Zootaxa, Studies on neotropical Phasmatodea II ...

ZOOTAXA 1748

Studies on neotropical Phasmatodea II: Revision of the genus Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906, with the descriptions of seven new species (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae) OSKAR V. CONLE, FRANK H. HENNEMANN & DANIEL E. PEREZ-GELABERT

Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand

Oskar V. Conle, Frank H. Hennemann & Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert Studies on neotropical Phasmatodea II: Revision of the genus Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906, with the descriptions of seven new species (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae) (Zootaxa 1748) 64 pp.; 30 cm. 14 Apr. 2008 ISBN 978-1-86977-209-3 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-210-9 (Online edition)

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CONLE ET AL.

Zootaxa 1748: 1–64 (2008) www.mapress.com / zootaxa/

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ZOOTAXA

Studies on neotropical Phasmatodea II: Revision of the genus Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906, with the descriptions of seven new species (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae) OSKAR V. CONLE¹, FRANK H. HENNEMANN² & DANIEL E. PEREZ-GELABERT³ ¹Goldbachweg 24, 87538 Bolsterlang, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] ²Triftstrasse 104, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] ³Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. Website: www.phasmatodea.com

Table of contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................4 Material and methods .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 .................................................................................................................................................5 Keys to the species of Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906........................................................................................................... 10 Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906.................................................................................................................... 11 Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp. .............................................................................................................................. 15 Malacomorpha cyllarus (Westwood, 1859)............................................................................................................... 18 Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp. ...............................................................................................................................22 Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906)...................................................................................................... 25 Malacomorpha longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906) ....................................................................................................30 Malacomorpha macaya n. sp..................................................................................................................................... 33 Malacomorpha minima n. sp. ....................................................................................................................................35 Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp. ..........................................................................................................................38 Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. ...................................................................................................................................42 Malacomorpha poeyi (Saussure, 1868) n. comb. .......................................................................................................45 Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. ..................................................................................................................................48 Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) n. comb. ...........................................................................................52 Biogeography .................................................................................................................................................................... 56 Habitats .............................................................................................................................................................................58 Biology & behaviour .........................................................................................................................................................60 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................................................62 References ......................................................................................................................................................................... 63

Abstract The genus Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 is revised at the species-level, based upon examination of all necessary type-material and extensive material housed in ANSP, CMNH and USNM mainly collected on nine expeditions to the Dominican Republic, including collections at 280 sites distributed throughout the country. A re-description of the genus and detailed descriptions of all 13 known species are provided. Seven new species are described and illustrated: Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp., M. macaya n. sp., M. hispaniola n. sp., M. minima n. sp., M. multipunctata n. sp. & M. obscura n. sp.

Accepted by B. Mantovani: 12 Feb. 2008; published: 14 Apr. 2008

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from Hispaniola and M. sanchezi n. sp. from Puerto Rico. The eggs of M. bastardoae n. sp., M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859), M. jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906), M. multipunctata n. sp., M. obscura n. sp., M. sanchezi n. sp., and M. spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) are described and illustrated, those of the four latter species for the first time. According to the original description and distribution Phasma graveolens King, 1867 is obviously a synonym of M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859), and not a synonym of Anismorpha buprestoides (Stoll, 1813) as stated by previous authors (n. syn.). A lectotype is designated for Phasma spinicollis Burmeister, 1838. The newly described species, M. longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906) and M. hispaniola n. sp. in particular, prove the genera Pseudolcyphides Karny, 1923 (Type-species: Phasma spinicollis Burmeister, 1838) and Alloeophasma Redtenbacher, 1906 (Type-species: Anophelepis poeyi Saussure, 1868) to be synonyms of Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 (n. syn.). Consequently, the type species of both genera are here transferred to Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 (n. comb.). The genus now contains apterous, brachypterous and pterous species restricted to the Greater Antilles and Bahamas. Key words: Phasmatodea; Pseudophasmatidae; Pseudophasmatinae; Anisomorphini; Malacomorpha; Alloeophasma; Pseudolcyphides; Greater Antilles; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Bahamas, new species; new synonyms; lectotype; descriptions; eggs

Introduction The Phasmid fauna of the Greater Antilles is by far richer and more diverse than supposed in the past. This is particularly obvious through the extensive examination of new material from Hispaniola. A survey of the Hispaniolan orthopteroid insects was carried out from 2001 through 2004 and comprised nine international expeditions and collections at 280 sites distributed throughout the area of the Dominican Republic. Besides many interesting Orthoptera, large numbers of Phasmatodea were collected, which multiply the amount of species known from Hispaniola. The higher elevations of the island in particular still seem to harbor many so far unrecognized species. The subfamily Pseudophasmatinae is only represented in the West Indies by the two closely related genera, Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 and Anisomorpha Gray, 1835. A new species of Anisomorpha Gray from the Dominican Republic, which represented the first record of this genus from the West Indies, was recently described by Conle, Hennemann & Perez-Gelabert (2006). Malacomorpha is widely distributed but restricted to the Greater Antilles, and according to the present study contains 13 species, seven of which are described as new. Due to the extensive material from the Dominican Republic at hand, six of the seven newly described species and the majority of species are currently known from Hispaniola. However, according to the generally high percentage of still unknown species of Phasmatodea in the Greater Antilles, detailed future perspectives of the other islands faunas will quite certainly reveal several additional new species of Malacomorpha. In the past, Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906, Alloeophasma Redtenbacher, 1906, Pseudolcyphides Karny, 1923 and Anisomorpha Gray, 1835, have been subject to studies by several authors and were treated variably (e.g. Conle & Hennemann, 2002 & Zompro, 2004). The discovery of seven new species of Malacomorpha and the availability of extensive new collections led to many significant changes at the generic level and proved Malacomorpha to be more polymorphic than suggested by former authors. As a result, both Alloeophasma Redtenbacher and Pseudolcyphides Karny are shown to be junior synonyms of Malacomorpha Rehn. Accordingly, Malacomorpha Rehn is in need of a full revision and this work includes a clarification of its synonymy and differentiation from related genera, descriptions and illustrations of seven new species, detailed re-descriptions and illustrations of the remainder six species of the genus, descriptions and illustrations of all known eggs, providing keys and information on its biology, behaviour, host-plants and distribution are the subjects of the present revision.


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Material and methods The present work is based on the examination of all necessary type-material. For this we received much support from curators of all corresponding museums and institutions. The material was mainly dried and pinned, but rarely includes specimens preserved in alcohol. Measurements were taken using a long ruler and digital caliper and are given to 0.1 mm. If more than one egg was examined, average measurements are given. If not differently cited and no live specimens were available the colouration of the insects is described from dried specimens, this is important because, specimens may have changed colour during preservation. Examinations of the insects were carried out using a stereoscope (Zeiss Stemi SV 6) and an entomological lens with 5x magnification. Eggs were examined at 10x magnification. All examined eggs were fully developed and already laid or taken from the female’s ovipositor. The terminology used to describe egg structures follows that of Clark-Sellick (1997). The scale for the drawings and photos of eggs measures one millimetre. Abbreviations The abbreviations of museums and collections are following Arnett et al. 1993. ANSP: BMNH: CMNH: FSCA: ISNB: MCZ: MHNG: MNHN: MNHU: NHMW: OXUM: RMNH: USNM: ZSMC: FH: OC: HT: PT: ST: LT: PLT:

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia / USA. The Natural History Museum, London / England. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh / USA. Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainsville / USA. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles / Belgium. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA / USA. Museum d'histoire naturelle, Geneva / Switzerland. Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris / France. Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin / Germany. Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna / Austria. Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford / England. Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum, Leiden / Netherlands. United States National Museum, D.C., Washigton / USA Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich / Germany. Private collection Frank H. Hennemann, Kaiserslautern / Germany. Private collection Oskar V. Conle, Bolsterlang / Germany Holotype Paratype Syntype Lectotype Paralectotype

Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 Type-species: Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906: 113, fig. 2, by original designation of Rehn, 1906: 114. Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906: 113, fig. 2. Bradley & Galil, 1977: 203 (in part). [Listed as a synonym of Anisomorpha Gray - in error] Bragg, 2001: 636. Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 46.

REVISION OF THE GENUS MALACOMORPHA REHN

Zootaxa 1748 © 2008 Magnolia Press ·

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Zompro, 2004: 147, figs. 85a, b & 9: 3, 4. [ Pseudophasmatinae: Anisomorphini] Otte & Brock, 2005: 189. Agathemera, Kirby, 1904: 402 (in part). Alloeophasma Redtenbacher 1906: 126. [Type-species: Anophelepis poeyi Saussure, 1868: 67, by monotypy] n. syn. Bradley & Galil, 1977: 203. [Listed as a synonym of Anisomorpha Gray - in error] Bragg, 2001: 628. Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 17. Zompro, 2004: 142, figs. 81a & b. [ Pseudophasmatinae: Pseudophasmatini] Otte & Brock, 2005: 43. Anisomorpha, Redtenbacher, 1906: 90 (in part). Bolivar, 1888: 141. Caudell, 1909: 111. [Referring to Phasma graveolens King, 1867] Wolcott 1936: 35. Bradley & Galil, 1977: 203 (in part). Vanschuytbroeck & Cools, 1981: 25 (in part). Langlois & Lelong, 1996: 20, 22, 23 (in part). Perez-Gelabert, 2001: 27. Anophelepis, Saussure, 1868: 67 (in part – not Westwood, 1859). Saussure, 1870: 171, pl. 4: 18 & 18a. Stål, 1875: 56. Necroscia, Westwood, 1859: 155, pl. 13: 2 & 14: 5 (in part). Olcyphides, Redtenbacher, 1906: 108 (in part—not Griffini, 1899). Bradley & Galil, 1977: 203. Langlois & Lelong, 1996: 22. Phasma, Burmeister, 1838: 585 (in part). De Haan, 1842: 123 (in part). Westwood, 1859: 123 (in part). King, 1867: 78. Saussure, 1868: 69 (in part). Saussure, 1870: 195, pl. 4: 23 (in part). Bolivar, 1888: 141. Redtenbacher, 1906: 127. [Phasma cyllarus Westwood listed as “species incertae sedis”] Pseudolcyphides Karny, 1923: 234. [Type-species: Phasma spinicollis Burmeister, 1838: 585, by original designation] n. syn. Bradley & Galil, 1977: 203. Bragg, 2001: 642. Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 102. Zompro, 2004: 142, figs. 80a, b & 8: 14. [ Pseudophasmatinae: Pseudophasmatini] Otte & Brock, 2005: 287 (in part). Pseudophasma, Kirby 1904: 411 (in part).

Description: &&, %%: Small to moderately sized Anisomorphini (body length && 33.5–70.0 mm, %% 21.0– 42.0 mm), apterous, brachypterous or with fully developed alae, body slender to robust. Body surface either almost smooth, sparsely granulose or slightly rugulose; dull to partly shiny. Often with dorso-lateral longitudinal rows of granules or spiniform tubercles on mesonotum. Basic colour of body pale to dark brown overlaid with ± distinct dark and pale broken lines, patches or speckles. Dorsal surface of head and body often with a dark dorsomedian longitudinal line, usually becoming increasingly indistinct on abdomen. Legs pale to dark brown and in most species to a various degree furnished with drab or yellowish speckles and patches. Head short and broad, at best 1.3x longer than wide, oval in cross-section and flattened dorsally. Vertex smooth, rarely bearing a few minute granules; flat to very gently rounded. Eyes prominent and projecting hemispherically; their length contained at best 3x in that of cheeks. Ocelli strongly reduced and rudimentary in apterous taxa, fully developed in pterous taxa. Antennae long and filiform, about as long as body and reaching to or projecting over apex of abdomen. All antennomeres except scapus cylindrical and finely bristled. Scapus oval in cross-section, indistinctly longer than wide. 3rd segment at least as long as scapus, often longer and may be


CONLE ET AL.

as long as scapus and pedicellus combined. Mesonotum of variable length, 1.1–2.5x longer than pronotum and 1.1–3.0x longer than wide. Mesosternum in most species with a ± decided longitudinal median carina or keel; otherwise smooth. Tegmina and alae absent, vestigial or alae fully developed; may be as long as distinctly projecting over apex of abdomen. Wings may be unequal between the sexes of certain species, with && brachypterous and %% pterous. Tegmina small, scale-like and with central portion ± roundly or conically raised; at best covering bases of alae or anterior portion of metanotum. Anal region of alae translucent to transparent pale brown with brown veins. Median segment slightly shorter or longer than metanotum. Abdomen 1.1–2.5 x longer than head and thorax combined, cylindrical. Surface smooth and sometimes shiny, certain species with a ± prominent posteromedian tubercle or hump on tergites II–IX. Tergites II–VII smooth and shiny in species with well developed alae. Cerci small, short, round in cross-section, slightly incurving, and gradually constricted towards the apex; finely bristled. Abdomen of && very gently tapered towards the apex; occasionally slightly swollen medially. Subgenital plate of && small to moderately sized, scoop-shaped and pointed apically; length ranging from just not reaching anterior margin to slightly projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Poculum of %% small and flat, scoop-shaped and posterior margin with a ± distinct median indentation; hardly projecting over posterior margin of tergite IX. Vomer well developed and sclerotised, triangular to parallel-sided with outer margin swollen; apex rounded and simple (serrate in one species). Legs moderately slender to rather robust, all ± decidedly carinated, destitute of spines or teeth, minutely bristled and quadrate in cross-section. Medioventral carina of femora distinct. Profemora 1.2–2.5x longer than mesothorax. Hind legs hardly reaching to, or considerably projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora compressed and curved basally to a variable degree; may be very shallow in certain species. Basitarsus 2.0–3.0x longer than second tarsomere; simple. Eggs: Small to medium-sized. Capsule barrel-shaped, distinctly longer than wide, ± decidedly compressed laterally and oval in cross-section. Surface strongly sculptured; all over covered with granules, rough tubercles, humps, ridges or slightly raised net-like structures. Micropylar plate small, circular to elongateoval, at best 2.2x longer than wide and covering distinctly less than 1/3 of capsule length. Median line distinct and of variable length, being either very short or almost reaching the polar-area. Internally the plate is open with a distinct median line. Operculum oval and flat to slightly convex with the surface granulated or tuberculose, occasionally with a small hump in the centre. Differentiation: Closely related to Anisomorpha Gray, 1835 but distinguished by: the shorter and broader head (at best 1.3x longer than wide); relatively larger eyes; more slender and relatively shorter antennae; less shiny body surface and longer basitarsus which is at least 2x longer than the 2nd tarsomere. Comments: The description of Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp., M. multipunctata n. sp. and availability of adult specimens of Malacomorpha longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906) from ANSP show the characters used to distinguish Pseudolcyphides Karny, 1923 and Alloeophasma Redtenbacher, 1906 from Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 in former studies on Pseudophasmatinae, to remain no longer valid. The Cuban M. longipennis shows an apparently similar spination of the mesonotum and has the same smooth and shiny dorsal surface of the abdomen as Pseudolcyphides spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838), the genotype of Pseudolcyphides. The profemora of P. spinicollis (Burmeister) are indeed a little less distinctly curved basally than in the majority of Malacomorpha-species but it is also true for M. multipunctata n. sp., a fairly typical apterous representative of the genus. Therefore, this feature can be regarded as nothing but intrageneric variation, which places Pseudolcyphides as a junior synonym of Malacomorpha (n. syn.). Conle & Hennemann (2002) distinguished Alloeophasma from Malacomorpha by the smooth abdominal tergites and relatively longer mesothorax. The unarmed abdominal tergites are also true for several of the here newly described apterous species of Malacomorpha, e.g. M. sanchezi n. sp. or M. multipunctata n. sp., and the three species contained which have fully developed alae in both sexes. The mesothorax of A. poeyi (Saussure, 1868), the type-species of Alloeophasma, is just a little longer than in other species of Malacomorpha and can be regarded as lying within the range of the genus. Although A. poeyi appears rather slender, detailed compar-



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ison with all other species contained in Malacomorpha, leave no characters that sufficiently serve to distinguish it on the generic level. Consequently, Alloeophasma is here synonymised with Malacomorpha (n. syn.). The classification of Pseudophasmatinae and allotment of the genera amongst the tribes Anisomorphini and Pseudophasmatini proposed by Zompro (2004) is confusing due to its being based on features insufficient for the distinction of taxa or not even of existence. Zompro (2004: 142), transferred Pseudolcyphides and Alloeophasma from Anisomorphini to the newly described tribe Pseudophasmatini but retained Malacomorpha in Anisomorphini. However, as shown above all three taxa represent the same genus, with Pseudolycphides and Alloeophasma being synonyms of Malacomorpha. Zompro (2004: 131) distinguished between Pseudophasmatini and Anisomorphini on the basis that the profemora were at least as long or distinctly longer (Pseudophasmatini), or equal in length to shorter than the head, pro- and mesonotum combined (Anisomorphini). However, measuring of these segments and comparing the length relations in numerous taxa of both tribes clearly show several species of either tribe to violate this distinguishing feature. Even within a single genus species occur, which have the profemora longer, equal or shorter than the combined length of the head, pro- and mesonotum. Zompro (2004: 133 & 144) furthermore distinguished between these two tribes by “ocelli present” (Pseudophasmatini) or “ocelli increasingly reduced” (Anisomorphini). This is not a feature of tribal value and rather obvious, due to Zompro included mainly winged forms in Pseudophasmatini and predominantly apterous taxa in Anisomorphini. It is generally known, that the reduction of ocelli in Phasmatodea evolved parallel to a reduction of the flight organs. This case is clearly seen in Malacomorpha which contains apterous, brachypterous and pterous taxa, with distinct ocelli present in the pterous species and increasingly reduced in apterous species. Other characters used by Zompro (2004: 133 & 144) to distinguish between Anisomorphini and Pseudophasmatini are ineffective and merely represent arbitrary trends that are not even constant for either tribe, e.g. “meso- and metafemora more rectangular in cross-section”, “meso- and metafemora more trapezoid in cross-section” or “female abdomen more round in cross-section”. In the phylogenetic discussion of Pseudophasmatinae, Zompro (2004: 130) stated the generic group of Anisomorphini, which contains Malacomorpha, to be characterized by a rough and dull body surface. Now, after the discovery of several new species, this is only true for certain species of Malacomorpha. The body surface can be conspicuously shiny in some species, e.g. M. macaya n. sp.. Zompro (2004) stated that the micropylar plate has a circular shape in Pseudophasmatini, while it is longer than wide, cordiform or oval shaped in Anisomorphini. Again, this distinguishing feature does not hold for all taxa of either tribe. A refutation and invalidation is for instance represented by the micropylar plates of Malacomorpha, which range from almost circular over slightly oval to distinctly longer than wide. Furthermore, it is well known and it was sufficiently recognized that the shape of the micropylar plate varies even intraspecifically in certain members of Anisomorphini (e.g. Anisomorpha ferruginea (Palisot de Beauvois) or Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll, 1813)) and therefore is of questionable use for the distinction of higer ordinate taxa (see: Conle & Hennemann, 2002). For an unknown reason Zompro (2004: 142) listed Creoxylus Redtenbacher (1906: 141, in part—not Audinet-Serville, 1838) as a synonym of Alloeophasma Redtenbacher, 1906. When designating a type-species for Alloeophasma Redtenbacher, Conle & Hennemann (2002: 17) were not aware that Phasma cyllarus Westwood, 1859 was not placed in that genus by Redtenbacher, but as “species incertae sedis” in his Phasmatini, section Phasmata (1906: 127). As Alloeophasma Redtenbacher, 1906 was described with only A. poeyi (Saussure, 1868) included, there was no need to designate a type-species and the designation is invalid. Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 is very closely related and probably the sister taxon of Anisomorpha Gray, 1835. Distribution: Restricted to the Greater Antilles and Bahamas. So far recorded from Cuba, Bahamas, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico (→ Maps 1 & 2).


CONLE ET AL.

MAP 1. Distribution of the genus.

MAP 2. Distribution of the species from Hispaniola.

Species included: 1. Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906: 113. 2. Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp. 3. Necroscia cyllarus Westwood, 1859: 155. = Phasma graveolens King, 1867: 78 n. syn. REVISION OF THE GENUS MALACOMORPHA REHN

[Bahamas] [Hispaniola] [Jamaica]


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4. Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp. 5. Anisomorpha jamaicana Redtenbacher, 1906: 94. 6. Anisomorpha longipennis Redtenbacher, 1906: 92. 7. Malacomorpha macaya n. sp. 8. Malacomorpha minima n. sp. 9. Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp. 10. Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. 11. Anophelepis poeyi Saussure, 1868: 67. = Phasma cubense Saussure, 1868: 69. 12. Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. 13. Phasma spinicollis Burmeister, 1838: 585.

[Hispaniola] [Jamaica] [Cuba] [Hispaniola] [Hispaniola] [Hispaniola] [Hispaniola] [Cuba] [Puerto Rico] [Hispaniola]

Keys to the species of Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906

&& 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. -

Pterous or brachypterous (at least small alae present)................................................................................. 2 Apterous....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Alae distinctly projecting over apex of abdomen ................................................................ hispaniola n.sp. Alae not reaching apex of abdomen ............................................................................................................ 3 Alae projecting over abdominal tergite VII ................................................................................................. 4 Alae not projecting over abdominal tergite III ............................................................................................ 5 Mesonotum with minute granules; Jamaica ..................................................................................... cyllarus Mesonotum with prominent spine-like tubercles; Hispaniola .......................................................spinicollis Alae slightly projecting over abdominal tergite II...................................................................... longipennis Alae at best as long as mesonotum ............................................................................................................. .6 Tegmina present; mesonotum unarmed; Cuba.......................................................................................poeyi No tegmina; mesonotum with minute spines; Hispaniola ............................................ multipunctata n. sp. Abdominal tergites with a prominent posteromedian hump; Jamaica.......................................... jamaicana Posteromedian hump of abdominal tergites hardly visible or absent; not Jamaica ..................................... 8 Body surface distinctly granulose, dull; Bahamas..................................................................... androsensis Body surface at best partly granulated, at least partly shiny; not Bahamas................................................. 9 Antennae irregularly annulated with brown & yellowish; Puerto Rico................................. sanchezi n. sp. Antennae not annulated; Hispaniola .......................................................................................................... 10 Tibiae pale yellow, only base and apex brown ........................................................................macaya n. sp. Tibiae brown with indistinct yellowish mottling ....................................................................................... 11 Slender; dorsomedian line of head, thorax and abdomen very distinct ................................... minima n. sp. Stout; dorsomedian line of head, thorax and abdomen indistinct.............................................................. 12 Body uniformly dark brown to black; strongly shiny........................................................ bastardoae n. sp. Body mid to dark brown with a few paler speckles; dull ...................................................... obscura n. sp.

%% 1. 2. 3.

Pterous (at least small alae present)............................................................................................................. 2 Apterous....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Alae distinctly projecting over apex of abdomen ................................................................ hispaniola n.sp. Alae not reaching apex of abdomen ............................................................................................................ 3 Anal segment with two distinct posterolateral apices; basitarsus 3x longer than following tarsomere poeyi


CONLE ET AL.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. -

Anal segment without distinct posterolateral apices; basitarsus < 3x longer than following tarsomere ..... 4 Alae projecting over abdominal tergite IX ....................................................................................spinicollis Alae not projecting over abdominal tergite VIII ......................................................................................... 5 Alae hardly as long as mesonotum ............................................................................... multipunctata n. sp. Alae much longer than mesonotum, at least projecting over abdominal tergite VI .................................... 6 Mesonotum with minute granules; Jamaica ..................................................................................... cyllarus Mesonotum with prominent spine-like tubercles; Cuba ..............................................................longipennis Abdominal tergites with a prominent posteromedian hump; Jamaica.......................................... jamaicana Posteromedian hump of abdominal tergites hardly visible or absent; not Jamaica ..................................... 8 Body surface distinctly granulose, dull; Bahamas...................................................................... androsensis Body surface at best partly granulated, at least partly shiny; not Bahamas................................................. 9 Anal segment constricted posterolaterally............................................................................. obscura n. sp. Anal segment expanded posterolaterally ................................................................................................... 10 Antennae irregularly annulated with brown & yellowish; Puerto Rico................................. sanchezi n. sp. Antennae not annulated; Hispaniola .......................................................................................................... 11 Tibiae pale yellow, only base and apex brown ....................................................................... macaya n. sp. Tibiae brown with indistinct yellowish mottling ....................................................................................... 12 Small (body < 37.0 mm); slender; dorsomedian line of head, thorax and abdomen distinct . minima n. sp. Larger (body > 37.0 mm); robust; dorsomedian line of head, thorax and abdomenfain .. bastardoae n. sp.

Eggs* 1. Micropylar plate ± circular .......................................................................................................................... 2 - Micropylar plate distinctly longer than wide............................................................................................... 4 2. Capsule surface with distinct raised net-like structures............................................................................... 3 - Capsule surface rugose, covered with blunt humps and swellings (Figs. 70–71) ........................ jamaicana 3. Capsule < 1.7x longer than wide; raised structures of darker colouration than rest of capsule (Figs. 78–79) .......................................................................................................................................................spinicollis - Capsule 2x longer than wide; colouration plain (Figs. 72–73)...................................... multipunctata n. sp. 4. Micropylar plate oval, 1.3–1.5x longer than wide....................................................................................... 5 - Micropylar plate lanceolate, 2.2x longer than wide (Figs. 66–67) .................................... bastardoae n. sp. 5. Micropylar plate small, < 1/5 the length of capsule; sculpturing of capsule faint, at best tuberculose or minutely rugose ........................................................................................................................................... 6 - Micropylar plate larger, ¼ the length of capsule; capsule surface prominently scabrous and covered with tooth-like structures (Figs. 68–69).................................................................................................... cyllarus 6. Capsule 2x longer than wide, barrel-shaped; polar-area with a prominent Impression (Figs. 76–77) .......... ................................................................................................................................................sanchezi n. sp. - Capsule 1.6x longer than wide, ovoid; polar-area rounded (Figs. 74–75).............................. obscura n. sp. * The eggs of Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906, Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp., Malacomorpha longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906), Malacomorpha macaya n. sp., Malacomorpha minima n. sp. and Malacomorpha poeyi (Saussure, 1868) are not known.

Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906 (Figs. 1–5) Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906: 113, fig. 2 & 2a (&). HT, & (penultimate instar nymph): Bahamas, Key No. 4, North Side of South Bight, Andros, May, 23, 1904, (Wheeler) (USNM—not traced)



11

Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 48, pl. 12: 114 (& genitalia). Zompro, 2004: 147, fig. 85b (&). Otte & Brock, 2005: 392.

Material examined [11 %%, 7 &&, 4 && nymphs]: 1 &: Bahamas Ids., Nassau, Jan., 31, 05, A.E. Night, A. P. Morse Coll., Ansp, Anisomorpha androsensis (Rehn) det. C. F. Moxey 1972 (ANSP); 1 &: Matheustown, Sr. Inagua, Bahamas, July, MCZ, ANSP, Anisomorpha androsensis (Rehn) det. C. F. Moxey 1972 (ANSP); 1 %, 1 & nymph: Bahamas, Sr. Inagua, 27.II.99, Greenway Coll., Ansp, Anisomorpha androsensis (Rehn) det. C. F. Moxey 1972 (ANSP); 1 %, 1 & (nymph): Nassau, Bahama Islands, W.W. Worthington, Carn. Mus., Bruner Cln., Anisomorpha androsensis (Rehn) det. C. F. Moxey 1972 (ANSP); 1 %, 1 &: Nassau, N.P., Bahamas, II. 1949, H.R. Roberts!, ANSP, Anisomorpha androsensis (Rehn) det. C. F. Moxey 1972 (ANSP); 1 %: Blue Hills, Nassau, Bahama Islands, W.W. Worthington, Dec. 28. 1908, Carn. Mus. Acc. 3744, ANSP, Ex Carn. Mus., Bruner Cln., Anisomorpha androsensis (Rehn) det. C. F. Moxey 1972 (ANSP); 1 & (nymph): Bahamas, Acklin, C.G. Maynard, Malacomorpha androsensis juv.&& Rehn, det. Hebard 1923, Hebard CLN., ANSP, Anisomorpha androsensis (Rehn) det. C. F. Moxey 1972 (ANSP); 2 %%, 1 &: Arthus Town, Cat I., Bahamas, VII, 17, 1935, W.J. Clench, MCZ (ANSP); 2 %%, 1 & (nymph): Bahamas Ids., Nassau, May 7. 05, A.E. Night, Coll. A.P.M., Lo. 108, No. 18, A.P. Morse Coll., MCZ (ANSP); 1 &: Simons Long I., Bahamas, V. 21, MCZ (ANSP); 1 %, 1 &: Bahama Islands, New Providence, Carmichael area, 25°01’N, 77°25’W, 13. February 2005, Caribbean pine forest and scrub, coll. W.E.Steiner & J.M.Swearingen (USNM); 1 %: Bahama Islands, New Providence, pine forest area south of airport, 25°1’30”N, 77°28’40”W, 15. February 2005, Caribbean pine forest and scrub, coll. W.E.Steiner & J.M.Swearingen (USNM); 1 %, 1 &: Grand Bahamas, July 25, 1960, P.S.Mills, on orchid leaf in a baggage for Fla.—at Miami, Fla., w0303, USMN, Anisomorpha androsensis (Rehn) det. C.F.Moxey 1972 (USNM). Distribution: Bahamas (Andros Island: South Bight; Great Antigua Island [Moxey, 1972: 29]; Matthew Town [Moxey, 1972: 29]; Inagua; Acklins Island; Cat Island; Grand Bahama; New Providence Island: Nassau & Long Island). Differentiation: The small size, rather the robust body and the lack of a posteromedian hump on the abdominal tergites of this species, the only taxon of the genus known to occur in the Bahamas, show relation to M. bastardoae n. sp., M. obscura n. sp. and M. minima n. sp. all from Hispaniola. M. androsensis can be distinguished from all these species by the short and robust, yellowish and brown annulated antennae and for the numerous yellow granules of the dorsal body surface. M. androsensis differs further from the first species by: the smaller size; more robust body; relatively shorter and more robust legs and for a generally paler colouration of the body. From M. obscura n. sp. it may also be distinguished by: the smaller size; broader femora and shorter cerci of both sexes; as well as the laterally expanded anal segment of %% and less convex subgenital plate of &&. From M. minima n. sp. it is readily distinguished by: the slightly larger size; relatively shorter and more robust legs and dull body surface. Description: && (Fig. 1): Small (body length 37.0–48.0 mm), very robust for the genus with a rather bulgy abdomen. Rudiments of tegmina and alae completely lacking. Legs stout and short, distinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae broad for the genus and reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergite IV. Body surface minutely tuberculose and rugulose, not shiny; mesonotum bearing several minute tubercles roughly arranged in four longitudinal rows. Basic colouration of body and legs pale to dark brown, overlaid with many minute yellowish to pale brown speckles, broken lines and patches. A prominent, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line runs along the complete dorsal surface of the head and body. Head with several indistinct, pale and dark brown longitudinal dorsolateral lines and dark postocular line. Antennae irregularly annulated, the antennomeres being yellowish drab basally and brown apically. Eyes marbled in black and mid brown. Legs pale to dark brown with indistinct yellowish mottling and minute yellow spots. Head: Small, hardly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally. Vertex with six longitudinal lines of very minute granules. Minute rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes roughly circular, project-


CONLE ET AL.

ing hemispherical, their length contained 2–2.5x in that of cheek. Antennae reaching to posterior margin of tergite IV. Scapus almost 2x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus hardly longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about half as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere elongate, almost as long as scapus and pedicellus combined, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval in cross-section. Pro- and mesothorax slightly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum as long as but broader than head, indistinctly longer than wide, and slightly broadened towards the posterior. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression indistinct and slightly displaced towards anterior third of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Mesonotum wider and about 1.7x longer than pronotum, 1.3–1.5x longer than wide and gently broadening towards the posterior, the increase in width being continuous with that of the pronotum. Bearing several tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment as wide as posterior of mesonotum and combined about the same length. Metanotum and median segment combined hardly 1.4x longer than wide, slightly broadened towards posterior end. Metanotum transverse, almost 2x wider than long and shorter than median segment. Slightly impressed median line continued from the mesonotum. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment distinct and almost straight. Pro-, meso- and metasternum simple and very gently rugulose. Abdomen: 1.3–1.5x longer than head and complete thorax combined, bulgy and gradually tapered towards the apex. Median segment slightly longer than metanotum, about 1.5x wider than long, rectangular. Tergites II widest and longest, X narrowest and shortest. II–VI transverse being 2.5–3.5x wider than long, VI sub-quadrate, and VII–IX roughly quadrate. Tergites II–IX each with a faint posteromedian tubercle or hump (sometimes almost absent). Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Anal segment tapered towards apex, narrower than IX, wider than long, with an indistinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex just visible. Subgenital plate small and flat, at best reaching 2/3 the way along anal segment; minutely setose and apex pointed. Cerci small, short, slightly incurving, and gradually constricted towards the apex, which is slightly thickened and club-like; finely bristled. Legs: Rather short and robust, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora slightly longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergite IV, and hind legs not projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora considerably compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Fig. 2): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 23.0–27.0 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: Generally as in &&. Thorax: As in &&, but pro-, mesothorax less distinctly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum as long and wide as head. Mesonotum 2x longer than wide and very gently widened towards the posterior. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.5x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. II slightly transverse, III–VII longest and roughly quadrate, IX the shortest. VIII and IX 1.5–2.0x wider than long. Anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 2x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, swollen and laterally expanded, with a very small median indentation. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and rather flat, slightly spoon-like and hardly reaching the posterior margin of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded, and with a small triangular incision medially. Vomer longer than wide, parallelsided basally, with apex broadly rounded; outer margin swollen. Legs: As in &&. Hind legs hardly projecting over apex of abdomen.



13

FIGURES 1–5. Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906 1) & (USNM), 2) % (USNM), 3) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 4) % vomer, 5) & apex of abdomen in lateral view. TABLE 1: Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha androsensis (Rehn, 1906) Measurements [mm] Malacomorpha androsensis HT, & (penultimate instar) (USNM)*

%% (ANSP)

&& (ANSP)

Body:

32.0

23.0–27.0

37.0–48.0

Pronotum:

3.7

2.3–2.4

3.7–4.7

Mesonotum:

5.0

3.8–4.1

6.5–8.0

Metanotum:

6.0 (+ m. seg.)

1.6–1.8

3.2–4.2

Median segment:

–

2.2–2.3

4.0–4.6

Profemora:

7.0

6.4–6.8

9.5–10.5

Mesofemora:

5.5

4.4–4.8

7.2–8.0

Metafemora:

7.8

6.7–6.9

10.0–11.4

Protibiae:

–

5.1–5.3

9.7–10.6

Mesotibiae:

–

4.0–4.1

6.7–7.7

Metatibiae:

–

5.5–5.7

10.7–11.7

Antennae:

–

> 18.0

> 28.0

* according to Rehn (1906: 115)

Comments: Rehn (1906: 113) described Malacomorpha androsensis from Andros Island (Bahamas) as the only species to be contained in the newly described genus Malacomorpha. It is therefore is the type-spe-


CONLE ET AL.

cies by monotypy. Rehn’s original description and illustration (Fig. 2) were based on a single penultimate instar && nymph. This can be deducted from the small body dimensions and description of the genitalia. According to Rehn (1906) and Otte & Brock (2005: 392) the HT is preserved in the USNM, but it was not traced during several investigations of the concerned collection by the third author. Thus, it could not be examined for the present study and must be presumed as lost. M. androsensis appears to be rather widely spread throughout the Bahamas having so far been recorded from nine different islands (→ see above). Although several adult && are traced in the collections of ANSP and USNM, the eggs remain unknown.

Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp. (Figs. 6–12, 82) HT, %: Dominican Republic, RD-211 Upper Las Abejas, Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco, Pedernales prov., 1.310m, 6.iv.2004, D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo, (d/n) (USNM). PT, 1 %: Dominican Republic, RD-211 Upper Las Abejas, Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco, Pedernales prov., 1.310m, 6.iv.2004, D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo, (d/n) (USNM). PT, 1 %, 2 && (nymphs): Dominican Republic, RD-139 Caseta no. 3, Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco, Independencia Prov., 18°13.720’N 71°35.243’W, 1.941m, 3.vii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (night) (USNM). PT, 2 %%, 3 &&, 1 nymph: Dominican Republic, Independencia Prov., Loma del Toro, Caseta 5 of P.N. Sierra de Bahoruco, 18°19.270’N 71°40.576’W, 2357m, 12.viii.2006, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro (USNM). PT, 1 %, 1 &: Dominican Republic, Prov. Pedernales, Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco, Caseta 2, 23°19.72’mE 20°14.802’mN, 1.771m, 28.vi.2005, R.Bastardo, E.Fernandez (OC). Distribution: Dominican Republic (Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco). Etymology: This new species is dedicated to the Dominican biologist Ruth Bastardo for her great effort and support in collecting the type-specimens. Differentiation: Closely related to Malacomorpha obscura n. sp., for the distribution (Hispaniola), the smooth dorsal surface of body and a similar colouration of the antennae. It differs by: the more slender body; more slender and longer legs and antennae and darker colouration of both sexes; swollen and laterally expanded anal segment and broader vomer of %%. Description: The colouration is described from photos of a live couple (paratypes) taken by the third author in the Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco (Dominican Republic). && (Figs. 6 & 82): Small (body length 37.0–43.0 mm), robust for the genus with a moderately bulgy abdomen. Rudiments of tegmina and alae completely lacking. Legs slender but not very long, indistinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae slender and long, nearly reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Body surface minutely rugulose, partly shiny; mesonotum bearing several minute tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Basic colouration of body and legs dark brown to black. Some specimens show a very indistinct, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line running along the complete dorsal surface of the head and body. Antennae brown at the base, turning into yellow to reddish in the apical half. Eyes marbled in black and mid brown. Legs brown to dark brown with indistinct yellowish mottling. Head: Medium sized, hardly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally, smooth. Minute rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes small, roughly circular, projecting hemispherical, their length contained 2x in that of cheek. Antennae slender and long, nearly reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Scapus almost 1.5x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus hardly longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about 0.7x as long as scapus, but wider



15

than following antennomeres. Third antennomere as long as pedicellus, IV slightly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval in cross-section. Pro-, meso- and metathorax slightly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum as long as but wider than head, 1.2x longer than wide and slightly broadened towards the posterior. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression indistinct and slightly displaced towards anterior third of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Minutely rugulose. Mesonotum wider and about 1.5x longer than pronotum, 1.5x longer than wide and parallel-sided. Bearing several minute tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment as wide as posterior of mesonotum and combined 0.8x as long. Metanotum and median segment combined as long as wide, parallel-sided. Metanotum transverse, 1.6–1.8x wider than long and slightly longer than median segment. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment distinct and almost straight. Meso- and metaepisternum rugulose. Pro-, meso- and metasternum simple and smooth. Abdomen: 1.3–1.5x longer than head and complete thorax combined, bulgy and gradually tapered towards the apex. Surface rugulose and partly shiny. Segments parallel-sided, tergites I–IX each with a faint minute posteromedian tubercle or hump. Median segment slightly shorter than metanotum, about 2.0–2.5x wider than long, rectangular. Tergites II–VI widest and longest, VIII–X narrowest, IX shortest. II–VII transverse being 3–4x wider than long, VIII–IX 2–2.5x wider than long. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Anal segment tapered towards apex, posterior margin rounded, narrower than IX, wider than long, and with an indistinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex, not visible from dorsal. Subgenital plate flat, at best reaching to posterior margin of anal segment; minutely setose and apex pointed. Cerci small, short, slightly incurving, and gradually constricted towards the apex, which is slightly thickened and club-like; finely bristled. Legs: Legs slender but not very long, indistinctly carinated; unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled, partly shiny. Profemora nearly 1.5x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergite V and hind legs distinctly projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora very indistinctly compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2.5x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Figs. 7 & 82): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 23.0–29.5 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: As in &&. Thorax: As in &&, but prothorax less distinctly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum as long and wide as head. Mesonotum 1.8–2x longer than wide. Metanotum and median segment combined 1.3x longer than wide. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.4–1.5x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. II slightly transverse, III–VII longest and narrowest 1.5x wider than long, IX the shortest. VIII and IX 1.5–1.8x wider than long. Anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 1.5–2x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, gently swollen and laterally expanded. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and flat, spoon-like, slightly projecting the posterior margin of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded. Vomer triangular, as long as wide, with apex broadly rounded; outer margin swollen. Legs: As in &&. Eggs (Figs. 11–12): Rather large, capsule ovoid, 1.5x longer than wide and slightly oval in cross-section; lateral surfaces increasingly convex towards the centre. Polar-area indistinctly flattened if seen in lateral aspect. Anterior margin slightly swollen but smooth. Capsule surface very minutly punctured and covered all over with shallow, irregularly raised ridges, which become more marked around the micropylar plate and


CONLE ET AL.

increasingly indistinct towards the anterior, posterior and ventral portions of the capsule. Micropylar plate lanceolate with the anterior end tapered and the posterior margin broadly rounded; more than two times longer than wide, and a little less than 1/3 the length of capsule. Surface smooth and slightly convex laterally. Micropylar cup large, also of a roughly lanceolate shape and positioned close to the posterior margin of micropylar plate. Median line very prominent, reaching about half the way towards polar-area. Operculum oval, slightly convex and with a small, conical hump in the centre; surface otherwise rugulose. General coloration of capsule pale to mid brown the raised structures pale straw to cream; dorsal half of capsule with a few darker markings. Micropylar plate straw. Measurements [mm]: length 3.6, width 2.3, height 2.5, length of micropylar plate 1.2. Comments: Specimens from Loma del Toro were collected mostly from the walls of the cabin and also a few from the bare ground.

FIGURES 6–12. Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp. 6) & PT (USNM), 7) % HT (USNM), 8) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 9) % vomer, 10) & apex of abdomen in lateral view, 11) egg in dorsal view, 12) egg in lateral view.



17

TABLE 2. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha bastardoe n. sp. Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp. HT, % (USNM)

PT, %% (USNM)

PT, &&(USNM, OC)

Body:

28.0

23.0–29.5

37.0–43.0

Pronotum:

2.8

2.6–3.0

4.4–4.9

Mesonotum:

4.7

4.9–5.2

7.2–8.3

Metanotum:

2.4

2.2–2.4

3.0–3.8

Median segment:

2.2

1.9–2.1

2.7–2.9

Profemora:

7.1

6.1–7.7

9.5–9.7

Mesofemora:

6.2

5.5–6.5

8.1–8.6

Metafemora:

8.8

7.1–8.9

10.5–11.2

Protibiae:

7.5

6.4–8.4

10.0–10.6

Mesotibiae:

6.5

5.7–6.7

8.5–8.7

Metatibiae:

8.8

7.3–9.3

11.5–11.9

Antennae:

> 18.0

24.0

28.0–32.0

Malacomorpha cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) (Figs. 13–20, 83–84) Necroscia cyllarus Westwood, 1859: 155, pl.13: 2 (%), pl.14: 5 (&). LT, %: 397, %, Jamaica; cyllarus Westw., Necroscia cyllarus Westwood, ST, Necroscia cyllarus Westw. (BMNH); PLT, &: Jamaica, 402, 397; &, cyllarus Westw., Pseudophasma, Necroscia cyllarus Westw., Necroscia cyllarus Westwood, ST (BMNH). [examined] Redtenbacher, 1906: 127. [As “Species incertae sedis”] Pseudophasma cyllarus, Kirby, 1904: 411. Rehn, 1904: 99. Anisomorpha cyllarus, Langlois & Lelong, 1996: 22. Malacomorpha cyllarus, Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 49, pl. 6: 54–55 (%,&), pl. 12: 117–118 (genitalia), pl. 16: 177–178 (egg), 19: 208. [Designation of lectotype] Zompro, 2004: 147, fig. 9: 4 (egg). Otte & Brock, 2005: 392. Phasma graveolens King, 1867: 78. Type(s): Jamaica, Santa Cruz Mountains (depository unknown—presumed lost). n. syn. [Not: Phasma graveolens, Caudell, 1909: 111. Misidentification, = Anisomorpha buprestoides Stoll, (1813)]

Material examined [28 %%, 12 &&, 3 && nymphs]: 1 %, 1 &: Jamaica, F. Klages, Coll. W. J. Holland, ANSP, Ex Carn. Mus. Bruner Cln. (ANSP); 1 & (nymph): Malvern, Jamaica, Petrunkevitch, MCZ (ANSP); 2 %%: Montego Bay, Jamaica, Mar. 14, 1911, Anisomorpha cyllarus (Westw.) det. Hebard 1924 (ANSP); 1 %, 1 &: Jamaica, St. Ann Parish Rose Hill, 95m, Runaway Bay, 1. May 1973, Don & Mignon Davis (USNM); 1 %: Jamaica, St. Ann Par. Discovery Bay, 27.–28. February 1984, J.M. Carpenter (USNM); 1 %: Snug Harbor, Montego Bay, Jamaica, 6.26.10, E.A. Andrews Coll., USNM, ANSP, Anisomorpha cyllarus (Westw.) det. C.F. Moxey 1972 (USNM); 1 %, 3 &&: 92–32, Jamaica (BMNH); 3 %%: ex Zucht O. Conle 2001 (MNHU); 2 %%, 1 &: ex Zucht 2001 O. Zompro, Zuchtstamm Jamaika (OC); 16 %%, 4 &&, 2 && (nymphs): ex Zucht O. Conle 2002, Zuchtstamm aus Jamaika (OC); 1 %, 2 &&, eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, urspr. Jamaika, 2001–2002 (FH, No’s 0490-1 to 3 & E). Distribution: Jamaica (Montego Bay: St. James [Moxey, 1972: 30] & Snug Harbour; Runaway Bay; Discovery Bay: St. Ann Parish Rose Hill 95m; Kingston [Rehn, 1904: 99]; Long Mountain [Moxey, 1972: 30], St. Andrew [Moxey, 1972: 30]; Clarendon: Portland Ridge [Moxey, 1972: 30]; Trelawny: Falmouth [Moxey, 1972: 30]; Santa Cruz Mountains: Belmont [King, 1867: 78] & Malvern


CONLE ET AL.

Differentiation: Similar to the species of the genus with fully developed alae in both sexes: Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) & Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp.; and in the male similar to Malacomorpha poeyi (Saussure, 1868). From Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) it differs by: the smaller size; more slender body and legs; lack of spines on the mesonotum, paler and less speckled coloration of the body and legs of both sexes. From Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp. it differs by: the mesonotum being longer in relation to the pronotum, the shorter alae which only reach to the posterior margin of of tergite VII or VIII of both sexes; the vomer without serration of %%. From the % of M. poeyi (Saussure, 1868) it differs by: the smaller size and the shorter and more robust body. The eggs differ from all other known eggs of the genus by the very prominently sculptured, scabrous capsule surface which is covered all over with tooth-like structures. Description: The colouration is described from live specimens. && (Figs. 13 & 83): Large (body length 57.0–65.0 mm), slender for the genus with a rather cylindrical abdomen. Tegmina and alae present. Alae reaching towards the posterior end of tergite VII or even VIII. Legs slender but not very long, distinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae long and slender, reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Body surface minutely tuberculose and rugulose, not shiny except dorsal surface of abdomen; mesonotum bearing several minute tubercles roughly arranged in four longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Basic colouration of body and legs pale brown, overlaid with many minute dark brown speckles and broken lines. A prominent, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line runs along the complete dorsal surface of the head and thorax, becoming more indistinct or even absent towards the end of the abdomen. Tegmina and costal region of alae pale brown sometimes with indistinct brown mottles. Anal region of alae translucent. Head with several indistinct, pale and dark brown longitudinal dorsolateral lines and sometimes with an indistinct dark brown postocular line. Antennae pale to mid brown with irregular yellowish bands, the antennomeres irregularly coloured. Eyes marbled in black and mid brown. Legs pale brown with indistinct yellowish and dark brown mottling and minute spots. Head: Slightly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally. Vertex smooth. Rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes large, roughly circular, distinctly projecting hemispherical, their length contained 1.5x in that of cheek. Antennae reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Scapus 1.5x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus as long as wide, distinctly narrower and about half as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere elongate, almost as long as scapus and pedicellus combined, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval in cross-section. Pro- and metathorax parallel-sided, only mesothorax distinctly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum as wide as but 1.5x longer than head, 1.5x longer than wide, parallel-sided. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression indistinct and slightly displaced towards anterior third of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Mesonotum hardly wider and almost 1.5x longer than pronotum, 2x longer than wide and parallel-sided. Bearing several minute tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment wider than mesonotum and combined longer than mesonotum. Metanotum and median segment combined hardly 2x longer than wide, parallel-sided, smooth and shiny, covered by the tegmina and alae. Metanotum transverse, wider than long and slightly shorter than median segment. Slightly impressed median line continued from the mesonotum. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment very distinct and almost straight. Meso-, metaepisternum and pro- and metasternum simple and smooth. Mesosternum with moderate longitudinal ventromedian carina. Tegmina short and oval, strongly convex, bearing fine veins, reaching towards the posterior margin of metanotum. Alae reaching towards the posterior end of tergite VII or even VIII.



19

Abdomen: 1.5x longer than head and complete thorax combined, slender and gently gradually tapered towards the apex. Surface smooth, dorsal area covered by the closed alae, shiny. Median segment slightly longer than metanotum, gently wider than long, rectangular with transverse impressed fissure in the centre. Tergites parallel-sided. II–VI widest and longest, VIII–X narrowest and shortest. II–VII roughly quadrate, VIII & IX transverse, 1.5–2.0x wider than long. Tergites VII–IX each with a minute faint posteromedian tubercle or hump (sometimes almost absent). Sternites II–VI simple and smooth, VII bearing a small black praeopercular organ. Anal segment parallel-sided towards apex, posterior margin laterally slightly broadened, narrower than IX, about 1.5x wider than long, with an indistinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex just visible. Subgenital plate boat-shaped, with faint ventromedian longitudinal impression; reaching the posterior marging of anal segment; minutely setose and apex pointed. Cerci small, short, slightly incurving, and gradually constricted towards the apex, which is slightly thickened and club-like; finely bristled. Legs: Rather slender and not very long, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora at least 2x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergite IV, hind legs hardly projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora considerably compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Figs. 14 & 84): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 33.0–40.0 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: Generally as in &&. Thorax: As in &&, but mesothorax less distinctly broadened towards the posterior. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.5x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. III–VII are the longest and narrowest, IX is the shortest, X is the widest. II–VII 1.5 – 2x longer than wide, VIII & IX 1.5–2.0x wider than long, anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 2x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, swollen and laterally expanded, with a very small median indentation. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in && but slightly longer. Poculum small and flat, spoon-like, reaching towards the posterior margin of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded with minute pointed apex medially. Vomer longer than wide, parallel-sided basally, with apex broadly rounded; outer margin swollen. Legs: As in &&. Eggs (Figs. 18–20): As in other species of the genus the eggs present considerable variation concerning to the size, colour and sculpturing of the capsule. Average eggs were used for the descriptions provided below. Of moderate size for the genus. Capsule barrel-shaped, 1.6–1.8x longer than wide, oval in cross-section, lateral surfaces gently convex. Polar-area flattened and with a distinct impression if seen in lateral aspect. Anterior margin of capsule raised and strongly armed with rugulose or tooth-like structure. Entire surface of capsule strongly scabrous, rugulose and all over covered with irregular spine or tooth-like structures, which become conspicuously more decided and numerous towards the dorsal egg surface and micropylar plate. Structures forming two shallow, irregularly raised sub-parallel longitudinal carinae beginning at the anterior end of the micropylar plate and ending at anterior margin of capsule. Two further more distinct but irregular, slightly converging ridges reach from the posterior end of the micropylar plate almost to the polar area. Micropylar plate rather large, oval, 1.2–1.4x longer than wide and slightly less than 1/3 the length of capsule. Surface gently concave and very minutely granulose. Micropylar cup very small and positioned close to the posterior margin of micropylar plate; oval. Median line indistinct, very fine and almost reaching to polar area; laterally accompanied by an irregular ridge. Operculum oval, very slightly convex and with a prominent, conical to knob-like hump in the centre; otherwise structured like capsule. General colouration varying from plain pale greenish over pale to mid brown, impressed portions in between the raised structures darker brown. Micropylar plate plain dark brown.


CONLE ET AL.

FIGURES 13–20. Malacomorpha cyllarus (Westwood, 1859). 13) & (OC), 14) % (OC), 15) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 16) % vomer, 17) & apex of abdomen in lateral view, 18) egg in dorsal view, 19) egg in lateral view, 20) internal micropylar plate.

Measurements [mm]: length 2.8–3.6, width 1.7–2.1, height 1.9–2.3, length of micropylar plate 0.9–1.0. Comments: The systematic position of this species has been a problem since it was originally described. Westwood (1859: 155) described Necroscia cyllarus from a %% and && from Jamaica in BMNH and provided very accurate illustrations of both sexes (pls. 13: 2 & 14: 5). Kirby (1904: 411) transferred it to Pseudophasma Kirby, 1896 and Rehn (1904: 99) recorded a %% from Kingston (Jamaica) in USNM and already quoted a rather aberrant position of N. cyllarus in the genus Pseudophasma Kirby. Redtenbacher (1906: 127) listed it as „species incertae sedis“ in his tribe Phasmini, section Phasmata. Finally, Conle & Hennemann (2002: 49) recognized its close relation to Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906 and consequently placed N. cyllarus in Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906. These authors furthermore designated a lectotype and provided descriptions and illustrations of both sexes and the eggs of M. cyllarus. Zompro (2004: 148) surprisingly doubted the generic placement of M. cyllarus and stated that the eggs “differ considerably” without having seen eggs of the type species. Although Phasma graveolens King, 1867 was described from Jamaica Caudell (1909: 111) synonymised this species with the continental American Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll, 1813). This is obviously not correct, since King (1867 78) described his graveolens to have well developed alae, which is not true for any member of Anisomorpha Gray. The original description by King and type-locality (Belmont in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Jamaica) do instead match very well with M. cyllarus and show King’s species to be a synonym of M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) (n. syn.). Along with the description of Phasma graveolens King (1867: 79) provided some interesting information on the native food-plant, biology and behaviour of M. cyllarus in Jamaica. King stated it to be apparently numerous near Belmont (Santa Cruz Mountains) from May to July and that several hundred adult couples are frequently found at night almost exclusively on shrubs of Bignonia chinensis (Bignoniaceae), which is the



21

preferred food in that locality. During the day King (1867: 79) reported the nymphs and adults to hide in the holes of trees, amongst brushwood where it is sufficiently dense to exclude the light, and also in the cellars and behind the boarding of houses. This species is frequently reared in captivity in Europe since the late 1990’s from a stock collected in central Jamaica by Pat & Tony James (England). As alternative food-plants various sorts of privet (Ligustrum spp., Oleaceae) are readily accepted by European cultures. It is contained on the “Phasmid Study Group” culture-list as culture No. 220. TABLE 3. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha cyllarus (Westwood, 1859). Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha cyllarus LT, % (BMNH)

PLT, & (BMNH)

% %(OC)

&& (OC)

Body:

34.2

65.0

33.0–40.0

57.0–64.0

Pronotum:

2.7

5.1

2.9–3.2

4.8–5.2

Mesonotum:

3.8

6.3

4.2–4.5

6.1–6.7

Metanotum:

2.6

6.3

2.8–2.9

5.2–5.4

Median segment:

3.5

6.1

3.0–3.1

5.6–5.8

Tegmina:

2.6

7.0

3.0–3.5

5.7–5.8

Alae:

22.1

48.6

20.0–23.0

37.0–41.0

Profemora:

8.6

15.5

8.6–8.9

13.0–14.2

Mesofemora:

5.8

11.3

6.0–6.5

9.7–10.5

Metafemora:

8.6

16.5

8.6–9.1

13.4–14.1

Protibiae:

8.0

13.7

7.9–8.3

14.0–15.0

Mesotibiae:

5.6

9.9

5.7–6.1

9.9–10.1

Metatibiae:

8.4

13.9

8.4–8.5

13.5–13.9

Antennae:

>12.0

47.3

25.0–28.0

49–55.0

Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp. (Figs. 21–25, 85) HT, %: Furcy, Haiti, VI.1944, Anthony Curtis!, Pseudophasma spinicollis (Burm.) det. C. F. Moxey, 26.I.1971 (ANSP). PT, 2 %%, 2 &&: Furcy, Haiti, VI.1944, Anthony Curtis! (ANSP). PT, 6 %%, 2 &&: Dominican Republic, RD-045, Paso de la Perra, nr. La Ciénaga, La Vega Prov., 19°04.576’N 70°49.632’W, 16.VII.2002, D.Perez, B.Hierro, R.Bastardo, S. Mediano, H. Takizawa (USNM). PT, 1 %: Dominican Republic, RD-164, Trail to Loma de las Tayotas, Rio Limpio, Elias Piña Prov., 19°13.333’N 71°31.220’W, 840m, 24.VII.2003, D.Perez, R.Bastardo, B.Hierro, (n) (USNM). PT, 1 %: Dominican Republic, RD-140, -1km SE caseta no.1, Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco, Independencia Prov., 18°15.771’N 71°32.233’W, 1153m, 4.VII.2003, D.Perez, R.Bastardo, B.Hierro, (day/night) (USNM). PT, 1 &: Dominican Republic, La Vega Province, 5.1km N. Manabao, 5-VI-1994, Coll. M.C. Thomas (USNM). PT, 1 %, 1 &: Dominican Republic, Prov. Elias Piñas, Rio Limpio, 26-26.IV.2000, 2400ft., blacklight trap, RE Woodruff, TJ Henry (USNM). PT, 1 %, 2 &&: Dominican Republic, Parque Nac. J.A. Bermúdez, Mata Grande, 910m, night, bosque


CONLE ET AL.

ribereño, 21.IV.1999, R.Bastardo (USNM). PT, 1 %, 1 &: Dominican Republic, RD-127, 1km E Diferencia, PNAB, Santiago Prov., 750m, 19°16.080’N 71°02.763’W, 8.IV.2003, D.Perez, R.Bastardo, B.Hierro, (night) (USNM). PT, 1 %, 1 &: Dominican Republic, 13km S. Loma de Cabrera, ca.400m, 20–22. May 1973, Don & Mignon Davis (USNM). PT, 3 %%: Dominican Republic, Pedernales, Sierra de Bahoruco, Aceitillar, 25.2km ENE Pedernales, 1805-29N, 71-31-16W, 1272m, 14. June 2003, C. Young, J. Rawlins, C. Nunez, R. Davidson, P. Acevedo, M. de la Cruz dense broadleaf forest, pine, UV light, Sample 42212 (CMNH). PT, 1 %: Dominican Republic, Pedernales, Sierra de Bahoruco, Aceitillar, 25.4km ENE Pedernales, 1805-27N, 71-31-08W, 1270m, 14. June 2003, C. Young, J. Rawlins, C. Nunez, R. Davidson, P. Acevedo, M. de la Cruz dense broadleaf seasonal forest, pine, UV light, Sample 42312 (CMNH); Distribution: Hispaniola. Central Haiti (Furcy) and Dominican Republic (La Vega; Elias Piña; Independencia; Santiago & Pedernales provinces). Etymology: Named after the type-locality, the island of Hispaniola. Differentiation: Similar to the other two species which have fully developed alae in both sexes: M.spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) from Hispaniola and M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) from Jamaica. It however differs from both by the considerably longer alae, which project over the apex of the abdomen, relatively longer abdomen of both sexes and serrate vomer of %%. From the first it furthermore differs by: the smaller size; much more slender body and legs; paler colouration and less prominently speckled body and legs. From M. cyllarus it may additionally be distinguished by the more slender and elongate body and legs. %% are also similar to those of the Cuban M. poeyi (Saussure, 1868) but differ by the smaller size, more robust body, considerably longer alae, which project over the apex of the abdomen as well as the serrate vomer. Description: && (Figs. 21 & 85): Medium sized (body length 44.0–60.0 mm), slender for the genus with a rather cylindrical abdomen. Tegmina and alae present. Alae distinctly projecting apex of abdomen. Legs slender and not very long, distinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae long and slender, nearly reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Body surface minutely tuberculose and rugulose, not shiny except dorsal surface of abdomen; mesonotum bearing several minute tubercles roughly arranged in two longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Basic colouration of body and legs brown to pale brown, overlaid with many minute dark brown speckles and broken lines. A prominent, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line runs along the complete dorsal surface of the head and thorax. Tegmina and costal region of alae pale brown with black radial vein and other darker veins and fine dark longitudinal lines. Anal region of alae translucent. Head with several indistinct, pale and dark brown longitudinal dorsolateral lines and dark brown postocular line. Antennae dark brown with irregular yellowish bands, the antennomeres irregularly coloured. Eyes pale brown. Legs brown with indistinct yellowish and dark brown mottling and minute spots. Head: Slightly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally. Vertex smooth. Ocelli present. Eyes large, roughly circular, distinctly projecting hemispherical, their length contained 1.6– 1.8x in that of cheek. Antennae nearly reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Scapus 1.5x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus as long as wide, distinctly narrower and about 0.7x as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere elongate, almost as long as scapus and pedicellus combined, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Nearly round in cross-section. Prothorax parallel-sided, meso- and metathorax slightly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum as long and as wide as the head, as long as wide, parallel-sided. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression indistinct and slightly displaced towards anterior third of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Mesonotum hardly wider and almost 1.2x longer than pronotum, 1.5x longer than wide and broadened towards the poste-



23

rior. Bearing several minute tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment wider than mesonotum and combined longer than mesonotum. Metanotum and median segment combined longer than wide, parallel-sided, smooth and shiny, covered by the tegmina and alae. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment very distinct. Meso-, metaepisternum and pro-, meso- and metasternum simple and smooth. Tegmina short and oval, strongly convex, bearing fine veins, reaching towards the posterior margin of metanotum. Alae very long, projecting the abdomen very distinctly. Abdomen: 1.9x longer than head and complete thorax combined, slender and gently gradually tapered towards the apex. Surface smooth, dorsal area covered by the closed alae, shiny. Median segment slightly longer than metanotum, wider than long, rectangular. Tergites parallel-sided. Tergites II–VI slightly longer than wide; VIII to X wider than long. As the tergites of the types in ANSP are covered by the prominent alae, no further description of these can be provided here. Anal segment slightly constricted towards apex, about 1.5x wider than long, with an indistinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Sternites II–VI simple and smooth, VII bearing a sclerotized and roughly structured praeopercular organ. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex just visible. Subgenital plate boat-shaped, reaching the posterior marging of anal segment; minutely setose and apex pointed. Cerci small, short, gradually constricted towards the pointed apex; finely bristled.

FIGURES 21–25. Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp. 21) & PT (USNM), 22) % PT (USNM), 23) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 24) % vomer, 25) & apex of abdomen in lateral view.

Legs: Rather slender and not very long, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora at least 2.5x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to the centre of abdominal tergite IV, hind legs do not project over apex of abdomen. Profemora indistinctly compressed and curved basally.


CONLE ET AL.

Basitarsus 2x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Figs. 22 & 85): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 27.0–36.5 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: Generally as in &&. Thorax: As in &&, but mesonotum 1.5x longer than pronotum. Mesosternum bearing a moderate longitudinal carina. Abdomen: Cylindrical in cross section, about 1.9x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. III–VII are the longest and narrowest, IX is the shortest, X is the widest. II–VII 1.5 – 2x longer than wide, VIII & IX 1.3–2.0x wider than long, anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 2x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded with two lateral apices and a small median indentation. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and flat, spoon-like, reaching towards the centre of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded with minute pointed apex medially. Vomer longer than wide, triangular, at the posterior tip only very indistinctly rounded, bearing several small teeth at the outer margin. Legs: As in &&. Comments:The specimens in USNM and CMNH all originate from various locations in the Dominican Republic and are remarkable for being considerably larger than the specimens from Furcy, Haiti. The smaller specimens from Furcy (Haiti) in ANSP, MCZ and USNM were misidentified as Pseudolcyphides spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) by Moxey (1972). Eggs unknown. TABLE 4. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp. Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp. HT, % (ANSP)

PT, %% (ANSP)

PT, && (ANSP)

PT, %% PT, && (USNM, CMNH) (USNM)

Body:

30.0

27.0–30.0

44.0–48.0

32.0–36.5

50.0–60.0

Pronotum:

2.2

2.3

3.0–3.1

2.2–2.7

3.2–3.4

Mesonotum:

3.5

3.4

3.8

2.9–3.6

3.6–4.1

Metanotum:

–

–

-

-

-

Median segment:

-

-

-

-

-

Tegmina:

2.6

2.8

4.1

2.7–3.0

4.2–4.9

Alae:

29.0

27.0–29.0

44.0–47.0

29.0–32.0

47.0–54.0

Profemora:

8.2

8.1

9.7–9.9

8.0–8.9

9.5–10.6

Mesofemora:

6.0

6.1

7.2–7.4

5.9–6.6

6.7–7.4

Metafemora:

8.4

8.3

10.8–11.1

8.2–9.6

10.1–11.4

Protibiae:

9.2

9.1

10.9–11.2

7.9–9.3

9.5–11.3

Mesotibiae:

6.0

5.9

7.0–7.3

5.9–6.1

6.6–7.3

Metatibiae:

9.6

9.5

11.7–11.9

8.7–10.3

11.3–13.5

Antennae:

> 26.0

> 20.0

> 30.0

> 34.0

> 33.0

Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906) (Figs. 26–33, 86) Anisomorpha jamaicana Redtenbacher, 1906: 94. LT, &‚: Coll. Br. v. W., Jamaica, Burr; Brunner det. Anisomorpha jamaicana (NHMW, No. 132); PLT, 2 &‚&‚: Coll. Br. v. W., Jamaica, Burr; Brunner det. Anisomorpha jamaicana (NHMW, No. 132); PLT, %·: Jamaica (ISNB). [examined] REVISION OF THE GENUS MALACOMORPHA REHN


25

Vanschuytbroeck & Cools, 1981: 25. Langlois & Lelong, 1996: 22. Brock, 1998: 37. Malacomorpha jamaicana, Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 51, pl. 5: 50–51 (%, &), pl. 12: 115–116 (genitalia), pl. 16: 175– 176 (egg), pl. 18: 190 (head of &) & 197 (antenna), pl.19: 206 (live couple). [Designation of lectotype] Zompro, 2004: 147, figs. 9: 3 & 85a. Otte & Brock, 2005: 392. [Not: Anisomorpha jamaicana ?, Wolcott, 1936: 35. Misidentification = Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp.] [Not: Anisomorpha jamaicana ?, Wolcott, 1948: 50. Misidentification = Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp.] [Not: Anisomorpha jamaicana ?, Wolcott, 1951: 50. Misidentification = Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp.]

Material examined [78 %%, 76 &&, 8 nymphs, eggs]: 1 &: Bacillus squalidus Gray (OXUM); 1 %: M.Burr Collection, Pres. 1903 by M.B. (OXUM); 2 %%, 2 &&, 1 & (nymph): Main Range, Blue Mts., 5-7388 ft., Aug. 17.–19., Jamaica, 1934, Darlington, Ansp., Anisomorpha jamaicana Redt. Moxey det., 1972 (ANSP); 3 %%, 1 &: Cinchona, Jamaica, Feb. 26. 1911, ANSP, Anisomorpha jamaicana Redt. Moxey det., 1972 (ANSP); 1 %, 1 &, 1 & (nymph): Pleasant Hill, 3700–4400ft., Blue Mountains, Jamaica (R.), VIII. 29. 1923 (ANSP); 1 %: Between Pleasant Hill & St. Helens Gap, Blue Mountains, Jamaica (R.), 4400–4780ft., VIII. 12. 1923. WO 310, ANSP, Anisomorpha jamaicana Redt. Moxey det., 1972 (ANSP); 6 %%, 12 &&: ex Zucht O. Conle 2001 (MNHU); 1 %: Jamaica, Green Hills, 13.–20.XI.66, A.B. Gurney (USNM); 2 %%: Jamaica, Catherine´s Peak, 4600–5000ft., 16.XI.1966, A.B. Gurney (USNM); 1 %, 1 &: Clydesdale, Jam., July ’41, W.G. Lynn, USMNH, Anisomorpha jamaicana Redt. det. C.F. Moxey 1972 (USNM); 1 &: Clydesdale, Jam., July ’41, W.G. Lynn, 0311, USMNH, Anisomorpha jamaicana Redt. det. C.F. Moxey 1972 (USNM); 2 %%, 2 &&: Clydesdale, Jam., July ’41, W.G. Lynn (USNM); 2 %%, 1 &, 1 % (nymph): Clydesdale, Jamaica, 7.7.36, W.G. Lynn (USNM); 1&: Chester Vale, Jamaica, 7.36, W.G. Lynn (USNM); 1 %, 1 &: Sugar Loaf Mt., Jamaica, 7.13.36, W.G. Lynn (USNM); 1 %, 1 &: Trail to Blue Mt. Peak, Jamaica, under stone, Febr. 1932, W.G. Lynn (USNM); 1%: Chinchona, Jamaica, Feb. 26, 1911, Anisomorpha jamaicana Redt, %, det. Hebard 1922 (USNM). 7 %%/ && (in copula), 21 %%, 18 &&, 5 nymphs, eggs: ex Zucht F. Hennemann, urspr. Jamaika, 2000-2002 (FH, No’s 0490-1 to 38, E & ED); 1 &: Jamaika (OC); 25 %%, 25 &&: ex Zucht 2000–2002, Zuchtstamm aus Jamaika (OC). Distribution: East Jamaica (Blue Mountains: Pleasant Hill & St. Helen’s Gap; Green Hills: Clydesdale; St. Andrew: Chinchona; Darlington; Portland: Hardwar Gap [Moxey, 1972: 32] & St. Thomas [Moxey, 1972: 32]). Differentiation: Similar to Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp., but easily distinguished by the much more distinct posteromedian humps of the abdominal tergites and the distribution (restricted to Jamaica), which also easily separates the species from the other wingless species. The eggs are similar to the eggs with circular or oval micropylar plates of Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp., Malacomorpha cyllarus (Westwood, 1859), Malacomorpha obscura n. sp., Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp., and Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838). From Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp. it differs by: the broader capsule with much more scabrous surface and many blunt humps. From Malacomorpha cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) it differs by: the surface of the capsule being much more scabrous and bearing many blunt humps; and the circular micropylar plate. From Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. it differs by: the surface of the capsule being much more scabrous and bearing many blunt humps; the circular micropylar plate; the much shorter median line and the distinct impression at the polar-area (seen laterally). From Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) it differs by: the surface of the capsule being much more scabrous and bearing many blunt humps. From Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. it differs by: the more scabrous surface of capsule and the distinctly shorter median line. Description: The colouration is described from live specimens. && (Figs. 26 & 86): Medium sized (body length 45.0–60.0 mm), robust for the genus with a rather bulgy abdomen. Rudiments of tegmina and alae usually lacking (only one female with small rudiments of alae and


CONLE ET AL.

tegmina is known from NHMW). Legs stout and not very long, distinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae long and relatively slender, nearly reaching towards the posterior margin of anal segment. Body surface tuberculose and rugulose, not shiny; mesonotum bearing several tubercles roughly arranged in four longitudinal rows. Basic colouration of body and legs brown to dark brown, overlaid with many minute yellowish to pale brown speckles, broken lines and patches. A prominent, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line runs along the complete dorsal surface of the head and body. Head with several indistinct, pale and dark brown longitudinal dorsolateral lines and a dark postocular line. Antennae irregularly brown and yellow annulated. Eyes marbled in black and mid brown. Transverse median depression of pronotum yellowish. Metaepisternum cream to pale beige. Legs pale to dark brown with indistinct yellowish mottling. Head: Small in relation to the body, hardly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally. Vertex very minutely granulated, very small rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes roughly circular, projecting hemispherical, their length contained 2x in that of cheek. Antennae nearly reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Scapus almost 2x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus hardly longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about half as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere elongate, almost as long as scapus and pedicellus combined, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval in cross-section. Pro-, meso- and metathorax slightly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum a little longer than wide, longer and as wide as the head, broadened towards the posterior. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression V- or W-shaped, placed in the centre of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Mesonotum wider and about 1.9x longer than pronotum, 1.5x longer than wide and gently broadening towards the posterior, the increase in width being continuous with that of the pronotum. Bearing several tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment as wide as posterior of mesonotum and combined a little shorter in length. Metanotum and median segment combined hardly 1.5x longer than wide, slightly broadened towards posterior end. Metanotum transverse, wider than long and as long as median segment. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment distinct and slightly rounded. Rudiments of tegmina and alae are usually absent, but are recorded from one single specimen (NHMW). Mesoepisternum rugulose, metaepisternum smooth. Pro-, meso- and metasternum simple and very gently rugulose or even smooth. Abdomen: 1.5x longer than head and complete thorax combined, bulgy and gradually tapered towards the apex. Surface smooth to slightly rugulose. Segments parallel sided. Median segment as long as metanotum, wider than long, rectangular. Tergites II–VI widest and longest, VIII–IX narrowest, X shortest. II–VII transverse, being 2–3x wider than long, VIII–IX transverse, being 2x wider than long. Tergites I–IX each with a prominent faint posteromedian tubercle or hump. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Anal segment tapered towards apex, narrower than IX, about 1.5x wider than long, with an indistinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex just visible. Subgenital plate boat-shaped, reaching towards the posterior margin of anal segment, minutely setose and apex pointed. Cerci small, short, slightly incurving, and gradually constricted towards the apex, which is slightly thickened and club-like; finely bristled. Legs: Rather slender but relatively short, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora 1.5x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching towards the centre of abdominal tergite V, hind legs distinctly projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora considerably compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Figs. 27 & 86): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 30.0–39.0 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: Generally as in &&. Thorax: As in &&, but pro-, meso- and metathorax less distinctly broadened towards the posterior.



27

Mesonotum a little more than 1.5x longer than pronotum, at least 2x longer than wide. Metanotum and median segment combined more than 1.5x longer than wide. Mesoepisternum granulated at the lateral margin. Mesosternum bearing a moderate longitudinal carina. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.5x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. II slightly transverse, III–VII longest and roughly quadrate, IX the shortest. VIII and IX 1.5–2.0x wider than long. Anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 2x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, swollen and laterally expanded, with a small median indentation. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and rather flat, slightly spoon-like, reaching the posterior margin of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded, with a small triangular incision medially. Vomer longer than wide, parallel-sided basally, with apex broadly rounded; outer margin swollen. Legs: As in &&. Eggs (Figs. 31–33): As in other species of the genus, the eggs have considerable variation in size, colour and capsule sculpturing. Average eggs served for the descriptions provided below.

FIGURES 26–33. Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906). 26) & (OC), 27) % (OC), 28) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 29) % vomer, 30) & apex of abdomen in lateral view, 31) egg in dorsal view, 32) egg in lateral view, 33) internal micropylar plate.

Moderately sized to large for the genus. Capsule barrel-shaped, 1.6–1.8x longer than wide, oval in crosssection, lateral surfaces gently convex. In lateral view, the capsule becomes wider towards the posterior end and the polar-area has a very wide but distinct impression. Anterior margin of capsule set with several small,


CONLE ET AL.

pointed humps. Surface of capsule strongly rugose and covered with irregular hump-like structures or swellings; rugulae becoming increasingly more numerous and distinct in the portion around micropylar plate. Two indistinct dorsal longitudinal rows of humps or irregular bulges reaching from the anterior end of the micropylar plate to the anterior margin of the capsule. Micropylar plate very small, almost circular with the anterior margin very gently truncate, its length contained about 4.5x in that of capsule; surface slightly concave and almost smooth. Micropylar cup small and positioned close to the posterior margin of micropylar plate. Median line indistinct, fine and almost reaching to polar-area. Operculum oval, very indistinctly convex and with a small, blunt hump in the centre; otherwise very minutely rugulose. General colouration varying from plain pale green over pale to mid brown, more rarely moss-coloured or beige. Micropylar plate of the same colour as capsule, sometimes darker brown, outer margin of micropylar plate cream. Measurements [mm]: length: 3.4–3.8, width: 2.0, height: 2.0–2.3, length of micropylar plate: 0.7. Comments: Redtenbacher (1906: 94) described Anisomorpha jamaicana from both sexes and cited typematerial to be deposited only in ISNB. There are however three && in NHMW, which match very well with the original description and obviously all represent type-specimens. It therefore appears as if they have been retained in NHMW after publication of the monograph of Brunner v. Wattenwyl & Redtenbacher (1906– 1908). One of these was designated as the lectotype by Conle & Hennemann (2002: 51). According to Otte & Brock (2005: 392) a % PLT is present in ISNB, but it could not be traced during an investigation of the ISNB collection by the two first authors in 1998. Vanschuytbroeck & Cools (1981: 25) as well did not mention a % of M. jamaicana to be present in their type catalogue of ISNB. Therefore, the measurements of the % PLT in table 5 below are taken from Redtenbacher (1906: 94). One & PLT in NHMW is remarkable for having small rudimentary wings, but is otherwise identical to typical M. jamaicana. Conle & Hennemann (2002: 51) recognized the close relation to Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906 and consequently placed M. jamaicana in Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906, providing descriptions and illustrations of both sexes and eggs. This species is being frequently reared in captivity in Europe since the late 1990’s from a stock collected in central Jamaica by Pat & Tony James (England). It has proven pretty easy to maintain in culture and readily accepts various sorts of privet (Ligustrum spp., Oleaceae) as an alternative food-plant. It is contained on the “Phasmid Study Group” culture-list as culture No. 213. TABLE 5. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906). Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha jamaicana LT & PLT, & (NHMW)

PLT, % *

%% (OC)

&& (OC)

Body:

46.0–53.0

32.0

30.0–39.0

45.0–60.0

Pronotum:

4.0–5.0

–

2.8–3.0

3.9–4.3

Mesonotum:

7.0–9.0

5.5

4.9–5.3

7.9–8.2

Metanotum:

7.0–8.0 (+ m.seg.)

5.0 (+ m.seg.)

2.8–2.9

3.7–4.2

–

3.0–3.4

4.3–4.8

Median segment: Profemora:

10.0–12.5

8.8

8.0–8.9

11.4–12.2

Mesofemora:

9.0–10.0

–

5.5–6.9

9.3–9.9

Metafemora:

11.0–14.0

9.0

9.1–10.0

12.1–12.6

Protibiae:

11.5–13.0

–

8.0–9.1

12.0–12.2

Mesotibiae:

9.0–10.5

–

6.1–6.8

8.4–9.2

Metatibiae:

12.5–15.0

–

9.0–10.0

12.0–13.8

Antennae:

–

–

30.0–35.0

38.0–45.0

* according to Redtenbacher, 1906



29

Malacomorpha longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906) (Figs. 34–38) Anisomorpha longipennis Redtenbacher, 1906: 92. HT, & (nymph): Museum Paris, Cuba, Mayari (Baie de Nipe), Chaper, 1883 (MNHN). [examined] Langlois & Lelong, 1996: 20. Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 105. Otte & Brock, 2005: 390. Malacomorpha longipennis, Zompro, 2004: 147.

Material examined [1%, 1&]: 1 %: L.C. Scaramazza, Jaronú, Camagüey, X-30-34, Feeding on “Jagua”, %%, E.E.A. Cuba, Ento. No. 10657, ANSP, Anisomorpha poeyi (Sauss.) det. Moxey 1972 (ANSP); 1 &: L.C. Scaramazza, Jaronú, Camagüey, X-30-34, Feeding on “Jagua”, &&, E.E.A. Cuba, Ento. No. 10657, ANSP, Anisomorpha poeyi (Sauss.) det. Moxey 1972 (ANSP). Distribution: Cuba (Holguin: Mayari & Camagüey: Jaronú). Differentiation: Similar to M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) from Jamaica and M. spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) from Hispaniola, but distinguished from these as well as from all other species of the genus by: the very short mesonotum of both sexes, which is hardly longer than wide; half-sized alae of && which reach no further than to the anterior margin of abdominal tergite III and shortened alae of %% which merely reach the posterior margin of tergite VI. Description: && (Fig. 34): Large (body length 66.0 mm), robust for the genus with a rather cylindrical abdomen. Short tegmina and alae present. Alae reaching towards anterior margin of tergite III. Legs robust and long, distinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae long and slender, reaching towards posterior third of abdomen. Body surface minutely tuberculose and rugulose, not shiny except dorsal surface of abdomen; head and pronotum bearing several indistinct rows of small granules, mesonotum bearing several very distinct granules and little spines, roughly arranged in four longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Basic colouration of body brown to dark brown, overlaid with several dark speckles and broken lines. A prominent, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line runs along the complete dorsal surface of the head and thorax, becoming more indistinct or even absent towards the end of the abdomen. Tegmina dark brown with fine brown veins; costal region of alae dark-brown with brown veins, partly scattered with dark brown and palebrown patches, anal region translucent. Head with several indistinct, dark brown longitudinal dorsolateral lines and dark brown postocular line. Eyes brown. Antennae uniformly brown to very indistinctly brown and yellow annulated. Legs brown to dark brown overlaid with many minute yellowish speckles. Head: Slightly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally. Vertex granulated, very small rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes roughly circular, projecting hemispherical, their length contained 2–2.5x in that of cheek. Antennae reaching towards the posterior third of abdomen. Scapus 1.5x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus hardly longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about half as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere elongate, almost as long as scapus and pedicellus combined, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval in cross-section. Strongly granulated, especially mesonotum bearing some very prominent rows of tubercles. Pro-, meso- and metathorax slightly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum as wide as but 1.2x longer than head, 1.2x longer than wide, parallel-sided. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression slightly displaced towards anterior third of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Mesonotum wider but only 1.1x longer than pronotum, hardly longer than wide and posterior moderately broadened. Bearing several prominent tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment wider than mesonotum and combined 2x longer than mesonotum. Metanotum and median segment combined hardly 1.8x longer than wide, parallel-sided, smooth and shiny, covered by the tegmina and alae.


CONLE ET AL.

Metanotum transverse, wider than long and shorter than median segment. Slightly impressed median line continued from the mesonotum. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment very distinct and almost straight. Meso-, metaepisternum and pro-, meso- and metasternum simple and smooth. Tegmina very short and nearly circular, strongly convex, bearing fine veins, reaching towards the centre of the metanotum. Alae reaching towards the anterior margin of tergite III, costal region of same structure as tegmina, anal region translucent.

FIGURES 34–38. Malacomorpha longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906). 34) & (ANSP), 35) % (ANSP), 36) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 37) % vomer, 38) & apex of abdomen in lateral view.

Abdomen: Nearly 1.9x longer than head and complete thorax combined, round in cross-section, robust and gently gradually tapered towards the apex. Surface smooth, dorsal area covered by the closed alae, shiny. Median segment longer than metanotum, as wide as long, rectangular with transverse impressed fissure in the centre. Tergites parallel-sided. I–VI widest and longest, VIII–X narrowest and VIII shortest. II–VII transverse slightly wider than long, VIII & IX roughly quadrate. Tergites I–IX each with a minute faint posteromedian tubercle or hump (sometimes almost absent). Sternites II–VI simple and smooth, VII bearing a small black praeopercular organ. Anal segment constricted towards apex, narrower than IX, about as wide as long, with an indistinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the



31

cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex not visible. Subgenital plate flat, with faint ventromedian longitudinal impression; hardly reaching the posterior marging of anal segment; minutely setose and apex pointed. Cerci small, short, gradually constricted towards the apex, which is slightly pointed; finely bristled. Legs: Rather robust and long, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora 2.4x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching towards the centre of abdominal tergite V, hind legs not projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora considerably compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Fig. 35): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 36.0 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: Generally as in &&. Thorax: As in &&, but mesosternum with moderate longitudinal ventromedian carina. Alae reaching the posterior margin of tergite VIII. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.9x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. II–VIII longest and narrowest, 1.1–1.3x longer than wide, IX shortest, transverse and 1.5x wider than long. Anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 1.5–1.8x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, posteriorly constricted with a small median indentation. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small, slightly spoon-like, reaching the posterior margin of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded, with posteromedially pointed apex. Vomer longer than wide, parallel-sided basally, with apex broadly rounded; outer margin swollen. Legs: As in &&. TABLE 6. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906). Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha longipennis HT, & nymph (MNHN)

% (ANSP)

& (ANSP)

Body:

40.3

36.0

66.0

Pronotum:

4.7

3.2

5.6

Mesonotum:

4.9

3.5

6.4

Metanotum:

7.5 (+ m.seg.)

3.6

5.5

Median segment:

-

4.0

6.8

Tegmina:

1.7

3.1

4.9

Alae:

3.0

24.0

17.5

Profemora:

9.5

-

15.3

Mesofemora:

7.0

6.1

11.0

Metafemora:

9.4

10.2

15.8

Protibiae:

8.8

-

15.2

Mesotibiae:

6.7

6.2

10.3

Metatibiae:

9.6

9.8

16.5

Antennae:

> 17.0

> 15.0

45.0

Comments: Redtenbacher (1906: 92) described Anisomorpha longipennis based on a unique && nymph in MNHN which was confirmed by examination of the specimen. Conle & Henneman (2002: 105) listed it as “species incertae” because the HT could not be examined before publication of their revision of the tribe Anisomorphini. Zompro (2004: 147) transferred A. longipennis to Malacomorpha Rehn which was confirmed by detailed examination of the holotype by the authors in 2002.


CONLE ET AL.

Examination of the material of Malacomorpha contained in ANSP revealed an adult couple of M. longipennis, which represent the only known adult specimens of this species and served for the description provided above. The HT nymph in MNHN has all characters with the adult && in ANSP in common, except for the posteromedian hump of the abdominal tergites being slightly more defined and the wings rudimentary. However, in Malacomorpha the humps of the tergites are usually more prominent in nymphs than in adults, which was confirmed by captive breeding of M. jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906) and M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859). Eggs unknown.

Malacomorpha macaya n. sp. (Figs. 39–43, 87) HT, %: Haiti, Camino a Pic le Ciele, 1484m, 60°32'89''mE, 20°28'515'mN, 7.II.2006, Bajo piedra y tronco podrido, leg. R. Bastardo (ZSMC). PT, 3 %%, 5 &&, 2 nymphs: Haiti, Camino a Pic le Ciele, 1484m, 60°32'89''mE, 20°28'515'mN, 7.II.2006, Bajo piedra y tronco podrido,leg. R. Bastardo (USNM). PT, 2 %%, 2 &&: Haiti, Camino a Pic le Ciele, 1484m, 60°32'89''mE, 20°28'515'mN, 7.II.2006, Bajo piedra y tronco podrido,leg. R. Bastardo (OC). Distribution: Hispaniola, Haiti (Pic Le Ciele). Known only from the type-locality. Etymology: Named after the type-locality Parc National Pic Macaya. Differentiation: Easily recognized and distinguished from all other known species in the genus by the plain yellow tibiae which only have the base and apex brown. Otherwise similar to M. minima n. sp. from Hispaniola and M. sanchezi n. sp. from Puerto Rico. Description: && (Figs. 39 & 87): Small (body length 37.0–41.0mm), typical for the genus with a rather bulgy abdomen. Legs slender and relatively long in comparison to the body, distinctly carinated; all carinae and tarsi covered with minute setae. Antennae slender but short, reaching abdominal tergite IV. Body surface smooth and shiny, except mesonotum bearing several tubercles roughly arranged in four longitudinal rows. Ventral surface of thorax and abdomen smooth and shiny. Basic colouration of body pale brown to greyish with a prominent, black longitudinal dorsomedian line running along the complete dorsal surface of the head and body. Ventral side of thorax bearing a yellow longitudinal dorsomedian line running along the prosternum to the metasternum. Praeopercular organ of sternite VII black. Head coloured as the body, but showing some further longitudinal cream and dark lines as well as a dark postocular line. Basal quarter of antennae black, remaining parts yellowish. Eyes brown to greyish with yellow marbling. Mandibles, maxillas, clypeus and labrum yellowish to reddish. Femorae and tarsi dark brown, indistinctly overlaid with a few paler spots and patches. Tibiae black in the first eight at the base, then pale yellowish for the next six eights and black again in the last eight at the apical end. Head: Large, hardly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally, smooth. Minute rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes small, roughly circular, projecting hemispherical, their length contained 2x in that of cheek. Antennae slender and short, reaching to abdominal tergite IV. Scapus 1.3x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus 1.2x longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about 0.7x as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere as long as scapus, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval in cross-section. Pronotum shorter and more slender than the head, 1.2x longer than wide, parallel-sided. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression distinct and displaced to anterior third of segment. Mesonotum wider and 1.8–1.9x longer than pronotum, 1.5–1.6x longer than wide, broadened towards the posterior. Bearing several tubercles



33

roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment as wide as posterior of mesonotum and combined about the same length. Metanotum rectangular, 1.7–2x wider than long, as long as median segment. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment distinct and almost straight. Pro-, meso- and metasternum and pro-, meso- and metaepisternum simple and smooth.

FIGURES 39–43. Malacomorpha macaya n. sp. 39) & PT (OC), 40) % PT (OC), 41) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 42) % vomer, 43) & apex of abdomen in lateral view.

Abdomen: 1.4x longer than head and complete thorax combined, bulgy and gradually tapered towards the apex. Median segment as long as metanotum, about 1.7–2x wider than long, rectangular and slightly longer than the following segments. Tergites II–IV widest, V–VII longest, X narrowest and shortest. II–X transverse, increasing in length towards tergite VII, II–V 4x, VI–VII 2.5–3x, VIII–IX 2x, anal segment 1.2x wider than long. Anal segment tapered towards apex, narrower than IX, with a distinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex not visible. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. VII bearing a small apically rounded praeopercular organ. Subgenital plate relatively small and spoon-shaped, not reaching to posterior margin of tergite X, smooth except for minute setae, apex pointed. Cerci small, straight, cylindrical, gradually constricted towards the apex, slightly broadened at the base and finely bristled. Legs: Rather slender and long, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora slightly longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergite V, and hind legs considerably projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora rather indistinctly compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Figs. 40 & 87): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 24.1–27.0 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. General body surface and coloration as in &&.


CONLE ET AL.

Head: Generally as in && but antennae reaching over abdominal tergite V. Thorax: As in &&, but mesonotum 1.8x longer than wide and metanotum 1.2x wider than long. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.5x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Median segment 1.2 x wider than long. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. II–IX transverse to rectangular, II–III 1.5x wider than long, IV–VII rectangular, VIII–IX 1.5–1.8x wider than long. Anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 2x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, laterally constricted. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and rather flat, slightly spoon-like and hardly projecting the posterior margin of tergite IX, posterior margin rounded with a distinct median indentation. Vomer 1.5x longer than wide, hardly constricted towards apex, nearly parallel-sided, tip of apex rounded. Legs: Generally as in &&. Comments: Eggs unknown. TABLE 7. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha macaya n. sp. Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha macaya n. sp. HT, % (ZSMC)

PT, %%

PT, &&

Body:

24.2

24.1–27.0

37.0–41.0

Pronotum:

2.3

2.2–2.3

3.4–3.6

Mesonotum:

4.1

4.2–4.5

6.4–6.8

Metanotum:

2.1

2.3–2.5

3.3–3.5

Median segment:

2.0

1.9–2.4

2.7–3.2

Profemora:

6.2

5.9–6.1

7.9–9.3

Mesofemora:

5.0

5.0–5.1

6.8–8.0

Metafemora:

7.1

6.7–7.3

9.3–10.0

Protibiae:

6.1

6.0–6.1

8.6–8.9

Mesotibiae:

5.2

4.5–5.2

6.6–7.8

Metatibiae:

7.3

7.4–7.6

9.5–10.2

Antennae:

>16.0

17.0

22.0–23.0

Malacomorpha minima n. sp. (Figs. 44–48) HT, %: Haiti, Dept. Sud-Oueste, Parc Nat’ l la Visite, depression 1km. W. park hdqtrs., 1850m, 11-V-1984, M.C. Thomas, under rocks (CMNH). PT, 3 %%, 3 &&: Haiti, Dept. Sud-Oueste, Parc Nat’ l la Visite, depression 1km. W. park hdqtrs., 1850m, 11-V-1984, M.C. Thomas, under rocks (CMNH). PT, 1 &: Haiti, Dept. Sud-Oueste, Parc National la Visite, vicinity park hdqtrs., 1880m, 9-V-1984, Coll. M.C. Thomas (CMNH). Distribution: Hispaniola, Haiti (Department Sud-Oueste: Parc National la Visite). Only known from the type-locality. Etymology: The name (minimus lat. = small) refers to the size, the smallest species in the genus. Differentiation: Similar to the other apterous species from Hispaniola: Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp., Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. & Malacomorpha macaya n. sp..



35

From Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp. it differs by: the smaller size; and the paler colouration of both sexes. From Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. it differs by: the more slender body; more slender and longer legs and antennae and different colouration of both sexes; laterally expanded anal segment of %%. From Malacomorpha macaya n. sp. it differs by: the slightly smaller size; relatively longer antennae; different colouration of body and speckled tibiae of both sexes. Description: && (Fig. 44): Very small (body length 33.5–37.0mm) for the genus with a rather bulgy abdomen. Legs slender and rather long, distinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae long and slender, reaching towards the posterior margin of anal segment. Body surface only very minutely rugulose, partly shiny; mesonotum bearing several tubercles roughly arranged in four irregular longitudinal rows. No rudiments of wings present. Basic colouration of body brown to dark brown, overlaid with a few pale brown speckles and patches. A prominent, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line runs along the complete dorsal surface of the head and body. Head with several indistinct, pale and dark brown longitudinal dorsolateral lines and a dark postocular line. Antennae dark brown at the base, becoming yellow with small brown annulation at the apical end of the antennomeres towards the apical half. Eyes marbled in black and brown. Legs brown to dark brown, overlaid with many small yellow speckles. Head: Very small for the genus and in relation to the body, hardly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally. Vertex smooth, very small rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes oval, projecting hemispherical, their length contained 2.5–3x in that of cheek. Antennae reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Scapus 1.5x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus hardly longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about 0.7x as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere elongate, almost as long as scapus and pedicellus combined, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval in cross-section. Pro- and mesothorax slightly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum 1.2x longer than wide, longer and as wide as the head, slightly broadened towards the posterior. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression indistinct and displaced to anterior third of segment. Mesonotum wider and 1.7–1.8x longer than pronotum, 1.4– 1.5x longer than wide and gently broadened towards the posterior, the increase in width being continuous with that of the pronotum. Bearing several tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment as wide as posterior of mesonotum and combined 0.8x as long as mesonotum. Metanotum and median segment combined hardly 1.3x longer than wide, parallel-sided. 1.8x wider than long, as long as median segment, rectangular. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment indistinct. No rudiments of tegmina and alae present. Pro-, meso- and metaepisternum simple and gently rugulose. Meso- and metasternum smooth. Mesosternum with blunt longitudinal median carina. Abdomen: 1.3–1.5x longer than head and complete thorax combined, rather bulgy and gradually tapered towards the apex. Surface almost smooth and partly shiny. Segments parallel-sided; posteromedian tubercle or hump on tergites very small or even absent. Median segment as long as metanotum, about 1.8x wider than long, rectangular. Tergites II–VI are the widest and longest, VIII to X are the narrowest and shortest. II–VI 3.5–4.5x, VII 3x, VII and IX 2x wider than long. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Anal segment tapered towards apex, posterior margin rounded, narrower than IX, wider than long, and with an indistinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex, not visible from dorsal. Subgenital plate flat, at best reaching 2/3 of the way along tergite X, smooth except for minute setae, apex pointed. Cerci small, short and very slender, slightly curved, gradually constricted towards the apex, slightly broadened at the base and finely bristled. Legs: Slender and rather long, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora 1.4–1.5x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching towards the centre of abdominal tergite V, hind legs distinctly projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora very indistinctly compressed and curved


CONLE ET AL.

basally. Basitarsus 2.5x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Fig. 45): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 21.0–23.5 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: Generally as in &&. Thorax: As in &&, but pro- and mesothorax more gently broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum slightly more slender but longer than head. Mesonotum 1.7x longer than wide. Metanotum and median segment combined 1.5x longer than wide. Metanotum 1.5x wider than long.

FIGURES 44–48. Malacomorpha minima n. sp. 44) & PT (CMNH), 45) % HT (CMNH), 46) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 47) % vomer, 48) & apex of abdomen in lateral view.

Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.3–1.4x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Median segment 1.5x wider than long. Tergites VIII and IX gently broadened towards the posterior. II–VII are the longest and most slender, IX is the shortest, II–VII almost rectangular, VIII and IX transverse 1.5–1.8x wider than long. Anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 1.8x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded but not laterally expanded and without median indentation. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and flat, slightly spoon-like, reaching the anterior margin of anal segment, posterior margin rounded. Vomer as long as wide, triangular, with apex broadly rounded.



37

Legs: As in &&, but profemora 1.6–1.7x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching towards the centre of abdominal tergite VII. Comments: Eggs unknown. TABLE 8. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha minima n. sp. Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha minima n. sp. HT, % (CMNH)

PT, %% (CMNH)

PT, && (CMNH)

Body:

23.5

21.0–23.2

33.5–37.0

Pronotum:

2.3

2.2–2.4

3.2–3.5

Mesonotum:

4.3

4.4–4.5

6.0–6.9

Metanotum:

1.8

2.0–2.2

3.0–3.1

Median segment:

1.8

2.1–2.2

2.9–3.0

Profemora:

6.7

6.7–7.2

9.1–9.5

Mesofemora:

6.1

5.9–6.3

7.7–8.1

Metafemora:

8.3

7.3–8.0

10.0–10.7

Protibiae:

7.4

7.2–7.5

8.7–9.5

Mesotibiae:

6.3

5.7–5.9

7.4–7.7

Metatibiae:

9.1

8.7–8.8

10.9–11.8

Antennae:

>22.0

>10.0

>20.0

Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp. (Figs. 49–55, 88) HT, %: Dominican Republic, RD-135 ~7 km on way to Caseta no. 1, Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco, Independencia Prov., 18°17.711’N 71°34.335’W, 777 m, 3.vii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro, (day) (USNM). PT, 1 &, 4 eggs: Dominican Republic, RD-135 ~7 km on way to Caseta no. 1, Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco, Independencia Prov., 18°17.711’N 71°34.335’W, 777 m, 3.vii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro, (day) (USNM). PT, 3 %%, 1 &, 5 eggs: Dominican Republic, RD-153 La Poza de Agua Nueva, El Curro, Sierra Martín García, Azua Prov., 18°18.324’N 70°57.176’W, ~800 m, 15–16.vii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (day/night) (USNM). PT, 1 &: Dominican Republic, RD-271 4 – 5 km S Puerto Escondido, on trail to Caseta 1, P N Sierra de Bahoruco, Independencia prov., ~950 m, 14.vii.2004, D. Perez (d) (USNM). PT, 2 nymphs: Dominican Republic, RD-217 ~5 km S Cabral, near road to Polo, Barahona prov., 411 m, 18º11.273’N 71º14.970’W, 9.iv.2004, D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo. (d) (USNM). PT, 1 %, 1 &: Dominican Republic, Puerto Escondido, Independencia Prov., 18°19.6’N 71°55’W, 777 m, 24.III.1999, D. E. Perez (USNM). PT, 1 &, 13 nymphs: Dominican Republic, 2 km N. Puerto Escondido, Independencia Prov., 18°19.6’N 71°55’W, 777 m, 24.III.1999, D. E. Perez (USNM). PT, 1 %, 1 &, several eggs: Dominican Republic, Independencia Prov., Puerto Escondido, 427 m, 12.viii.2006, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro (USNM). PT, 1 %, 1 &, several eggs: Dominican Republic, Independencia Prov., Puerto Escondido, 18°19.372’N 71°34.014’W, 427 m, 12.viii.2006, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro (USNM).


CONLE ET AL.

Distribution: Hispaniola, Dominican Republic (Independencia Province; Azua Province & Barahona Province). Etymology: The name “multipunctata” is a combination of the two latin words “multi” (= many) and “punctatus” (= punctured) and refers to the numerous small, pale spots and speckles found on body and legs of this new species. Differentiation: Well characterized and differing from all other species of the genus by: the very short, vestigial alae, which are at best as long as mesonotum and project only slightly over the posterior margin of the metanotum, and numerous white spots and speckles of the body and legs of both sexes. Otherwise very similar to M. spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838), but differing by: the slightly shorter legs in comparisson to the body; the very short alae being at best as long as mesonotum, only slightly projecting the posterior margin of metanotum; and different coloration of both sexes. The eggs are characteristic for their small size, very elongate capsule (> 2x longer than wide) and plain colouration. The eggs are similar to the eggs of Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. and Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838). From Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. they differ by: the stronger venation of the capsule, the nearly circular micropylar plate and the distinctly shorter median line. From Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) they differ by: the more slender and less bulgy capsule. Description: && (Figs. 49 & 88): Medium sized to large (body length 41.0–60.0 mm), robust with a moderately bulgy abdomen. Very small rudiments of tegmina and small elongate alae, at best as long as metanotum, present. Legs slender and long, distinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae long and slender, reaching towards posterior end of abdomen. Body surface minutely tuberculose and rugulose, not shiny except dorsal surface of abdomen; pronotum bearing a few minute and indistinct small granules in the posterior half, mesonotum bearing several more distinct granules and little spines, roughly arranged in four longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Basic colouration of body varying a lot intraspecifically, in general brown to dark brown, overlaid with many cream to whitish speckles, spots and broken longitudinal lines. In some specimens an indistinct, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line runs along the complete dorsal surface of the head and body. Head coloured as the body, but within some specimens showing many longitudinal cream lines. Antennae irregularly annulated, the antennomeres being yellowish drab basally and brown apically. Eyes marbled in black and mid brown. Costal region of small alae brown, anal region translucent. Legs brown to dark-brown overlaid with many small yellow to cream speckles. Head: Hardly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally, smooth. Minute rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes roughly circular, projecting hemispherical, their length contained 1.5–1.8x in that of cheek. Antennae long and slender, reaching towards posterior end of abdomen. Scapus almost 1.5x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus hardly longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about 0.7x as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere elongate, almost as long as scapus and pedicellus combined, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval in cross-section. Prothorax slightly, meso- and metathorax distinctly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum longer and more slender than head, 1.5x longer than wide, and slightly broadened towards the posterior. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Bearing several small tubercles and granules in the posterior half. Transverse median depression indistinct and slightly displaced towards anterior third of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Mesonotum wider and about 1.5x longer than pronotum, 1.4x longer than wide and very distinctly broadening towards the posterior. Bearing several tubercles and spines roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment combined slightly longer and wider than mesonotum. Metanotum and median segment combined hardly 1.5x longer than wide, broadened towards posterior end. Metanotum transverse, 2x wider than long and 0.7x as long as median segment. Slightly impressed median line continued from the mesonotum. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment distinct and



39

almost straight. Very small rudiments of tegmina and very small alae present. Alae at best as long as mesonotum, slightly projecting the posterior margin of metanotum, 3–4x longer than wide. Pro-, meso- and metasternum and pro- meso- and metaepisternum simple and gently rugulose. Abdomen: 1.6–1.8x longer than head and complete thorax combined, moderately bulgy and gradually tapered towards the apex. Surface smooth and partly shiny. Median segment slightly longer than metanotum, slightly wider than long, transverse. Tergites parallel-sided. II–VII the widest and longest, VIII–X the most slender and VIII & IX the shortest. II–VII rectangular to transverse 1–1.5x wider than long, VIII–IX 1.5–1.8x wider than long. Tergites I–IX each with a minute faint posteromedian tubercle or hump. Sternites II–VI simple and smooth, except VII bearing a small black praeopercular organ. Anal segment constricted towards apex, slightly narrower than IX, about as wide as long, with an indistinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex not visible. Subgenital plate boat-shaped, with faint ventromedian longitudinal impression, reaching towards the posterior margin of anal segment, minutely setose and apex pointed. Cerci small, short, posteriorly constricted and pointed, slightly broadened at the base; finely bristled.

FIGURES 49–55. Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp. 49) & PT (USNM), 50) % HT (USNM), 51) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 52) % vomer, 53) & apex of abdomen in lateral view, 54) egg in dorsal view, 55) egg in lateral view.

Legs: Slender and long, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora 2x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching towards the anterior third of abdominal tergite VI, hind legs


CONLE ET AL.

distinctly projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora very indistinctly compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2.5–3.0x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Figs. 50 & 88): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 30.2–37.7 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: Generally as in &&. Thorax: As in &&, but pro-, meso- and metathorax less distinctly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum parallel-sided. Metanotum 1.5 x wider than long. Mesosternum bearing a longitudinal carina. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.6–1.8x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. II–VII are the longest and narrowest, 1.2–1.4x longer than wide, VIII 2.0x wider than long, IX the is shortest, 2.0x wider than long. Anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 1.5x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, swollen and laterally expanded, with a small median indentation. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and rather flat, slightly spoon-like, reaching the posterior margin of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded, with a small triangular incision medially. Vomer longer than wide, parallel-sided basally, with apex broadly rounded; outer margin swollen. Legs: As in &&. Eggs (Figs. 54–55): Rather small and conspicuously elongate for the genus. Capsule barrel-shaped, 2.0– 2.2x longer than wide, almost circular in cross-section. Polar-area with a distinct impression if seen in lateral aspect. Anterior margin of capsule unarmed. Surface of capsule minutely granulose and overlaid by irregular, raised net-like structures and ridges. Two very shallow and irregular dorsal longitudinal bulges reach from the anterior end of the micropylar plate to the anterior margin of the capsule. Micropylar plate small, almost circular and about 1/5 the length of capsule; surface smooth and flat. Micropylar cup small, elongate and positioned at posterior margin of micropylar plate. Median line short and hardly visible. Operculum oval, slightly convex and with a small, blunt hump in the centre; otherwise sculptured like capsule but sculpturing less distinct. General colouration plain yellowish pale brown to mid brown or beige. Some eggs with a dark longitudinal median line along the ventral surface. Micropylar plate of the same colour as capsule. Measurements [mm]: length 2.8–3.2, width 1.6, height 1.4–1.8, length of micropylar plate 0.6–0.7. TABLE 9. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp. Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp. HT, % (ANSP)

PT, %% (USNM)

PT, && (USNM)

Body:

34.0

30.2–37.7

41.0–60.0

Pronotum:

3.2

3.2–3.7

4.1–5.1

Mesonotum:

4.6

4.2–5.0

5.7–7.5

Metanotum:

2.5

2.0–3.0

3.5–4.6

Median segment:

3.5

2.8–3.6

4.3–5.5

Tegmina:

-

-

-

Alae:

2.6

2.1–3.2

3.3–3.8

Profemora:

9.9

8.4–9.6

11.9–14.3

Mesofemora:

7.1

6.9–7.4

9.2–11.6

Metafemora:

10.8

10.1–10.8

13.1–17.8

Protibiae:

9.9

8.9–10.3

13.3–15.4

Mesotibiae:

7.9

6.7–8.1

10.2–12.2

Metatibiae:

11.9

10.8–12.0

14.6–18.7

Antennae:

35.0

30.0–38.0

>38.0–58.0



41

Comments: The specimens from Poza de Agua Nueva, Sierra Martin Garcia were collected on the plant Chiococca alba (Rubiaceae). At Caseta no. 1 phasmids were found at night on the ground, on the outer walls of the house and on the plants Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) and Exostena spp. (Rubiaceae).

Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. (Figs. 56–62, 89) HT, %: Dominican Republic, Pedernales, 9.7km NE Los Arroyos, 18-16N, 71-44W, 2070m, 15–16 July 1990, J.E. Rawlins, C.W. Young, S.A.Thompson (CMNH). PT, 9 %%, 8 &&: Dominican Republic, Pedernales, 9.7km NE Los Arroyos, 18-16N, 71-44W, 2070m, 15– 16 July 1990, J.E. Rawlins, C.W. Young, S.A.Thompson (CMNH). PT, 2 %%, 3 &&: Dominican Republic, La Independencia, 15km NE Los Arroyos (Pedernales), summit of Sierra de Bahoruco, 2260m, 19 July 1987, R. Davidson, J. Rawlins (CMNH). PT, 1 %, 1 &: Dominican Republic, Independencia, 3km ESE El´Aguacate, north slope Sierra de Bahoruco, 1980m, 18-18N, 71-42W, 28.–29. September 1991, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, Pine woodland (CMNH). PT, 2 %%, 2 &&: Dominican Republic, Pedernales, 5km NE Los Arroyos, 1680m, 18-15N, 71-45W, 30.September 1991, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins (CMNH). PT, 1 %, 1 &: Dominican Republic, Pedernales, 8km NE Los Arroyos, 18-16N, 71-44W, 1940m, 14 July 1990, J. Rawlins, C.W. Young, S.A.Thompson (CMNH). PT, 1 & (nymph): Dominican Republic, Pedernales, Cabo Rojo, 17-55N, 71-39W, 10m, 20 July 1990, C.W. Young, J.E.Rawlins, S. Thompson (CMNH). PT, 1 &: Dominican Republic, Pedernales, La Abeja, 38km NNW Cabo Rojo, (18-09N, 71-38W, 1250m, 15 July 1987, J.Rawlins, R. Davidson (CMNH). PT, 2 %%, 1 &, 1 egg: Dominican Republic, Pedernales, La Abeja, 38km NNW Cabo Rojo, (18-09N, 7138W, 1160m, 13 July 1987, J.Rawlins, R. Davidson (CMNH). PT, 2 %%, 1 &, 1 & (nymph): Dominican Republic, La Independencia, Sierra de Bahoruco, Loma del Toro, 18-17-16N, 71-42-46W, 2310m, 7.–8. Nov. 2002, W.A. Zanol, C.W. Young, C. Staresinic, J. Rawlins, meadow in the pine woods, hand collected, Sample 40149 (CMNH). PT, 4 nymphs: Dominican Republic, La Independencia, Sierra de Bahoruco, Loma del Toro, 5.3km SW El Aguacate, 18-17-16N, 71-42-46W, 2316m, 29.–30. Mar. 2004, C. Young, R. Davidson, J. Rawlins, Pinus, Garrya montane forest, hand collected, Sample 43243 (CMNH). PT, 1 %, 1&: Dominican Republic, La Independencia, Sierra de Bahoruco, north slope, 13.3km SE Puerto Escondido, 18-12-33N, 71-30-47W, 1812m, 24.–25. Nov. 2004, J. Rawlins, C.W. Young, C. Nunez, V. Verdecia, W. Zanol, Pinus, Rubus, Garrya open, hand collected, Sample 41345 (CMNH). PT, 2 %%, 2 &&: Dominican Republic, La Altagracia, Parque del Este, 2.9km SW Boca de Yuma, 18-2151N, 68-37-05W, 11m, 28. May 2004, J. Rawlins, C. Young, C. Nunez, J. Fetzner, semihumid dry forest, limestone, UV light, Sample 52114 (CMNH). PT, 7 %%, 2 &&, 1 & (nymph): Dominican Republic, Independencia Prov., Loma del Toro, Caseta 5 of P.N. Sierra de Bahoruco, 18°19.270’N 71°40.576’W, 2357m, 12.viii.2006, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro (USNM). Distribution: Hispaniola, Dominican Republic (Pedernales; La Independencia & La Altagracia). Etymology: The name (obscurus lat. = dark) refers to the dark colouration of this new species. Differentiation: Similar to Malacomorpha androsensis Rehn, 1906, Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp., and Malacomorpha minima n. sp.. Easily separated from all these species by the laterally constricted anal segment of %%.


CONLE ET AL.

From the first it additionally differs by: the more slender femora, longer cerci and different colouration of body and antennae in both sexes; and the more spoon-shaped subgenital plate of &&. From Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp. it may also be distinguished by: the more robust body, more robust and shorter legs and antennae and paler colouration of both sexes; and more slender vomer of %%. From Malacomorpha minima n. sp. it also differs by: the more robust body; more robust and shorter legs and antennae and different colouration of both sexes. The ovoid egg capsule resembles M. bastardoae n. sp. but the very small, oval micropylar plate clearly distinguish the eggs from those of this species. Description: && (Figs. 56 & 89): Small (body length 33.5–49.5 mm), very robust for the genus with a rather bulgy abdomen. Legs stout and short, distinctly carinated; all carinae and tarsi covered with minute setae. Antennae slender and relatively long, reaching abdominal tergite VII. Body surface smooth but wrinkled, except mesonotum bearing several minute tubercles roughly arranged in two to four longitudinal rows. Ventral surface of thorax and abdomen densely covered with minute setae. Basic colouration of body dark brown. Only a very few specimen bearing some minute yellowish markings on the thorax. Basal quarter of antennae black, remaining parts yellowish. Eyes brown to dark brown. Yellow postocular line present within a very few specimens. Mandibles, maxillas, clypeus and labrum yellowish to reddish. Legs dark brown, indistinctly overlaid with a few paler spots and patches. Tarsi reddish-brown to yellowish-brown. Head: Large, hardly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally, smooth. Minute rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes small, roughly circular, slightly projecting hemispherical, their length contained 2.5–3x in that of cheek. Antennae slender and long, reaching to abdominal tergite VII. Scapus 1.3x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus 1.5x longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about 0.7x as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere as long as pedicellus, IV slightly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Round in cross-section. Pronotum as wide and as long as the head, 1.1–1.2x longer than wide, broadened towards the posterior. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression distinct and displaced to anterior third of segment. Mesonotum wider and 1.5–1.7x longer than pronotum, 1.4–1.5x longer than wide, parallel-sided. Bearing several tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment as wide as posterior of mesonotum and combined about 0.8x as long. Metanotum rectangular, almost 2.5x wider than long and longer than median segment. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment distinct and almost straight. Pro-, meso- and metasternum and pro-, meso- and metaepisternum simple and very gently rugulose. Abdomen: 1.3x longer than head and complete thorax combined, bulgy and gradually tapered towards the apex. Median segment slightly shorter than metanotum, about 3x wider than long, rectangular and as long as the following segments. Tergites II–IV widest, V–VII longest, X narrowest and shortest. II–X transverse, increasing in length towards tergite VII, II–VI 4–5x, VII 4x, VIII–IX 3x, anal segment 2x wider than long. Anal segment tapered towards apex, narrower than IX, with a distinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex not visible. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Subgenital plate relatively large and spoon-shaped, hardly reaching to posterior margin of tergite X, smooth except for minute setae, apex pointed, ventrally with a faint longitudinal groove. Cerci small, straight, cylindrical, gradually constricted towards the apex, slightly broadened at the base and finely bristled. Legs: Rather short and robust, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora slightly longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergite IV–V, and hind legs considerably projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora very indistinctly compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2.0–2.5x longer than second tarsomere.



43

%% (Figs. 57 & 89): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 22.0–29.7 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. General body surface and coloration as in &&. Head: Generally as in && but antennae reaching to abdominal tergite X. Thorax: As in &&, but metanotum 2.0x wider than long. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.1–1.3x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. II–IX transverse, II–IV 3x, V–IX 2x wider than long. Anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 2x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, laterally constricted. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and rather flat, slightly spoon-like and hardly projecting the posterior margin of tergite IX, posterior margin rounded. Vomer basally as wide as long, triangular and with the apex strongly constricted but rounded at the tip.

FIGURES 56–62. Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. 56) & PT (CMNH), 57) % HT (CMNH), 58) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 59) % vomer, 60) & apex of abdomen in lateral view, 61) egg in dorsal view, 62) egg in lateral view.


CONLE ET AL.

Legs: Generally as in &&. Eggs (Figs. 61–62): Of moderate size for the genus. Capsule ovoid, 1.6x longer than wide and almost circular in cross-section. Polar-area very indistinctly flattened, anterior margin of capsule simple. Surface of capsule minutely granulose and covered with small humps which become more numerous towards the micropylar plate. Micropylar plate very small, oval, about 1.4x longer than wide and about 1/6 the length of capsule; almost smooth and flat. Micropylar cup very small and positioned close to the posterior margin of micropylar plate. Median line hardly visible. Operculum oval, flat and structured like capsule. General colouration pale creamish brown with a few shallow darker markings. Micropylar plate coloured like capsule. Measurements [mm]: length 2.9, width 1.7, height 1.8, length of micropylar plate 0.6. TABLE 10. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. HT, % (CMNH)

PT, %% (CMNH)

PT, && (CMNH)

Body:

24.3

22.0–29.7

33.5–49.5

Pronotum:

2.5

2.3–3.5

4.0–5.3

Mesonotum:

4.6

4.4–5.3

6.5–8.7

Metanotum:

2.0

2.0–2.4

2.9–4.1

Median segment:

1.6

1.5–2.0

2.7–3.3

Profemora:

6.8

5.5–7.6

7.2–9.0

Mesofemora:

5.6

4.8–6.4

6.8–8.0

Metafemora:

7.5

6.5–8.9

8.7–10.3

Protibiae:

7.1

5.6–7.9

7.2–9.7

Mesotibiae:

6.2

5.4–6.6

6.5–8.5

Metatibiae:

8.7

6.9–9.8

9.3–11.9

Antennae:

>23.0

25.0–28.0

25.0–35.0

Malacomorpha poeyi (Saussure, 1868) n. comb. (Figs. 63–67) Anophelepis poeyi Saussure, 1868: 67. LT, &: Cuba, acheté a M. Poey (MHNG); PLT, &: Cuba, acheté a M. Poey (MHNG). [examined] Saussure, 1870: 171, pl. 4: 18 & 18a (&). Stal, 1875: 56. Agathemera (?) poeyi, Kirby, 1904: 402. Alloeophasma poeyi, Redtenbacher, 1906: 126. Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 18, pl. 5: 52–53 (%, &), pl. 12: 119–120 (genitalia). [Designation of lectotype] Zompro & Brock, 2003: 19, figs. 58 (%) & 59 (&). [Unnecessary lectotype designation] Zompro, 2004: 142, figs. 81a (%) & 81b (&). Otte & Brock, 2005: 388. Anisomorpha poeyi, Bolivar, 1888: 141. Langlois & Lelong, 1996: 20. Phasma cubensis Saussure, 1868: 69. LT, %: Cuba, acheté a M. Poey (MHNG); PLT, %: Cuba, acheté a M. Poey (MHNG); PLT, 2 %%: Cuba, M. H. de Saussure (MHNG). [Synonymised by Redtenbacher, 1906: 126] [examined] Saussure, 1870: 195, pl. 4: 23 (%). Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 18, pl. 5: 53 (% PLT) & pl. 12: 120 (% genitalia). [Designation of lectotype] Zompro & Brock, 2003: 10, fig. 59 (% LT). Otte & Brock, 2005: 389. Phasma cubense, Bolivar, 1888: 141.



45

Zompro, 2004: 143, fig. 81a (%). Pseudophasma cubense, Kirby, 1904: 413.

Material examined [1 %, 1 &]: 1 %, 1 &: Cuba, Trinidad, 15.II.1989, at night with lamps on limestone edge; BMNH (E) 2005-98; Alloeophasma poeyi (Saussure, 1868), det. P.D.Brock 2005, BMHN (E) 2005-98 (BMNH). Distribution: Cuba (Trinidad & Camagüey, Jaronú [Moxey, 1972: 34]). Differentiation: From all other species of the genus it is distinguished by the extremely elongate body and legs. With Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp. it shares the very short alae of the &, but differs by: the extremely elongate body and legs; the presence of small tegmina; the different coloration of both sexes; the fully developed alae and tegmina in the %. Description: && (Fig. 63): Large (body length 50.5–54.7 mm), very slender with elongate abdomen. Small, roughly circular tegmina and small elongate alae, as long as metanotum, present. Legs slender and very long for the genus, distinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae long and slender, reaching towards posterior end of abdomen. Body surface minutely tuberculose and rugulose, not shiny; mesonotum bearing several more distinct granules in the anterior half. Basic colouration of body brown to dark brown, overlaid with several indistinct longitudinal dark or pale broken lines and many cream to whitish speckles; indistinct, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line running along the complete dorsal surface of the head and body. Indistinct, dark brown postocular line present. Antennae uniformly brown to mid-brown. Eyes marbled in black and mid brown. Tegmina and alae in gerneral of same color as body, bearing cream veins. Legs brown to dark-brown overlaid with drab yellowish speckles. Head: 1.2–1.3x longer than wide, oval in cross-section and distinctly flattened dorsally, smooth. Minute rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes roughly circular, projecting hemispherical, their length contained 2.5–3x in that of cheek. Antennae long and slender, reaching towards posterior end of abdomen. Scapus almost 2x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus hardly longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about 0.7x as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere elongate, as long as scapus and pedicellus combined, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval to roughly circular in cross-section. More or less parallel-sided; mesothorax increasing in height towards posterior. Pronotum longer and more slender than head, more than 1.5x longer than wide, and parallel-sided. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression indistinct and slightly displaced towards anterior third of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Mesonotum wider and at least 2x longer than pronotum, 2.5–3.0x longer than wide and very slightly broadening from the posterior third towards the posterior end. Bearing several tubercles in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment combined as long as, but slightly wider than mesonotum; 2.5x longer than wide, parallel-sided. Metanotum transverse, 1.5x wider than long and slightly shorter than median segment. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment distinct and almost straight. Very small rudiments of tegmina and very small alae present. Tegmina roughly circular. Alae about as long as mesonotum, reaching the posterior margin of metanotum, 3–4x longer than wide. Pro-, meso- and metasternum and pro- meso- and metaepisternum simple and gently rugulose. Abdomen: 2x longer than head and complete thorax combined; very slender and nearly cylindrical; minutely tuberculose to smooth. Median segment slightly longer than metanotum, slightly longer than wide. Tergites parallel-sided with a small pointed apex at the posterolateral angles. II–VI the widest and longest, VIII–X the most slender and VIII & IX the shortest. II–VII 1.5x longer than wide, VIII–IX at least as wide as long. Sternites II–VI simple and smooth, except VII bearing a small praeopercular organ. Anal segment constricted towards apex, slightly narrower than IX, slightly longer than wide, with an indistinct longitudinal


CONLE ET AL.

median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex hardly visible from dorsal view. Subgenital plate small, boat-shaped, reaching towards the posterior margin of tergite IX, minutely setose and apex pointed. Cerci small, short, posteriorly constricted and pointed, slightly broadened at the base; finely bristled. Legs: Slender and very long, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled. Profemora 1.8–2.2x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching towards the centre of abdominal tergite V, hind legs not projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora very distinctly compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 3.0x longer than second tarsomere.

FIGURES 63–67. Malacomorpha poeyi (Saussure, 1868) n. comb. 63) & (BMNH), 64) % (BMNH), 65) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 66) % vomer, 67) & apex of abdomen in lateral view.

%% (Fig. 64): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 33.0–40.1mm), alae fully developed, reaching towards tergite VI–VII. General colouration as in &&. Tegmina and costal region of alae pale brown with fine cream to dark longitudinal lines. Anal region of alae translucent. Head: Generally as in &&, but eyes projecting more hemispherical. Thorax: As in &&, but mesonotum at least 3x longer than wide, 2.5x longer than pronotum. Metanotum and median segment combined moderately longer than wide and broader than mesonotum, shiny. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment indistinct. Tegmina short and oval, strongly convex, bearing fine veins, projecting the posterior margin of mesonotum. Alae reaching towards the posterior end of tergite VI–VII. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, nearly 2.5x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&, but mesonotum with smoother surface. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. II–VII are the longest and narrowest, 3x longer than wide, VIII & IX are the shortest, about as wide as long. Anal segment broader than previous tergites, about as wide as long. Posterior margin swollen and laterally expanded with two very distinct posterolateral



47

apices, pointed towards the posterior. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and very flat, reaching to the posterior margin of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded, with a small pointed apex medially. Vomer longer than wide, parallel-sided basally, with apex broadly rounded; outer margin swollen. Legs: As in &&. Comments: Saussure (1868: 67 & 69) described his two new Cuban species Anophelepis poeyi from the & and Phasma cubensis from the % being not aware they were the opposite sexes of the same species. Redtenbacher (1906: 126) recognized the conspecifity of these two taxa, synonymised Phasma cubensis with Anophelepis poeyi, and established the new genus Alloeophasma to contain A. poeyi (Saussure). Alloeophasma Redtenbacher is here shown to be a synonym of Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 (n. syn.). Lectotypes were designated for both species by Conle & Hennemann (2002: 19) who furthermore presented detailed descriptions and illustrations of both sexes. Hence, the designation of a LT for A. poeyi by Zompro & Brock (2003: 19) was unnecessary and is invalid. The lectotype label attached to one of the 4 && syntypes of A. poeyi in MHNG was not published and is therefore invalid. Illustrations of the lectotypes of A. poeyi and P. cubensis were provided by Zompro & Brock (2003) and Zompro (2004). Eggs unknown. TABLE 11. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha poeyi (Saussure, 1868). Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha poeyi &, LT (MHNG)

&, PLT (MHNG)

%, LT of Ph.cubensis (MHNG)

%%, PLT of Ph.cubensis (MHNG)

& (BMNH)

% (BMNH)

Body:

50.5

54.7

37.2

33.0–40.1

54.3

33.6

Pronotum:

3.8

4.1

2.3

2.6–2.3

3.9

2.1

Mesonotum:

7.3

7.8

5.0

5.0–5.1

5.9

4.3

Metanotum:

3.9

3.6

2.6

2.5–2.9

5.3

-

Median segment:

5.3

5.3

4.0

3.8–4.1

3.8

-

Tegmina:

2.3

2.0

2.4

1.8–2.6

3.0

2.0

Alae:

4.1

4.3

22.4

20.3–25.7

4.4

18.8

Profemora:

12.8

13.5

-

8.7–11.0

12.8

8.8

Mesofemora:

8.5

10.5

7.0

5.6–7.3

9.1

6.1

Metafemora:

13.1

14.5

10.4

8.1–11.2

13.0

9.1

Protibiae:

12.4

14.2

-

8.9–11.0

13.1

8.9

Mesotibiae:

8.6

10.6

6.5

5.6–6.8

9.5

5.6

Metatibiae:

12.9

14.9

10.2

8.8–11.3

14.1

8.7

Antennae:

>20.0

>40.0

-

-

>38.0

>25.0

Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. (Figs. 68–74, 90) Anisomorpha jamaicana ?, Wolcott, 1936: 35. Wolcott, 1948: 50. Wolcott, 1951: 50.

HT, %: Puerto Rico, Guanica State Forest, 1.5 km from the coastline, Vereda de Ballenas, 100m, under tree bark and inside rotting wood, including Bursera simaruba and Bucida buceras, 2.2006, leg. A. Sanchez (ZSMC).


CONLE ET AL.

PT, 1 &: Puerto Rico, Guanica State Forest, 1.5 km from the coastline, Vereda de Ballenas, 100m, under tree bark and inside rotting wood, including Bursera simaruba and Bucida buceras, 2.2006, leg. A. Sanchez (ZSMC). PT, 3 %%, 1 &, 5 nymphs: Puerto Rico, Guanica State Forest, 1.5 km from the coastline, Vereda de Ballenas, 100m, under tree bark and inside rotting wood, including Bursera simaruba and Bucida buceras, 2.2006, leg. A. Sanchez (USNM). PT, 1 %, 1 &, 1 egg: Puerto Rico, Guanica State Forest, 1.5 km from the coastline, Vereda de Ballenas, 100m, under tree bark and inside rotting wood, including Bursera simaruba and Bucida buceras, 2.2006, leg. A. Sanchez (OC). Distribution: Puerto Rico (Guanica State Forest). Only known from the type-locality. Etymology: The species is dedicated to father Alejandro Sánchez (Puerto Rico), for kindly collecting and providing the type-specimens and taking photographs of the live insects. Differentiation: The only species of the genus found in Puerto Rico, which geographically separates it from the other species of the genus. The species is similar to Malacomorpha macaya n. sp. & Malacomorpha minima n. sp., with which it has the shiny body surface in common, although it is easily distinguished from these by the obviously larger and more robust body shape and the different colouration. The eggs differ from the other eggs with an oval micropylar plate, by the very long and prominent median line, which almost reaches the polar-area. Description: The colouration is described from photos of live specimens. && (Figs. 68 & 90): Medium sized (body length 48.0–49.5 mm), rather robust for the genus with a rather bulgy abdomen. Rudiments of tegmina and alae lacking. Legs stout and not very long, distinctly carinated; very smooth, hardly any setae present. Antennae slender but not very long, hardly reaching towards the anal segment. Body surface completely smooth and shiny; only mesonotum bearing a few minute tubercles roughly arranged in two longitudinal rows. Basic colouration of body and legs lurid pale brown, overlaid with many minute dark brown speckles, broken lines and patches. A prominent, black longitudinal dorsomedian line runs along the complete dorsal surface of the head and body. In some specimens this line can be interrupted on the abdomen and only the faint posteromedian tubercles or humps on the tergites show a black marking. Head with several indistinct, pale and dark brown longitudinal dorsolateral lines and a dark postocular line. Antennae irregularly brown and yellow annulated. Eyes marbled in black and pale brown. Metaepisternum cream to pale beige. Legs pale to dark brown with indistinct yellowish mottling. Head: Small in relation to the body, slightly longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally. Vertex very minutely granulated, very small rudiments of ocelli present. Eyes large, roughly circular, projecting hemispherical, their length contained 1.7–2.0x in that of cheek. Antennae hardly reaching the anal segment. Scapus 1.5x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus hardly longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about 0.7x as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere elongate, almost as long as scapus and pedicellus combined, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Oval in cross-section. Pro-, meso- and metathorax slightly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum 1.2–1.4x longer than wide, longer and as wide as the head, slightly broadened towards the posterior. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression V- or W-shaped, placed in the centre of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Mesonotum wider and about 1.7x longer than pronotum, 1.5x longer than wide and gently broadening towards the posterior, the increase in width being continuous with that of the pronotum. Bearing very minute tubercles roughly arranged in two dorsolateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment as wide as posterior of mesonotum and combined of equal length. Metanotum and median segment combined hardly 1.3–1.4x longer than wide, slightly broadened towards posterior end. Metanotum transverse, wider than long and as long as median segment. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment distinct and



49

straight. Rudiments of tegmina and alae absent. Meso- and metaepisternum smooth. Pro-, meso- and metasternum simple, smooth and shiny. Abdomen: 1.4–1.5x longer than head and complete thorax combined, bulgy and gradually tapered towards the apex. Surface smooth and shiny. Segments parallel sided. Median segment as long as metanotum, wider than long, rectangular. Tergites II–VI widest and longest, X narrowest and shortest. II–VII transverse, being 3–4x wider than long, VIII–IX transverse, being 2–2.5x wider than long. Tergites I–IX each with a small faint posteromedian tubercle or hump. Sternites II–VI simple and smooth, VII bearing a small black praeopercular organ. Anal segment tapered towards apex, narrower than IX, about 1.5x wider than long, with a very indistinct longitudinal median carina. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex just visible. Subgenital plate boat-shaped, hardly reaching towards the posterior margin of anal segment, apex pointed. Cerci small, short, slightly incurving, and gradually constricted towards the apex, which is slightly thickened and club-like; finely bristled. Legs: Stout and relatively short, distinctly carinated, unarmed and smooth. Profemora 1.2–1.3x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching towards the posterior margin of abdominal tergite V, hind legs distinctly projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora indistinctly compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2.5x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Figs. 69 & 90): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 30.0–32.9 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: Generally as in &&. Thorax: As in &&, but pro-, meso- and metathorax less distinctly broadened towards the posterior. Mesonotum 1.7–1.9 x longer than pronotum, at least 2x longer than wide. Metanotum and median segment combined more than 1.5x longer than wide. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.5x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and broader than previous. II transverse and 1.5x wider than long, III–VII longest and roughly quadrate, IX the shortest. VIII and IX 1.5–2.0x wider than long. IX broadest, slightly broader than anal segment. Anal segment about 2x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, swollen and laterally expanded, with a small faint median indentation. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and rather flat, slightly spoon-like, reaching the posterior margin of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded, with a small triangular incision medially. Vomer longer than wide, slightly triangular, tapered towards the apex, with apex broadly rounded; outer margin swollen. Legs: As in &&. Eggs (Figs. 73–74): Of average size for the genus. Capsule barrel-shaped, about 2x longer than wide and oval in cross-section. Lateral surfaces very gently convex. If seen in lateral aspect, polar-area with a distinct median impression and swollen posteroventrally. Anterior margin of capsule slightly raised and simple. Surface of capsule irregularly granulose and tuberculose, the sculpturing become increasingly prominent towards the polar end of capsule. Micropylar plate small, oval, 1.2–1.3x longer than wide and about ¼ the length of capsule. Surface gently convex and granulose. Micropylar cup small, elongate and positioned close to the posterior margin of micropylar plate. Median line very prominent, almost reaching to polar-area and 1.5x longer than micropylar plate. Operculum oval, very slightly convex and with a small, flat hump in the centre; surface structured like capsule. General colouration pale greyish brown. Portion around micropylar plate brown. Measurements [mm]: length 3.4, width 1.7, height 2.0, length of micropylar plate 0.8. Comments: With doubt Wolcott (1936: 35, 1948: 50 & 1951: 50) recorded Anisomorpha jamaicana Redtenbacher, 1906 from Puerto Rico but in fact the specimens this author had at hand most probably represented this new species.


CONLE ET AL.

FIGURES 68–74. Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. 68) & PT (OC), 69) % PT (OC), 70) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 71) % vomer, 72) & apex of abdomen in lateral view, 73) egg in dorsal view, 74) egg in lateral view. TABLE 12. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. Measurements [mm]

Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. HT, % (ZSMC)

PT, %%

PT, &&

Body:

30.0

30.1–32.9

48.0–49.5

Pronotum:

2.9

2.8–3.1

4.5–4.7

Mesonotum:

4.8

4.8–5.7

7.8–8.0

Metanotum:

2.8

2.8–2.9

3.9–4.1

Median segment:

2.2

2.3–2.7

3.1–4.0

Profemora:

7.3

7.0–7.3

9.5–9.8

Mesofemora:

5.4

5.2–5.4

7.3–7.6

Metafemora:

7.7

6.9–7.7

10.2–10.9

Protibiae:

6.9

6.9–7.0

10.0–10.2

Mesotibiae:

5.2

5.1–5.2

7.7–7.9

Metatibiae:

7.9

7.9–8.0

11.7–11.9

Antennae:

>21.0

>24.0

>33.0



51

Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) n. comb. (Figs. 75–81) Phasma spinicollis Burmeister 1838: 585. LT, % [by present designation]: Port au Prince, Ehrbg.; spinicollis Burm*, West.*, Phasma spinicollis Burmeister 1838; Lectotypus det. O. Zompro, IX.2001 (MNHU); PLT, &: Phasma spinicollis Burmeister 1838; Paralectotypus det. O. Zompro, IX.2001 (MNHU); PLT, 5 eggs: Phasma spinicollis Burmeister 1838, ex Abdomen; Paralectotypus det. O. Zompro, IX.2001 (MNHU). [examined] De Haan, 1842: 123. Westwood, 1859: 123. Pseudophasma spinicollis, Kirby, 1904: 412. Olcyphides spinicollis, Redtenbacher, 1906: 108, pl. 4: 13 (&). Langlois & Lelong, 1996: 22. Pseudolcyphides spinicollis, Karny, 1923: 234. Conle & Hennemann, 2002: 103, pl. 4: 35–36, pl. 11: 106–107. Zompro, 2004: 142, figs. 80a (%) & 80b (&), fig. 8: 14 (egg). Otte & Brock, 2005: 397. Zompro, 2005: 282.

Material examined [7 %%, 5 &&, 21 nymphs, eggs]: 1 & : St. Domingo, Port au Prince, Sommer, Coll. Brunner v. Wattenwyl, det. Redt. (NHMW); 1 %, 1 Nymph: St. Domingo, Port au Prince, Sommer, 764.8, det. Redt., P. phtysica Degeer, linearis Umbretta (NHMW) ; 20 nymphs : Dominican Republic, RD-017, 19.I.02, Near km 8, Rd. Cabo Rojo-Aceitillar, Pedernales Prov., dry forest, 230m, 220–678 mE 1998–601 mN, RB, BH, SM, DO, DP (USNM); 2 %%, 2 &&: Dominican Republic, RD-037, Km 17 Rd. Cabo Rojo-Aceitillar, Pedernales Prov., 1400 ft., 18°04.362’N 71°39.108’W, 6.VII.2002, B.Hierro, R.Bastardo, D.Perez (USNM); 2 %%, 1 &: Dominican Republic, RD-216, 10 km on trail to Carlitos, Parque National Jaragua, Pedernales Prov., 172m, 17°47.892’N 71°28.965’W, 7.–8.IV.2004, D.Perez, B.Hierro, R.Bastardo (USNM); 1 &, 1 egg ex abdomen: Dominican Republic, Prov. of Pedernales, 15km N. Cabo Rojo, 21.June 1999, Woodruff & Baranowski, “beating at night” (FSCA); 1 % : Dominican Republic, 15km N. Cabo Rojo, 21.VI.1999, R.E.Woodruff & R.M.Baranowski (FSCA); 1 %: St. Domingo (RMNH). Distribution: Hispaniola. Haiti (Port au Prince) & Dominican Republic (Pedernales Province). Differentiation: Similar to the other two species in the genus which have fully developed alae in both sexes: M. hispaniola n. sp. also from Hispaniola and the Jamaican M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859). %% furthermore share the well developed alae with M. poeyi (Saussure, 1868) from Cuba, but obviously differ by the much more robust body and legs; relatively shorter body segments; spinose mesonotum and longer alae, which almost reach to the apex of the abdomen. From M. hispaniola n. sp. it differs by: the larger size; more robust body and legs; relatively shorter abdomen; more distinct spines of the mesonotum; conspicuously shorter alae which do not reach the apex of the abdomen; darker general colouration and distinctly spotted body and legs of both sexes; as well as the simple, not unarmed vomer of %%, which has the apex broadly rounded. From M. cyllarus it can be distinguished by: the more robust body and legs; more distinct spines of the mesonotum; darker general colouration; slightly shiny body surface and distinctly spotted body and legs of both sexes. Another obviously closely related species is M. multipunctata n. sp. also from Hispaniola, but this at once differs from M. spinicollis by lacking tegmina and only having vestigial alae, as well as the distinctly punctured body and legs of both sexes. The eggs are similar to the ones of M. multipunctata n. sp., with which they have the circular micropylar plate in common. They differ by the more bulgy and shorter capsule (in comparison to their length). Description: && (Fig. 75): Large (body length 58.7–66.0 mm) and slender for the genus with a long and rather cylindrical abdomen. Tegmina and alae present. Alae reaching the posterior margin of tergite IX or anal segment. Legs slender and long, distinctly carinated; all carinae covered with minute setae. Antennae long and


CONLE ET AL.

slender, reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Body surface smooth and partly shiny, except mesonotum bearing several spines roughly arranged in four dorsal and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Basic colouration of body and legs brown to pale brown, overlaid with many minute dark brown speckles and broken lines. A prominent, dark longitudinal dorsomedian line runs along the complete dorsal surface of the head and thorax; In some specimens this line can be continued less distinctly on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. Tegmina and costal region of alae pale brown to brown with fine, dark brown veins; Anal region of alae translucent. Head with several indistinct, pale and dark brown longitudinal dorsolateral lines and dark brown postocular line. Antennae dark brown with irregular yellowish bands, the antennomeres irregularly coloured. Eyes brown. Legs dark brown with yellowish mottling and spots. Head: Longer than wide, oval in cross-section and slightly flattened dorsally. Vertex smooth. Fully developed ocelli present. Eyes very large, roughly circular, distinctly projecting hemispherical, their length contained 1.2–1.5x in that of cheek. Antennae reaching to posterior margin of anal segment. Scapus 1.5–2x longer than wide, compressed dorsoventrally, roughly rectangular and slightly carinated. Pedicellus slightly longer than wide, distinctly narrower and about 0.7x as long as scapus, but wider than following antennomeres. Third antennomere slightly longer than scapus, IV distinctly shorter. Remaining antennomeres increasing in length towards apices of antennae. Thorax: Nearly round in cross-section. Prothorax parallel-sided, meso- and metathorax slightly broadened towards the posterior. Pronotum as long but more slender than the head, 1.5x longer than wide, parallel-sided. Anterolateral angles with a conspicuous, rounded excavation for the defensive glands. Transverse median depression indistinct and slightly displaced towards anterior third of segment. Median line slightly impressed. Mesonotum hardly wider and 1.3x longer than pronotum, 2x longer than wide and moderately broadened towards the posterior; Bearing several spines roughly arranged in four dorsal and two lateral longitudinal rows in the anterior half. Metanotum and median segment wider than mesonotum and combined longer than mesonotum. Metanotum and median segment combined 1.8x longer than wide, parallel-sided, smooth and shiny, covered by the tegmina and alae. Metanotum wider than long, shorter than median segment. Transverse fissure between metanotum and median segment very distinct. Mesoepisternum smooth and shiny except some very minute granules at the ventral margin. Metaepisternum and metasternum smooth and shiny. Mesosternum with ventromedian longitudinal carina. Tegmina short and oval, strongly convex, bearing fine veins, reaching towards the posterior margin of metanotum. Alae reaching towards the posterior margin of tergite IX or anal segment. Abdomen: Nearly 1.8x longer than head and complete thorax combined, slender and gently gradually tapered towards the apex. Surface smooth and shiny. Median segment longer than metanotum, gently longer than wide. Tergites parallel-sided. II–VI widest and longest, VIII–X narrowest, VIII shortest. II–VII 1.5–2x longer than wide, VIII & IX roughly quadrate. Sternites II–VI simple and smooth, VII bearing a small black praeopercular organ. Anal segment slightly constricted towards apex, narrower than IX, about as wide as long, longitudinal median carina very faint and indistinct. Lateral margins with a faint concave excavation near the bases of the cerci. Supraanal plate very small with angulate apex just visible. Subgenital plate boat-shaped, reaching the posterior marging of anal segment; minutely setose and apex pointed. Cerci small, short, slightly incurving, and gradually constricted towards the apex, which is slightly thickened and club-like; finely bristled. Legs: Rather slender and long, distinctly carinated, unarmed and with all carinae minutely bristled, partly shiny. Profemora 2.5x longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergite V, hind legs hardly projecting over apex of abdomen. Profemora very indistinctly compressed and curved basally. Basitarsus 2.5x longer than second tarsomere. %% (Fig. 76): Similar to &&, but smaller and much more slender (body length 36.5–42.0 mm), abdominal segments II–VII parallel-sided. Head: Generally as in &&.



53

FIGURES 75–81. Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) n. comb. 75) & (USNM), 76) % (USNM), 77) % apex of abdomen in lateral view, 78) % vomer, 79) & apex of abdomen in lateral view, 80) egg in dorsal view, 81) egg in lateral view.

Thorax: As in &&, but alae at least reaching to the posterior margin of tergite IX. Abdomen: Sub-cylindrical in cross section, about 1.6–1.8x longer than head and thorax combined. Surface and granulation as in &&. Tergites II–VII parallel-sided, VIII and IX broadening towards the posterior and slightly broader than previous. III–VII are the longest and narrowest, IX is the shortest, X is the widest. II–VII 2x longer than wide, VIII & IX 1.5–2.0x wider than long, anal segment broader than previous tergites, about 1.5–2x wider than long. Posterior margin rounded, very moderately laterally expanded, with a faint concave indentation. Sternites II–VII simple and smooth. Cerci as in &&. Poculum small and flat, spoon-like, reaching towards the posterior margin of tergite IX. Posterior margin rounded. Vomer longer than wide, parallel-sided basally, with apex broadly rounded; outer margin swollen. Legs: As in &&.


CONLE ET AL.

Eggs (Figs. 80–81): Small for the genus. Capsule barrel-shaped, 1.5–1.7x longer than wide, oval in crosssection, lateral surfaces convex. Polar-area flattened and with a very shallow impression. Anterior margin of capsule raised and covered with tubercles or tooth-like structures. Surface of capsule all over covered with irregularly raised net-like structures and ridges. Two distinct longitudinal, sub-parallel bulges reaching from the anterior end of the micropylar plate to the anterior margin of capsule. Micropylar plate small, almost circular and less than 1/4 the length of capsule; surface smooth, flat and the outer margin conspicuously raised. Micropylar cup small, lanceolate and positioned close to posterior margin of micropylar plate. Median line distinct, raised, very fine and reaching as far as to the polar-area. Operculum oval, slightly convex, surface prominently scabrous and tuberculose with the structures becoming more distinct and forming a cluster in the centre. General colouration straw to pale brown, the raised net-like structures mid to dark brown. Dorsal surface of capsule with a broad, longitudinal brown median stripe between the two bulges anterior of the micropylar plate and with two elongate brown markings below the micropylar plate. Micropylar plate straw to pale yellowish. Measurements [mm]: length 2.5–2.6, width 1.6, height 1.7, length of micropylar plate 0.7. TABLE 13. Measurements [mm] of Malacomorpha spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) . Measurements [mm] Malacomorpha spinicollis LT, % (MNHU)

PLT, & (MNHU)

% (NHMW)

& (NHMW)

% %(USNM, FSCA)

&& (USNM, FSCA)

Body:

42.0

66.0

41.2

63.5

36.5–42.0

58.7–62.0

Pronotum:

3.0

5.2

3.5

4.7

3.1–3.9

4.6–4.8

Mesonotum:

4.8

5.9

5.0

6.3

3.8–4.0

5.8–6.0

Metanotum &: Median segment:

7.0

12.0

7.5

13.0

6.3

10.0–11.5

Tegmina:

4.4

6.6

–

–

3.2–4.2

6.0–6.5

Alae:

31.8

48.0

–

–

25.0–30.0

43.0–48.0

Profemora:

10.1

15.6

10.2

15.4

8.2–9.6

13.2–14.6

Mesofemora:

7.5

11.7

8.5

11.7

6.8–8.0

10.3–11.1

Metafemora:

11.0

17.2

10.9

17.4

9.0–10.4

15.3–16.8

Protibiae:

10.8

15.9

16.5

8.0–10.7

14.1–15.5

Mesotibiae:

7.2

11.4

7.3

12.0

6.6–8.0

10.3–11.3

Metatibiae:

11.3

17.3

11.4

18.6

8.2–10.6

16.8–17.8

Antennae:

> 35.0

60.0

–

57.0

35.0–40.0

55.0–62.0

Comments: The systematic position of this species has been problematic since its first description. Burmeister (1838: 585) originally described Phasma spinicollis based on a % and & From Port au Prince, Haiti in MNHU (the & lacks a locality label). Kirby (1904: 412) transferred it to the genus Pseudophasma Kirby, 1896. Redtenbacher (1906: 108, pl. 4: 13) transferred it to Olcyphides Griffini, 1898 and provided a nice illustration of the &. Karny (1923: 234) recognized generic differences of Burmeister’s species and established the new genus Pseudolcyphides for which he designated P. spinicollis as the type. The genus has since remained monotypic and the combination was taken over by most subsequent authors including Conle & Hennemann (2002), Zompro (2004) and Otte & Brock (2005). No author has so far selected a lectotype and therefore the % in MNUH is here designated as the lectotype of P. spinicollis. The genus Pseudolcyphides Karny, 1923 is here shown to be a synonym of Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 (n. syn.). Although Pseuolcyphides is obviously synonymic with Malacomorpha, Zompro (2004) placed these



55

genera in two distinct tribes, Pseudolcyphides in Pseudophasmatini and Malacomorpha in the Anisomorphini. Even if Zompro very briefly characterized and figured eggs (fig. 8: 14) which had been extracted from the abdomen of the & PLT in MNUH he did not recognize the close relation to Malacomorpha. Zompro’s characterization (2004: 142) merely states: “In the egg, ventral and dorsal areas of capsule subparallel”. This feature is of poor and very questionable taxonomic use and at best serves for the distincion at the species level. It may be mentioned that in this species regenerated legs bear decidedly less distinct and less numerous pale spots than fully developed legs. The specimen collected on the trail to Carlitos was found on Exostena spp. (Rubiaceae).

Biogeography From the study of the Phasmatodea of the West Indies, it appears evident that almost all species are restricted to a single island or to a cluster of islands. It is therefore of great importance for genera definition and species distinction to relate the distribution patterns to the geology of the West Indies. The West Indies are a group of differently sized tropical islands in the Caribbean Sea east of Central America. They form a fringing archipelago between Central and South America. On the basis of geology and size, the West Indies can be divided into three groups: the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands), the Lesser Antilles (the principal ones are Grenada, St. Vincent, Barbados, St. Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts (= St. Christopher), St. Bartholomé and St. Croix), and the Bahamas. The West Indies posses a very typical fauna with an apparently high degree of endemism and this is the reason why it can be regarded a quite separate faunistic subregion of the Neotropical region. The Greater Antilles are believed to be oceanic and composed of volcanic rock and marine limestone. Although these islands are close to southern Florida, the Yucatan Peninsula and the Honduras-Nicaragua bank, no land connection seems to have occurred with these areas in the latest times. All of the Greater Antilles are mountainous, the highest elevation being the Pico Duarte in eastern Hispaniola with an altitude of 3175 m. The genus Malacomorpha is endemic to the Greater Antilles and Bahamas and represented on all major islands. No representatives have so far been recorded from the Virgin Islands, a cluster of rather small islands east of Puerto Rico, and there are also no representatives in Florida, the Florida Keys or Bimini (Fig. 1). Florida and the Florida Keys are inhabited by the apparently closest relative Anisomorpha Gray, 1835 which also has one disjunctive species, A. clara Conle, Hennemann & Perez, 2006, on Hispaniola. Cuba [2(3)]: This is the largest of the Greater Antilles with an area of 114.524 km². Great parts consist of lowlands and low hilly regions with a central mountainous region. In the very west of the island, southwest of Havana, the Sierra de los Organos reaches 772 m, the central Trinidad highlands reaches 1156 m and the Sierra Maestra in the very southeast rises to a maximum elevation of 2050 m. Most of the mountainous regions are covered in rain forest, which is about 17% of the island area. The phasmid fauna of Cuba is very poorly studied and obviously only small fractions of the actually existing taxa have yet been scientifically recognised so far. Only two species of Malacomorpha, M. longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906) and M. poeyi (Saussure, 1868), have been described (Fig. 1). The latter is characteristic for the very slender and elongate body and legs, thus taking on a rather isolated position in the genus. However, at least one so far undescribed and rather slender species from South Cuba is known to the authors and more species will certainly be discovered when more extensive collections throughout the diverse geography of Cuba are undertaken. Hispaniola [7]: This is the second largest island among the Greater Antilles. It has an area of 76.484 km² and is relatively more mountainous than Cuba. The highest elevation in the eastern half of the island (Dominican Republic) is the Pico Duarte (3175 m), while the highest elevation in the western half (Haiti) is only 2680


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m. The Dominican Republic is rather more humid than Haiti, having 46% of the area covered with tropical rainforest. Only the mountains of central and southern Haiti are covered in forest, the complete lowlands being dominated by dry savannas. Seven species have so far become known from the island, six of which are newly described herein. M. macaya n. sp. and M. minima n. sp. are so far only known from highly mountainous sites in southern Haiti. M. spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) is found in the very south-western portions of the Dominican Republic (Independencia Province) and southern half of Haiti, generally below 1500 m. The same altitudinal range is occupied by M. hispaniola n. sp. which is however generally found in the western central highlands of the Dominican Republic (Provinces La Vega & Elias Piña) and central highland (Montagnes Noires) of Haiti, with only a few records from the south-western Dominican Republic (Independencia Province). M. multipunctata n. sp. is restricted to the south-western Dominican Republic and only occurs in areas below 1000 m. Finally, M. bastardoae n. sp. and M. obscura n. sp. are both highly mountainous species and are so far known only from high altitudes in the Sierra de Bahoruco, Independencia Province, south-western Dominican Republic. The south-western area of Hispaniola, which once used to be part of a separate paleoisland, appears to be a kind of “hot-spot” for Malacomorpha, since it apparently inherits the great majority of species known from the island so far (Fig. 2). Close relationships of Hispaniolan taxa with species endemic to neighbouring islands is obvious in several cases. Jamaica [2]: Jamaica is considerably smaller than the former two islands with an area of only 10.991 km². Some 20% of the central area of Jamaica is covered with dense tropical rain forest. The central regions are generally more mountainous and the Blue Mountains in the east reach a maximum altitude of 2257 m. The southern half and central highland are tropical and more humid than the rather dry northern portion of the island. Only two species, M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) and M. jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906) have so far become known from Jamaica. They are both rather widely distributed throughout the eastern half of the island. Both species show close relation to Hispaniolan taxa; M. cyllarus for instance strongly resembles M. hispaniola n. sp. from the southern Dominican Republic and central Haiti. More extensive investigation of the island’s western half in particular is likely to reveal further as yet unknown species. Puerto Rico [1]: Puerto Rico is the smallest and most eastward of the Greater Antilles with an area of only 8.897 km² if also the small surrounding islands are included. It is also less mountainous than the other three islands, the highest elevation is Cerro the Punta in the Cordillera Central reaching 1338 m. The southern part of the island is very dry with very few rain while the estern portion has more annual precipitation. M. sanchezi n. sp. is the so far only known representative of Malacomorpha which has radiated as far east as Puerto Rico (Fig. 1) and is apparently closely related to species occurring in Hispaniola, e.g. M. macaya n. sp. and M. minima n. sp. The discovery of new species in Puerto Rico is however rather likely. Bahamas [1]: The Bahamas are a group of 30 larger and about 3000 smaller, low (highest elevation on Little San Salvador 123 m) and rather dry islands north of Cuba and Hispaniola and represent the most northwest-ward distribution of Malacomorpha. The single known species (the type-species of the genus Malacomorpha) M. androsensis Rehn, 1906 shows a rather wide distributional pattern in the Bahamas, being present on most of the major islands between Grand Bahama in the north and Great Inagua Island in the south (Fig. 1). It has derived either from a Cuban or an Hispaniolan ancestor and in particular shows relation to certain species from Hispaniola, e.g. M. bastardoae n. sp. or M. obscura n. sp.. Malacomorpha is a West Indian genus restricted to the Greater Antilles and Bahamas, with seven of the thirteen known species endemic to Hispaniola (Fig. 1). The taxa are rather heterogenous but show a distinct evolutionary trend from rather basal forms to quite highly derived ones. This is well evidenced by the polymorphy of several morphological features such as the reduction of tegmina and alae, the decrease in leg size and length and the increase in body broadinig. These characters are all specializations to predominantly mountainous habitats. Winged or brachypterous taxa such as the Hispaniolan M. spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) or H. hispaniola n. sp., Cuban M. longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906) and Jamaican M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) can be regarded as the most basal forms of the genus and generally resemble Central and South



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American Pseudophasmatini, e.g. of the genus Pseudophasma Kirby, 1896. None of these species is particularly specialized to certain biotopes like mountainous regions and all are predominantly found in low-land areas below 1500 m. Therefore, it is possible that Malacomorpha originally derived from one or a few ancestral winged species which invaded Cuba from Central America. Consequently, the increasingly smaller and broader, apterous species can be interpreted as the more specialized and derived forms of the genus. They are either more or less strongly specialized to montane biotopes (e.g. M. bastardoae n. sp. and M. minima n. sp. in Hispaniola) or are represented only in the very eastern distributional range of the genus, e.g. M. androsensis Rehn, 1906 in the Bahamas and M. sanchezi n. sp. in Puerto Rico. This also indicates a northward, but predominantly eastward colonization of the Greater Antilles which began in Cuba and presently extends as far east as the tropical low-land regions of southwest Puerto Rico.

Habitats So far little is known about the habitats and natural food-plants of Malacomorpha spp. Species are found throughout a variety of habitats including costal regions, limestone areas, savannahs and dry scrub, dry pine woods, seasonal forests, semi-humid and tropical low-land forests as well as in various mountainous habitats up to altitudes of 2300 m above sea-level. Species clearly mountainous and restricted to areas above 1300 m are the apterous M. bastardoae n. sp., M. macaya n. sp. and M. minima n. sp. in Hispaniola. M. obscura n. sp. shows a disjunct distribution, it is predominantly found in mountainous sites throughout the Independencia Province of southwest Dominican Republic with one record from La Altagraica in the rather flat, very eastern tip of the island (Fig. 2). The fully winged Hispaniolan M. hispaniola n. sp. and M. spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) as well as the apterous M. jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906) and the winged M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) in Jamaica are frequently found in both low-land areas and mountainous habitats up to 1500 m. The brachypterous Hispaniolan M. multipunctata n. sp. is a low-land species, restricted to areas below 1000 m. M. sanchezi n. sp. from Puerto Rico is so far known only from the type-locality (Vereda de Ballenas), a tropical low-land dry forest at about 100 m above sea level and some 1.5 kilometres far from the coast. Finally, the type-species M. androsensis (Rehn, 1906) is endemic to the rather plain and dry Bahamas environment and usually found in the undergrowth of low-land pine forest areas and scrub. Most species are believed to be moderately polyphagous, mostly depending on their mobility. In general, winged species which are capable of active flight are believed to be more specialized feeders, whereas apterous species that are generally less mobile tend to show a lower specialization to certain food-plants. M. sanchezi n. sp. from Puerto Rico is known to feed at least on Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae) and Bucida buceras (Combretaceae) at its type-locality, Vereda de Ballenas in the Guanica State Forest. M. obscura n. sp. from the mountainous regions of Hispaniola was observed feeding on bramble (Rubus sp., Rosaceae) and pine (Pinus sp., Pinaceae) in its natural habitats, which predominantly define to semi-humid pine woods in limestone areas. The winged M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) was reported to be found almost exclusively on shrubs of Bignonia chinensis (Bignoniaceae), which appears to be the preferred food-plant in certain localities near Belmont in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Jamaica (King, 1867: 79). In Europe the two Jamaican species M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) and M. jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906) readily accept privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium & L. japonicum, Oleaceae) as alternative food-plants in captivity and the latter will also accept bramble (Rubus fruticosus, Rosaceae). Furthermore, ribworth plantain (Plantago lanceolata, Plantaginaceae) is frequently eaten by both species in captivity. Therefore, it is likely that also native representatives of Oleaceae and Plantaginaceae serve as food-plants for certain species, but more detailed observations are needed.


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FIGURES 82–85. 82. Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp. couple; 83. Malacomorpha cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) female; 84. Malacomorpha cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) male; 85. Malacomorpha hispaniola n. sp. couple.



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FIGURE 86–90. 86. Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906) couple; 87. Malacomorpha macaya n. sp. several couples; 88. Malacomorpha multipunctata n. sp. couple; 89. Malacomorpha obscura n. sp. couple; 90. Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. couple.

Biology & behaviour The day-hiding behaviours of most Malacomorpha-species are very similar to those observed in certain colonies of the closely related Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll, 1813) and A. ferruginea (Palisot de Beauvois,


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1825) in the southern United States. M. jamaicana (Redtenbacher), M. sanchezi n. sp., M. macaya n. sp., M. minima n. sp. and M. obscura n. sp. are known to hide in crevices of tree-trunks or wooden cabins, under loose bark or under stones and rocks. All frequently aggregate in clumps or clusters of up to 100 specimens. This behaviour is observed in both nymphs and adults. Although this behaviour generally concerns the apterous species, the fully winged adults of M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) in Jamaica have also been reported to aggregate to clusters of several insects, which hide in the holes of trees, among the brushwood where it is sufficiently dense to exclude the light, or in the cellars and behind the boarding of houses (King, 1867: 79). In contrast, adults of the brachypterous M. multipunctata n. sp. and the winged P. spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) in Hispaniola are usually found singularly or as mating couples on or under branches and leaves of their hostplants and do not appear to aggregate in clusters. Unfortunately, so far nothing is known about the day-hiding behaviours of the nymphs of these two species. Mating takes place very frequently and adults are generally found as couples, with a %% usually staying on a &&’s back for its entire life. These observations were made on captive reared specimens of M. cyllarus and M. jamaicana by the first two authors, observed in wild specimens of M. macaya n. sp. and M. obscura n. sp. in the Dominican Republic by the third author and reported for M. sanchezi n. sp. in its natural habitat in Puerto Rico by father Alejandro Sánchez. The oviposition behaviour observed in some Floridian colonies of the related “Southern Two-Striped walkingstick” Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll, 1813) includes digging a pit or hole in sandy soil, dropping a number of eggs in it and finally covering the eggs with a layer of sand. No comparable behaviour has so far been reported in any representative of the Malacomorpha genus. Eggs are usually dropped to the ground singularly by the &. This is the most common way of oviposition in Phasmatodeans. The active defensive behaviour of Malacomorpha taxa is similar to the one seen in Anisomorpha Gray, 1835 genus and in most other representatives of the tribe Anisomorphini. All species have a well developed pair of defensive glands, usable from hatching on. These allow the insects to spray a milky defensive secretion against a predator with great accuracy. In the Jamaican M. cyllarus and M. jamaicana the secretion is of almost the same repellent smell as in the related Anisomorpha Gray and Peruphasma Conle & Hennemann, 2002. It deters various other arthropods and small mammals such as mice and rats. It can however also seriously irritate the eyes and respiratory organs of large mammals like cats, dogs or even humans causing strong pain, inflammation and impaired vision for several days. The secretion of Malacomorpha is most certainly a terpene dialdehyde like anisomorphal, the secretion observed in Anisomorpha (Eisner, 1965), or the just recently recognized secretion of Peruphasma schultei Conle & Hennemann, 2005, termed peruphasmal (Dossey et al., 2006). The aggregation into clusters of up to 100 specimens, observed in most species, in combination with the ability to spray a defensive secretion provides sufficient protection against predators and safety for the insects. If a predator gets too close to the cluster, which at first view is a brown, almost unidentifiable mass of insects or even touches it, most specimens will at once start to spray their defensive secretion. This produces a cloud of defensive secretion and will safely protect the group from potential aggressors. The passive defensive behaviour of Malacomorpha nymphs and adults usually includes jumping backwards or to the side when disturbed. Then the insects walk away very quickly and directly search for a new hiding place under a leaf or trunk, where they immediately remain in their typical resting position. Fully winged species and their %% in particular, will frequently make use of their wings, trying to escape by flying out of the potential aggressor’s range. Livestock of the two Jamaican species M. jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906) and M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859) has been introduced in Europe in the the late 1990’s and both species are since then successfully reared in captivity by enthusiasts. Both species have subsequently been included on the Phasmid Study Group culture-list, M. jamaicana as culture No. 213 and M. cyllarus as culture No. 220. Both readily take privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium & L. japonicum, Oleaceae) as an alternative food-plant and M. jamaicana will also accept bramble (Rubus fruticosus, Rosaceae). Breeding is rather simple if moderately humid conditions and tempera-



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tures ranging between 20°C and 25°C with plenty of ventilation are utilized. && are rather prolific egg-layers, each in average laying 2–5 eggs per day and more than 200 in her entire lifetime. The incubation time of the eggs is 4–6 months, depending on the temperature. The hatching rates are generally very high (close to 90%) and mortality rates of newly nymphs quite low with nymphs rather stable throughout their entire development. Maturity is reached after 4–6 months which results in about two generations per year.

Conclusion The present paper provides a detailed taxonomic revision of the West Indian genus Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 (= Alloeophasma Redtenbacher, 1906 n. syn., = Pseudolcyphides Karny, 1923 n. syn.) at the specieslevel with seven new species being described from both sexes, six from Hispaniola and one from Puerto Rico. The latter species, M. sanchezi n. sp., is the first confirmed record of Malacomorpha from Puerto Rico and represents the most eastward distribution of the entire genus. The distributional pattern of the thirteen Malacomorpha species is discussed. The phasmid fauna of the West Indies is still poorly studied and the faunas of Cuba and Jamaica in particular are certainly up to now just fractionally known. The poor degree of exploration of the Greater Antilles is emphasized by the present description of six new species of Malacomorpha from Hispaniola. Only one species, M. spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838), had previously been recorded from Hispaniola which increases the number of known species by 600%!. Although for the present paper we studied the materials from nine expeditions comprising 280 collecting sites throughout the area of the Dominican Republic, it is likely that further new species will be discovered once poorly known areas are surveyed in more detail. The western portion of Hispaniola (Haiti) in particular should contain further unknown species, since only a few collections have been so far performed there. Cuba, the largest of the Antillean Islands, is another example which makes the still very poor knowledge of many regions of the Greater Antilles obvious, since only two species of Malacomorpha have been described from Cuba so far. With certainty, several new species are awaiting discovery and scientific recognition and at least one so far undescribed species is known to the authors from South Cuba. New species are also likely to be discovered in Jamaica and perhaps Puerto Rico, once further extensive collections are made. Our still limited knowledge of the existing species of the rather heterogenous Malacomorpha genus would make any phylogenetic study on its intrageneric relationships very hypothetic, although external morphology indicates probably well defined species-groups and sister-taxa relationships in some cases. However, any broader discussion requires knowledge of more species. Our present knowledge on the interesting biology, active defensive behaviours and chemical composition of the defensive secretions of Malacomorpha species, as well as their natural habitats and food-plants are also still very limited. It is therefore hoped that future studies will not only relate to the taxonomic recognition of new taxa but will also provide new records to understand the distributional pattern of the genus and its species, and to broaden our knowledge on the biology of these fascinating Phasmatodeans.

Acknowledgements The authors want to express their thanks to the following curators for entrance to the corresponding collections, loan of specimens and/or providing required data or photos: Dr. Ulrike Aspöck (NHMW), Dr. George W. Beccaloni & Judith Marshall (BMNH), Prof. Dr. Klaus Schönitzer & Tanja Kothe (ZSMC), Jason Weintraub and Daniel Otte (ANSP), David Nickle (USNM), and John Rawlins (CMNH). Special thanks are due to father Alejandro Sánchez (Carolina, Puerto Rico), for collecting the specimens of Malacomorpha sanchezi n. sp. as well as providing photos and information on its habitats and biology. Many thanks are also due to Ruth Bastardo (Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) for her great effort in collecting


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many Phasmatodea in Hispaniola, several of which fundamentally supported the present revision. Field work in the Dominican Republic was also greatly enhanced by the assistance of Dominican biologist Brígido Hierro (Departmento de Vida Silvestre, Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Santo Domingo), The Dirección Nacional de Parques and Departamento de Vida Silvestre, Santo Domingo provided collecting and export permits. Field work by DEPG in the Dominican Republic was supported by National Science Foundation grant DEB0103042.

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