Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2739619

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2739619

Descrierea CIP / Description of CIP – Biblioteca Naţională a României Conferinţa Internaţională Educaţie şi Creativitate pentru o Societate Bazată pe Cunoaştere – ŞTIINŢE SOCIALE, POLITICE ŞI UMANISTE, Bucureşti, Universitatea Titu Maiorescu, 2015 ISSN 2248-0080 Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien The International Conference Education and Creativity for a Knowledge – based Society – SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND HUMANISTIC SCIENCES, Vienna, Osterreichish Rumanischer Akademischer Verein, 2015 ISBN 978-3-9503145-8-8 177 p.; 21 cm.

Referenţi ştiinţifici / Reviewers: Sorin-Mirel Ivan Teodor Frunzeti Dan Mihai Bârliba © Universitatea Titu Maiorescu ISSN 2248-0080 Osterreichish Rumanischer Akademischer Verein, 2015 ISBN 978-3-9503145-8-8 Bun de tipar / Signature for the press: 28.12.2015 Format: 21/29,7×100

Responsibility for content and originality of the text rests solely the author / the authors Răspunderea pentru conţinutul şi originalitatea textului revine exclusiv autorului/autorilor

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Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2739619

CONTENT VULNERABILITIES AND PRIORITIES OF THE ROMANIAN HIGHER EDUCATION IN RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE AREA, Iosif R. URS, Sorin IVAN……………………………………….. REMARKS ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION, Dan Mihai BÂRLIBA……………………………….. ATLANTICISM OR EUROPENISM ?, Teodor FRUNZETI……………………………… SEARCHING FOR A SET OF PUBLIC RELATIONS WRITING PRINCIPLES IN THE ROMANIAN PR, George DAVID, Dan MIRCEA…………………………………………. CONCEPTUAL ROLE SEMANTICS, Gabriela Adriana DODENCIU…………………… AN ICONIC FIGURE OF SPANISH THEATRE: FEDERICO GARCÍA LORCA, Irina DOGARU....................................................................................................................... ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE “I” IN YUKIO MISHIMA’S SUN AND STEEL, Irina-Ana DROBOT………………………………………………………………………… ESCAPE FROM COMMUNISM. LAST ROMANIANS’ MIGRATION WAVES DURING ’80S, Alina DUDUCIUC, Ilarion ȚIU…………………………………………… BUILDING CREATIVE CAPACITY AT STUDENTS, Iulia GONȚA…………………… THE SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION OF NOUN PHRASES, Ionela GUŞATU……………………………………………………………………………. VIRGIL NEMOIANU OR THE LITERATURE’S DEFENCE, Johana HOLT, Lazăr POPESCU…………………………………………………………………………….. TYPES OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE TEXTS, Anca TRIȘCĂ (IONESCU)…………… THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN ENSURING OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY, Silvia MILCA (ŢILICĂ)…………………………………………… THE EXISTENTIAL FANTASTIC IN THE NOVEL “The Avatars of Pharaoh Tlà”, Georgeta Amelia MOTOI…………………………………………………………………… BEING A PUPIL IN CRAIOVA BEFORE THE 1864 EDUCATION LAW, Daniel MOTOI………………………………………………………………………………. STUDENT DEVIANT BEHAVIORS, Maria OPREA.......................................................... ROMANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE UKRAINIAN CRISIS, Sebastian OPRESCU………………………………………………. AGRIFOOD SECURITY THROUGH INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE, Steluța Mădălina PĂTRĂȘESCU (NEACȘU)……………………………………………… RES INTERGATION INTO A SINGLE MARKET: A CHANCE FOR ROMANIA, Mireille RĂDOI……………………………………………………………………………... THE COMPONENTS OF THE IDENTITY CLASH AND THE IMPORTANCE OF MULTICULTURALISM, Sebastian SÂRBU………………………………………………. THE NOTION OF POWER IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION, Ştefan Andrei ALEXANDRU, Daniela Georgiana GOLEA……………………………………………….. EDWARD SAID’S THEORY OF EXILE IN NADINE GORDIMER POSTAPARTHEID NOVELS, Silvana Diana STOICA………………………………………….. ABOUT VIRTUAL SPACE AND THE USE OF AN ADAPTED, SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE IN VIRTUAL SOCIALIZING NETWORKS, Dorina CIUREA UNGUREANU……………………………………………………………

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THE REQUIREMENTS FOR "GREENING" USING THE BEST PRODUCTS, Camelia UNTESCU-BLANDA, Adriana VOICULEŢ, George MATEI…………………... LIVE SPORTS PROMOTING SOCIAL FUNCTION AND RECREATION, Adrian Ion URICHIANU…………………………………………………………………… ALIENATION REVISITED: SOCIAL WEB AND MEDIA, Alexandru VOICU………… THE REARMING PROCESS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GLOBAL SECURITY ARCHITECTURE. THE RETURN TO POWER AGENDA, Narciz BĂLĂȘOIU………... RESPONDING TO THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY DEMANDS – THE ENGLISH FOR ENGINEERING ACADEMIC STUDY COURSE EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS, Yolanda-Mirela CATELLY…………………………………………………………………. SCHOOL IN THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY TERMS, Octavia COSTEA, Conona PETRESCU, Tudor MARIN……………………………………………………….. SIGNING THE FINAL AND COMPREHENSIVE ACCORD WITH TEHERAN – A VICTORY OF THE NUCLEAR DIPLOMACY, Adriana SAULIUC……………………... ABOUT COMMUNICATION, Angela CIOBANU MIHAI………………………………. EXAMPLE OF TRANSDISCIPLINARY DISCIPLINE THE MAN IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCIETY, Cristina ȚÎMPĂU………………………………………………… PROMOTING NONTRADITIONAL STUDENTS PARTICIPATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION USING NARRATIVE MEDIATION PATH, Dan Florin STĂNESCU, Jose Gonzales MONTEAGUDO............................................................................................. THE INFORMATIONAL SOCIETY AND CONFRONTATION, DEFINING ELEMENTS FOR A NEW CONCEPT OF SECURITY MANAGEMENT, Vasile DUMBRAVĂ, Daniela Georgiana GOLEA, Ştefan ANDREI ALEXANDRU, Cătălin Robertino HIDEG…………………………………………………………………... THE MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF MODERN CONFRONTATION ENVIRONMENT AND THE SECURITY MANAGEMENT CONDUCTED FROM THIS PERSPECTIVE, Vasile DUMBRAVĂ, Daniela Georgiana GOLEA, Ştefan ANDREI ALEXANDRU, Cătălin Robertino HIDEG…………………………………………………………………...

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ESCAPE FROM COMMUNISM. LAST ROMANIANS’ MIGRATION WAVES DURING ’80S

Alina DUDUCIUC, Lecturer, PhD National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA) Bucharest, Romania Ilarion ȚIU, Assistant professor, PhD Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University Bucharest, Romania Abstract This article analyzes the illegal migration of Romanians in ’80s. The severe economic recession in Romania as well as human rights violation gave rise to a widespread dissatisfaction over the Communist regime among working class. The Romanians tried to leave the country even they were in danger, with the goal to establish in Western Europe or North America. Based on the data collected from The National Council for the Securitate Archives our research establish the socio-demographic profile of Romanian migrants (N=1.962) in 1989. Statistical analyses suggested that the workers represent the majority of migrants who left Romania due to economic reasons, not for political ones. INTRODUCTION At the end of the ’80s, communist Romania experienced a severe economic and political crisis. The declining standard of living and the international isolation of Nicolae Ceaușescu affected the frame of mind of the population, causing an emigrational wave. Since legal migration was forbidden, the number of fraudulent border crossings increased. Statistics show a correlation between the deepening economic crisis and the Romanians’ growing illegal migration tendency11. For instance, the Border Police of Timis County made public figures regarding the illegal transit to Yugoslavia over 1980-1989, showing that the number of the Romanians who risked their lives to leave the country over that period went up 2.7 times, from 913 people in 1980, to 2,483 people in 198912. Illegal border crossing in the ’80s was highly dangerous due to the growing violence of the border guards against the escalation of the phenomenon. In many cases the guards shot at the groups of fugitives, without firing warning shots first13. The situation of the Romanian immigrants became an issue on the European agenda at the end of 1988. The Hungarian and German newspapers extensively presented cases of Romanian citizens mercilessly shot by border guards when trying to cross the border. Likewise, the papers drew attention to the big flow of emigrants that used to leave Romania. Hungarian daily Magyar Hírlap wrote that in 1988 approximately 4,000 Romanian citizens fled to Hungary. West German newspaper Niedersächsische of 30 December 1988 wrote about the RomanianYugoslav border that it was “the bloodiest in Europe“. Some 400 fugitives would have been shot by border guards, while other several persons drowned in the Danube that year 14. SURVEY ON THE ROMANIANS’ ILLEGAL MIGRATION IN 1989 In order to establish the socio-demographic profile of the 1989 Romanian emgrant I studied the statistical data in File 8566 (volumes 24-27), Documentary Fund, stored in the Archives of the National Council for the Research of Securitate Archives. The aforementioned volumes comprise “Border Notes” written by the Securitate on the events at the borders with Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and the USSR throughout 1989. The statistics were based on information provided by the border guards. Besides the number of fugitives caught by

Sabin Drăgulin, “Fenomenul migrator în România. Studiu de caz: italienii” (“Migration Phenomenon in Romania. Case study: Italians”) (1868-2010), Sfera Politicii (Political Sphere) 158 (2011): 9. 12 Johann Steiner, Doina Magheţi, “Mormintele tac: relatări de la cea mai sângeroasă graniţă a Europei” (“The graves are silent: accounts from Europe’s bloodiest frontier”), Iași: Polirom, 2009, 21. 13 Monalise Hihn, “Dunărea, la fel de periculoasă precum armele grănicerilor” (“The Danube, as dangerous as border guards’ weapons”), Scînteia: Jurnalul României – Acum 20 de ani [Supliment Jurnalul Naţional] (Scînteia: Romania’s Journal – 20 years ago [Jurnalul Național Supplement]), 25 June 2009. 14 Steiner, Magheţi, “Mormintele” (“The Graves”), 13-14. 11

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authorities, the Securitate officers wrote information about their age, occupation, county of origin. When the identified citizens belonged to the Magyar or German ethnic groups, this aspect was also noted down. For the purpose of statistically processing the data in the “border notes” for the 12 months of 1989 I chose three months, January-March respectively. The aforementioned statistical data were processed using SPSS version 16.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010 software programmes. Table 1. Romanian citizens arrested for attempted illegal border crossing by ethnic groups (N=1,962) Ethnic group # % Magyars 920 46.89 Romanians 909 46.33 Germans 133 6.78 Total 1,962 100 The fact that the Romanian Hungarians account for the majority of the citizens arrested for attempted illegal border crossing (46.89% of the analysed sample) makes us believe that their action was motivated by Hungary’s policy of not extraditing them to Romania. The decision of the Budapest government was rather recent, 1985 respectively. The migration to Hungary was growing also due to the anti-Magyar policy of the Bucharest regime. The issue of the Romanian Magyars’ migration was included in the agenda of the Nicolae Ceaușescu-János Kádár bilateral talks in 1988, but the Romanian leader refused to discuss it 15. The phenomenon was common to the German community of Romania as well in the ’60s and the ’70s, when Federal Germany decided with Yugoslavia no longer to extradite the Romanian Saxon and Swab fugitives. They were carried (by border guards or directly by person smugglers) to the FRG Embassy in Belgrade to receive West German passports. In 1989, the illegal transit of Romanian Germans was low, 6.78% of the total studied sample, which means that the migration of that community was more moderate. The Romanians represented the second ethnic group that migrated to the west in 1989 (46.33% of the studied sample), close to the Magyars’ percentage. In most of the cases, borders were crossed with the help of person smugglers. They were people living in the border areas, with or without an occupation. Most of the times they were Romanian Magyars or Serbs as they had to hand the fugitives over to other smugglers across the border. They asked substantial charges. For instance, a group of 17 caught at the Romanian-Hungarian border on 4 March 1989 paid 105,000 lei to be helped to illegally leave Romania 16. The smugglers were two brothers living in border settlements. On the Romanian-Yugoslav border the charges were even higher. On 24 March 1989, three people paid 200,000 lei to a five-member smuggling network in Timis County17. It was a profitable investment. It was much safer to cross the border with the help of the smugglers than by oneself. The cases when fugitives accompanied by smuggler were caught were few over the studied period, only ten in 90 days. When the border guards identified an attempted illegal border crossing it was very difficult for the fugitives to escape. The soldiers did not hesitate to use their weapons. Some of the fugitives tried to oppose arrest attacking the soldiers with cold weapons 18. Driven by despair, some tried to negotiate their freedom with the border guards, bribing them (10,000 lei) not to be arrested 19. However, the soldiers had very clear orders, being trained to arrest any person being unjustifiably in border settlements and to use their weapons whenever necessary20. Not even children were spared. On 12 March 1989, the Yugoslav border guards handed over to the Romanian authorities the body of a child who did not stop at the soldiers’ summon, being shot down 21. The smuggler also guided the fugitives in the neighbouring states, after they managed to cross the Romanian border. The risk to get lost was very high. For instance, on 9 January 1989, the Yugoslav border guards handed over to the Romanian authorities the body of an adult found frozen in the Yugoslav border area. He had died at the hospital in Zrenjanin22. Another way of illegally crossing the border was by car. It was quite a temerarious attempt since the cars registered outside border settlements were drastically checked by the border guards. When the fugitives managed to reach the strip separating Romania from the neighbouring states they drove at very high speed with the Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dorin Dobrincu, Cristian Vasile (ed.), Comisia prezidenţială pentru analiza dictaturii comuniste din România: raport final (Presidential Commission for the analysis of communist dictatorship in Romania), București: Humanitas, 2007, 340. 16 Arhivele Naționale pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității (Archives of the National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives – NCSSA), Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 245. 17 NCSSA Archives, Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 328-329. 18 NCSSA Archives, Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 74. 19 NCSSA Archives, Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 64. 20 Monalise Hihn, “Dunărea, la fel de periculoasă precum armele grănicerilor” (“The Danube, as dangerous as border guards’ weapons”). 21 NCSSA Archives, Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 277-277 v. 22 NCSSA Archives, Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 38. 15

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soldiers firing at them. Some fugitives took advantage of the fact that they were performing farming works in the border settlements and crossed the border with farming equipment when the guards failed to pay attention to them. Cases were registered at the borders with Hungary and Bulgaria, and the tractors were handed over to the Romanian authorities by their colleagues in the neighbouring countries 23. At the border with Yugoslavia and with Bulgaria (rare cases 24) attempts were recorded of illegally crossing the border by boat. According to the law, in the border settlements rowing and motor boats had to be registered 25, to prevent illegal crossing into the neighbouring countries. Therefore, person smugglers avoided using boats to transport runaways. The method was used by the Romanians who crossed into Yugoslavia or Bulgaria on their own, stealing the boats they found in the border settlements26. However, in the border area where the territorial limit was represented by water, fugitives illegally crossed over swimming, supported by improvised vessels. A quite frequently used method to flee the country was by hiding in international trains bound to Hungary or Yugoslavia. The trains were checked with trained dogs, the runaways being easily detected. They usually hid under the wagon roof27. Tabel 2. Number of Romanian citizens by the border where they were arrested for attempted illegal crossing (N=1.962) BORDER No. % Hungary 1,338 68.20 Yugoslavia 599 30.53 USSR 13 0.66 Bulgaria 8 0.41 Constanţa Harbour28 3 0.15 Otopeni Airport 29 1 0.05 Total 1,962 100 We note that most attempts of illegal border crossing were recorded at the state line with Hungary. Probably, this statistical information can be explained by the large number of Romanian Magyars that were arrested at the border during the studied period (46.89%). They chose to flee to Hungary and not to Yugoslavia because they knew that the Hungarian government would not extradite them and that there was the possibility to receive a temporary stay permit. The attempts to illegally cross the border into Yugoslavia (30.53% of the studied sample) are statistically significant for 1989 as well. Possibly, this route was chosen by Romanian and Romanian German citizens. The Yugoslavs offered to the UN Refugee Agency (Belgrade Bureau) the possibility to study cases of immigrants individually. If they managed to prove that they had illegally left Romania for political reasons, their file was sent to countries willing to accept immigrants and they left Yugoslavia for their adoptive states30. Migration to Bulgaria (0.66% of the studied sample) and to USSR (0.41% of the studied sample) is not statistically significant. Similar are the attempts to illegally leave Romania from the Constanţa Harbour (0.15% of the studied sample) and from the Otopeni Airport (0.05% of the studied sample). Table 3. Number of Romanian citizens arrested for attempted illegal crossing by profession (N=1.962) PROFESSION No. % Worker 1,019 51.94 Unemployed 443 22.58 Pupil 292 14.88 Farmer 110 5.61 Preschool child 51 2.60 Engineer 13 0,66 Others 34 1.72 Total 1.962 100

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NCSSA Archives, Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 329 v. NCSSA Archives, Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 180 v. 25 The Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Romania, Part I, Year V, no. 106, 8 October 1969. 26 NCSSA Archives, Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 174 v-175. 27 NCSSA Archives, Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24, p. 9, 15, 24, 186, 190, 223. 28 Romanian citizens were identified who tried to flee the country illegally boarding ships leaving Constanţa Harbour. 29 A Romanian citizen tried to leave the country with a passport stolen from an Israeli citizen. 30 Steiner, Magheţi, “Mormintele” (“The Graves”), 22-31. 24

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In keeping with the data extracted from the studied sample, the Romanians who illegally crossed the border over January-March 1989 had lucrative occupations (workers: 51.94% and farmers: 5.61%). There is no information about the occupations of the adults registered as “Unemployed” (22.58% of the studied sample). Probably, many of them had filed applications for emigration to western countries, initiative that resulted in dismissal. Another statistically significant occupation category was pupils. (14.88% of the studied sample). Most of the time they were arrested together with their parents when attempting to illegally cross the border. However, there were cases when pupils tried to illegally cross the border without being accompanied by adults. Table 4. Number of Romanian citizens arrested for attempted illegal crossing by domicile (N=1.962) DOMICILE NR. % Bihor 385 19.62 Timiș 278 14.17 Satu Mare 264 13.46 Arad 165 8.41 Caraș-Severin 103 5.25 Others 767 39.10 Total 1,962 100 The processed data show that the counties wherefrom fugitives originated were the counties at the western border: Bihor (19.62%), Timiș (14.17%), Satu Mare (13.46%), Arad (8.41%), Caraș-Severin (5.25%). Noteworthy is the fact that the areas inhabited by Romanian Magyars and Germans are among the first ten counties of the statistics31. Table 5. Romanian citizens arrested for attempted illegal crossing by age group (N=1.962) AGE GROUP No .GRUPURI 18-29 years 87 Underage 77 30-39 years 75 40-49 years 65 50-59 years 43 60-69 years 8 Securitate statistics comprise global information about the age of the persons arrested on each day of the studied period (“between n and n years“). There is no knowledge about the age of each arrested individual. There is information about the age groups the fugitives belonged to. Most of the Romanian citizens who got arrested for attempted illegal border crossing were young people aged between 18 and 29 (87 cases were registered when the runaways belonged to this age group). The next age group is that of the minors, school or preschool children who accompanied their families (77 registered cases). The third age category is represented by the people aged between 30 and 39 (75 cases recorded). This category accompanied most of the minors, which shows that the families tried to cross the border together with their children. The people in the 40-49 year bracket represent the fourth age group as revealed by the processed data (65 recorded cases). The persons aged between 50 and 59 years correspond to 43 cases in the statistics. Often, minors were arrested together with individuals in this age group, which shows that they were probably accompanied by their grandparents when illegally crossing the border. There were even sexagenarians who got arrested by border guards for unjustified presence in the border area (8 cases). Table 6. Romanian citizens arrested for attempted illegal crossing by group members (N=1.962) # of group members # of groups 1-5 persons 141 6-10 persons 36 10-15 persons 2 16-20 persons 2

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Counties with Magyar population: Harghita (position no. 6, 89 persons, 4.54%), Mureș (position no. 9, 70 persons, 3.57%) and Covasna (position no. 10.57 persons, 2.91%); Counties with German population: Timiș (position no. 2, 278 persons, 14.17%) and Sibiu (position no. 8, 76 persons, 3.87%).

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The most frequent attempts to illegally cross the border were made in groups. Statistics show that small groups, of 1-5 people, were prevalent (141 registered cases). Possibly, their members thought they would be less conspicuous. In most of the cases, the 1-5 person groups were made up of families (parents and children) or kindred people. In 36 cases, the groups were made up of 6-10 persons. The large groups, of 10-15 or 16-20 persons (two cases for each age group) were exceptions, being usually arrested together with their smugglers. CONCLUSIONS Statistics show that in 1989 the Romanians continued to attempt crossing into the countries on the western border, phenomenon considered alarming by the international press of those years. Since the goal of the fugitives was to reach west European states or North America, we assume that this a migration phenomenon, the going away of the Romanian citizens having mostly economic rather than political reasons (exile). This finding is also confirmed by the socio-professional profile of the people involved in border incidents during the studied period. They were mostly workers (51.94%), the percentage held by intellectuals being statistically insignificant. The tendency of the families to leave in group, with their school or preschool children makes us believe that it backs the hypothesis of economic migration phenomenon. Usually, the groups of persons had substantial amounts of money, needed to pay the smugglers and the fare to the western countries. As a rule, the liquidities came from the sale of personal property they held in the country thinking that they were to leave Romania for good. We assume that since the migration of the late ’80s was economically driven, the Romanian lobby suffered after the collapse of communism. Romania did not have enough intellectuals in the western world to support their country’s cause. For instance, in France, the Romanian exile was old 32 and left the country tens of years ago. There were few intellectuals knowledgeable about Romania’s contemporary realities; that is why the exile was tempted to foster a polemic with the new authorities in Bucharest and campaign for the restoration of the governing form that existed before the establishment of communism. In order to test whether the hypotheses formulated in this study correspond to the entire year 1989, in a phase subsequent to research we shall also analyse the statistical data in the “border notes” written for the other months of that year. To the extent to which we identify archive documents for other years over 1980-1988, we shall try to establish the numerical and socio-demographic evolution of the Romanian migration for the entire period of economic crisis that characterised the end of the communist regime.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Arhivele Naționale pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității (Archives of the National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives) / Documentary Fund, File 8566, vol. 24-27. Buletinul Oficial al Republicii Socialiste România / Partea I, Anul V, nr. 106, 8 octombrie 1969 (The Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Romania / Part I, Year V, no. 106, 8 October 1969). Drăgulin, S. / Fenomenul migrator în România. Studiu de caz: italienii (Migration Phenomenon in Romania. Case study: Italians) (1868-2010), Sfera Politicii (Political Sphere), 158 (2011). Hihn, M. / Dunărea, la fel de periculoasă precum armele grănicerilor (The Danube, as dangerous as border guards’ weapons), Scînteia: Jurnalul României – Acum 20 de ani [Supliment Jurnalul Naţional] (Scînteia: Romania’s Journal – 20 years ago [Jurnalul Național Supplement]), 25 June 2009. Steiner, J., Magheţi, D. / Mormintele tac: relatări de la cea mai sângeroasă graniţă a Europei (The graves are silent: accounts from Europe’s bloodiest frontier), Iași, Polirom, 2009. Tismăneanu, V., Dobrincu, D., Vasile, C. (ed.) / Comisia prezidenţială pentru analiza dictaturii comuniste din România: raport final (Presidential Commission for the analysis of communist dictatorship in Romania), București, Humanitas, 2007. Ţiu, Ilarion / Emigranţii (The Emigrants), Jurnalul Naţional. Număr de colecţie: Prinţ și cerșetor la Paris (National Journal, Collection edition: Prince and Beggar in Paris), 12 August 2005.

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Ilarion Ţiu, “Emigranţii” (“The Emigrants”), Jurnalul Naţional. Număr de colecţie: Prinţ și cerșetor la Paris (National Journal, Collection edition: Prince and Beggar in Paris), 12 august 2005.

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