Estimating Continuous Distributions in Bayesian Classifiers. George H. John.
Computer Science Dept. Stanford University. Stanford, CA 94305 gjohn@CS.
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0.06
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Single Gaussian Kernel Density Estimation
0.0
100
120 140 160 Resting Blood Pressure (Systolic)
180
200
0.86
1
0.84
0.95 0.9
0.82
0.85 0.8
0.78
Accuracy
Accuracy
0.8
0.76 0.74
0.75
Flexible Bayes Naive Bayes
0.7 0.65
0.72
Naive Bayes Flexible Bayes
0.6
0.7
0.55
0.68
0.5
0.66
0.45 0
20
40
60
80 100 120 140 Training Set Size
160
180
200
0
20
40
60
80 100 120 140 Training Set Size
160
180
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G G :D9 - G~9 D
General Density Estimation Probabilistic Neural Networks
Flexible Naive Bayes
Naive Bayes with Discretization
Single Gaussian
Standard Naive Bayes
Independence Assumption
Naive Bayes with Single Multivariate Gaussian
Arbitrary Dependencies
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