Writing Sample Jacob Chereskin 2400 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, D.C. 20037 E‐Mail: j
[email protected] Phone: 312‐402‐1994 The attached writing sample is an excerpt of a paper that was prepared for the course: Foreign Fighters. The assignment was to propose three policy strategies to address ISIS during its current decline in power as well as the consideration of the factor of foreign ighters in their ranks, in the format of an article in a magazine similar to Foreign Affairs, which would aim to present options to government of icials as well as explain the issue to educated members of the public.
Crossing the Finish Line: Proposing The Strategy to Defeat ISIS 2017 has started a new stage of the battle against ISIS, the group’s decline coupled with political shifts in the region have highlighted the need for a new strategy on the part of the United States. Since ISIS’s split from AlQa’eda and its declaration of a Caliphate three years ago, ISIS had gained significant swaths of territory in both Iraq and Syria, capitalizing on the gaps of power in both countries due to civil unrest, and surpassed AlQa’eda as the preeminent terror group in regards to the focus of US policymakers. However, during 2016, ISIS had suffered excruciating military defeats, reversing its trend of expansion for the sake of establishing a Salafi theocracy. As the group’s power continues to decrease, it is imperative for those in positions of decisionmaking to consider its modified military strategy, the new centers of its power, as well as the most viable options to create a proper solution to these problems. As ISIS territory shrinks, the group will have to shift and adapt its strategy to continue its strikes and keep itself relatively viable while depending on reduced resources and lower quality equipment. Since January of this year, ISIS has begun to utilize new forms of technology, in order to adapt to its weakening military strength. Drone warfare has emerged as a new The use of drone warfare by ISIS, first introduced in the battle of Mosul against the Iraqi army, has temporarily complicated the efforts against the Coalition against ISIS, according to Air Force Colonel John L. Dorrian.1 This new means has allowed for ISIS members to prevent themselves from risking their lives by dropping grenades as well as other projectiles against enemy combatants. This new development poses a particular challenge when strategizing a defense against ISIS as it struggles to adapt to its loss of power. One of the main factors which will determine the movement of foreign fighters is the accessibility of Syria through Turkey, the country which acted as the main doorway to ISIS territory due to its accessibility through airlines from the US and Europe. The presence of American soldiers between Turkey and YPG controlled territory in Syria may lead to a hostile situation between the Erdogan regime and these armed Kurdish groups, which may allow for additional ISISsupporting foreign fighters to enter Syria.2 As ISIS loses its control in previous strongholds in Syria such as Raqqa, they have begun moved to Deir EzZour. The Iraqi army’s further penetration into Mosul will soon have ISIS purged from the city, forcing it to retreat to its ISIS’ Egyptian branch, Wilayat Sina’, has begun to develop control in the Sinai Peninsula, where it has already become a formidable challenge due to the Egyptian regime. One particular problem faced for Egypt is the return of “foreign fighters” of Egyptian origin, even those from the Nile Delta are foreign to Sinai Bedouin, returning to the country from the violent fights abroad.3 When considering the best strategies to combat ISIS, as well as the flow of foreign fighters to its ranks, there are approaches that utilize different aspects of the issue. The responses to ISIS’ downgraded status include: overt military campaigns; collaboration with international bodies to share information on fighters; and addressing the issue of online 1
Joby Warrick, “Use of Weaponized Drones Spurs Terrorism Fears” W ashington Post. February 21, 2017. ( https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/nationalsecurity/useofweaponizeddronesbyisisspursterroris mfears/2017/02/21/9d83d51ef38211e68d72263470bf0401_story.html?utm_term=.d6c3e278006f ) 2 Josie Ensor, "US Troops Seen Patrolling SyriaTurkey Border as Washington Tries to Stop Turkish Air Strikes on Kurds." T he Telegraph. May 1, 2017. ( http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/01/ustroopsseenpatrollingsyriaturkeyborderwashingtontri es/ ) 3 Zack Gold, "Salafi Jihadist Violence in Egypt's North Sinai: From Local Insurgency to Islamic State Province": 26. I CCT . April, 2016. ( https://www.icct.nl/wpcontent/uploads/2016/04/ICCTZachGoldSalafiJihadistViolenceinEgyptsNorth SinaiApril2016.pdf )
radicalization. Each of these strategies has particular advantages, challenges and effects in addressing ISIS’ decline in power, as well as its recruitment of foreign fighters. In the military option, the United States and its allies will be able to take the fight to the Islamic State at its heart. Continued airstrikes and military sieges upon ISIS territory, will be able to put pressure on ISIS in the territories of Iraq and Syria where it is losing control, such as Mosul and Raqqa, as well as break ground into new areas, pushing the group increasingly into a corner and restraining its capabilities even further. As indicated out by many news outlets, the strikes on ISIS territory have become increasingly disillusioned by the decrease in the group’s land holdings and have been deserting the group by the thousands.4 As the dreams of a new Caliphate are effectively dashed by continued military defeats, ISIS’ vulnerability has been revealed and has exposed the mortality of the group. Effective coordination of the USled coalition against ISIS, combined with the action of local armed groups such as the Peshmerga, will directly attack the group’s land and personnel, allowing for the coalition to effectively continue its campaigns. The next option to consider would be to coordinate with international organizations such as the UN to create a form of intelligence sharing amongst coalition members and their allies in order to prevent foreign fighters from moving into Syria. This option was suggested by Army Lt. Gen. Michael K. Nagata, the National Counterterrorism Center’s Directorate for Strategic Operational Planning, who said that the international community needs to facilitate the creation of a mechanism for information sharing between countries that will allow them to coordinate on the issue of foreign fighter recruitment across borders, especially after the military defeat of ISIS.5 After the there needs to an infrastructure created to address the phenomenon of mobilization of foreign fighters, which will better allow for countries to coordinate action focused on individuals and groups in order to curb the movement of foreign fighters from the West to ISIS territory. The last solution might be complicated to implement from the policy standpoint, but will provide a valuable buffer as a method to severely cut down on recruitment. This would consist of legal action taken by Congress to address the issue of the unfortunate facilitation of recruitment and incitement by ISIS over electronic means. Through this route, the US can attack the foreign fighter problem at its basic root: addressing the issues of recruitment and incitement by violent jihadist groups over the internet. This past year, many new lawsuits and initiatives against many major technology and social media companies inside the United States, such as Apple, Google,Twitter and Facebook, have broached the question about the limits of user privacy as dictated by the terms of place of the Federal Government’s role in managing the exchange of information that could become a liability to national security. By taking action by addressing the use of these sites to convince Westerners to join groups like ISIS, the US government will be addressing a serious liability of the incitement conducted using services of USbased companies. 4
Marti Chulov, Jamie Grierson, and Jon Swaine, "Isis Faces Exodus of Foreign Fighters as its 'Caliphate' Crumbles." T he Guardian. April 26, 2017. ( https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/26/isisexodusforeignfighterscaliphatecrumbles ) 5 Karen Parrish, "Official: Stopping Foreign Fighter Flow to ISIS Requires Collaboration." U .S. Department of Defense. A pril 5, 2017 . ( https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1141615/officialstoppingforeignfighterflowtoisisrequire scollaboration/ )
When considering the best strategy for addressing ISIS’ current situation, it is my personal opinion that the military strategy is the clearly superior option. Our current strategy against ISIS has forced them to retreat from its previous territory to a much narrower area, affording them less opportunities for selfdefense. While attempts to prevent individuals from being recruited at home may prevent some individuals from being swayed through inability of information, the destruction of ISIS through calculated force will immediately and effectively discredit the group from its image as a divinely ordained Caliphate, which they are commanded by God to defend. Continuing the fight against ISIS will be be a complicated and longdrawn process. As ISIS continues to decline, it will become more desperate to survive, forcing any plan to require a longterm plan for implementation. The enactment of any of these options will require a detailed, specific and wellresourced plan will require effective planning on behalf of security officials as well as our elected leaders, so that when ISIS is defeated it will no longer be seen as an attractive lure for disaffected youth seeking means to lash out against American society.