and decision-making overall. In this guide, four key urban challenges have been examined for their relevance to UGI planning: climate change adaptation, biodiversity protection, promoting a green economy and increasing social cohesion. While these are growing in importance, they are not the only ones that cities face. You may identify others that are more pressing for your local community – a declining manufacturing sector, for instance, or rising public healthcare costs.

D ƌŝŶŐŝŶŐƚŚŝŶŐƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌʹĂŚŽůŝƐƟĐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ The underlying principles and practical guidance offered here need to be understood as part of a holistic approach – one that will need to be adapted to suit your local context: the planning system, social, economic and environmental conditions, as well as the available actors. In addition, successfully planning UGI requires a strategic approach. Once clear priorities and objectives are established, the linkages, ϐ these should be taken into account. Importantly, the four UGI principles are fundamentally inter-linked. For instance, improving connectivity within a green network can increase the provision of ecosystem services, which in turn enhances multifunctionality. Solutions for green-grey integration likewise provide ϐǦtionality of conventional solutions for transport routes and stormwater disposal. In parallel to these three principles, it is essential to involve different groups in UGI planning in order to ensure equitable recognition of their needs and distribution ϐȂǡrate the principle of social inclusion.

dŚĞĐŝƚǇŽĨƐƐĞŶŝŶƚŚĞZƵŚƌ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚǁĂƐƚŚĞƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶ ĂƉŝƚĂůŝŶϮϬϭϳ͘/ƚŚĂƐďƵŝůƚƵƉĂ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚďůƵĞ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐĂŶĚŚŝŐŚƋƵĂůŝƚǇƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚĂƐd/&hEd/KE>/dz

͙ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůůǇŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŽƉĞŶƚŽ ĂůůĂŶĚŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚŶĞĞĚƐŽĨĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƉĂƌƟĞƐ͕ǁŝƚŚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŽŶǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞƐŽĐŝĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ͍ ^K/>/E>h^/KE URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

'ŽƚŽ͘Ϯ

'ŽƚŽ͘ϯ

'ŽƚŽ͘ϰ

61

DETAILED UGI PLANNING CHECKLIST 5 dŝĐŬƚŚŝƐďŽǆŝĨĂŶŝƚĞŵŚĂƐĂůƌĞĂĚǇďĞĞŶĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚŝŶǇŽƵƌƉůĂŶ 7 ƌŽƐƐƚŚŝƐďŽǆŝĨĂĐƟŽŶŝƐŶĞĞĚĞĚ Ê

ƌŽƐƐͲůŝŶŬƚŽƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐ;ŝĨĂŶĂƌĞĂŝƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐĂƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇͿ

,/Ed͗hƐĞƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞŶĞǆƚƚŽĞĂĐŚƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŽŶŽƚĞĚŽǁŶ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ͕ŽƚŚĞƌŝĚĞĂƐ͕ŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐƚĞƉƐĨŽƌĂĐƟŽŶ͘tŚĞŶ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚǁŚĂƚ͛ƐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĨŽƌǇŽƵƌůŽĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ͕ ŵĂŬĞƐƵƌĞǇŽƵĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĨƵůůƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨƚǇƉĞƐŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ;ĂŶĚďůƵĞͿƐƉĂĐĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƵƉh'/;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ͕ƐĐŚŽŽůŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ͕ƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚĞŵďĂŶŬŵĞŶƚƐ͕ŐƌĞĞŶ ǁĂůůƐ͕ŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐĂŶĚĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚĂƌĞĂƐʹƐĞĞ'ƵŝĚĞ WĂƌƚ͗'ƌĞĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞdǇƉŽůŽŐǇͿ͘

5 7

A URBAN CHALLENGES A1

EŽƚĞƐ;ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐͬŝĚĞĂƐͬĂĐƟŽŶƐͿ

ůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

A1.1 ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĞīĞĐƚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞĂƌĞĂƐŽƌŐƌŽƵƉƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƉĞŽƉůĞůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶŇŽŽĚͲ ƉƌŽŶĞ͕ĚĞŶƐĞůǇďƵŝůƚŽƌƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůǇĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚĂƌĞĂƐͿ͘ A1.2 ZĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶŚĞĂƚŝƐůĂŶĚĞīĞĐƚŝŶĚĞŶƐĞĂƌĞĂƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐŽƌ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŝƐŝŶŐƐƚƌĞĞƚƚƌĞĞƐ͕ŐƌĞĞŶǁĂůůƐĂŶĚŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐ͕ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐͿ͘ A1.3 W ƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĐůŝŵĂƚĞƌĞĨƵŐĞƐĨŽƌǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŚŝŐŚĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ĂƌĞĂƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘ƐŚĂĚĞĚĂƌĞĂƐĂŶĚͬŽƌĂƌĞĂƐǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐͿ A1.4 D ĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂŶĚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞĚĂŵĂŐĞƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐ͕ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽĂƐƚĂůůĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƐ ϭ͘ϱ ĞĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨŝŵƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ;Ğ͘Ő͘ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵƌĞƋƵŝƌĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ͕ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŝƐŝŶŐƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐŽƌƐĞŵŝͲƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐͿ͘ A1.6 ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƉůĂŶƟŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚŽĨĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;ǁŝƚŚƉƌĞĨͲ ĞƌĞŶĐĞĨŽƌŚĞĂƚͲƚŽůĞƌĂŶƚǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇĨŽƌƐƚƌĞĞƚƚƌĞĞƐͿ͘

Ê

ϭ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ϭƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐh'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͕ϯŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ

A2

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

A2.1 WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐŶĂƟǀĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂŶĚďŝŽƚŽƉĞƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƚŚŽƐĞ ƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůǇƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĂŶĚƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ͘dŚŝƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐĚĂŵĂŐĞĚǀĂůƵĂďůĞŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ A2.2 ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐĂǁĞůůͲĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ͕ĐŝƚǇǁŝĚĞĂŶĚĚŝǀĞƌƐĞďŝŽƚŽƉĞͬŚĂďŝƚĂƚ network. A2.3 ƌĞĂƟŶŐĂƌĞĂƐŽĨůŽǁŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚǇŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǁŚĞƌĞŶĂƚƵƌĞĐĂŶ͚ƌƵŶǁŝůĚ͛ ĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĐĂŶĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůǇ͕ŽƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ƐŝƚĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ďƌŽǁŶĮĞůĚƐǁŝƚŚŚŝŐŚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐͿ͘ A2.4 WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŝŶŽƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐ͕ĂŶĚƐƚƌĞĞƚŐƌĞĞŶ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ďǇŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ƉůĂŶƟŶŐŶĂƟǀĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĨŽƌƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƉůĂŶƟŶŐ ƉŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶͲĨƌŝĞŶĚůǇƉůĂŶƚƐͿ͘ Ϯ͘ϱ WƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚͬŽƌŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐƚŽďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲĂŶĚŚŽŵĞŽǁŶĞƌƐƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽŶƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ;ĨŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƐĞĞƉƌŝŽƌƉŽŝŶƚͿ͘ A2.6 ĚƵĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐŽŶƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂŶĚǁĂǇƐƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ŝƚ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽƚŚĞŵƚŽĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘

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62

ϮŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ϯDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͕ϮĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƉůĂŶƐ


A URBAN CHALLENGES A3

5 7


WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐĂŐƌĞĞŶĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

A3.1 ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ and ĂǀŽŝĚĞĚĐŽƐƚƐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĐĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĂƐƚŚŵĂĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌǇĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƌĂƚĞƐ͕ĂǀŽŝĚĞĚ ĚĂŵĂŐĞĨƌŽŵŇŽŽĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞǀĞŶƚƐͿ͘ A3.2 ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌŝŶĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐh'/;Ğ͘Ő͘ƉƵďůŝĐͲƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƉĂƌƚͲ ŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ͕ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƚĂǆĞƐ͕ƵƐĞƌͲƉĂǇƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐͿ͘ A3.3 ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐĨŽƌŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ and ŵĂŝŶƚĞͲ ŶĂŶĐĞ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƟŵĞďĂŶŬƐ͕ƌĞǁĂƌĚƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ͕ŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌŝŶŐͿ͘ A3.4 W ƌŽŵŽƟŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞĂƐĂŶĂƐƐĞƚŝŶĐŝƚǇŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͘

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ϰ^ŽĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ϯŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ϰ/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ

A4

/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

A4.1 ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐŽƌĐƌĞĂƟŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐĨŽƌequitableŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞaccessibility ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƉĂƌŬƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĂϭϱŵŝŶƵƚĞǁĂůŬŽĨĂůůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂŶĂůǇƐŝŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐƚƌĂŶƐŝƚůŝŶŬƐƚŽƉŽƉƵůĂƌƉĂƌŬƐͿ͘ A4.2 ŶƐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚǇŽĨŶĞǁĂŶĚĞǆŝƐƟŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞůŝŐŚƟŶŐ͕ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶͿ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐŝŶǁĂǇƐƚŚĂƚůĞĂǀĞƌŽŽŵĨŽƌĐƌĞĂƟǀĞƉůĂǇĂŶĚŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ŝĚĞŶƟƚǇ͘ A4.3 WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŽƌŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŐĂƌĚĞŶƐĂƐƐƉĂĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƐŵĂǇŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ͘ A4.4 ^ƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐůŽĐĂůE'KƐĂŶĚĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͛ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

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ϰ^ŽĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ϯŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ϰ/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ

A5

KƚŚĞƌĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͗


63

5 7

B UGI PRINCIPLES B1


/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

ϭ͘ϭ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐǁŝƚŚƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞto improve water ƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽŶƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐŽƌ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐĨŽƌĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƌĂŝŶ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͕ƐǁĂůĞƐ͕ŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐ͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞ ƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚ͖ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĞĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐůŝŬĞďŝŽƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶďĂƐŝŶƐ͖ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĐŽŽƉͲ ĞƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌǀĞŐĞƚĂƚĞĚƌŝǀĞƌďƵīĞƌƐĂŶĚǁĞƚůĂŶĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶͿ͘ ϭ͘Ϯ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐǁŝƚŚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ to improve air ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ŵŝƟŐĂƚĞŶŽŝƐĞĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĨĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌǁĂůŬŝŶŐĂŶĚ ďŝŬŝŶŐĂŶĚͬŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶƚŽŚŽƵƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂŶĚ ƚƌĂƉƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚŶŽŝƐĞĂůŽŶŐƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͖ŝŶƐƚĂůůŝŶŐďŝŬĞƉĂƚŚƐ ŝŶŐƌĞĞŶĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐͿ͘ ϭ͘ϯ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞǁŝƚŚĞŶĞƌŐǇĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐͲ tureƚŽŵĂǆŝŵŝƐĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐĂŶĚĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ͕ďŝŬŝŶŐ͕ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂͲ ƟŽŶĂůŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ďŝŬĞƉĂƚŚƐĂůŽŶŐƉŽǁĞƌůŝŶĞĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐŶĂƟǀĞǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶƐƚĂůůŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐŝŐŶĂŐĞͿ͘ ϭ͘ϰ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞǁŝƚŚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐƚŽŵĂǆŝŵŝƐĞƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐŝŶƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů͕ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĂƌĞĂƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŵŝŶŝŵƵŵƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐŽƌŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐĨŽƌŐƌĞĞŶĐŽƵƌƚǇĂƌĚƐŽƌ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐͿ͘

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ϯDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͕ϯŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ϰ/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ

B2

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

Ϯ͘ϭ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐĂĐŝƚǇͲǁŝĚĞ and ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůůǇͲůŝŶŬĞĚŐƌĞĞŶ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ŵŽďŝůŝƚǇ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞ͕ůŽĐĂůĐůŝŵĂƚĞĂŶĚƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ Ϯ͘Ϯ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĂǁĞůůͲĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ͕ƐĂĨĞ bike and pedestrian ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƚŽĮůůŝŶŵŝƐƐŝŶŐƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƐŽĨŬĞǇĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂďŝŬĞŵĂƉͿĂŶĚĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐƉƵďůŝĐĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇƚŽďŽƚŚůŽĐĂů ƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚŬĞǇƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůĂƌĞĂƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŶŐŵŝŶŝŵƵŵƌĞƋƵŝƌĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌƉĂƌŬĂĐĐĞƐƐ͕ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĂĐĐĞƐƐƉŽŝŶƚƐĂƚŬĞǇƉĂƌŬƐͿ͘ Ϯ͘ϯ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐĂŚĂďŝƚĂƚŶĞƚǁŽƌŬto support the ŵŽǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐĐƌŝƟĐĂůŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐĂŶĚĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐĂƐ ǁĞůůĂƐďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐŽƌďŽƩůĞŶĞĐŬƐͿĂŶĚĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐĨŽƌ ŇŽƌĂĂŶĚĨĂƵŶĂĂƌĞǁĞůůͲĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͕ďĂƐĞĚŽŶ ƐŽƵŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŬĞǇƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͕ƐĞĞĚ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĂů͕ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƉĂƩĞƌŶƐͿ͘ Ϯ͘ϰ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐĂŶĚ͚ƉĞƌĨŽƌĂƚĞĚ͛ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ;Ğ͘Ő͘ĂƌĞĂƐŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞĚǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶͿĐĂƉĂďůĞŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĂůǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ as well as ŇŽŽĚĐŽŶƚƌŽů in vulnerable areas.

Ê

64

ϮŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ϭ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ϭĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƉůĂŶƐ


B UGI PRINCIPLES B3

5 7


DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

ϯ͘ϭ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ the various ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ƐŽĐŝĂůand ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽƉŽůŝĐǇͲŵĂŬĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐ͘ ϯ͘Ϯ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞĐŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŶŽǁĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞůŽŶŐƚĞƌŵ͘ ϯ͘ϯ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶƐƚŚĂƚŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚh'/͛ƐĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĐŝƚǇͲǁŝĚĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂů;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŶĂƚƵƌĞĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ͕ƐƉŽƌƚƐĂŶĚƉůĂǇͿ͕ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐĨŽƌƌĂƌĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ǁŝůĚĞƌŶĞƐƐͿ͕ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ŇŽŽĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůͿŽƌƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ͕ǁŽŽĚͿ͘ ϯ͘ϰ ƚƚŚĞƐŝƚĞůĞǀĞů͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŝŶǁĂǇƐƚŚĂƚĐƌĞĂƚĞƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐĞĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǀŝƐŝƚŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞŽƌƐƉĂƟĂůƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƟŶŐƵƐĞƐͿ͘

Ê

ϯŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ϮƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐh'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ

B4

^ŽĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

ϰ͘ϭ ĐƟǀĞůǇŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐŝƟǌĞŶƐŝŶƉůĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ and ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐĨŽƌƵŵƐ͕ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ͕ĐŚĂƌƌĞƩĞƐĂŶĚĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͛ juries). ϰ͘Ϯ DŽďŝůŝƐŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞǀŝĞǁƐŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐŶŽƚƵƐƵĂůůǇĂĐƟǀĞŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĞůĚĞƌůǇ͕ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚ ĂĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚƐ͕ŝŵŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ͕ůŽǁͲŝŶĐŽŵĞĂŶĚŚŽŵĞůĞƐƐƉĞŽƉůĞͿďǇĂƉƉůǇŝŶŐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞƐĞŐƌŽƵƉƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘WŚŽƚŽͲ ǀŽŝĐĞͿ͘ ϰ͘ϯ ĞůĞŐĂƟŶŐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚǇƚŽĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ďǇƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇ ďƵĚŐĞƟŶŐ͕ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͛ƵƌďĂŶŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌŵĂŝŶƚĞͲ ŶĂŶĐĞƐĐŚĞŵĞƐŽƌŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵƐŽĨĐŝǀŝĐĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌh'/Ϳ͘

Ê

ϯŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ϰ^ŽĐŝĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ


65

C EMBEDDING UGI IN PLANNING

To successfully embed UGI in the planning process, a number of factors have ďĞĞŶƐŚŽǁŶƚŽďĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͘dŚĞƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉůĂŶƐ͕ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂŶƐĨŽƌŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͘

5 7


C1

ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐh'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽĞǆƉĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůͲ ĞĚŐĞďĂƐĞĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨŽƌh'/ĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗ C1.1 ŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨĞǆŝƐƟŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŽĨĂůů ƚǇƉĞƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ĂůƐŽƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƵƟůŝƐĞĚƐŝƚĞƐůŝŬĞďƌŽǁŶĮĞůĚƐĂŶĚƌĂŝůͲ ǁĂǇƐͿŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĚĞĮĐŝƚƐĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨǇŽƵƌ h'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƋƵĂŶƟƚǇ͕ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐ͕ƐƵƉƉůǇŽĨďĞŶĞͲ ĮƚƐĂŶĚĐŝƟǌĞŶĚĞŵĂŶĚͿ͘

C1.2 /ĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐĞǆŝƐƟŶŐĂƌĞĂƐƚŚĂƚŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĞĚŽƌŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ and the need for ŶĞǁh'/ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŵ͘ C1.3 hƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐŶŽƚũƵƐƚh'/͛^ŵŽŶĞƚĂƌǇǀĂůƵĞ͕ďƵƚ ŝƚƐƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůǀĂůƵĞƚŽŽ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ͘ C1.4 &ƌĂŵŝŶŐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƚŽďĞƚĂĐŬůĞĚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ǀƵůŶĞƌͲ ĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚͿ ĂŶĚĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĐŽƐƚͲƐĂǀŝŶŐƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ďǇĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐĂĐŽƐƚͲ ďĞŶĞĮƚĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐͿ͘ ϭ͘ϱ /ůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐh'/ďĞŶĞĮƚƐŝŶĂĨŽƌŵĂƚƚŚĂƚŝƐĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞĂŶĚĞĂƐǇƚŽƵŶĚĞƌͲ ƐƚĂŶĚĨŽƌŶŽŶͲĞǆƉĞƌƚƐ;ůŽĐĂůƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ͕ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉƵďůŝĐͿŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƌĂŝƐĞĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĂŶĚŐĂŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ.

C2

ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƉůĂŶƐ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůǇƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ h'/ǁŝƚŚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

C2.1 ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶǁŝƚŚĂůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵǀŝƐŝŽŶĨŽƌh'/ĚĞǀĞůŽƉͲ ŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƌĞŐƵůĂƌƵƉĚĂƚĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƚŽĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ C2.2 ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞ͚ŶŽͲƌĞŐƌĞƚ͛or ͚ůŽǁͲƌĞŐƌĞƚ͛ (i.e., ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƌŽďƵƐƚŶĞƐƐĂƚůŽǁĐŽƐƚƐŽƌƚŽĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚĞĨŽƌĞǆƚƌĂ ĐŽƐƚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂĚĚĞĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐͿ͘ C2.3 'ĞƫŶŐƉůĂŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͗ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŐůŽďĂůŽƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉŽůŝͲ ĐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞƉůĂŶĂŶĚŝƚƐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐͿ͕ďǇůŝŶŬŝŶŐŝƚƚŽůŽĐĂůůǇ important ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞͿĂŶĚͬŽƌĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚƐƚƌŽŶŐĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ͕ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůE'KƐͿ͘ C2.4 ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚh'/ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇďǇĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĨƵůůƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ ŽĨĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĨŽƌŵĂůĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůͿ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚͲ ĂŶŝƐŵƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƉŝůŽƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŽĚĞŵŽŶͲ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŶĞǁĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͕ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞĂĐƚŽƌŝŶǀŽůǀĞͲ ment). Ϯ͘ϱ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐƚŚĞh'/ƉůĂŶǁŝƚŚƚŚŽƐĞŽĨŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐͬƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚŽƐĞ ĂƚŽƚŚĞƌůĞǀĞůƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĂƚƚŚĞĐŝƚǇĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůůĞǀĞůƐͿ͕ĂŝŵŝŶŐĂƚƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂŝĚŽĨĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌĂůǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ƐŝŵƵůͲ ƚĂŶĞŽƵƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉůĂŶƐͿ͘

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C EMBEDDING UGI IN PLANNING C3

5 7


ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽŝŶǀŽůǀĞĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇ ŽĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞh'/ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

C3.1 /ĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĐƚŽƌƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƐƚĂīŝŶŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĞǆƚĞƌŶĂů ĞǆƉĞƌƚƐ͕ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚĐŝǀŝůƐŽĐŝĞƚǇͿƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŶŽƚǇĞƚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚŝŶh'/ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůǁĂǇƐƚŽĞŶŐĂŐĞ them;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ďǇŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ͕ďǇĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐŽƵƚƚŽƚŚĞŵ͕ŽƌďǇ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚͿ͘ C3.2 ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĞǆƚĞƌŶĂůĞǆƉĞƌƚƐĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌǇŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŚĂƌĞĚƚŽƉŝĐƐŽƌŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽh'/ĂĐƌŽƐƐĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞǆĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĮĞůĚƐŽĨĞǆƉĞƌƟƐĞĂŶĚĂŝŵŝŶŐĂƚƐŚĂƌĞĚh'/ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐͿ͘ C3.3 ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂůƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͘ďǇƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĐŽͲŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉŝŶŝƟĂͲ ƟǀĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŐĂƌĚĞŶƐͿ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ the required ƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐĨŽƌĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŶŐƐƵĐŚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚŝŶŽƌŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚĂŬŝŶŐŽŶĂƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŶŐ͕ŵŽĚĞƌĂƟŶŐŽƌĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐ ƌŽůĞ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐƌŝŐŚƚƐͿ͘ C4

/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͗^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽĂŝĚƚŚĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂͲ ƟŽŶŽĨh'/ƉůĂŶƐĂŶĚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŵĂǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

C4.1 hƐŝŶŐƉŝůŽƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŽƚĞƐƚŶŽǀĞůĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐŝŶĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͕ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶͿ͘ZĞƐƵůƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚƚŽĞŶĂďůĞƐƵĐŚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŽďĞ ƌĞĮŶĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽŶĂůĂƌŐĞƌƐĐĂůĞ͘ C4.2 ǆƉůŽƌŝŶŐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƌŽƉĞĂŶŽƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕ĨƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂĐƚŽƌƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘WƵďůŝĐͲWƌŝǀĂƚĞͲWĂƌƚŶĞƌͲ ƐŚŝƉƐ͕ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐͿ͕ũŽŝŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌǇǁŽƌŬĂŶĚůŽĐĂůŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘ C4.3 DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƚŽĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛Ɛh'/ĂŶĚƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ͕ǁŝƚŚƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƚŽĂĚũƵƐƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐŝĨƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝƐŶŽƚĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ͘

t,dEKt͍ tĞŚŽƉĞƚŚŝƐĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚŚĂƐŚĞůƉĞĚǇŽƵƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚŽŶǇŽƵƌƉůĂŶĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŽŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨh'/ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŽŝƚ͕ ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇƐŽŵĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĨŽƌĂĐƟŽŶ͘/ĨǇŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽŽŵĂŶǇĂƌĞĂƐǁŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐŶĞĞĚĞĚ͕ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŽƚŚĞĮǀĞŵŽƐƚƵƌŐĞŶƚŽƌŵŽƐƚƉƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐŽŶĞƐ͘dŽŚĞůƉďƵŝůĚĂĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚh'/ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͕ǁĞŝŶǀŝƚĞ ǇŽƵƚŽǀŝƐŝƚ;ŽƌƌĞǀŝƐŝƚͿƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĂƐŽĨŽƵƌWƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͛'ƵŝĚĞ͗ ͻ ŽƌĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚĞŝƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŵ;ƐĞĞ'ƵŝĚĞWĂƌƚͿ͖ ͻ 'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƚǇƉĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶǇŽƵƌĐŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌ;ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůͿĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽĂŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚh'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ;ƐĞĞ'ƵŝĚĞWĂƌƚ͗'ƌĞĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞdǇƉŽůŽŐǇͿ͖ ͻ dŽŽůƐƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƚĞŽĨǇŽƵƌĐŝƚǇ͛Ɛh'/;ƐĞĞ'ƵŝĚĞWĂƌƚ͗ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐh'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚdŽŽůďŽǆĞƐͿ͖ ͻ WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇŚĞůƉĨƵůƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞƌƐŝŶĂŶĚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞǇŽƵƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ;ƐĞĞ'ƵŝĚĞWĂƌƚ͗ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐͿ͖ ͻ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐǇŽƵŶĞĞĚĂŶĚǁĂǇƐƚŽŽďƚĂŝŶƚŚĞŵ;ƐĞĞ'ƵŝĚĞWĂƌƚ͗/ŵƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚdŽŽůďŽǆdϴͿ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ͖ ͻ ĂƌƌŝĞƌƐƚŚĂƚǇŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ;ƐĞĞĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ'ƵŝĚĞ͕ĂŶĚĂƚWĂƌƚͿ͘ URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

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E

ZK^^ͳhdd/E'^^dh/^ ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶĨŽƌƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ DŝůĂŶ͛ƐZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůEĞƚǁŽƌŬ ZĞŶĞǁĂůŽĨƚŚĞ'ĞůůĞƌƵƉŚŽƵƐŝŶŐĐŽŵƉůĞǆ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛ƐKƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ĐƚŝŽŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨŽƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐh'/ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ/z

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E Kyϭ͗/Ed'Zd/KE&KZ^dKZDtdZDE'DEd͕D>DP &ůŽŽĚŝŶŐŝƐĂŵĂũŽƌĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞĨŽƌ DĂůŵƂ͕ďĞŝŶŐĂƌĞůĂƟǀĞůǇŇĂƚĐŝƚǇ͘ KƉĞŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŚĂƐƉůĂǇĞĚĂŬĞǇ ƉĂƌƚŝŶŇŽŽĚŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŝƚǇĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶŽƉƟŶŐĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐ͕ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƉŽŶĚƐĂŶĚ ďŝŽƐǁĂůĞƐƚŽĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƚŚĞƐĞǁĞƌ ƉŝƉĞƐďĞůŽǁŐƌŽƵŶĚ͘ Strategy dŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚŐƌĞǇ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŝŶDĂůŵƂŚĂƐŶŽƚ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚĨƌŽŵĂƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ƵŶŝĨŽƌŵ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͕ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌŐƌŽǁŶŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘ /ŶƚŚĞůĂƚĞϭϵϴϬƐ͕ƚŚĞŝƚǇ͛ƐtĂƚĞƌĂŶĚ ^ĞǁĂŐĞƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞ^ƚƌĞĞƚĂŶĚ WĂƌŬƐĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚďĞŐĂŶƚŽǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐƐƵĞƐʹŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůůǇ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƉŽŶĚƐ͘dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚƉŽŶĚǁĂƐďƵŝůƚŝŶϭϵϴϵŽŶƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞĂƐƚĞƌŶƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ͕ĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĂŶĞǁŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞŵĂŝŶ impetus for the pond was that the ĂƌĞĂƐƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƌƵŶŽīĚŝĚ ŶŽƚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇƚŽĚŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨƚŚĞ ƉĞĂŬŇŽǁƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŶĞǁůǇͲƐĞĂůĞĚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐǁŽƵůĚĐƌĞĂƚĞ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŶ͕

ĂďŽƵƚϯϱƉŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĞĂŵƐŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŝŶƉƵďůŝĐŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘DŽƐƚǁĞƌĞďƵŝůƚĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐĐŚĞŵĞƐĨŽƌŶĞǁƌĞƐŝͲ ĚĞŶƟĂů͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŽƌƌĞƚĂŝůĂƌĞĂƐ͕ŽƌĨŽƌ roads. /ŶϮϬϬϬ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĞīŽƌƚƐǁĞƌĞĞǆƉĂŶĚĞĚ ĂŶĚĨŽƌŵĂůŝƐĞĚĂƐĂƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉŽůŝĐǇ͕ ƐƚĂƟŶŐƚŚĂƚŶĞǁƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐ͘ĂƌůǇŝŶƚĞŐƌĂͲ ƟŽŶĞīŽƌƚƐĂŝŵĞĚƚŽĂǀŽŝĚĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĐĂƵƐĞĚďǇĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚƐĞǁĞƌŽǀĞƌŇŽǁ͘ DŽƌĞƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇ͕ƚŚĞƌŝƐŬŽĨĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĨƌŽŵĐůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚŇŽŽĚŝŶŐŚĂƐďĞĞŶ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚ WůĂŶ͕ĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚďǇƚŚĞĐŝƚǇďŽĂƌĚŝŶ 2017. The Plan stresses the need for ŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͕ƚŚĞŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚǇŽĨŝŶƚĞͲ ŐƌĂƟŶŐŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚďůƵĞƐƉĂĐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐůŽƐĞĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘dŚĞ ƉůĂŶŝƐĂƐƵďͲĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇͲ ǁŝĚĞŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞWůĂŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƐĞƚƐ ŐŽĂůƐĨŽƌůŽĐĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨDĂůŵƂ͛ƐƐƚŽƌŵͲ

ǁĂƚĞƌƉŽůŝĐǇŚĂƐŵŽƐƚůǇĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽŶ ůĂƌŐĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐǁŝƚŚŝŶŶĞǁ ůŽĐĂůŵĂƐƚĞƌƉůĂŶƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĐŝƚǇ departments and private developers. ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐŐĞƚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚĂƚĂŶĞĂƌůǇƐƚĂŐĞŽĨŵĂƐƚĞƌ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ƚŽĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƐŚĂƌĞŽĨŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽĂďƐŽƌď ƚŚĞĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚƌĂŝŶĨĂůů͘^ŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂƌĞ ƚŚĞŶŶĞŐŽƟĂƚĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞ ŝƚǇWůĂŶŶŝŶŐKĸĐĞ͕^ƚƌĞĞƚĂŶĚWĂƌŬƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚtĂƚĞƌĂŶĚ^ĞǁĂŐĞ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ͘>ĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƉŽŶĚƐ ĂƌĞŵĂŶĂŐĞĚďǇƚŚĞ^ƚƌĞĞƚĂŶĚWĂƌŬƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ǁŝƚŚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĨƵŶĚĞĚ ďǇƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌĂŶĚ^ĞǁĂŐĞƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ (ֻ/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶͿ͘ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ &ŽƌƚŚĞDĂůŵƂƵŝůĚŝŶŐǆŚŝďŝƟŽŶŝŶ ϮϬϬϭ͕ĂŶĞŶƟƌĞůǇŽƉĞŶƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƐǇƐƚĞŵǁĂƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĞǁĚĞǀĞůͲ opment area (the Western Harbour) ĂŶĚĂŶĞǆŝƐƟŶŐŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ;ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐͿ͘ŽƚŚĂƌĞĂƐďĞĐĂŵĞ ƚĞƐƚͲďĞĚƐƚŽĞǆƉůŽƌĞŚŽǁĂŶŽƉĞŶ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƐǇƐƚĞŵĐŽƵůĚďĞŝŵƉůĞͲ

ZĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƉŽŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŝŶĂŶĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ƉĂƌŬ͕ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐ͕DĂůŵƂ͘ Credit: Tim Delshammar

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>/Dd,E'

ŵĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƌĞĂůŝƚǇŝŶƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĐŽŶƚĞǆƚƐ͕ĂŶĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŬŝŶĚƐŽĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘/ŶƵŐƵƐƚĞŶͲ ďŽƌŐ͕ƚŚĞŝƚǇ͛Ɛ^ƚƌĞĞƚĂŶĚWĂƌŬƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂ ƉƵďůŝĐůǇͲŽǁŶĞĚƐŽĐŝĂůŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉĂŶǇƚŽƌĞďƵŝůĚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƚĂůůŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐ͖ŝŶƚŚĞtĞƐƚĞƌŶ ŚĂƌďŽƵƌ͕ƚŚĞŝƚǇǁŽƌŬĞĚǁŝƚŚƐĞǀĞƌĂů developers to build the open stormͲ ǁĂƚĞƌƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ;ֻŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ stakeholders). ƚƚŚĞƟŵĞ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞǀĞƌǇĨĞǁ Swedish examples of open stormwater ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐǇƐƚĞŵƐƚŚĂƚŚĂĚďĞĞŶ ƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůǇŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ͘dŚĞƌĞǁĂƐŶŽĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŽĨ ŚŽǁƚŽƐĐĂůĞƵƉƚŚĞƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ŚŽǁƚŽ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝƚ͕ŽƌŚŽǁƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐǁŽƵůĚ ƌĞĂĐƚ͘dŚĞƉŝůŽƚͲƉƌŽũĞĐƚͲďĂƐĞĚ͕ƐƚĞƉͲďǇͲ ƐƚĞƉĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞŶĂďůĞĚĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ͚ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐͲďǇͲĚŽŝŶŐ͛ĂŵŽŶŐƚŚŽƐĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ ŚĂĚƚŽďĞĂĚũƵƐƚĞĚ͕ďƵƚƚŽĚĂǇŵŽƐƚŽĨ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƐǇƐƚĞŵƐƌĞŵĂŝŶ ƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚĂŶĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂƐĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚ͘ KƚŚĞƌŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐǁĞƌĞƚŚĂƚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞ ĂŐƌĞĞĚƵƉŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͘dŚĞŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƵƚĐŽŵĞǁĂƐƚŽĚĞŵŽŶͲ ƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĂƚĂŶŽƉĞŶƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƐǇƐƚĞŵ ĐĂŶďĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĂŶĞǆŝƐƟŶŐƌĞƐŝͲ ĚĞŶƟĂůĂƌĞĂ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕DĂůŵƂ͛ƐŐƌĞĞŶͲ ŐƌĞǇŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŚĂǀĞƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽďĞĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůŝŶŶĞǁ͕ ůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘

^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŝŶĂŶĞǆŝƐƟŶŐƐĐŚŽŽůǇĂƌĚ͕ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐ͕DĂůŵƂ͘ Credit: Tim Delshammar

^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŝŶĂŶĞǆŝƐƟŶŐƐĐŚŽŽůǇĂƌĚ͕ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐ͕DĂůŵƂ͘ Credit: Tim Delshammar

ƉŽůŝĐǇͿ͕ĂŶĚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͘ /ŶƚŚĞůŽŶŐĞƌƚĞƌŵ͕ƚŚĞŝƚǇ͛ƐĐŽŵŵŝƚͲ ment to maintain the open stormwater ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ;ŽŶĐĞďƵŝůƚͿŚĂƐďĞĞŶŬĞǇƚŽ ƚŚĞŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͛ƐǀŝĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ǁŚŝůĞ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌǇŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ŚĂǀĞĂůƐŽƉůĂǇĞĚĂƉĂƌƚŝŶŵŽďŝůŝƐŝŶŐ ŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘^ŽŵĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞŽƉƚĞĚƚŽǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌŝůǇĚĞƚĂŝŶƐƚŽƌŵͲ ǁĂƚĞƌǀŝĂƉŽŶĚƐŽƌŐƌĞĞŶƌŽŽĨƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƌĂƟŶŐ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐƐƵĐŚĂƐZDŽŵŵƵŶŝͲ ƟĞƐ͕ŽƌĂůŽĐĂůƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůͲ ŽƉŵĞŶƚĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƌĂƟŽƐ;'ZͿ͘,ŽŵĞŽǁŶĞƌƐǁŚŽ ĚŝƐĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƚŚĞŝƌĚƌĂŝŶƉŝƉĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐƐǇƐƚĞŵĐĂŶƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĂƌĞĨƵŶĚ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌĂŶĚ^ĞǁĂŐĞƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ͘

dŚĞŵĂŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶDĂůŵƂ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞůĞŐĂůĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƚŚĞWůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐƚͿ͕ůŽĐĂů ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ;ƚŚĞŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞWůĂŶ͕ůŽĐĂů master plans, and stormwater


&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ ZDŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ >ŽĐĂůĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚDĂůŵƂ;/Ŷ Swedish). &ƵƌƚŚĞƌƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŽŶůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ůĞĂƌŶĞĚ͘^ĐĂŶĚĂŶĂǀŝĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶZŽŽĨ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͘ 'Zʹ'ƌĞĞŶƌĞĂZĂƟŽ The Western Harbour – experiences and lessons learned. Malmö, Sweden. Persson, B. (ed.), 2013. ĂƐĞƐƚƵĚǇĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨŽϬϭ͕DĂůŵƂ͕ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ͘Journal of Green Building, ϴ;ϯͿ͕ϯϰͲϱϬ͘ƵƐƟŶ͕'͕͘ϮϬϭϯ͘ ůƵĞͲŐƌĞĞŶĮŶŐĞƌƉƌŝŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇŽĨDĂůŵƂ͕^ǁĞĚĞŶ͗DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ ǁĂǇƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƵƌďĂŶ ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ͘Malmö: Va syd. Stahre, P., 2008.

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E KyϮ͗Z'/KE>K>K'/>EdtKZE dŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ ŵĞŶƚĂůƉůĂŶĨŽƌƚŚĞ>ŽŵďĂƌĚǇƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŝƐƚŚĞZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůEĞƚǁŽƌŬ ;ZĞƚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞ͕ŽƌZZͿ͘ dŚĞZZǁĂƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶϮϬϬϵ͕ ĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĂƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇ͘/ƚŝƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞĚďǇ ĂƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŶĞƐƚĞĚĂƚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞƐĐĂůĞƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƐĞƌǀĞ ĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌůŽĐĂů͕ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂů ĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶŽƚŚĞƌƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ/ƚĂůǇ͘ dŚĞZZ͛ƐŐŽĂůŝƐƚŽďƵŝůĚĂŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ůŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇĂƌĞĂƐĨŽƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌŚĂďŝƚĂƚƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůǀĂůƵĞďǇĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐͲ

ƟŽŶƐƚŚĞǇƉĞƌĨŽƌŵ͘^ŝŶĐĞϮϬϭϬ͕ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŚĂƐďĞĞŶŐƌĂĚƵĂůůǇƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůƚŽƚŚĞůŽĐĂůƐĐĂůĞ͕ ĂŶĚŝƐŶŽǁŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂͲ ƟŽŶŝŶƚŽŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ ĐƚŽƌƐ dŚĞZZǁĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚĚƌĂŌĞĚďǇ dŚĞŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞ'ĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ hƌďĂŶWůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ^ŽŝůŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ĞƉĂƌƚͲ ŵĞŶƚŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ>ŽŵďĂƌĚǇ ZĞŐŝŽŶŝŶĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů advisors. As part of the network, enviͲ ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽĐĂůĞǆƉĞƌƚƐƚŽĞŶĂĐƚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŝŵĞĚĂƚĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŝŶƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨĂ sustainable natural environment. AddiͲ ƟŽŶĂůĂĐƚŽƌƐĂƌĞƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ;ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌ

ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉůǇŝŶĨŽƌͲ ŵĂƟŽŶŽŶĂŶŝŵĂůĂŶĚƉůĂŶƚůŝĨĞͿ͕ĞŶǀŝͲ ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůE'KƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘tt&/ƚĂůŝĂͿ͕ĐŝƟͲ ǌĞŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ WƵďůŝĐͲƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐƐŚĂƌĞƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĐŽƐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͕ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚŶĞĞĚƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐĞĐƚŽƌƐŝŶĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌǇƚĞĂŵ͘ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ ZZŝƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƵƌďĂŶƐƉƌĂǁůͿ͘dŚĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝƐŐƵŝĚĞĚďǇ ďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨďƵīĞƌ ǌŽŶĞƐƚŽĂďƐŽƌďŶŝƚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ƌĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨŶĂƟǀĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿĂƚƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶ͕ƉĞƌŝͲ ƵƌďĂŶĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůůĞǀĞůƐ͕ĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďǇƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůƉůĂŶƐ͘

DŝŶĐŝŽWĂƌŬƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƚǁŽĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘ĐƟŽŶϭ;ǌŝŽŶĞϭͿ͗ĂŐƌĞĞŶĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌǁĂƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚĐƵƫŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶǌŽŶĞ͘ĐƟŽŶϮ;ǌŝŽŶĞϮͿ͗ĂƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůďĂƌƌŝĞƌ͕ƚŚĞ^ĂŶ'ŝŽƌŐŝŽƌŝĚŐĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂƵƐĞĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌŽĨƚŚĞDŝŶĐŝŽĐĂŶĂů͘>ĞŐĞŶĚ͗&ŝŶŝƐŚĞĚŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ;ŐƌĞĞŶůŝŶĞƐͿ͖ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐƌĞĞŶĂƌĞĂƐŽĨƚŚĞZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůEĞƚǁŽƌŬ;ZZͿ;ǇĞůůŽǁƐƋƵĂƌĞƐͿ͖ďŝŬĞƉĂƚŚƐĂŶĚĨŽŽƚƉĂƚŚƐ;ƌĞĚůŝŶĞƐͿ͖ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌŽĨƚŚĞZZ;ŐƌĞĞŶůĞĂĨŽŶƚŚĞĐĂŶĂůͿ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗DŝŶĐŝŽWĂƌŬWƌĞƐƐKĸĐĞ

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/K/sZ^/dz

ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƚŚĞZZŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐǁŝƚŚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐĂŶĚƉůĂŶƐŽĨĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĂƚ ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĂƚŵƵůƟƉůĞƐĐĂůĞƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚĞ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞWůĂŶĂƚƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůͬŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůůĞǀĞů͘ŽƚŚƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚ private funds support the implementaͲ ƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞZZ͕ŶĂŵĞůǇƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶ ƌĞĂƐ&ƵŶĚŽĨƚŚĞ>ŽŵďĂƌĚǇZĞŐŝŽŶ ;ĨƵŶĚƐŽĨΦϭϱŵŝůůŝŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƌŝƉůŽ &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ;ǁŚŝĐŚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂůŝŶĞŽĨ ĐƌĞĚŝƚƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚZZŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐͿ͘ &ƵŶĚƐĂůƐŽŇŽǁĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ůŽĐĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂīŽƌĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĞƐƚŽŵŝƟŐĂƚĞƚŚĞ loss of land to urban development. ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂƌĞũŽŝŶƚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ shared between the European Union ĂŶĚŶĂƟŽŶĂůͬƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƌƵƌĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐͿ͘

dŚĞDŝŶĐŝŽWĂƌŬƉƌŽũĞĐƚƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚǁŽƉƵďůŝĐŐƌĂŶƚƐĨŽƌ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ;ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ >ŽŵďĂƌĚǇZĞŐŝŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƌŝƉůŽ &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶͿ͘dŚĞƚŽƚĂůĐŽƐƚĂŵŽƵŶƚĞĚ ƚŽΦϰϮϱ͕ϬϬϬĨŽƌƉůĂŶƟŶŐƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞ ĐĂŶĂůĂŶĚƚŚĞĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ ǁŽŽĚĞĚĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂŶĚĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ΦϮϮϬ͕ϬϬϬĨŽƌƚŚĞĞĐŽƚƵŶŶĞů͘ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐǁĞƌĞDŝŶĐŝŽWĂƌŬĂƐůĞĂĚ ĂŐĞŶĐǇ͕ƚŚĞWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞŽĨDĂŶƚƵĂ͕ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇŽĨDĂŶƚƵĂ͕ĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ/WK;ƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŐĞŶĐǇĨŽƌƚŚĞWŽƌŝǀĞƌͿ͘ŝƟǌĞŶ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚĂƉƌĞƐƐĐŽŶĨĞƌͲ ĞŶĐĞŽƉĞŶƚŽƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƚŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůǀŝƐŝƚƐĨŽƌƐĐŚŽŽůƐ͕ ƚƌĞĞͲƉůĂŶƟŶŐĚĂǇƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉƵďůŝĐ͕ĂŶĚĂƉƵďůŝĐŝŶĂƵŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂĚǀĞƌƟƐĞĚďǇƚĞůĞǀŝƐŝŽŶĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐƐĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ͘

DŝŶĐŝŽĂŶĂů KŶĞZZƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚƚŽĚĂƚĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐDŝŶĐŝŽWĂƌŬ͘/ŶϮϬϭϰ͕ĂŶĞǁ ŐƌĞĞŶĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌǁĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞďĂŶŬƐŽĨƚŚĞDŝŶĐŝŽĂŶĂů͕ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐŽĨƚƌĞĞƌŽǁƐŽǀĞƌĂĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨƐĞǀĞŶŬŵ͘dŚĞĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŝƚǇŽĨDĂŶƚƵĂĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶƐƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞDŝŶĐŝŽĂŶĂůŝŶŝƚƐ ŵŽƐƚƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞĚƚƌĂĐƚ͘ǆŝƐƟŶŐǀĞŐĞƚĂͲ ƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞĐĂŶĂůďĂŶŬƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶŝŶƚĞͲ ŐƌĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŶĞǁŶĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĞƐĂŶĚ ƐŚƌƵďƐ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůŽĐĂůďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ (ֻŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇͿ͘dŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂůƐŽůĂŝĚ ƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŶƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶǁĂǇƚŚĂƚĂůůŽǁƐƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶƐĂŶĚ ĐǇĐůŝƐƚƐƚŽƚƌĂǀĞůĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶ ǌŽŶĞƚŽƚŚĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŽĨĂďŝŬĞƉĂƚŚ ŶŽƌƚŚŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂ ϯϯŵͲůŽŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƉĂƐƐ͕Žƌ͚ĞĐŽƚƵŶŶĞů͕͛ for pedestrians and wildlife (ֻ'ƌĞĞŶͲ ŐƌĞǇŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶͿ͘

dŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐŝƚĞƐĂƌĞĐĂƌĞĚĨŽƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĂĮǀĞǇĞĂƌŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚǁŝƚŚ ĂďĂŶŬŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞŽĨϭϭϬйŽĨƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬƐ͛ǀĂůƵĞƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚĞĂĐŚǇĞĂƌ͘KƚŚĞƌ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂƌĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐďǇƚŚĞDŝŶĐŝŽWĂƌŬ sŽůƵŶƚĂƌǇĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů'ƵĂƌĚƐĂŶĚϮϰ ŚŽƵƌĐĂŵĞƌĂƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚƚŽ ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨƚŚĞDƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇ ŽĨDĂŶƚƵĂ͛ƐůŽĐĂůƉŽůŝĐĞĨŽƌĐĞ͘

E

ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͘ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ƵƉĚĂƟŶŐĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐŽĨƐŬŝůůƐ ĂŶĚďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĨƌĂŵĞͲ ǁŽƌŬ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǁĞďƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐĨŽƌƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͘

&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ ZZĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ DŝŶĐŝŽĂŶĂů sŝĚĞŽWĂƌĐŽEŽƌĚDŝůĂŶŽ ůůŝŶ/ƚĂůŝĂŶ͘

&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŽƵƚůŽŽŬ ŶŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĞZZŝƐƚŚĞ ƐŚŝŌĨƌŽŵƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚͲ ĚƌŝǀĞŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƚŽĂŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƌŽůĞĨŽƌŶŽŶͲ ƐƚĂƚĞĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƚŚŽƐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘dŚĞŝŶƚĞŶƚŝƐƚŽ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐĞĞǀĞŶŵŽƌĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌͲ ŵŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞZZĂŝŵƐƚŽŽīĞƌĂƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĨƵƚƵƌĞŵŽĚŝĮͲ ĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů


73

E Kyϯ͗ZEt>K&d,'>>ZhW,Kh^/E'KDW>y͕Z,h^ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉŝƐƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚƐŽĐŝĂůŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉůĞǆŝŶĞŶŵĂƌŬ͕ďƵŝůƚŝŶϭϵϲϴͲϳϮ͘ dŚĞϯϬƚŽǁĞƌďůŽĐŬƐĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞϮ͕ϰϬϬ ĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚǁĞƌĞŚŽŵĞƚŽũƵƐƚ ŽǀĞƌϳϬϬϬƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂƐŽĨ:ĂŶƵĂƌǇ ϮϬϭϯ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞϮϬϬϬƐ͕'ĞůůĞƌƵƉŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚ ĂƌĞĂ͕ĚƵĞƚŽŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇͲ ŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐƌŝŵŝŶĂůĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚůŽǁ ůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶĐŽŵĞĂĐƌŽƐƐ ŝƚƐƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶϮϬϭϯ͕ ĂůŵŽƐƚϳϵйŽĨƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĐĂŵĞĨƌŽŵ ŶŽŶͲtĞƐƚĞƌŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽ ϭϭйĨŽƌĂƌŚƵƐĂƐĂǁŚŽůĞ͘DĂŶǇ ĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐŚĂǀĞƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚǀĂĐĂŶƚŝŶ ƌĞĐĞŶƚǇĞĂƌƐĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͛ƐƉŽŽƌ ƌĞƉƵƚĂƟŽŶ͘ /ŶϮϬϬϳ͕ƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇŽĨĂƌŚƵƐ ĚĞĐŝĚĞĚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉĂŶĞǁŵĂƐƚĞƌƉůĂŶ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂŝŵŽĨƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ ĨƌŽŵĂŵŽŶŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŚŽƵƐŝŶŐĞƐƚĂƚĞ ŝŶƚŽĂŶĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ͕ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂ͕ǁŝƚŚŶĞǁŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͕ĂŵĞŶŝͲ ƟĞƐ͕ǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĞĚŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƐƚŚĂƚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ;ֻDƵůƟĨƵŶĐͲ ƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇͿ͘dŚĞŵĂƐƚĞƌƉůĂŶŚĂƐĂůŽŶŐͲ ƚĞƌŵƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞ͕ƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐŽǀĞƌĂůů ĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶŝŶϮϬϮϳ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŐƌĞĞŶ

ƐƉĂĐĞƌĞŶĞǁĂůƚŽďĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞďǇϮϬϭϳ͘ dŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĮŶĂŶĐĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůƵƌďĂŶƌĞŶĞǁĂůĨƵŶĚ;>ĂŶĚƐͲ ďǇŐŐĞĨŽŶĚĞŶͿ͘dŚĞĨƵŶĚƐĂƌĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďǇƚŚĞĐŝƚǇŽĨĂƌŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĂďƌĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů,ŽƵƐŝŶŐƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƐƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͕ĂƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚĂŶĂƟŽŶĂůŵŝŶŝƐƚƌǇ͘/ƚŚĂƐĂďƵĚŐĞƚ ŽĨΦϭϬϬŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚΦϭϮ͘ϱŵŝůůŝŽŶ ŝƐĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͘SLA ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ϮϬϭϰ͘ ŝƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐƉůĂŶ'ĞůůĞƌƵƉƉĂƌŬĞŶ нdŽǀĞƐŚƆũ(in Danish). Aarhus Municipality, 2011.

/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇďǇƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐĂ͚ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐůŝŶŬ͛ŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶŐƌĞĞŶ ǁĞĚŐĞĂŶĚƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶďůƵĞǁĞĚŐĞƚŽƚŚĞƐŽƵƚŚ͕ĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ͛ƐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ;ďůĂĐŬůŝŶĞͿ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗^>ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐϮϬϭϰ

^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŽƐĞĐƵƌĞĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚŵŝŐƌĂŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐ ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞůĂƌŐĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽĨƚŚŝƐŬŝŶĚ͘dŚƵƐ͕ŵĂŶǇƐŝŵƉůǇĚŝĚŶŽƚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞŝŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ ^ĞǀĞƌĂůƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĞƐǁĞƌĞ ƚĞƐƚĞĚƚŽŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞƚŚŝƐŽďƐƚĂĐůĞ͕ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵŵŽƌĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƉƵďůŝĐ ŚĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ͕ƚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐ ĂŶĚ͚ůŽŽŬͲĂŶĚͲůĞĂƌŶ͛ǀŝƐŝƚƐƚŽŽƚŚĞƌ ƉůĂĐĞƐŝŶĞŶŵĂƌŬ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘ &ŽƵƌǁĂůŬƐǁŝƚŚǁŽŵĞŶĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞƚŚŶŝĐŐƌŽƵƉƐǁĞƌĞŚĞůĚ͕ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞĞǆŝƐƟŶŐŐƌĞĞŶĂƌĞĂƐĂŶĚƚĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĨŽƌƚŚĐŽŵŝŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͘dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶƉƵƌƉŽƐĞǁĂƐƚŽďƌŝŶŐƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌĂŶĚ ĂůůŽǁƚŚĞŵƚŽĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĂƌĞĂƐǁŚĞƌĞ ƐĂĨĞƚǇĂƐƉĞĐƚƐĐŽƵůĚďĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ͘ zŽƵƚŚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐůƵďƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͕ĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĂƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ

ƚŽĞŶŐĂŐĞƉĞŽƉůĞŝŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͚ĨƌŽŵŝŶƐŝĚĞͲŽƵƚ͛͘dŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŽĸĐĞƌĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐŽĨůŽĐĂů ĐůƵďƐĂŶĚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ĂŐƌŽƵƉŽĨϮϭ ǇŽƵŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶĂƚƌŝƉƚŽ ͚^ƵƉĞƌŬŝůĞŶ͛;ƚŚĞ^ƵƉĞƌtĞĚŐĞͿŝŶ EƆƌƌĞďƌŽ͕ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͘EƆƌƌĞďƌŽŚĂƐ been transformed from an industrial ĂŶĚŚŽƵƐŝŶŐĂƌĞĂŝŶƚŽĂŵƵůƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĞŝƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĂ͘dŚĞǀŝƐŝƚ ĨŽƐƚĞƌĞĚĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚ ŚĞůƉĞĚƚŽĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŽƉƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŶĚ barriers to the future development of Gellerup’s park. dŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇŚĂƐĂůƐŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂ ŐƌŽƵƉŽĨƚĞŶ͚ůĞŝƐƵƌĞƟŵĞǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͛͘ dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞǇŽƵŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞƚŚŶŝĐŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŚŽƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĂƐŵĂůů ƐĂůĂƌǇĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇĨŽƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƚŚĞůŽĐĂůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞ ƌĞŶĞǁĂůƉůĂŶƐĂŶĚƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐĨŽƌ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲ


ŵĂŬŝŶŐ͘ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚŚŝƐŝŶŝƟĂͲ ƟǀĞŝƐƚŚĂƚǀĂŶĚĂůŝƐŵŚĂƐĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĂƚ ƚŚĞƉůĂĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞůĞŝƐƵƌĞƟŵĞ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐĂƌĞĂĐƟǀĞ͘ >ĞƐƐŽŶƐůĞĂƌŶƚ dŚĞůĞǀĞůŽĨƉƵďůŝĐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŚĂƐ ĞǀŽůǀĞĚĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐůǇƐŝŶĐĞϮϬϬϲ͘ WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇĞīŽƌƚƐǁŝƚŚĂƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĨŽĐƵƐƵƉŽŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐƐĞĞŵƚŽ ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŵŽƐƚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůŝŶŐĞŶĞƌͲ ĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨĂŶĚŵĞĂŶͲ ŝŶŐĨƵůĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬŽŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶ͘ĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚĞĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞůĞŐĂůƌŝŐŚƚƐƚŚĂƚƉƵďůŝĐ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŚĂǀĞŝŶĞŶŵĂƌŬ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐďŽĂƌĚƐǁĞƌĞŝŶŝƟĂůůǇŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŽŶůǇĂƚĂƌĞůĂƟǀĞůǇůŽǁůĞǀĞů͘Ƶƚ ĂĐƟǀĞůŽďďǇŝƐŵƐƵĐĐĞĞĚĞĚ͗ƚŚĞǇŚĂǀĞ ƐŝŶĐĞďĞĐŽŵĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŵƉŽƌͲ ƚĂŶƚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚĂƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞ ĂĐƚĂƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĐŚĂŶŶĞůďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚĞĂŵ and residents.

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E Kyϰ͗KWE^W^dZd'z͕/EhZ', dŚĞŝƚǇŽĨĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚŽƵŶĐŝůĚĞǀĞůͲ ŽƉĞĚĂŶKƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĂƐƉĂƌƚ ŽĨĂĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŶĞĞĚƐ͘dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚďĞŐĂŶŝŶϮϬϬϵ ǁŝƚŚĂŶĂƵĚŝƚŽĨĂůůŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐƐŝǌĞĚ ϱϬϬŵϮŽƌůĂƌŐĞƌ͗ƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƐƵĐŚĐŽŵƉƌĞͲ ŚĞŶƐŝǀĞĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϲϵ͘/ƚǁĂƐ ůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϬ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚǁĞůǀĞ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶƐƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚƵƉĚĂƚĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϲ͘/ŶƚŚĞ ŶĞǁǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ͕KƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞϮϬϮϭ͕ƚŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽĨŽƵƌ>ŽĐĂůŝƚǇKƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ dŚĞKƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇǁĂƐĚƌŝǀĞŶ ďǇ^ĐŽƫƐŚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉŽůŝĐǇ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ^ĐŽƫƐŚůŽĐĂůĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞƐƵĐŚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞŽŶĚŽŝŶŐƐŽ;WůĂŶŶŝŶŐĚǀŝĐĞ EŽƚĞϲϱͿ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĚƌŝǀĞƌ ǁĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌĂĨĂŝƌ͕ĐůĞĂƌ ĂŶĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇĨŽƌƌĞƐŝĚĞŶͲ ƟĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐƚŚƌĞĞĐŽƌĞ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͗ĂŶĂƵĚŝƚ͕ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͕ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶƐ͘dŚĞĂƵĚŝƚƌĂŶŬƐƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨŽƵŶĐŝůͲŽǁŶĞĚƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͕ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůĂŵĞŶŝƚǇƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ĐĞŵĞƚĞƌŝĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌ ƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƐƉŽƌƚƐ ĂƌĞĂƐͿ͘WƌŝǀĂƚĞŐĂƌĚĞŶƐĂŶĚďĂĐŬǇĂƌĚƐ ĂƌĞŶŽƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ͘dŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůƚŽŽŬĂŶ ĂĐƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͛ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŶĞĞĚƐ͕ƵƐŝŶŐƚǁŽĂƵĚŝƚ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŵĞĞƚͲ ŝŶŐƐŝŶϮϬϬϴͬϵƚŽŐĂŝŶŵŽƌĞƵŶĚĞƌͲ ƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƵƐĞ͕ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞĚƌĂŌ audit and plan (ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘

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&KZ͗KƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇDĂƉ;ϮϬϭϬͿƐŚŽǁŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŵĞĞƟŶŐƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ;ŐƌĞĞŶͿ͕ƚŚŽƐĞĚĞĮĐŝĞŶƚ;ƌĞĚͿ͕ĂŶĚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůĂƌĞĂƐŶŽƚŵĞĞƟŶŐƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ;ĚĂƌŬŐƌĞǇͿ͘ Credit: City of Edinburgh Council

&dZ͗DĂƉ;ϮϬϭϲͿƐŚŽǁŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŵĞĞƟŶŐƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ;ŐƌĞĞŶͿ͕ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐ ;ƌĞĚͿ͕ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůĂƌĞĂƐŶŽǁŵĞĞƟŶŐƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ;ƉŝŶŬͿĂŶĚƚŚŽƐĞŶŽƚǇĞƚŵĞĞƟŶŐŝƚ ;ĚĂƌŬŐƌĞǇͿ͘DĂŶǇƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇͲĚĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĂƌĞĂƐŚĂǀĞƚƵƌŶĞĚƉŝŶŬƐŝŶĐĞϮϬϭϬ͘ Credit: City of Edinburgh Council


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hƐŝŶŐŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇĐŝƚǇͲǁŝĚĞ dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƵĚŝƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂͲ ƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĞĚĂďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐƚĂŶĚͲ ĂƌĚƐ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƐƐĞƐƐƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨĚŝŶͲ ďƵƌŐŚ͛ƐŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐŵƵůƟƉůĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞŽĨďŽƚŚŚƵŵĂŶƐ ;ĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƐƉĂĐĞĂŶĚĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞͿĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐĂŶĚĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇͿ͘/Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƵƐĞƐĂƌĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůďĂůůŐĂŵĞƐ͕ƐĞĂƟŶŐ͕ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ͕ŽďƐĞƌǀŝŶŐǁŝůĚůŝĨĞ ֻDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇͿĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝͲ ĂƚĞŶĞƐƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƵƐĞƐĐŽƌĞĚŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƐŝǌĞ͕ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚƵƐĞͿ͘dŚƌĞĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐǁĞƌĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ͕ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĂůůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŚŝŐŚƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŽĨĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚǇƉĞƐ͗ĂͿůŽĐĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͕ďͿůĂƌŐĞ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͕ĂŶĚĐͿƉůĂǇƐƉĂĐĞ͘dŚĞ ŽƵŶĐŝůĂůƐŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĚŵĂƉƐƚŽǀŝƐƵĂůŝƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐǁŝƚŚĂĐĐĞƐƐĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘ /ŶϮϬϭϬĂůŵŽƐƚϮϬŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐĚŝĚŶŽƚ ŵĞĞƚƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞďǇϮϬϭϲƚŚĂƚ number was down to three, and over 30 ŶĞǁůŽĐĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŚĂĚďĞĞŶĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶϰϬϬŵĞƚƌĞƐŽĨŚŽŵĞƐʹĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ ŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͛ƐƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂͲ ƟŽŶ͘dŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůƌĞƐŽůǀĞĚƚŽƌĞƚĂŝŶĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƵƉĚĂƚĞĚ ϮϬϭϲƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ;ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉͿƚŽĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇŽĨ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŝŶŶĞǁ developments and to promote environͲ ŵĞŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚĂĐƟǀĞůŝǀŝŶŐ͘ ĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶƐ &ŽƌƚŚĞϮϬϭϬƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͕ƚǁĞůǀĞĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶƐ ǁĞƌĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂƚŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚůĞǀĞů͕

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ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚǇŽƵƚŚŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘ŚŝůͲ ĚƌĞŶĂŶĚǇŽƵŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞǁĞƌĞŝŶǀŝƚĞĚƚŽ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĂƚƐĐŚŽŽůƐĂŶĚĐůƵďƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůů ĂƐƉĂƌĞŶƚƐŝŶŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘ &ŝŶĂůůǇ͕ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĂƵĚŝƚ͕ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͕ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶƐŚĂƐĞŶƐƵƌĞĚŝƚƐĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ ƵƐĂŐĞ͕ĂŶĚĂůƐŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĐƌŽƐƐͲĚĞƉĂƌƚͲ ŵĞŶƚĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŝŶǀĞƐƚͲ ŵĞŶƚŝŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘dŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇǁŝůů ďĞƵƉĚĂƚĞĚĞǀĞƌǇĮǀĞǇĞĂƌƐĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ a basis to monitor and evaluate developͲ ŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ƚĂŬĞͲŚŽŵĞŵĞƐƐĂŐĞĨƌŽŵĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ŝƐƚŚĂƚŬŶŽǁŝŶŐǇŽƵƌŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝͲ ďŝůŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ƉĂǇƐŽīǁŚĞŶŝƚ ĐŽŵĞƐƚŽƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůǇĂůŝŐŶŝŶŐƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛Ɛ natural environment.

&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ KƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞϮϬϮϭ͗ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛Ɛ KƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͘dŚĞŝƚǇŽĨ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚŽƵŶĐŝů͕ϮϬϭϲ͘ ƵĚŝƚƐĂŶĚ>ŽĐĂůŝƚǇĐƟŽŶWůĂŶƐ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐĚǀŝĐĞEŽƚĞϲϱ͗ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚKƉĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ͘^ĐŽƫƐŚ Government, 2008. ,ŽǁEĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐtŽƌŬ͘KǀĞƌǀŝĞǁŽŶ ƚŚĞĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚEĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ Partnership website.

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E Kyϱ͗d/KEW>EE/E'&KZ/K/sZ^/dz͕>/^KE ƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞhEĞĐĂĚĞĨŽƌŝŽĚŝǀĞƌͲ ƐŝƚǇ;ϮϬϭϭͲϮϬϮϬͿ͕ƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇŽĨ >ŝƐďŽŶ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů͕ĚĞĐŝĚĞĚƚŽƚĂŬĞĂĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚĂŝŵĨŽƌĂŶĂŵďŝƟŽƵƐϮϬйŝŵƉƌŽǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚŝŶŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇďǇ ϮϬϮϬƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽŝƚƐϮϬϭϬůĞǀĞůƐ͘&ŽƌƚŚŝƐ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͚ŝŽĚŝͲ ǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŝŶƚŚĞŝƚǇŽĨ>ŝƐďŽŶ͕ĂƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ĨŽƌϮϬϮϬ͛ǁĂƐĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϮ͕ƐŽŽŶ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďǇƚŚĞ͚>ŽĐĂůĐƟŽŶWůĂŶĨŽƌ >ŝƐďŽŶŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͛ŝŶϮϬϭϱ͘ dŚĞĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶŝƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚŶŽƚŽŶůǇƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͛ƐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽƚŽŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚǁĞůůͲ ďĞŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŝƚǇĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ (ֻůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵǇͿ͘dŚĞƉůĂŶŝƐŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽďĞ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƚĂƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůƐĐĂůĞ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƚůŽĐĂůƐĐĂůĞ͘ dŚĞĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶĚĞĮŶĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĂŝůƐ ĂĐƟŽŶƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽƚŚƌĞĞŵĂŝŶĂƌĞĂƐ͘ ϭ͘/ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ͗ ͻ ǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƐĐŚŽŽůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐ͘

ͻ dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĨŽƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ŐƵŝĚĞƐ͘ ͻ KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨǇĞĂƌůǇĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘ Ϯ͘ƌĞĂƟŶŐĂŶĚƐŚĂƌŝŶŐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͗ ͻ ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚĨŽƌŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĨĞƌͲ ĞŶĐĞƐĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽŶƵƌďĂŶďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌͲ ƐŝƚǇ͘ ͻ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐǁŝƚŚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐŽŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶƐŚŝƉƐ͕ĂŶĚDĂƐƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŽĐƚŽƌĂůĚĞŐƌĞĞƐĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽŶŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ĂŶŝŵĂůďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ͕ ĂŶĚĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŵŽĚĞůůŝŶŐ ĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ͘ ϯ͘^ƉĞĐŝĮĐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ͗ ͻ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ͻ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŵĞĚŝƵŵͲƐŝǌĞĚĂŶĚůĂƌŐĞŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŐƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŶĞĐͲ ƟǀŝƚǇǁŝƚŚƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌĂůŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝͲ ƟĞƐ͘ ͻ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶĂĐƟŽŶƐ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚŇŽƌŝƐƟĐ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŝŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ͻ ƌĞĂƟŶŐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐĂŶĚ ǁŝůĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƌĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝƐŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĞĂŵƐ͘

ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůĂůůŽƚŵĞŶƚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ;ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶϮϬϬϳͿŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚŝŶĞǆŝƐƟŶŐŽƌŶĞǁ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͕ŽƌŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶĨĂďƌŝĐ͕ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶĞǆŝƐƟŶŐŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐ ŚĂƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽĂůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞŵŽƐĂŝĐ ǁŝƚŚŐƌĞĂƚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘ /ŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ dŚĞĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶŝƐĞŵƉůŽǇŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƚǇ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ/ŶĚĞǆ;/ֻ͕Toolbox T1) ĂŶĚƚǁŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐ ;ƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞĚĨŽƌϮϬϭϳĂŶĚϮϬϮϬͿƚŽ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĂŶĚĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞŝƚƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ (ֻ/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶͿ͘ĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞ/Ɛ ƵƐĞĚŝŶƵƌŝƟďĂ͕ƌĂǌŝů͕ĂŶĚ^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ>ŝƐďŽŶŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇ͕ŝŶĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞDƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŐĞŶĐǇĨŽƌŶĞƌŐǇ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ;>ŝƐďŽĂĞͲŶŽǀĂͿ͕ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚŝƚƐŽǁŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƚŽƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ͘dŚĞ/ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐ ϮϯŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚƐƵďͲŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚƌĞĞŵĂŝŶĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͗ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘

dĂŐƵƐƐƚƵĂƌǇ͗ƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚƐŚŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ ĞƐƚƵĂƌǇŝƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůŵĂƌƐŚůĂŶĚ ĂƌĞĂŽĨŚŝŐŚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͘/ƚǁŝůůďĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ>ŝƐďŽŶ͛ƐůŽĐĂů ĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶĨŽƌďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗D>tĞďƐŝƚĞͬ^şƟŽĚĂD> ǁǁǁ͘ĐŵͲůŝƐďŽĂ͘Ɖƚ

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&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ >ŽĐĂůĐƟŽŶWůĂŶĨŽƌ>ŝƐďŽŶ͛Ɛ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ(in Portuguese). Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 2015.

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇZŽƵƚĞ͗ĂŐƵŝĚĞƚŽĂϭϰŬŵǁĂůŬŝŶŐƌŽƵƚĞ͕ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐDŽŶƐĂŶƚŽ&ŽƌĞƐƚWĂƌŬƚŽ ƚŚĞdĂŐƵƐƌŝǀĞƌ͘/ƚǁĂƐƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ>ŝƐďŽŶ͛ƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇƚŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗D>tĞďƐŝƚĞͬ^şƟŽĚĂD>ǁǁǁ͘ĐŵͲůŝƐďŽĂ͘Ɖƚ

/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ dŚĞ>ŝƐďŽŶŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇŝŶƚĞŶĚƐƚŽ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĞǀĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐďǇĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐƉĂƌƚͲ ŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐǁŝƚŚĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕E'KƐĂŶĚ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐǀŽůƵŶͲ ƚĞĞƌŝŶŐ;ֻŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐͿ͘ ǆƉĞĐƚĞĚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉůĂŶ͛Ɛ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞůŝŬĞůŝŚŽŽĚ ŽĨĚŝǀĞƌŐĞŶƚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƚĂŬĞͲ ŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůƉĂƌƟĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐƵƌďĂŶĨĂďƌŝĐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐůĞĂǀŝŶŐůĞƐƐĂŶĚůĞƐƐƌŽŽŵĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͛ƐŽŶŐŽŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐƌŝƐŝƐ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐůǇůŝŵŝƚƐƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐďƵĚŐĞƚ͘

ƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞ͕ƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐƌŝƐŝƐ ŚĂƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͕ĐůŽƐĞƚŽĐŝƟͲ zens’ homes. This presents an opporͲ ƚƵŶŝƚǇĨŽƌĐŝƚǇŽĸĐŝĂůƐƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ĐŝƟǌĞŶŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͘ĞƌĂĚŝĐĂƟŶŐŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞƉůĂŶƚƐĂŶĚ ĐĂƌƌǇŝŶŐŽƵƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ǁŝƚŚĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕E'KƐĂŶĚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝͲ ƟĞƐƚŽŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞĐŽƐƚƐ;ֻGreen ĐŽŶŽŵǇͿ͘>ŝƐďŽŶ͛ƐĂĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶŵĞƚǁŝƚŚŐƌŽǁŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĨƌŽŵ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ ŵĞŶƚĂůE'KƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ŽƚŚĞƌ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐŚĂǀĞƐŝŐŶĂůůĞĚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŝŶĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚǇ ƚŽƐĞƚƵƉƐŝŵŝůĂƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͘


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E Kyϲ͗E,E/E'h'/d,ZKh',/z͕Z>/E ĞƌůŝŶ͛ƐhƌďĂŶ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ;h>^Ϳ͕ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϮ͕ŝƐĂƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ǀŝƐŝŽŶƚŚĂƚĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŚĂƌŶĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐǁĞĂůƚŚŽĨƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛Ɛ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨůŝĨĞĂŶĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝƚƐ ŝŵĂŐĞ͘KŶĞŽĨƚŚƌĞĞŵĂũŽƌƚŚĞŵĞƐŝƐ ͚WƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕͛ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶĐĞŶͲ ƚƌĂƚĞƐŽŶůĞǀĞƌĂŐŝŶŐƚŚĞůŽŶŐͲƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ĚŽͲŝƚͲǇŽƵƌƐĞůĨ;/zͿĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ ƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇŽĨƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞǁŚŝůĞĂůƐŽĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐƉƵďůŝĐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ƵƐĞƐĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞŝĚĞŶƟƚǇ͘ ĐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ The ULS was developed based on a ^ĞŶĂƚĞŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƚŽŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞŐƌĞĞŶĂŶĚ ŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŝƚǇ͛ƐƌĞƐŝůͲ ŝĞŶĐĞ͘dŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇǁĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚďǇ the Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment in ĐŽŶũƵŶĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚǁŽĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĮƌŵƐ͘ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶǁĂƐƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞǀĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ

ŽĸĐŝĂůƐ͕ůŽĐĂůE'KƐ͕ƌĞĂůĞƐƚĂƚĞĚĞǀĞůͲ ŽƉĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƐŝƚĞƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌͲ ŵŽƌĞ͕ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐƚŽŽŬƉůĂĐĞǁŝƚŚ ĞǆƉĞƌƚƐŝŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂƐǁĞůůĂƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝͲ ŶĂƚŽƌƐŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚĞ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĞƌůŝŶͿ͘ dŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇĂůƐŽƐĞĞŬƐƚŽĂĐƟǀĂƚĞ ŵŽƌĞŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞͲĂĐƚŽƌĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŝŶŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞǁĂǇƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƵƌďĂŶĐŽŽůŝŶŐĂŶĚďŝŽŵĂƐƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ;ֻůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞĚĂƉƚĂͲ ƟŽŶͿ͘/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƌŽĚƵĐͲ ƟǀĞ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƌĞůŝĞƐ ƐƚƌŽŶŐůǇŽŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶͲ ƟĂůŽĨƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐǀŝĂĂ ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƉůĂƞŽƌŵĂŶĚĞǆĞŵƉůĂƌǇ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ŵĂŶǇŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞĂůƌĞĂĚǇ ďĞĞŶƉƵƚŝŶƚŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ ǆĂŵƉůĞ͗hƌďĂŶWŝŽŶĞĞƌƐŽŶƚŚĞ dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨĞƌ&ĞůĚ KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƉŝůŽƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ

ƚŚĞWƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƚŚĞŵĞǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ͚hƌďĂŶWŝŽŶĞĞƌƐ͛ƉƌŽũĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞ dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨĞƌ&ĞůĚ͕ĂĨŽƌŵĞƌĂŝƌĮĞůĚ ƚŚĂƚŝƐŶŽǁŽŶĞŽĨĞƌůŝŶ͛ƐůĂƌŐĞƐƚ ƉƵďůŝĐƉĂƌŬƐ͘dŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚϮϬƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇƵƐĞƐŽĨƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĂƌƚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƉŽƌƚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘ĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƉŝŽŶĞĞƌƵƐĞƐ was proposed, implemented and ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚďǇŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƐ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůŽĐĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ;ֻ/ŵƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶͿ͘dŚĞŝĚĞĂǁĂƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇƵƐĞƐĐŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞƉĂƌŬ͛ƐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŝŵƐ͕ ŬŝĐŬͲƐƚĂƌƚŝƚƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƐŚĂƉĞ ŝƚƐĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞĂŶĚŝŵĂŐĞŝŶĂƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ǁĂǇ;ֻ'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇͿ͘ ^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶǀĞƌǇ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů͕ĨŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞ ůůŵĞŶĚĞͲ^͗ΦϭϬŵŝůůŝŽŶŝŶƚŽƚĂů͘ /ŶƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞdĞŵƉĞůͲ ŚŽĨĞƌ&ĞůĚ͕ŽŶĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞŝƐƚŚĂƚŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐŶĞĞĚƚŽĂůůŽĐĂƚĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŝŶŐ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ͕ĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ/zŝŶŝƟĂͲ ƟǀĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŵĂŬĞƐƐƵĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĐŽƐƚͲ ĂŶĚƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ͘ĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐĂ ƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞĨƌŽŵŐĞƫŶŐƚŽŽ ĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇƵƐĞƐĂƌĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘

>/Dd,E'

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&ŝŶĚŽƵƚŵŽƌĞ͘͘͘ hƌďĂŶ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ĞƌůŝŶ͘ Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2012. 'ƌƺŶĂŶƚĞŝůǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͘ GermanǁŝĚĞŽŶůŝŶĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĨŽƌďŽƩŽŵͲ ƵƉƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ including urban gardens. Both in German.

ĞƌůŝŶ͛ƐĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ/zĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞ ƌĞĂĚŝŶĞƐƐŽĨĐŝƟǌĞŶƐƚŽŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĂŶĚƚĂŬĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŽŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞhƌďĂŶ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͕ŝŶƚŚŝƐǁĂǇƐƵƉƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƟŶŐĚĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐĐŝƚǇƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐ ĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚǇĂůƐŽƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĂƚŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƟŵĞĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚŝĨĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐĂŶĚĐŝƟǌĞŶƐĂƌĞƚŽ ǁŽƌŬƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŝŶŵŽƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞĂŶĚ ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐǁĂǇƐ͘

EƵƚƵƌĞDŝŶŝZd'ŽůĨ͕ŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞϮϬ ͚hƌďĂŶWŝŽŶĞĞƌ͛ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŽŶƚŚĞ dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨĞƌ&ĞůĚ͘dŚĞŵŝŶŝͲŐŽůĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ ǁĂƐďƵŝůƚďǇĂƌƟƐƚƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞĐǇĐůĞĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚŝƐĂůŵŽƐƚĞŶƟƌĞůǇƌƵŶŽŶ ƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞĞŶĞƌŐǇ͘ Credit: Emily Rall


81

TOOLBOX dϭ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌWƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŶŐŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ dϮ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌWƌŽŵŽƚŝŶŐĂ'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇ dϯ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌ/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ^ŽĐŝĂůŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ dϰ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌ'ƌĞĞŶͲ'ƌĞǇ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ dϱ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌŽŶŶĞĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ dϲ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌDƵůƚŝĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĂůŝƚǇ dϳ͗dŽŽůƐĨŽƌ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ dϴ͗&ƵŶĚŝŶŐdŽŽůƐĂŶĚDĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

83

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ŝƚǇŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ /ŶĚĞǆ;/Ϳ

ůƐŽŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞ^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞ/ŶĚĞǆ ŽŶŝƟĞƐ͛ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ƚŚĞ/ŝƐĂ ƚŽŽůĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚĨŽƌĐŝƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ ĂŶĚĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐĂŶĚ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽŶĐŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂŶĚĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘

/ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐϮϯŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐĚŝǀŝĚĞĚŝŶƚŽ ϭͿŶĂƟǀĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ϮͿĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚϯͿŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘&ŽƌĞĂĐŚ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ͕ƚŚĞ/ŵĂŶƵĂůƉƌŽƉŽƐĞƐ ĂƐĐŽƌĞŽĨϬͲϰƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞϬ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƐƚŽƉŽŽƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĂŶĚ ϰƚŽĞǆĐĞůůĞŶƚ͘

CBI website

dŚĞƐĐŽƌŝŶŐĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĂƌĞĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚǁŽƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ͗ ϭͿĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ĂŶĚϮͿĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚWŽƐƚͲŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂŶƚƵƐĞƐƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŬĞĂŶǇ ĂĚũƵƐƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘ /ĨĂŶĂƉƉůŝĐĂŶƚĞĂƌŶƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϱϬй ŽĨƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞƉŽŝŶƚƐĨƌŽŵĞĂĐŚ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ĐĂŶŶŽƚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ͘

tŝůĚůŝĨĞ&ƌŝĞŶĚůǇ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ website

dŚĞ&ŝƐƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨĂƐŝƚĞƚŚĂƚ ŚŽƐƚƐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵƐŽƚŚĞƌ ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ĞǆƉƌĞƐƐĞĚĂƐĂ ƌĂƟŽŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƐŝƚĞĂƌĞĂ͘ &ǀĂůƵĞƐĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĚĞĮŶĞĂ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƚŽďĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ when a site is redeveloped.

&ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ͕ŽŶ ƚŚĞĞƌůŝŶ^ĞŶĂƚĞ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĨŽƌ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ůŝŵĂƚĞWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ website

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌ͗ĐŝƚǇͲǁŝĚĞƐĐĂůĞ tŝůĚůŝĨĞ&ƌŝĞŶĚůǇ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ

WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚĨŽƌƵƐĞƉƌŝŽƌƚŽ ĂŶĞǁĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ƚŽŝŶŝƟĂƚĞ ĂŶĞĂƌůǇĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐ ĂŶĚďŝŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĂŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘WƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂƌĞ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂǁŚŝĐŚĂůůŽĐĂƚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚƉŽƐƚͲĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƉŚĂƐĞƐ͘ ^ƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌ͗ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚͬƐŝƚĞƐĐĂůĞ

ŝŽƚŽƉĞƌĞĂ &ĂĐƚŽƌ͕ĞƌůŝŶ;&Ϳ

dŚĞ&ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů standards for new development and ĂůƚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƐŽŶĂƐŝƚĞ͘/ƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕ ďŝŽƚŽƉĞƐĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞĂŶĚƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů use. ^ƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌ͗ƐŝƚĞƐĐĂůĞŝŶďƵŝůƚͲƵƉĂƌĞĂƐ


85

dϮ͗dKK>^&KZWZKDKd/E''ZEKEKDz Dd,KͬdKK>

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ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŵĂƉƉŝŶŐŝŶĂŶĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ

DĞƚŚŽĚƚŽŵĂƉĂŶĚĂŶĂůǇƐĞƚŚĞŬŝŶĚŽĨďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶĂŶĚĂƌŽƵŶĚŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ĂƚĂŽŶďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞƐŝƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůǇĞĂƐŝůǇĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͕Ğ͘Ő͘ ĨƌŽŵKƉĞŶ^ƚƌĞĞƚDĂƉ;K^DͿ͘dŚĞƵƐĞƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽƐĞůĞĐƚĂ ďƵīĞƌǌŽŶĞʹŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƉƌŽǆŝŵŝƚǇƚŽĂ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉŝƐĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚ͘

ĂƐŚŇŽǁƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚďǇƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͗ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĨŽƌ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨ UGI. GREEN SURGE Deliverable ϰ͘Ϯ͘ŶĚĞƌƐƐŽŶ͕͕͘^&KZ/EZ^/E'^K/>K,^/KE Dd,KͬdKK>

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ĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞEĂƚƵƌĂů'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ;E'^ƚͿ

^ĞƚƐďĞŶĐŚŵĂƌŬƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŵĂǆŝŵƵŵĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚĂƌĞĂŽĨƉĂƌŬƐŽƌ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐƉĞƌĐĂƉŝƚĂͿ͘

Nature Nearby. Accessible EĂƚƵƌĂů'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ'ƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ͘ EĂƚƵƌĂůŶŐůĂŶĚ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘

hZ'ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĂŶĚŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌƐŽĐŝĂůĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ

ŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚhƉƌŽũĞĐƚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐŝŶ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨůŝĨĞŝŶĐŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͘ŵŽŶŐŝƚƐŽƵƚƉƵƚƐŝƐĂĐĂƚĂůŽŐƵĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞƐĨŽƌƵƐĞŝŶĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

^ŽĐŝĂůƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌƚŚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨhƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞƐ͘Coles, R., Caserio, M., 2001.

WƵďůŝĐĞŶĞĮƚƐZĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ System (PBRS)

dŽŽůĨŽƌƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚĂŝŵƐ ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇƐǇŶĞƌŐŝĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐŽĐŝĂů͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŶĞĞĚƐĂŶĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ƵƐŝŶŐ'/^ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘

PBRS Website ǆĂŵƉůĞZĞƉŽƌƚ͗ >ĂŶĐĂƐŚŝƌĞ'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͘WƵďůŝĐĞŶĞĮƚ ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘WƌŽũĞĐƚZĞƉŽƌƚ͘ WZ^͕ϮϬϬϴ͘

^ŽĐŝĂůŽŚĞƐŝŽŶZĂĚĂƌ

DĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͛ƐƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚƌĞĞ ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ;ƐŽĐŝĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚŶĞƐƐ͕ĂŶĚĨŽĐƵƐŽŶ ƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶŐŽŽĚͿĂŶĚŶŝŶĞĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͘

WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƵŵŵĂƌǇ ^ŽĐŝĂůŽŚĞƐŝŽŶZĂĚĂƌ͘ DĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŽŵŵŽŶ'ƌŽƵŶĚ͘ Ŷ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨ ^ŽĐŝĂůŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘ĞƌƚĞůƐŵĂŶŶ ^ƟŌƵŶŐ;Ě͘Ϳ͕ϮϬϭϯ͘

^ŽĐŝĂůŽŚĞƐŝŽŶWŽůŝĐǇEĞǁƐ

ZĞǀŝĞǁƐǇƐƚĞŵƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ ŝŶĂĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ;ďĂƐĞĚŽŶŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐŝŶƚŚƌĞĞĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͗ ƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůŵŽďŝůŝƚǇ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůͿĂŶĚƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŽƌŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘

KƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶƉŽůŝĐǇ ƌĞǀŝĞǁƐ͘ŽŶĐĞƉƚEŽƚĞ͘K͕ 2014.


87

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DŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌDĂŶƵĂů

dŚŝƐŽŶůŝŶĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝǀĞŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁŽĨ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŵŽĚĞůůŝŶŐƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƚŽĂƐƐŝƐƚǁŝƚŚ ƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚŽŶĞĨŽƌǇŽƵƌƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͘ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨ possible tools is outlined below.

DŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌDĂŶƵĂů website

^h^d/EͲ^ǇƐƚĞŵƐĨŽƌhƌďĂŶ ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌdƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ŶĂůǇƐŝƐ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ

ĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŽŽůĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐŽƉƟŵĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƚǇƉĞ ĂŶĚĐŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŵĞĞƚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂŶƟƚǇĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŐŽĂůƐ͘ EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚWƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨŽƌŶĞǁĞƌǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƐŽĨ^h^d/EĨŽƌ ůĂƚĞƌǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŽĨtŝŶĚŽǁƐŽƌƌĐ'/^ŚĂƐĞŶĚĞĚ͘

SUSTAIN website

RECARGA

ĞƐŝŐŶƚŽŽůĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚďǇƚŚĞtŝƐĐŽŶƐŝŶĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨEĂƚƵƌĂůZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĨŽƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨďŝŽ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ƌĂŝŶŐĂƌĚĞŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶďĂƐŝŶƐ͘

RECARGA website

WϴͲWƌŽŐƌĂŵĨŽƌWƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐ WŽůůƵƟŶŐWĂƌƟĐůĞWĂƐƐĂŐĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚWŝƚƐ͕WƵĚĚůĞƐΘWŽŶĚƐ

DŽĚĞůƐƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƵƌďĂŶƌƵŶŽīĂŶĚƚŚĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĨŽƌŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͘

P8 website

^tDDͲW^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚDŽĚĞů

^ƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐĂŶĚĚĞƐŝŐŶĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƌƵŶŽī͕ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚƐĞǁĞƌŽǀĞƌŇŽǁƐĂŶĚ ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͘

SWMM website

Dh^/ͲDŽĚĞůĨŽƌhƌďĂŶ ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

DŽĚĞůƐƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƐǇƐƚĞŵƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƚŽĂƐƐŝƐƚŝŶ ƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͘

MUSIC website

tŝŶ^>DDͲ^ŽƵƌĐĞ>ŽĂĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚDŽĚĞůĨŽƌ tŝŶĚŽǁƐ

ǀĂůƵĂƚĞƐƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌƵŶŽīǀŽůƵŵĞĂƚ ƚŚĞĂƌĞĂǁŚĞƌĞƌƵŶŽīŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŶƚƌŽůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶͬ ďŝŽĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶďĂƐŝŶƐ͕ƐƚƌĞĞƚĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐ͕ǁĞƚĚĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƉŽŶĚƐ͕ ŐƌĂƐƐƐǁĂůĞƐ͕ĮůƚĞƌƐƚƌŝƉƐ͕ƉŽƌŽƵƐƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĐĂƚĐŚďĂƐŝŶƐ͕ ǁĂƚĞƌƌĞƵƐĞ͕ĂŶĚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĂƌǇĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ͘

tŝŶ^>DDǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

ŝͲdƌĞĞ,ǇĚƌŽ

^ŝŵƵůĂƚĞƐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚƌĞĞƐĂŶĚŐƌĞĞŶĐŽǀĞƌŽŶǁĂƚĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͘ĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽďĞƐŝŵƉůĞĞŶŽƵŐŚĨŽƌŶŽŶͲĞǆƉĞƌƚƐƚŽ use.

ŝͲdƌĞĞ,ǇĚƌŽǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

88


dϱ͗dKK>^&KZKEEd/s/dz Dd,KͬdKK>

t,d&KZ͍

&/EKhdDKZ

ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌĞƐŝŐŶ

ƉůĂƚĨŽƌŵŽĨĨĞƌŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŽƌƌŝĚŽƌĞƐŝŐŶĞƌ;Ă ďĂƐŝĐƌĐ'/^ƚŽŽůďŽǆĨŽƌĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌŵŽĚĞůƐͿ ĂŶĚůŝŶŬƐƚŽĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨŽƚŚĞƌ'/^ƚŽŽůƐƚŽŵŽĚĞů͕ ŵĂƉĂŶĚĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ͕ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕Žƌ habitats.

ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌĞƐŝŐŶǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

SCALETOOL

WĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞ^>^ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ;^ĞĐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇĂĐƌŽƐƐĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ>ĞǀĞůƐĂŶĚƐƉĂƟĂů͕ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂů͕ĂŶĚĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĐĂůĞƐͿ͕ƚŚŝƐŝƐĂƉůĂƞŽƌŵ ŽīĞƌŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŶĚƚŽŽůƐƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇĂƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐĐĂůĞƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŵŽĚƵůĞ͕ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚůŝŶŬƐ ƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽŶůŝŶĞ͘ůƐŽƵƐĞĨƵůĨŽƌĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐĂŶĚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͘

SCALETOOL website

ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌdŽŽůďŽǆ

dŚĞŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚ'ƌŽƵƉŽīĞƌƐĂ ƚŽŽůďŽǆŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŶŬƐƚŽƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͕ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƉĂƉĞƌƐĂŶĚ ǁĞďƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƵƐĞĨƵůĨŽƌĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘

ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌdŽŽůďŽǆ͕ŽŶƚŚĞ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚ'ƌŽƵƉǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

'ƌĞĞŶtĂůŬĂďůĞŝƚǇWůĂŶ

^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ͛Ɛ'ƌĞĞŶtĂůŬĂďůĞŝƚǇWůĂŶ;ĞŶŐƌƂŶĂ ƉƌŽŵĞŶĂĚƐƚĂĚĞŶͿŚĂƐĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĨŽĐƵƐŽŶĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐƚŽŐƌĞĞŶ;ĂŶĚďůƵĞͿĂƌĞĂƐ͕ǁŝƚŚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĨŽĐƵƐĂƌĞĂƐĂŶĚĚĞĮŶĞĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞĐŝƚǇƉůĂŶ͚dŚĞtĂůŬĂďůĞŝƚǇ͗^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ ŝƚǇWůĂŶ͛͘ŶŶŐůŝƐŚƐƵŵŵĂƌǇŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƉůĂŶĂŶĚĂŶĂƌƟĐůĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶtĂůŬĂďůĞŝƚǇ Plan are available online.

^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵŝƚǇWůĂŶǁĞďƐŝƚĞ ;ŶŐůŝƐŚƐƵŵŵĂƌǇͿ dŚĞtĂůŬĂďůĞŝƚǇ͗^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ ŝƚǇWůĂŶ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘ ;ŝŶŶŐůŝƐŚͿ 'ƌĞĞŶtĂůŬĂďůĞŝƚǇWůĂŶ͕ϮϬϭϯ (in Swedish) WůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶtĂůŬĂďůĞ ŝƚǇ͗ŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝǌŝŶŐsĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚ ŽŶŇŝĐƚƐĨŽƌhƌďĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐŝŶ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ͘ >ŝƩŬĞ͕,͕͘ϮϬϭϱ͘

ĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞEĂƚƵƌĂů'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ;E'^ƚͿ

^ĞƚƐďĞŶĐŚŵĂƌŬƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇŽĨŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŵĂǆŝŵƵŵĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚĂƌĞĂŽĨƉĂƌŬƐŽƌǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐƉĞƌĐĂƉŝƚĂͿ͘ ůƐŽƵƐĞĨƵůĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐĂĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͛ƐƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘


͚EĂƚƵƌĞEĞĂƌďǇ͛ĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ EĂƚƵƌĂů'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ'ƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ͘ EĂƚƵƌĂůŶŐůĂŶĚ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘

89

dϲ͗dKK>^&KZDh>d/&hEd/KE>/dz Dd,KͬdKK>

&/EKhdDKZ

t,d&KZ͍

'ƌĞĞŶĞŝďŶŝǌ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŶĚZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƌĞƐĚĞŶ͘^ĞĞŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƚŽŽůƐ͘

'ƌĞĞŶ^&KZ^K/>/E>h^/KE Dd,KͬdKK>

t,d&KZ͍

&/EKhdDKZ

TOOLS FOR ASSESSMENT AND VALUATION ^ƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌ ŶĂůǇƐŝƐ

Method to ensure that relevant stakeholders are ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂŶĂĐƟŽŶͲƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘

dŚĞhZd//>ŽĐĂů^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ 'ƌŽƵƉdŽŽůŬŝƚ͕ƉϲϰͲϲϱ͘

/ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞͬ/ŶŇƵĞŶĐĞDĂƚƌŝǆ

DĞƚŚŽĚƚŽƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐĞƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŽƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽƚĂŬĞǁŝƚŚĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞŵ͘ KŌĞŶƵƐĞĚŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ͘

dŚĞhZd//>ŽĐĂů^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ 'ƌŽƵƉdŽŽůŬŝƚ͕ƉϲϲͲϲϳ͘

TOOLS FOR PARTICIPATING IN PLANNING &ŽƌĞƐƚƌǇŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƉƵďůŝĐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƚŽŽůďŽǆ

ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞĨŽƌĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐƉƵďůŝĐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚďǇƚŚĞhŽƚŚŝĂŶŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ϮϬϭϱ͕Ɖϭϱ͘

ŝƟǌĞŶƐ͛ũƵƌŝĞƐ

ŐƌŽƵƉŽĨĐŝƟǌĞŶƐŝƐƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ͕ďĂƐĞĚŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĂůĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ ĂƐĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂǁŝĚĞƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͘ DƵĐŚůŝŬĞĂũƵƌǇŝŶĂůĞŐĂůĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ͕ƚŚĞǇĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƚŽŵĞĞƚĂƐĂŐƌŽƵƉ͕ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƚĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌĂŶĚƵůƟŵĂƚĞůǇŵĂŬĞƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ ĂŶŝƐƐƵĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͘

ĐƟǀĞĞŵŽĐƌĂĐǇǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

WŚŽƚŽǀŽŝĐĞ

ĂŵĞƌĂƐĂƌĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŽĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŵĞŵďĞƌƐƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇĂŶĚƌĞĐŽƌĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͛ƐƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ͘dŚĞĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŽŶ ǀŝƐƵĂůŽďũĞĐƚƐŵĂŬĞƐŝƚĞĂƐŝĞƌĨŽƌƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵĂŶĚŽĨƚŚĞůŽĐĂůůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ͘

ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇdŽŽůďŽǆǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͗ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐWŚŽƚŽǀŽŝĐĞŝŶ zŽƵƌŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ

WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇƵĚŐĞƟŶŐ

ŝƚǇƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞĐŚĂŶĐĞƚŽĚĞĐŝĚĞŚŽǁƚŽ ƐƉĞŶĚƉĂƌƚŽĨĂŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůďƵĚŐĞƚ͘ĞƐŝĚĞƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐǇĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŶŐĐŝƟǌĞŶƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĐŽƐƚƐŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƚŚŝƐĐĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ empowerment.

WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌǇƵĚŐĞƟŶŐWƌŽũĞĐƚ website

EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ'ƌĞĞŶWůĂŶƐ

ŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐǁŽƌŬƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂŶĚͬ ŽƌƉůĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŽƌĞůŝǀĂďůĞŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ͘ǆĂŵƉůĞƐ ƌĂŶŐĞĨƌŽŵŵŽƌĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů͕ƚŽƉͲĚŽǁŶĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚƚŽĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůǇ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇͲůĞĚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞŶŐŽĨŽƌĐŝƚǇĐŽƵŶĐŝů approval.

,ŽǁƚŽƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞǇŽƵƌ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƉůĂŶ͘WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ Aid. 'ƵŝĚĞĨŽƌĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚWůĂŶƐ ;EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐůŝǀĞ͊Ϳ͘ Manitoba Government, 2002.

PPGIS

&ŽƌŇĞǆŝďůĞŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ͗ŽƉƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞtŝŬŝŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ;ĨƌĞĞͿ͕ƌĐ'/^^ƚŽƌǇDĂƉƌŽǁĚƐŽƵƌĐĞ΢ĂƉƉ;ůŝĐĞŶƐĞͲ ďĂƐĞĚͿĂŶĚDĂƉƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ;ƉĂŝĚƐƵďƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶͿ͘

tŝŬŝŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ƌĐ'/^^ƚŽƌǇDĂƉƌŽǁĚƐŽƵƌĐĞ΢ DĂƉƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ

&ŽƌĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͛ƌĞƋƵĞƐƚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĂŝŶƚƐ͗ŽƉƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞ &ŝǆDǇ^ƚƌĞĞƚĂŶĚ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞDǇŝƚǇ;ďŽƚŚĨƌĞĞͿ͘

&ŝǆDǇ^ƚƌĞĞƚ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞDǇŝƚǇ


91

dϴ͗&hE/E'dKK>^ED,E/^D^ Dd,KͬdKK>

t,d&KZ͍

&/EKhdDKZ

ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƵƐĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐ

ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐƉĂǇĂĨĞĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƚŽƵƐĞƉƵďůŝĐŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞĨŽƌĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůƉƌŽĮƚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĨŽƌƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂƉĂƌŬ ĐĂĨĠ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨĂůĞĂƐĞŽƌůŝĐĞŶĐĞͿ͘

ǆĂŵƉůĞ͗ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐhƐĞŽĨWƵďůŝĐ^ƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ZĂŶĚǁŝĐŬŝƚǇŽƵŶĐŝů͕ Australia.

ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ (BIDs)

ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲůĞĚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŶĂŐĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞůǇͲŽǁŶĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘dŚĞǇĂƌĞďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇŽĨďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ;ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐŽƌƚĞŶĂŶƚƐͿĂŐƌĞĞŝŶŐƚŽƉĂǇĂŵĞŵďĞƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͘ZĞůĂƚĞĚŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐĐĂŶƐĞƌǀĞƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐŐŽŽĚďƵƚĂƌĞƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚďǇŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ value return to owners and investors, and should be ĚĞƉůŽǇĞĚǁŝƚŚĐĂƵƟŽŶ͕ĂƐƚŚĞǇŵĂǇŐƌĂŶƚĞǆĐůƵƐŝŽŶĂƌǇ ƌŝŐŚƚƐƚŽƚŚĞƐĞƉĂƌƟĞƐ͘

ǆĂŵƉůĞ͗ 'ƌĞĞŶďĞŶĞĮƚƐŝŶsŝĐƚŽƌŝĂ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ͘ ZŽŐĞƌƐĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϮ͘

ŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ

^ƵĐŚƐĐŚĞŵĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐƉƌŝǀĂƚĞůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐƚŽ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚĞĨŽƌĂŶǇŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƉƵďůŝĐŐŽŽĚƐĐĂƵƐĞĚďǇ ƚŚĞŝƌĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇKīƐĞƚƐͿ͕ŽƌŽīĞƌŝŶŐ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƉůŽƚƐŽĨůĂŶĚŽƌĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶŝŶ ĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌůĂŶĚŝĨƚŚĞǇĚŽŶŽƚŝŶƚĞŶĚƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞŝƚ ŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚůŽĐĂůĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ͛ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘

ǆĂŵƉůĞ͗ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇKīƐĞƚƐ͘ UNDP 2016.

ZĂŝŶƚĂǆ

WĂŝĚďǇĂůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ƌƵŶŽīĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ͘

tĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌƚĂǆĞƐ͘Kd 2001.

WĂǇŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ services (PES)

&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞǁŚĞƌĞĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;^^ͿĂƌĞ ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚĨƌŽŵ^^ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ĂƌĞŵĂŶĂŐĞĚŝŶĂǁĂǇƚŚĂƚŵĂǆŝŵŝƐĞƐƚŚĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇŽĨĂ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘

WĂǇŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ services. UNEP 2008.

WƵďůŝĐͲƉƌŝǀĂƚĞͲ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ;WWWͿ

>ŽĐĂůĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐŚĂǀĞƚŚĞŽƉƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ƚŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌĂŶĚ ĞŶĂďůĞŵŽƌĞŇĞǆŝďůĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘ǁŝŶͲ ǁŝŶͲƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌďŽƚŚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŝƐŬĞǇƚŽĂƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůWWW͘

ǆĂŵƉůĞ͗ ֻŽǆϳ>ŽĚǌ͘

ŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ͕ĂǁĂƌĚƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ

>ŽĐĂů͕ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů͕ŶĂƟŽŶĂů͕ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐŵĂǇŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝŶh'/͘

ǆĂŵƉůĞƐ͗ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶĂƉŝƚĂůǁĂƌĚ 'ƌĞĞŶ&ůĂŐǁĂƌĚ

ŚĂƌŝƚǇĞǀĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ĨƵŶƌƵŶƐͿ

hŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶďǇŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ͛ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ ŽĨƉĂƌŬƐ͛ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘

ǆĂŵƉůĞ͗ 'ůĂƐŐŽǁŝƚǇŽƵŶĐŝů͘&ƌŝĞŶĚƐŽĨ 'ůĂƐŐŽǁWĂƌŬƐ͘

^ƉŽŶƐŽƌƐŚŝƉ

ŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐŽƌŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐŵĂǇ͛ĂĚŽƉƚ͛ƚƌĞĞƐ ŽƌŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

ǆĂŵƉůĞ͗ DŝůůŝŽŶdƌĞĞƐEz͘

'ƌĞĞŶďŽŶĚƐ

&ŝǆĞĚͲŝŶĐŽŵĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŽƌƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĨƵŶĚƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚďĂŶŬ ůŽĂŶƐĨŽƌĞůŝŐŝďůĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚŽƐĞƐĞĞŬŝŶŐƚŽŵŝƟŐĂƚĞ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽƌƚŽŚĞůƉĂīĞĐƚĞĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĂĚĂƉƚ ƚŽŝƚ͘&ŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ/ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĂůŝƟŽŶ;'//ͿďƌŝŶŐƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŝŶǀĞƐƚŽƌƐ͕ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ďĂŶŬƐƚŽŚĞůƉŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞŇŽǁŽĨĐĂƉŝƚĂůƚŽŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘

ǆĂŵƉůĞ͗ 'ƌĞĞŶ/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ /ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŽĂůŝƟŽŶ

92


APPENDIX >ŝƐƚŽĨĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ

93

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS KEdZ/hdKZ

&&/>/d/KE

KEdZ/hd/KE^dK

ŶĚĞƌƐƐŽŶ͕ƌŝŬ

ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞWƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌĂƚ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵZĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞĞŶƚĞƌ;^ZͿ ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕^ǁĞĚĞŶ

'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇ͕ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐh'/ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ

ƌĂŶƋƵŝŶŚŽ͕ ƌŝƐƟŶĂ

ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚĞϯͲĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌĐŽůŽŐǇ͕ ǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕&ĂĐƵůĚĂĚĞĚĞ ŝġŶĐŝĂƐĚĞ>ŝƐďŽĂ;&&h>Ϳ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ

ƌŝŶŬŵĞǇĞƌ͕ĂŶŝĞů

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚŚĂŝƌŽĨĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞͬWůĂŶƚĐŽůŽŐǇ͕ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨĞƌůŝŶ;dhͿ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ

Žǆϲ

ĂƐƉĞƌƐĞŶ͕KůĞ ,ũŽƌƚŚ

^ĞŶŝŽƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĨŽƌ'ĞŽǀŝĚĞŶƐŬĂďŽŐ EĂƚƵƌĨŽƌǀĂůƚŶŝŶŐ͕>ĂŶĚƐŬĂďƐĂƌŬŝƚĞŬƚƵƌŽŐƉůĂŶůčŐŶŝŶŐ Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Denmark

Žǆϯ

ŚĂƉŵĂŶ͕ůĞĂŶŽƌ

ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚŚĂŝƌĨŽƌ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨDƵŶŝĐŚ;dhDͿ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ

ĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ůĂǇŽƵƚ͕ intro, Part A, C, D

ǀĞũŝđ͕ZŽǌĂůŝũĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚŝŽƚĞŚŶŝƓŬĂĨĂŬƵůƚĞƚĂ Univerza v Ljubljana (UL), Slovenia

^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕Žǆϱ͕ϴ

Davies, Clive

sŝƐŝƟŶŐWƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌĂƚŝƉĂƌƟŵĞŶƚŽĚŝ^ĐŝĞŶǌĞŐƌŽͲ Ambientali e Territoriali (Di.S.A.A.T.) hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĚĞŐůŝ^ƚƵĚŝĚŝĂƌŝ͚ůĚŽDŽƌŽ͛;hE/Ϳ͕/ƚĂůǇ

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ

Delshammar, Tim

>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĂƚŝƚǇŽĨDĂůŵƂ͕^ƚƌĞĞƚĂŶĚWĂƌŬƐ Department, Sweden

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕Žǆϭ

ĞĞůůŝƐ͕zŽůĞ

ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĂƚŝƉĂƌƟŵĞŶƚŽĚŝ^ĐŝĞŶǌĞŐƌŽͲŵďŝĞŶƚĂůŝ e Territoriali (Di.S.A.A.T.) hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĚĞŐůŝ^ƚƵĚŝĚŝĂƌŝ͚ůĚŽDŽƌŽ͛;hE/Ϳ͕/ƚĂůǇ

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ Žǆϱ͕Ϯ

ƌůǁĞŝŶ͕^ĂďƌŝŶĂ

^ƚƵĚĞŶƚĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĂƚŚĂŝƌĨŽƌ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨDƵŶŝĐŚ;dhDͿ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ

ĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ůĂǇŽƵƚŽĨ&ŝĞůĚdĞƐƚsĞƌƐŝŽŶϭ͘Ϭ͕ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ Žǆϱ͕ϲ

&ŽŚůŵĞŝƐƚĞƌ͕^ĂŶĚƌĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚŚĂŝƌĨŽƌ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞWůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨDƵŶŝĐŚ;dhDͿ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ

ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ĞĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůŽĨ&ŝĞůĚdĞƐƚsĞƌƐŝŽŶϭ͘Ϭ

'ĞŶƟŶ͕^ĂŶĚƌĂ

dĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚWƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌĂƚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĨŽƌ'ĞŽǀŝĚĞŶƐŬĂď ŽŐEĂƚƵƌĨŽƌǀĂůƚŶŝŶŐ͕>ĂŶĚƐŬĂďƐĂƌŬŝƚĞŬƚƵƌŽŐƉůĂŶůčŐŶŝŶŐ Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Denmark

Žǆϯ

'ĞƌŽŚĄǌŝ͕ǀĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚDĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ;DZ/Ϳ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌǇ

^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ Žǆϭ

,ĂŶƐĞŶ͕ZŝĞŬĞ


ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ĞĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ůĂǇŽƵƚ;ĂůƐŽ&ŝĞůĚdĞƐƚ sĞƌƐŝŽŶϭ͘ϬͿ͕ WĂƌƚ͕͕͕DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͕ Žǆϯ͕ϰ͕ϰ͕ϲ

ŽĚǌŬŝ;h>KͿ͕WŽůĂŶĚ

'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇ͕ Žǆϳ

>ĂĨŽƌƚĞǌǌĂ͕ZĂīĂĞůĞ

^ĞŶŝŽƌZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌͬƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞWƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌĂƚŝƉĂƌƟŵĞŶƚŽĚŝ ^ĐŝĞŶǌĞŐƌŽͲŵďŝĞŶƚĂůŝĞdĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝ;ŝ͘^͘͘͘d͘Ϳ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĚĞŐůŝ^ƚƵĚŝĚŝĂƌŝ͚ůĚŽDŽƌŽ͛;hE/Ϳ͕/ƚĂůǇ

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ

>Ƶǌ͕ŶĂĂƚĂƌŝŶĂ

WŽƐƚͲĚŽĐƚŽƌĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚĞϯͲĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌĐŽůŽŐǇ͕ ǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕&ĂĐƵůĚĂĚĞĚĞ ŝġŶĐŝĂƐĚĞ>ŝƐďŽĂ;&&h>Ϳ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ 'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇ͕ Žǆϭ͕ϳ

94


KEdZ/hdKZ

&&/>/d/KE

KEdZ/hd/KE^dK

EĂƐƚƌĂŶ͕DŽũĐĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĨŽƌĞƐƚƌǇĂŶĚƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ŝŽƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů&ĂĐƵůƚǇ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨ>ũƵďůũĂŶĂ;h>Ϳ͕^ůŽǀĞŶŝĂ

^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ Žǆϱ

WĂƵůĞŝƚ͕^ƚĞƉŚĂŶ

WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌĂƚŚĂŝƌĨŽƌ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞWůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨDƵŶŝĐŚ;dhDͿ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ

ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ĞĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ŽǆϮ

WŝŶƚĂƌ͕DĂƌŝŶĂ

WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌĂƚŝŽƚĞŚŶŝƓŬĂĨĂŬƵůƚĞƚĂ Univerza v Ljubljana (UL), Slovenia

Žǆϱ

Rall, Emily


ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ĞĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ Part A, C, D, ^ŽĐŝĂůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͕/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ^ŶĂƉƐŚŽƚϯ͕ϭ͕ϲ

ZŽůĨ͕tĞƌŶĞƌ


ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ Žǆϰ͕Ϯ

^ĂŶƚŽƐ͕ƌƚƵƌ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚĞϯͲĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌĐŽůŽŐǇ͕ǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕&ĂĐƵůĚĂĚĞĚĞŝġŶĐŝĂƐĚĞ>ŝƐďŽĂ ;&&h>Ϳ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ 'ƌĞĞŶĐŽŶŽŵǇ͕ Žǆϱ

^ĂŶƚŽƐͲZĞŝƐ͕ Margarida

^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌĂƚĞϯͲĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌĐŽůŽŐǇ͕ ǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕&ĂĐƵůĚĂĚĞĚĞ ŝġŶĐŝĂƐĚĞ>ŝƐďŽĂ;&&h>Ϳ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ Žǆϭ

^ƚĂŚůKůĂĨƐƐŽŶ͕ ŶƚŽŶ

ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌĂƚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĨŽƌ'ĞŽǀŝĚĞŶƐŬĂďŽŐ EĂƚƵƌĨŽƌǀĂůƚŶŝŶŐ͕>ĂŶĚƐŬĂďƐĂƌŬŝƚĞŬƚƵƌŽŐƉůĂŶůčŐŶŝŶŐ Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Denmark

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇ͕ Žǆϯ

^ǌĄƌĂǌ͕>ƵĐĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚDĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ;DZ/Ϳ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌǇ EŽǁ͗/ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŶĨƂƌůĂŶĚƐŬĂƉƐĂƌŬŝƚĞŬƚƵƌ͕ƉůĂŶĞƌŝŶŐŽĐŚ ĨƂƌǀĂůƚŶŝŶŐ͕^ǀĞƌŝŐĞƐůĂŶƚďƌƵŬƐƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞƚ;^>hͿ͕^ǁĞĚĞŶ

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ^ŽĐŝĂůŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͕ Žǆϭ͕ϯ

dŽƐŝĐƐ͕/ǀĄŶ

DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐĚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚDĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ;DZ/Ϳ͕,ƵŶŐĂƌǇ

^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ Žǆϲ͕ϲ

sĂŶĚĞƌ:ĂŐƚ͕ ůĞǆĂŶĚĞƌ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌĂƚ>ĂŶĚhƐĞĂŶĚĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ'ƌŽƵƉ ĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕^ŽĐŝĞƚǇĂŶĚŝŽƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ;&ZͿ͕hŶŝƚĞĚͿ͕^ůŽǀĞŶŝĂ

Žǆϱ


95