Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks. Prof. Holger Karl;
Andreas Willig, Wiley, ISBN 0-470-09510-5. • Distributed Sensor Networks.
Wireless Sensornetworks Concepts, Protocolls and Applications Chapter 1 Introduction, Applications and Challenges
Hon.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Peter Langendörfer leader of the research group of sensor nets telefon: 0335 5625 350 fax: 0335 5625 671
e-mail: langendoerfer [ at ] ihp-microelectronics.com web: www.tu-cottbus.de/systeme
general information • lecture dates – exercise each time after lecture (starts on demand)
• exam at the beginning of the vacations by exam or orally • certificate by proof of their participation in lecture (list of participants: at least 5 participated) • documents for lecture and exercise on chair website • for rescheduling information or other announcements will be publish on chair website and/or by email (please register in LEHVIS system) • www.tu-cottbus.de/systeme
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Literatur und Quellen • • • • • • •
Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks Prof. Holger Karl; Andreas Willig, Wiley, ISBN 0-470-09510-5 Distributed Sensor Networks S. Sitharama Iyengar and Richard. R. Brooks, Chapman & Hall/CRC, ISBN 1-58488-383-9 Wireless Sensor Networks, Architectures and Protocols Edgar H. Callaway, Jr, Auerbach Publications ISBN 0-8493-1823-8 Sensor Technology Handbook John S. Wilson, Newnes ISBN 0-7506-7729-5 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Mohamed Ilyas, CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-1332-5 Präsentationen aus dem WWRF Folien des Kollegen Karl aus Paderborn
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lecture overview
• • • • • • • • •
Introduction, Applications and Challenges Single Node Architectures Physical Layer MAC Protocols LLC Protocols Routing Protocols Network Architectures DSN Architectures Power Management
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infrastructure-based wireless networks •
Typical wireless network: Based on infrastructure – – – –
e.g., GSM, UMTS, … base stations connected to a wired backbone network mobile entities communicate wirelessly to these base stations traffic between different mobile entities is relayed by base stations and wired backbone – mobility is supported by switching from one base station to another – backbone infrastructure required for administrative tasks Gateways
Server
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IP backbone
Router Chapter 1 – Page 5
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infrastructure-based wireless networks (2)
• Which are the limits ? • What if … – … no infrastructure is available ? • e.g., in disaster areas
– … it is too expensive/inconvenient to set up ? • e.g., in remote, large construction sites
– … there is no time to set it up ? • e.g., in military operations
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possible applications for infrastructure-free networks • factory floor automation
• disaster recovery
• car-to-car communication
ad
c ho
• military networking: tanks, soldiers, … • finding out empty parking lots in a city, without asking a server • search-and-rescue in an avalanche • personal area networking (watch, glasses, PDA, medical appliance, …) winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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sensor equipment
tiny 1cm³ Particle includes sensors, battery, CPU, communication
source: www.teco.edu winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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sensor nodes
UC Berkeley: COTS Dust UC Berkeley: COTS Dust
UC Berkeley: Smart Dust
Rockwell: WINS UCLA: WINS
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JPL: Sensor Webs
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Sensor Node Antenna Processor
Radio Frontend
Sensor Interface
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Sensorknoten Antenne Processor
Radio Frontend
Sensor Internface
Power Mgmt.
Power Supply
Microcontroller
I/O
HardwareAccelerator
Memory
Baseband Base band
Analogue Frontend
Sensor Communication Interface
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IHP Sensor nodes Tandem Node Power Mgmt.
Power Supply
Microcontroller
Speicher Memory 250KB
Ein-/Ausgabe
Basisband Baseband
IPMS430
SPI
HardwareHW Acc Beschleuniger ECC, AES
Baseband
Analoges
868MHz Frontend
Sensor Kommunikationsschnittstelle On board comm.
FeuerWhere Node designed by IHP
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First Tandem node, security flavour for BSI
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sensors and local infrastructure • location aware mall – Metro FutureStore – location aware shopping system – finds location of products
• ubiquitous mall – mobile communication + sensors/RFID tags Sensor node • tiny 1cm³ • sensors, • battery, • CPU, • communication Source: www.teco.edu
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telecom and internet world
• most modern cell phones combine features of former PDAs plus: – internet access – NFC – payment functionality
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sensors and internet
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applications
• bird observation on Great Duck Island – interest: breeding behavior: usage of burrows, environment, breeding sites – nodes located in burrows and on surface – measurement: humidity, pressure, temperature, ambient light (every minute) – infrared sensors detect presence of birds – ad-hoc clusters with dedicated node for long-range communication
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applications (2)
• ZebraNet – interest: behavior of individual animals, interactions, human impact – hundreds of square kilometers, years of observation, every 3 minutes – animals carry nodes with GPS and sensors (now light, more coming) – data transferred whenever nodes come close together – mobile base station (car or plane) collects data from time to time
• related: cattle herding using “virtual fences” winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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applications (3)
• disaster relief operations – drop sensor nodes from an aircraft over a wildfire – each node measures temperature – derive a “temperature map”
• biodiversity mapping – use sensor nodes to observe wildlife
• intelligent buildings (or bridges) – reduce energy wastage by proper humidity, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) control – needs measurements about room occupancy, temperature, air flow, … winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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sensors and local infrastructure
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Tunnel Monitoring
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application (3)
• glacier monitoring – interest: monitor glacier dynamics to understand climate – nodes in drill holes measure pressure, temperature, tilt – base station on glacier uses differential GPS, transmits data via GSM – major problem: radio communication through ice and water
• ocean water monitoring – – – –
interest: global, long-term coverage of ocean and climate measure temperature, salinity, ocean profile continuously nodes cycle to 2000m depth every ten days data transmitted to satellite when on surface
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application (4)
• vital sign monitoring – Interest: monitor vital signs of patients in hospital using WSN – Better accuracy and patient comfort compared to conventional approaches – Components: patient identifier, medical sensors, display device, setup pen – Staff uses setup pen to set up associations between body area nodes
• parts assembly – Interest: assist assembly of do-it-yourself furniture – Parts and tools equipped with sensor nodes – Use force sensors (joints), gyroscope (screwdriver), accelerometer (hammer) – Ad-hoc network detects activities, feedback via LEDs in furniture parts winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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application (5)
• power monitoring – interest: save power in large office building – sensor node connected to each power outlet – transceiver nodes form multihop network to central unit, gateway to internet
• other applications – – – – – –
grape monitoring: conditions which influence plant growth cold chain management: monitor food temperature compliance avalanche rescue: assist rescue of avalanche victims military vehicle tracking: find and track e.g. tanks self-healing mine field: Intact mines hop into a breach sniper localization: locate snipers and bullet trajectories
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application scenarios
• facility management – intrusion detection into industrial sites – control of leakages in chemical plants, …
• machine surveillance and preventive maintenance – embed sensing/control functions into places no cable has gone before – e.g., tire pressure monitoring
• precision agriculture – bring out fertilizer/pesticides/irrigation only where needed
• medicine and health care – post-operative or intensive care winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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application scenarios (2)
• logistics – equip goods (parcels, containers) with a sensor node – track their whereabouts – total asset management – note: passive readout might suffice – compare RFIDs
• telematics – provide better traffic control by obtaining finer-grained information about traffic conditions – intelligent roadside – cars as the sensor nodes winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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Application Areas
Homeland Security
Industrial Automation
Telemedicine winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
Context aware systems Chapter 1 – Page 26
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Geographical setting and system req. Demonstration side • 65 Ground water measurement points • 12,6km² area • 250m to 2000m distance • Rural/forest area • No power supply Requirements • Automatic measurement (min. once a day) • Radio transmission • Local buffering of measurement results • 10 year maintenance free operation • Temperature range -30°Cto +40°C • Protection against vandalism and animals winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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IQlevel System Centralised server • GPRS/GSM connection node • Local Internet-Server • Solar module Low Power Wireless Sensor Network • 868MHz Long Distance Radio • Ultra Low Power Micro controller • Low Duty Cycle Protocol • Crypto-based security • 10 years life time • Mesh-Network incl. adaptive routing Digital probe • Ultra Low Power Micro controller • Modular probe • Pressure-, ph-value-, sulphate- and elect. conductivity measurements • Buffering of measurement results winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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Protecting First Responders Vital parameters: • Body core temperature • Pulse • Blood oxygen saturation Environmental data: • Remaining air in the breathing apparatus • Temperature inside protective clothing • Temperature at surface of protective clothing • Environmental temperature appr. 2 m above the head of fire fighters • Relative humidity inside protective clothing • Relative humidity around the fire fighters • Explosive gas and/or explosive pyrolysis products winter term 2010 – Wireless Sensor Networks
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Data handling •
Buffering of all measurement data in the BAN
•
In network processing (local evaluation)
•
Timely transmission according a red-yellow-green model – Red: acute life threatening situation, immediate data transmission (continuously) – Yellow: situation might become life threatening in a short time scale, data transmission latest 10 sec. after measurement – Green: no threat at all, transmission of data every 60 seconds as self-test
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Harsh Environmental Conditions • • • • • • •
Temperature up to 1000°C Saturated steam atmosphere No sight due to smoke Extremely noisy Aggressive liquids and gas Ionizing radiation Blast e.g. after explosion
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Protecting Critical Infrastructure (Drinking Water Pipeline)
Flow rate, pressure, quantity…
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Measurement parameters Measurements are done every 30 seconds Location Waterworks Briesen
Distance to next substation ~1800 m
Briesen
