1. Introduction. Cigogo
The Historical Relation of Cigogo to Zone J Languages
(1
)
Robert Botne Indiana University
1. Introduction
Cigogo j (z currently) change represents a parti cular manifestation of a regular phenomenon occurring after the class 5 nominal prefix (reduced in J611anguages from li- to i-). as the examples in (D attest.
2)
189
languages in the area with this form. suggesting that one of them - Cigo go - is the source (see Map 2).
2.1 Phonological evidence
D
HISTORICAL RELATION OF CIOOGO
ROBERT BOTNE
188
a.
i-gambo/ama-gamoo
" word/words"
b.
i-~ano/ama-hano
"misfortune/misfortunes"
a.
i-gaBiro/ama-gaBiro
"king's reception hut/s ..
b.
umu-gaBe
"king"
In most instances the alternation has become regularized in favor of the fricative. as in (2)' This spirantization/palatalization of [g] after the class 5 nominal prefix appears to be an innovation of the J611anguages. and does not. as far as I am aware. occur in any other eastern Bantu lan guages. It is surprising. then. to find this form occurring in Cigogo. The aberrant nature of this form suggests borrowing. and the only langUag~) that could serve as the source are those in J61. ", The reverse situation is found with the word "many", In most eastern Bantu languages the form is -i!}gi. but in Cigogo and KirundilKinyarwan da we find -inji and -in/i. respectively. According to Nurse 0979a:418). this change represents an innovation in Cigogo. though apparently not a completely regular one. In Kirundi/Kinyarwanda proto-Bantu *0 became [z] only before close *j (*0 > zel>. But "many" has been reconstructed as having a non-close high vowel *i. as in *-YINGI , 'Bantu Languages of East Afri ca: a lexico-statistical survey', in: Language in Tanzania,Edgar Polo m€! and C. P. Hill (edsJ. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 26-67. Richardson, I. A. (966), 'A Vocabulary of Sukuma', African Language Stu dies 7:1-79. Rigby, Peter (969), Cattle and Kinship among the Gogo, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Rodegem. F. M. (1970>, Dictionnaire Rundi-Francais, Musee Royal de I'Af rique Centrale, Annales: Sciences Humaines, No. 69. Sambeek, J. von. n.d. 'Petite Grammaire Kiha' (manuscript). n.p. Seidel, A. (898), 'Grundziige der Sprache von Usindja', Zeitschrift far Afri kanische und Oceanische Sprachen 4:151~178. Taylor, Charles (1985), Nkore-Kiga. London Croom Helm. Velten, C. (1900> 'Kikami. die Sprache der Wakami in Deutsch-ostafrika', Mittheilungen des Seminars far Orientaiische Sprachen 3:1-56. , )
203
R€!sum€!
l
'}igOgo. langue bantoue de la Tanzanie, est class€!e GIl dans Ie systeme tHabor€! par M. Guthrie. Depuis lors d'autres auteurs - Heine (1972), Hinne busch (]973), Nurse and Phitippson (1980), Ehret (1984) - ont maintenu cette relation proche entre Ie Cigogo et les langues bantoues ilrest ou au sud. Cependent, ces analyses sont inconclusives {Hinnebusch ]980>. Selon les faits phonologiques. morphologiques et lexiques. nous proposons que Ie Cigogo est mieux consider€ ! comme parent€ ! aux langues de la zone J sud, c'est-il-dire, aux langues J22-2.3. Ces faits sugg~rent de plus qu'it existait une situation de contact entre Ie Cigogo et les langues de J61 et J22-2.3. lis laissent supposer que les langues de ]a zone F sont arriv€ ! es plus tard.
Zusammenfassung Cigogo. eine Bantusprache in Tanzania, wurde von Guthrie als GIl klassi fiziert Seither haben andere Autoren - Heine (1972>, Hinnebusch (1973), Nurse & Philippson (1980>. Ehret (984) - diese enge Beziehung des Cigo go mit den ostlich lind siidlich anschlieBenden Bantusprachen aufrecht erhalten. Diese Untersuchungen sind jedoch nicht schllissig . 1m Hinblick auf die phonologischen. morphologischen und lexika lischen Tatsachen wird hier vorgeschlagen. daB das Cigogo besser als den Sprachen der siidlichen Zone J. d.h. den Sprachen J22-2.3. verwandt zu betrachten ist. Diese Tatsachen legen weiterhin nahe. daB eine Kontaktsituation zwi
~chen dem Cigogo und den Sprachen der Zone J61 und J22-2.3 bestand. Sie
~assen
vermuten, daB die Sprachen der Zone F erst spater in diesem Ge biet eingetrorren sind.
I
I
Ii
ROBERT BOTNE
204
"\
~."t'
..... -./"
_.':", .... / .... ·-l,
I
!, \.
"
•
i
®
HISTORICAL RELATION OF CIGOGO
\
ifana/iSana/ijana
,
'10°..,.
(
} @
)
!, \..~
)
}
/-·-t.
• I
1
\
-insil-inji
Map 2. Palatalization in -ingi 'many' Map 1. Palatalization in igana 'hundred'
j
205
,
IIro""'r"
........ .1",
(
/
,...·-l
.
? '\. "
\
j
® ®
HISTORICAL RELATION OF CIGOGO
ROBERT BOTNE
206
\
enYalJgo/nYulJu
,
'j1
.
"'"",.- ..... .1"• . _'-._.-:-"_'1'
(
)!
)
)
@
).
)®
-CUIJ8 U
(C = alv/pal
fricative or
affricate)
I
I
- ' - l,
Z\,
\
loss of [i] loss influenced by Cigogo?
Map 4. Loss of initial [i] in -iza 'core'
Map 3. Stem initial glide formation in *-jegu 'ant'
i.
I
'.
207
208
ROBERT BOTNE
,'""'l" ........
/".
"_:'~._
,
(
./..... -I.,
)
\,-~
,
!,
i
®
HISTORICAL RELATION OF CIGOGO
,,-·-t.
\
!,
)
\.',
)
! I
i
)
spirantization
'.
",-_.,.-,..
j,..... ~ ..~"'""
Map 5. Spirantization of [J) in cl 5 nominal
prefix before ii-initial stem
) @
®
\
si inlsq si- in all person
Map 6. Spirantization of negative prefix ti
209
210
ROBERT BOTNE
,
?1 ,'
....... _.":"._./ - ' - l •
1"."'r......... I"'"
(
!
! ...
I
1_
'
HISTORICAL RELA TION OF CIGOGO
'\..,.,_ ..... /".... ___ .""
"
Z
./ ...·-l
(
\,
j I
i
)
)
)
)~
\
\
)
\
\"
!
j
®
-10
®
-zO:+jo-J-tSo-
8
-0-"
®
remote past hesternal past 'used to'
non-past
.....\ G ,~
map 7. Tense formation in [0], primarily as
remote future marker
211
hesternal past?
Map 8. Tense formative -ka
....
..,.
'"_._- _ _ ..,1
.... •..,.,.-.
212
ROBERT BOTNE
./~·-l.
} \.',
• i \
®
la(:)/ra(:)
HISTORICAL RELA TION OF CIGOGO
\
'\
~.,'
(
)
)
)
)
