Efficient Management and Application of National Borehole Data in Korea SUNGSOO KIM Mfactory. Co. Ltd., Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 412-791, South Korea
JANGWON SUH Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
TAE-DAL ROH Wing Ship Technology Corp., Daejeon 305-509, South Korea
CHANG-UK HYUN Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2E3, Canada
HUIUK YI SUNGCHAN OH HYEONG-DONG PARK1 Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
Key Terms: Borehole Data, Standardization, National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), Geospatial Information Systems (GIS), Augmented Reality (AR)
ABSTRACT The paradigm of Geographic Information Systems is shifting toward the development of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) because of the national value of spatial data. The Korean Government started the National Geographic Information System project in 1995 and began to develop NSDI in 2008. Because of the importance of underground spatial data, as well as the high cost and difficulty of obtaining such data, it is important to standardize underground geospatial data. It is expected that underground spatial data will be included in the NSDI, given the likely future expansion of NSDI data sets. Such underground information can be divided into data related to construction and data related to resource development. Standardization has been separately attempted in both of these fields, but insufficient studies exist on standardization across the 1
Corresponding author email:
[email protected].
fields. In the present study, we propose a scheme for a national standard underground spatial information database. As an example of the application of a standard database, we developed several application systems, including an information system that operates in the Web environment and a system that operates in the mobile environment. Because infrastructure for mobile communications in South Korea is rapidly expanding, there exist high expectations regarding the usability of mobile systems. Therefore, we developed some creative functions to assist with fieldwork in a mobile system, including mobile phones implementing augmented reality. The proposed system is expected to assist with the integrated management of underground geospatial information in the fields of construction and resource development at the national level. INTRODUCTION The use of a geospatial information system (GIS) can aid in human decision making, based on computer technology and resources. Recent advances in computer technology have resulted in continuous technical developments in this field and an increase in the scope of application. Previously, organizations
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Kim, Suh, Roh, Hyun, Yi, Oh, and Park Table 1. List of basic and thematic spatial information for the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) in South Korea. Classification Basic information Thematic information
Spatial Information Administrative bound, cadastre, facility, traffic, water resources, the ocean, a datum point, topography, aerial photograph, and satellite image Traffic: sidewalk, crosswalk, safety zone, pedestrian overpass, bridge, etc. Building: wall Facility: dam, wharf, dock, embankment, sluice gate, duct, etc. Plants: boundary, branch, single tree, farm Hydrosphere: stream width, stream direction, waterway, waterfall Topography: altitude point, castle/ground cut, revetment, cave entrance Boundary: capital topography boundary, other boundary Period: neat line, grid, place name, mountain/mountain chain
that required spatial data would assemble and use such data themselves. However, connected and joint utilization with integrated and shared databases has also been attempted because the properties of spatial data make it expensive to compile such information (Oh et al., 2001). From this standpoint, the South Korean Government began a National Geographic Information System (NGIS) project in 1995. A variety of tasks have been undertaken, including the development of basic geographic information, an application system, a clearinghouse system, relevant technology, staff training, and standardization as part of the first (1995–2000), second (2001–2005), and third (2006–2010) components of this project. The goal of the project was to establish a national GIS. The NGIS project contributed to the introduction and development of the GIS industry and aided our understanding of the value and importance of GIS (Chung and Kim, 2003). However, a national infrastructure for geospatial resources was not established during the period of the NGIS project. The concept of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) has been discussed by researchers and policy makers since the late 1990s (Tosna, 1998). Basically, GIS is strongly influenced by governments because of the importance of the compilation and maintenance of base map data for a large area at the national scale. In particular, the development of GIS technology has led to improvements in the ability to control geospatial data and has highlighted the role of government organizations in supplying and applying geospatial data (Masser, 1999). Despite the important role played by private enterprise in this regard, government organizations dictate the relevant laws, policies, and conventions. Accordingly, the Korean Government began to establish a NSDI in 2008. The budget for the venture measured US$300 million, with the project running until 2012 (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2009). With this system, the ability to use basic spatial data and various thematic map data at any time and any place can be anticipated. In addition, the eligible users could be expanded from the specific to the general public.
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As part of the NSDI project, the priority for the data build is data with high usability in administrative tasks. Table 1 lists the basic and thematic map information for the NSDI in South Korea. Underground geospatial data such as geological data and borehole data are likely to attract fewer users than are the ground-surface geospatial data presented in Table 1. In addition, another characteristic of underground information is the high cost of obtaining such information and the difficulty in compiling such data. However, subsurface data are essential for those working in fields such as land use planning or underground resource development. Existing underground data are used for various purposes; nevertheless, they provide information about the same space and would be indispensable for a future three-dimensional total land-information service. In addition, we can suppose that underground spatial data will be included in the NSDI data, given the likely expansion of NSDI data sets (Lee et al., 2008). Therefore, it is clear that we should standardize underground spatial data, which are chiefly composed of borehole data. Next, planning appropriate practical use of the standardized underground spatial data is required. This article describes the details and application of standardization of borehole data in South Korea. OVERVIEW OF THE COMPILATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF UNDERGROUND INFORMATION DATA IN SOUTH KOREA Table 2 lists the major organizations in South Korea that deal with underground data and related standards. From the list, it can be noted that several organizations are involved in the compilation and management of borehole data and laboratory test data. Considering the fact that various organizations are generating ongoing borehole data, it is an urgent matter to develop an effective method for the sharing and management of such data. Borehole data have certain characteristics, including depth and data item depending on the purpose of
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geoinfo.kigam.re.kr, drilling.kigam.re.kr Organization guidelines Public service 20,000 m Borehole data, indoor test data, geologic map, ocean geologic map, geochemical map
Korea Mineral Resources Geographic Information System Geological Information System Underground resource development
Local governments
Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources
1,740 holes
23,000 holes
Intranet service, public service
Ministry www.geoinfo.or.kr regulation Organization soil.seoul.go.kr guidelines Organization www.kmrgis.net guidelines Distribution, public service Public service 109,728 holes
Ministry of Land, Transport and Borehole data, indoor test Maritime Affairs (MLTM) data, in situ survey data Seoul City, Suwon City, Borehole data, indoor Daegu City, Busan City test data Korea Resources Borehole data, mine Corporation geologic map Geoinfo system Construction
Main Purpose Amount of Borehole Data Main Data Administering Organization System Name Field
Table 2. Overview of projects, organizations, and standards concerned with underground data.
Standard Type
References
National Borehole Data in Korea
the drilling project. In this regard, each organization has its own standards for borehole data. In surveys undertaken prior to a construction project, ground weakness is of importance; therefore, ground strength tests are performed; for example, the standard penetration test (SPT), and the boring depth is generally 20–30 m. Otherwise, in borehole drilling for mineral exploration, the distribution of the ore material is the most important factor. In such cases, the borehole depth is often greater than 100 m and inclined drilling is commonly employed (Lee et al., 2008). Some efforts toward data standardization have been made by organizations with shared goals. In the construction sector, the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) in South Korea sought to standardize the borehole database schema in 2002. Some, but not all, local government systems have become standardized. The MLTM developed a database mapping program to overcome this problem, including a simple data link service. The MLTM is continuing in its efforts toward standardization. In the field of resource development, the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources and the Korea Resources Corporation have together established the Geologic Resources Information Committee and developed several standards, including guidelines for establishing a GIS database of borehole data. Previous research has examined the application of metadata and ‘‘document type definition’’ in XML (Extensible Markup Language) for the co-utilization of underground data obtained for various purposes (Lee et al., 2008); however, this does not provide an actual infrastructure for national system management. Instead, it is concerned with a method for the convenient use of underground data. In addition, several international organizations have attempted to standardize underground data; however, most such initiatives were limited to simply proposing standards for the exchange of data or established guidelines for the organization itself (Table 3). Consequently, the management of hole national land information and service considering these kinds of limitation or drawbacks is required. STANDARDIZATION OF BOREHOLE DATA The use of a standard database is important in establishing a national underground spatial data infrastructure beyond the stage of data exchange. Relevant factors for a standard database are the intended use of the data and the platform. A standard database is not intended as a large repository that would contain all the data from all organizations or a small repository just for the common data; instead, it
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Kim, Suh, Roh, Hyun, Yi, Oh, and Park Table 3. Standardization of underground data in various countries (revised from Lee et al. [2008]). Field
Country, Organization Name
Construction
U.K., The Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS) Japan, Japan Construction Information Center (JACIC) USA, NGES/WES USA, Geotech-XML
Resource development
Australia, Geoscience Data, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (GSIRO) U.K. British Geological Survey (BGS) USA, The Geologic Data Subcommitee (GDS) / Association of American State Geologists (AASG) Canada, Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) USA, The Professional Petroleum Data Management (PPDM)
Standards/Guidelines
Main Purpose
Geotechnical data structure and model
Data exchange
Continuous update from 1994; www.ags.org.uk
Geotechnical data logging standard Field survey data sheet standard Internet transfer standard
Organization standard Organization standard Data exchange Data exchange
Database integration of eastern and western area data; www.jacic.or.jp Central concentration model
Logical data model standard symbol index standard Logical data model standard
Data exchange Service
Metadata based; www.bgs.ac.uk
Logical data model standard Petroleum drill hole data standard model
Data exchange Data exchange
Applied program and standard format
Borehole log data standard model—Geologic survey data transfer standard
would be the most suitable database considering the purpose and method of co-usage. Standardization of terminology must take precedence for appropriate designing of a standard database. This step is very important as the start of database standardization. For standardization of terminology, terms from the database of each organization, standard terms from the GIS field, and administrative standard terminology (and so on) must be considered (Table 4). The typical process of standardization of terminology is shown in Figure 1. Table 5 lists the results of an analysis of terms used in the Geoinfo system (construction field) and used by the Geologic Resources Information Committee (resource development field). The table reveals that different terms with the same meaning are commonly
Remarks and Reference
XML expression XML expression; resource related database, table
Geologic map based
Three dimension visualization model; www.ppdm.org
used. To standardize the terminology, apply a standard database, and ensure consistency with other standards it is important to construct an environment that enables various users to utilize the data without being hindered by confusion. In addition, it is essential to design a standard database that considers the purpose of co-usage and the user environment. A standard database is not an unchangeable database: it simply contains essential information for co-usage. Each organization should be able to easily or automatically add its own data and service or supply.
Table 4. Terms to consider in standardizing the terminology for underground spatial data. Terms
Source and Organization
Used in each borehole database Terms in GIS-related standards (KS X 19104, TTAS.KO-10.0156) Terms in laws, regulations, guidelines, etc. National administration standard terminology Standard terms in existing geospatial systems
Each data-producing organization Korean Agency for Technology and Standards Jurisdiction organization Ministry of Public Administration and Security Jurisdiction organization
GIS 5 Geospatial Information Systems.
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Figure 1. Process for the standardization of terminology of the borehole data.
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National Borehole Data in Korea Table 5. Examples of different terminology among standards. Geological Resources Information Committee Standard
Geoinfo System Standard from MLTM
Term
Column Name
Term
Column Name
Number of boreholes Altitude Name of investigator Drilling purpose Upper depth
BoreholeNumber Altitude Investigator DrillingPurpose UpDepth
Code for borehole Elevation Name of log worker Purpose of borehole Layer starting point depth
HOLE_CODE HOLE_EL HOLE_INSPECTED_BY HOLE_PURPOSE LAYER_DEPTH_FROM
In terms of designing a standard database, we analyzed data items in the fields of construction and resource development. The standard for the construction field was prepared by MLTM to standardize the data generated by local governments. The standard for the resource field was prepared by the Geologic Resource Information Committee. The results of the analysis are provided in Table 6. Compared with the standard for the resource development field, the standard for the construction area has about four times more category items and five times more data items. However, the numbers of coincident data items in the resource development and construction fields are just 24 and 39, respectively, representing 17 percent and 6 percent of the total data items. This result shows that data items are markedly different according to the purpose of data construction, even if they are based on the same borehole data. This result is consistent with those of a previous study (Lee et al., 2008) that reported that it is not feasible to establish comprehensive standards regarding the purpose and methods of research. It is essential to develop a national standard database that can be accessed by various users. Such an approach is consistent with the philosophy of NSDI. Therefore, as part of the present study, we developed a standard database that offers services according to the purpose of the user and the user’s environment. Figure 2 shows the relationships among the organization database, the standard database, and the application database for services. The national standard underground spatial information database should be organized according to the user’s environment and purpose and should allow one to extract basic data to maximize the general applicability of
the database. Underground spatial information is generally used in preliminary studies for planning, including analysis of the physical conditions at a specific location and preparation of a geotechnical summary (Goo et al., 2005). Therefore, it is desirable for national standard underground spatial information data to offer information on the ground condition and to provide a suitable method for obtaining information at the site of interest. Table 7 lists the proposed database configuration schema for a national standard underground spatial information database. The schema consists of information that assists the user to obtain geological data and general information on boreholes and test results. This focuses on data items for standardization; therefore, modification of schema table is required in planning an actual service database, including structural modeling, systematic codes, etc. DEVELOPMENT OF AN APPLICATION SYSTEM BASED ON STANDARDIZED BOREHOLE DATA A standardized borehole database could be used for various projects, such as the construction of infrastructure and the exploitation of natural resources. In particular, interest and demand for data transfer and information sharing has grown significantly with advances in computer hardware and the Internet network as well as with the increasing use of ‘‘smartphones’’ (Digital Timer, 2010). In this study, we developed prototype systems that make use of the standardized borehole database described above. We developed two platforms for the systems: PC–Web and the mobile environment. The systems are concerned
Table 6. Comparison of the construction field and resource development field standards. Resource Development Field
Construction Field
Standards
Number
Ratio (%)
Number
Ratio (%)
Number of data items Coincident Related Different Total
24 24 96 144
17 17 67 100
39 101 566 706
6 14 80 100
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Figure 2. Relationships among the organization database, the standard database, and the application database for services.
with practical applications such as the retrieval and downloading of information and support during site investigations. A distinguishing feature of these application systems using the standardized database is that they are capable of simultaneously referring data from the resource development field and the construction field. Development of Application Systems for Borehole Data in the Web Environment Web-based information systems are useful for storing, analyzing, and visualizing the huge amounts of data acquired during geological and geotechnical investigations, as well as for the effective management of data using a client–server system (Albrecht, 1999; Tait, 2005). In addition, a Web-based GIS has the advantage of managing dynamic information via realtime data exchange, as well as easily linking with advanced GIS (Gittings, 1999). As mentioned above, many studies have considered a Web-based GIS for borehole information, with a focus on borehole data in Korea (Table 2). However, these systems were developed independently and with different goals according to the controlling government agency or institution; consequently, they are limited by the lack of an integrated system (Chang and Park, 2004). To address this shortcoming, we developed a Web-based GIS that can manage integrated standard borehole data and that provides a user interface with a convenient retrieval and download function. To launch a test bed for a Web-based GIS system, a preliminary study was undertaken on the implementation of the system. An application was implemented for a local area at an abandoned mine. The system
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was developed using ESRI ArcIMS (version 3.1) and ArcSDE (version 8.1) to provide mapping and data services on the Web. Borehole and topography data were entered into the database using Oracle DBMS (version 8.16). The Web interface was created using ASP.NET technology. Figure 3 shows an example of the borehole data service based on a standardized borehole database in the Web environment. The system designed in this study works in real time and enables the user to easily find borehole data. The system is convenient and efficient in terms of data searching and saves on time and cost in terms of data retrieval because it simultaneously provides an integrated and standardized borehole database of the construction field and resource development field. In addition, the practical use of borehole data can be expanded by processing the data to comply with the user’s specific purpose. Development of an Application System on Borehole Data in the Mobile Environment Mobile-based information systems have the advantage of real-time transfer and the sharing of varied information via wireless networks by combining wireless communication technology with spatial information technologies such as GIS and global positioning system (GPS). Consequently, a mobilebased GIS can easily acquire, retrieve, and transfer a diverse range of data at any place and at any time, making such systems suitable as support systems for research at geological sites and allowing for dynamic data processing to be made ‘‘on the move’’ (Tsou, 2004). Recently, the spread and practical utilization of mobile systems has continued to increase with the development of technology related to augmented reality (AR). Many studies have considered the development of smartphone applications that handle geo-information and borehole data (Table 8). Applications developed for smartphones are able to perform tasks such as measuring the inclination of a slope, visualizing strike and dip data, and displaying global-scale topographical data and remotely sensed data; however, no case studies have considered bedrock geology or borehole information. Recently, many researchers have sought to develop mobile-based AR systems that represent information by synthesizing spatial information on, for example, buildings, addresses, sightseeing, and smartphone user data (Table 9); however, existing systems are limited in terms of site investigations because few attempts have been made to develop systems that analyze and integrate the geological and geotechnical data acquired on site. In addition, many studies have focused on AR systems that cover
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National Borehole Data in Korea Table 7. Proposed database configuration schema for a national standard underground spatial information database. Table Metadata information Borehole general information
Location of borehole information Project information
Layer information
Sample information
Test information
Column (Data Item)
Terminology Standard
Metadata Identifier Metadata Date Borehole Identifier Borehole Address Borehole Latitude Borehole Longitude Borehole Altitude Borehole Purpose Borehole Investigator Borehole Operator Map Coordinate System Map Scale Project Name Project Owner Project Start Date Project End Date Project Topography Project Geology Layer upDepth Layer downDepth Layer Name Layer Color Layer Description Sample Identifier Sample Shape Sample Sampling Method Sample Specific Gravity Sample Description Test RQD
KS X 19104 KS X ISO 19115_metadata Seoul City SDW terminology standard Seoul City SDW terminology standard Cadastral terminology dictionary Survey and GIS terminology dictionary Survey and GIS terminology dictionary Administrative standard terminology dictionary Seoul City SDW terminology standard Standard guidelines of Geologic Resource Information Committee Seoul City SDW terminology standard Survey and GIS terminology dictionary Standard guidelines of Geologic Resource Information Committee Seoul City SDW terminology standard Seoul City SDW terminology standard Seoul City SDW terminology standard Administrative standard terminology dictionary Cadastral terminology dictionary Standard guidelines of Geologic Resource Information Committee Standard guidelines of Geologic Resource Information Committee Standard guidelines of Geologic Resource Information Committee Administrative standard terminology dictionary Administrative standard terminology dictionary Administrative standard terminology dictionary Administrative standard terminology dictionary Administrative standard terminology dictionary Cadastral terminology dictionary Administrative standard terminology dictionary Standard guidelines for ground information of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Administrative standard terminology dictionary Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Standard guidelines for ground information of MLTM Seoul City SDW terminology standard
Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test
TCR RMR Rock Jointshear Rock Pointload Rock Triaxial Rock Uniaxial SPT Triaxial CU Triaxial Usual Triaxial UU Unconfined Usual Lugeon Water Pressure
SDW 5 Spatial Data Warehouse; GIS 5 Geospatial Information Systems; RQD 5 Rock Quality Designation; TCR, Total Core Recovery; RMR 5 Rock Mass Rating; SPT 5 Standard Penetration Test; CU 5 Consolidated-Undrained; UU 5 Unconsolidated-Undrained.
ground-surface spatial data rather than borehole data. To address this limitation, we developed a smartphone-based prototype AR system that enables efficient inquiries and the retrieval of borehole data. It is based on the iPhone environment and was developed and applied to data on rock type and borehole data to verify and promote the utilization of standardized borehole data in the mobile environment. Figure 4a shows a screen shot of retrieved rocktype information using AR on a smartphone. When the user executes the system, the longitude and latitude values are shown automatically in the upper
part of the screen using a GPS module. As shown in the left-upper part of the screen, the user can view the number, location, and direction of existing rock-type data (within the designated distance) from the geospatial database by setting the distance of interest. When the user positions the iPhone toward the region of interest, a circular information icon is automatically displayed. When the user clicks an icon, it is highlighted and detailed rock information (rock type, age) is shown at the bottom of the screen, including the exact coordinates of the searched rock and the user’s location. Figure 4b shows a screen shot of
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Figure 3. Example of the application of a standard borehole database in the Web environment. Table 8. Examples of smartphone applications for geological site investigations. Application GeoID iGeology Strike & Dip Lambert Tiltmeter xSensor GeolCompass ArcGIS
Available Data and Function Strike/dip measurement, data collection/analysis Geological map of the U.K. Strike/dip measurement Dip/dip direction measurement, stereograph display Inclination measurement Gravity acceleration measurement, GPS data logging Strike/dip readings, GPS data World topographic map display, location search
Developer Roh et al. [2010] British Geological Survey Hunt Mountain Software Peter Appel Carlos Hernandez Crossbow Technology, Inc. Tecton Software, Inc. ESRI
GPS 5 global positioning systems. Table 9. Examples of augmented reality applications developed for smartphones. Application
Data Type
Developer
Nearest subway Scan search
Information about subway exit in New York Restaurant, convenience store, cafe´, bakery, hospital, pharmacy, bank, ATM, hotel, mart, school, department store, amusement park, etc. Subway exit, Starbucks, McDonald’s, mart Tourist spot, scenic spot, gallery, memorial hall, way finding, path
Acrossair Olaworks, Inc.
Odiyar TourAR
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Syncreticworks All4Land
National Borehole Data in Korea
Figure 4. Schematic and sample screen shots showing the retrieval of underground data using augmented reality on a smartphone: (a) Data on rock type; (b) Borehole data.
retrieved borehole data using AR on a smartphone. As is the case with Figure 4a, the borehole information (borehole identification, vendor, coordinate, brief core data) within the region of interest is retrieved from the geospatial database by setting the distance and direction options. The borehole data may also be viewed in tabular or spreadsheet format. CONCLUSION In this article, a standard borehole database is proposed to provide various services related to underground information. Demonstration systems were developed that enable the user to search for standardized information from multiple organizations in the diverse field at the same time, using a standard database. Additional supporting functions for the mobile environment were developed for fieldwork, including data analysis and AR functions. A mobile-based AR system for borehole information could provide effective functions with which to search for and retrieve underground information such as geological information. The development of additional geospatial databases (e.g., underground facilities, mine drift data) and their standardization would help to enable their use as a preliminary investigation system for evaluating ground stability in mines. With further improvements, such a system could be used as a geological site investigation system. Finally, the standardized database developed in this study and the case study presented above are expected to be of use in the integrated
management of borehole information in the fields of construction and resource development at the national level. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 Project in 2012 and the Research Institute of Engineering Science, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea. REFERENCES ALBRECHT, J., 1999, Geospatial information standards. A comparative study of approaches in the standardization of geospatial information: Computers Geosciences, Vol. 25, pp. 9–24. CHANG, Y. S. AND PARK, H. D., 2004, Development of a web-based Geographic Information System for the management of borehole and geological data: Computers Geosciences, Vol. 30, pp. 887–897. CHUNG, M. S. AND KIM, D. H., 2003, Strategy of National Spatial Data Infrastructure construction: Korea Spatial Information Society, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 16–34 (in Korean). DIGITAL TIMES, 2010, Smartphone Rush Continues—Increase by 20 Thousands a Day: Electronic document, available at http://www. dt.co.kr/contents.htm?article_no52010051902010151738002 GITTINGS, B. M., 1999, Integrating Information Infrastructures with Geographic Information Technology: Taylor and Francis, London, U.K., 280 p. GOO, J. H.; WOO, J. Y.; LEE, S. H.; LEE, W. S.; CHOE, H. S.; JANG, Y. G.; KIM, T. H.; JUNG, G. S.; JANG, S. H.; HONG, C. H.; AND SON, J. H., 2005, Report of Basic Research for Spreading Underground Information Database: Korea Ministry of Construction and Transportation, Gwacheon, South Korea. 260 p. LEE, S. H.; PARK, S. Y.; JANG, Y. G.; AND LEE, J. W., 2008, The Strategic Plan of Standardization for Integrated Geotechnical
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Kim, Suh, Roh, Hyun, Yi, Oh, and Park Information. In Gwak, G. H. (Editor), Proceedings of the Society of Korean Civil Engineering 2008: Society of Korean Civil Engineering, Daejeon, Korea, pp. 4080–4083. MASSER, I., 1999, All shapes and sizes: The first generation of national spatial data infrastructures: International Journals Geographical Information Science, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 67– 84. OH, B. W.; JOO, I. H.; LEE, S. Y.; AND KIM, M. S., 2001, Research of 4S technology for co-usage of geospatial information. In Jeon, K. W. (Editor), Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Conference 2001: Korean Information Science Conference, Seoul, Korea, pp. 829–831. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 2009, OECD Communication Outlook Report: Electronic
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document, available at http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/ oecd/pdfs/free/930903ke5.pdf ROH, T. D.; YI, H.; OH, S. C.; SUH, J.; HYUN, C. U.; KIM, S. S.; AND PARK, H. D., 2010, Development of application program for geological/geotechnical field survey on iPhone. In Heo, D. G. (Editor), Conference of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering 2010: The Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Jeju, Korea, 415 p. TAIT, M. G., 2005, Implementing geoportals: Applications of distributed GIS: Computer Environment Urban, Vol. 29, pp. 33–47. TSOU, M. H., 2004, Integrated mobile GIS and wireless Internet map servers for environmental monitoring and management: Cartography Geographic Information Science, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 153–165.
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