Exploring the Web Search Patterns of Research ...

40 Exploring the Web Search Patterns of Research Scholars P.M. Naushad Ali Daud Khan Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Department of Library and Information Science, Department of Library and Information Science, AMU, Aligarh, UP, India AMU, Aligarh, UP, India E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Fakhrah Khanam Department of Library and Information Science, AMU, Aligarh, UP, India

Abstrct Search is one of the most arduous and fascinating quandaries in retrieving the sought information from the Web. At present time, web searcher is confronting with information overload phenomena. Due to this, there is an immense need to know how people search the Web. The purpose of the present study is to examine the web search patterns by the research scholars of Faculty of Social Science and Science, at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed randomly to the targeted population; of which 108 valid samples were collected representing the response rate of about 72 per cent. The findings of the study indicate that the majority of the research scholars have medium knowledge of computer. However, they utilize the web daily for their research purpose. Most of the research scholars explore web through the search engines and Google is the most favoured search engine. A good number of researchers use keywords for accessing the web. The vast majority of the scholars also used Boolean logic for extracting the desired information on the web. The findings of this study would assist research scholars of different organization and institutions in India to develop strategies and policies that could make better use of web-based information resources for education and research purpose. Conspicuously, in order to promote and exploit the e-resources to a greater extent, libraries should additionally look into the possibility of integrating e-resources into OPACs for more preponderant overtness and enable users to search numerous databases simultaneously. Keywords: Web Search; Patterns; Search Engines; World Wide Web; Research Scholars, Aligarh Muslim University 1. Introduction Over the last decade, there is a burgeoning development and expeditious growth in every field of literature and an increasing fragmentation of the knowledge have moulded formidable problems for the users regarding the extraction of desired knowledge from the Web. In

Exploring the Web Search Patterns of Research Scholars

379

present scenario, users are more concerned about the contents accessibility i.e. the exact, precise, pinpointed and comprehensive information existing on the web pertinent to their enquiries within the quickest possible time. In the present time, people are investing increasing amounts of time working with electronic data. Web searching services such as Google, Yahoo, and LYCOS etc. give easy access to the myriad sources of textual and multimedia data. More than one billion pages are recorded by search engines, and finding the coveted data is not a simple assignment (Spink, 2003). Therefore, there is mammoth need to identify useful patterns in searching the web through which users can get the sought information and knowledge. The research mentioned in this article is paying consideration to trace out the searching patterns in exploring the web by the research scholars in Faculty of Social Science and Science at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. 2. Review of Related Literature Several studies have been conducted on the web search patterns by the users. The present study has made an endeavour to cover a spectrum of works that transcend discussions about the web search pattern itself. Studies on the web search pattern by the users include that of Nneka, Obiora & Agbo (2014), who examined search strategies employed by undergraduate students of Library and Information Science (LIS), University of Nigeria. The findings of the study revealed that in order to explore the web, majority of the students employed the sundry search strategies viz. use of search engines, sourcing information from the university library database and key word searching albeit the students were oblivious of other search strategies such as Boolean operators, phrase searching, Truncation search, Proximity search and Fuzzy search. Furthermore, Haneefa & George (2012) discovered that most of the doctoral students search the web with basic keywords and Google was the most favored search engine followed by Yahoo. A similar study conducted by Duggan & Payne (2008) found that knowledge of a topic predicted search performance on that topic for all questions. White, Richardson, Bilenko & Heath (2008) proposed a machine learning way to support switching between search engines. It expands client’s quest viability for the present inquiry. Naushad Ali (2005) led a study to analyze the utilization of electronic information services among the users of the IIT Delhi library. The outcome divulges that Boolean logic and Truncation are most utilized search option by IIT Delhi users. 3. Research Objectives The ultimate aim of the present study is to investigate the web search patterns by the research scholars of Faculty of Social Science and Science at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. To accomplish the main purpose of the study following objectives are drawn:

•

To explore the web search pattern of research scholars in Faculty of Social Science and Science at AMU;

•

To identify the main purpose and frequency of using the web;

Dynamics of Library for Excellence in Electronic Revolution

380

• • •

To investigate the most preferred search engine; To explore the most popular search strategy among the research scholars; and To ascertain the difficulties in accessing web, while searching for information.

4. Research Methodology However, there are various methods of research available such as descriptive, experimental historical, etc., the investigators have adopted survey method as one of the descriptive research methods to examine the web search pattern by the research scholars through different data collection techniques. 4.1. Literature Survey The researcher has conducted a survey of relevant published literature to collect the required information and to cover all the spectrum of web searching. 4.2. Population and Selection of Sample The delegate populace for the present study comprise of research scholars pursuing PhD in any subject of Faculty of Social Science and Science at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Since the definitive intention of this study is to explore the web searching pattern among the research scholars in Aligarh Muslim University, hence the individual research scholars turn into the unit of enquiry. The accidental random sampling method was adopted by the investigators to carry out the study. Moreover, this research applied a personal approach to stimulate the respondents to partake in the survey, with the goal of getting a high response rate. A questionnaire was designed containing both open and close ended questions for the purpose of data collection. A total number of 150 questionnaires have been administered among research scholars through accidental random sampling. Out of 150 questionnaires, 52 questionnaires from Faculty of Social Sciences and 56 questionnaires from Faculty of Science were returned (total of 108 questionnaires), which shows a response rate of 72 %. The filled in questionnaires have been used in data collection for further studies. 4.3. Content of Questionnaire The questionnaire entails the two sections under study, the items include the demographic details of respondents, level of knowledge of computer, usage frequency of web, purpose of using web, problem faced while accessing web, different options preferred for searching web, preferred search engine and web browser, preferred search strategy etc.. In order to augment something or to eliminate lacunae in the questionnaire, a pilot study was conducted prior to administration of questionnaire to the research scholars. 5. Results and Discussions The collected data have been organized, analysed, tabulated and interpreted by using tables of percentages. On the basis of the responses received through questionnaires the data is demonstrated in the following headings:

Exploring the Web Search Patterns of Research Scholars

381

5.1 Level of Knowledge of Computers Respondents were asked to indicate the level of knowledge of computer as depicted in fig1. A large number of respondents (63.46% of research scholars in faculty of social sciences and 67.86% of research scholars in faculty of science) have “medium level” of knowledge of computers. It is even clear from the study that 28.85% of research scholars in faculty of social sciences and 30.35% of research scholars in faculty of science have “high level” of knowledge of computers. However, there are only 7.69% of research scholars in the faculty of social sciences and 1.79% of research scholars in faculty of science who have “low level” of knowledge of using computers.Thus it becomes apparent from the analysis that majority of the research scholars of both the mentioned faculties have medium level of knowledge of computers.

5.2 Frequency of Usage of Web Table-1: Frequency of use of web Frequency

Faculty of Social Sciences

Faculty of Science

No. of Respondents

No. of Respondents

Daily

43 (82.69%)

52 (92.85%)

Once a week

3(5.77%)

2 (3.57%)

Twice a week

2 (3.85%)

1 (1.79%)

Occasionally

4 (7.69%)

1(1.79%)

Table-1 gives the frequency of web usage by the research scholars of faculty of social science and science at AMU. The analysis of the data reveals that a large majority of research

Dynamics of Library for Excellence in Electronic Revolution

382

scholars in faculty of social science (82.69%) and faculty of science (92.85%) access the web “daily”. Whereas, a very few respondents i.e. 5.77% in faculty of social science and 3.57% in faculty of science use the web “once a week” respectively. It is also noted that, only (3.85% and 1.79%) of respondents in both the mentioned faculties access the web “twice a week”. It is very interesting that some of the research scholars explore the web “occasionally”. It is evident from the table-1 that majority of the research scholars of faculty of social sciences and faculty of science access the web daily. 5.3 Time Spent in Using Web Table-2: Time spent in using web Time spent

Faculty of Social Sciences No. of Respondents

Faculty of Science No. of Respondents

10-30 minutes

7 (13.46%)

5 (8.93%)

30 minutes-1 hour

12 (23.08)

7 (12.50%)

More than 1 hour

11(21.15%)

12 (21.43%)

Varies with the nature of work

22 (42.31%)

32 (57.14%)

The respondents were asked to indicate the time spent for accessing the web. Table-2 reveals that 42.31% of respondents in faculty of social sciences and 57.14% of the respondents in faculty of science marked that time spent by them for accessing the web “varies with the nature of work”. An adequate number (21.15% and 21.43%) of respondents in both the mentioned faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science respectively utilize the web for “more than one hour”. Although, a very less (13.46%) of respondents in faculty of social sciences and 8.93% of respondents in faculty of science spend their time on the web for less than thirty minutes. It can be seen that most of the research scholars of both the respective faculties spend their time in accessing the web as per the nature of their work. 5.4 Purpose of Using Web In order to know about the ultimate purpose of using the web, respondents were asked to indicate their motives behind the utilization of web and responses are portrayed in fig.2. From the analysis, it is found that a large majority of respondents i.e. (73.08%) in faculty of social science and (73.22%) faculty of science are using the web for the “research purpose” followed by 11.54% in faculty of social science and 12.50% in faculty of science access the web for the purpose of “study”. The remaining respondents opined that they use the web for the purpose of “collect general information and entertainment” and “For entertainment”. We can conclude that research scholars of both the mentioned faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science access the web for the variety of purposes but majority of them exploit the web for research purpose.

Exploring the Web Search Patterns of Research Scholars

383

5.5 Problems Faced While Accessing the Web In order to know about the major problems faced by the respondents in accessing the web, Investigators had given some problems related with the issue of web access. The responses of research scholars about 26.92% (Time consuming), 23.08% (Unable to find the sought information), 19.23% (Too many junk sites), 17.31% (Subscribable sites) are the major problems faced by the research scholars in faculty of social sciences. On the contrary, 28.57% (Subscribable sites), 26.79% (Time consuming), 21.43% (Too many junk sites), 7.14% (Unable to find the sough information) are the major problems faced by the research scholars in faculty of science. It can be understood that more or less, all the problems are being faced by the research scholars of both the mentioned faculties, while they access the web.

Dynamics of Library for Excellence in Electronic Revolution

384

5.6 Options for searching the Web Table-3: Options for searching the Web Searching options

Faculty of Social Sciences

Faculty of Science

No. of Respondents

No. of Respondents

URL address

8 (15.38%)

6 (10.72%)

Through website

9 (17.31%)

11 (19.64%)

Through search engines

35 (67.31%)

39 (69.64%)

Here an attempt is made by the investigators to identify the searching options being used by the respondents in exploring the web. It is evident from the table-3 that a majority of the respondents i.e. 67.31% in faculty of social sciences and 69.64% in faculty of science explore the web through search engines. A few respondents i.e. 17.31% in faculty of social sciences and 19.64% in faculty of science exploit the web through websites for seeking information. Furthermore, the least proportion of respondents (15.38% in faculty of social sciences and 10.72% in faculty of science) of research scholars uses URL address for accessing the web. It is evident from the analysis of data as portrayed in table3 that majority of the respondents’ explored web through the search engines.

5.7 Search Engine Table-4: Search Engine SearchEngine

Ranks Rank 1

Rank 2

So. Sc.

Sc.

So. Sc.

Sc.

Google

94.24% (49)

98.21% (55)

5.77% (3)

Yahoo

3.84% (2)

-

Alta Vista

1.92% (1)

Any Other

-

Rank 3

Rank 4

So. Sc.

Sc.

So. Sc.

Sc.

1.79% (1)

-

-

-

-

82.69% (43)

85.71% (48)

13.46% (7)

14.29% (8)

-

-

-

5.77% (3)

3.57% (2)

65.38% (34)

75% (42)

26.92% (14)

21.43% (12)

1.79% (1)

5.77% (3)

8.93% (5)

21.16% (11)

10.71% (6)

73.08% (38)

78.57% (44)

Respondents were asked to indicate the favorite search engine to explore the web as demonstrated in table-4. Google was found to be the most favorite and most used search engine by the respondents in both the faculties i.e. 94.24% in faculty of social science and 98.21% in faculty of science. Furthermore, Yahoo was found to be the second most favorite and most utilized search engine marked by the research scholars with 82.69% in faculty of social science and 85.71% in faculty of science. It is very intriguing that an adequate number of respondents i.e. (65.38% in faculty of social science and 75% in faculty of science) preferred Alta Vista to seek information on the web. MSN, LYCOS are the other search engines used by the respondents for gathering the information on the web. Overall analysis of data shows that Google is the most preferred search engine and ranked at first place by the respondents followed by yahoo and Alta Vista. It is also found that an adequate number of research scholars are using MSN, LYCOS for seeking information on the web.

84.62% (44) 11.54% (6) 1.92% (1) 1.92% (1)

Mozilla Firefox

Netscape Navigator-

Internet Explorer

Any Other

So. Sc.

Sc.

3.57% (2)

1.78% (1)

5.77%

7.15% (4)

87.5% (49)

Rank 1

Google chrome

Web Browser

5.8 Web Browser

1.92% (1)

28.85% (15)

8.94% (3)

50% (26)

13.46% (7)

So. Sc.

-

26.76% (15)

17.31% (5)

53.58% (30)

10.72% (6)

Sc.

Rank 2

-

46.15% (24)

12.5% (9)

34.62% (18)

1.92% (1)

So. Sc.

-

51.79% (29)

73.07% (7)

33.93% (19)

1.78% (1)

Sc.

Rank 3

Ranks

Table-5: Web Browser

3.85% (2)

19.23% (10)

76.79% (38)

3.85% (2)

-

So. Sc.

1.78% (1)

17.86% (10)

3.85% (43)

3.57% (2)

-

Sc.

Rank 4

92.3% (48)

3.85% (2)

3.57% (2)

-

-

So. Sc.

94.64% (53)

1.78% (1)

(2)

-

-

Sc.

Rank 5

Exploring the Web Search Patterns of Research Scholars 385

386

Dynamics of Library for Excellence in Electronic Revolution

Research scholars were asked to indicate the most used web browser to gather the information on the web. Table-5 reveals that 84.62% and 87.50% research scholars of faculty of social science and faculty of science respectively indicated that Google Chrome is the most used and popular web browser and they placed it at first rank. Mozilla Firefox ranked second by the respondents with 50% in faculty of social science and 53.58% in faculty of science. Internet Explorer ranked third by the respondents in both the faculties i.e. (46.15% in social science and 51.79% in science) followed by Netscape Navigator with 73.07% in faculty of social science and 76.79% in faculty of science. Taken as a whole, it is evident from the analysis that Google Chrome is the most preferred and most utilized web browser among the research scholars in both the mentioned faculties i.e. faculty of science and faculty of science followed by Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer. 5.9 Ways of searching Web The web can be explored through different search methods such as keyword search, phrase search, database search, subject heading search etc. Here, research scholars were asked to indicate the most preferred search technique to access the web and their responses are displayed in fig.4. The responses of respondents about 51.92% (Keyword search), 25% (Subject heading search), 13.46% (Database search), 9.62% (Phrase search) are the searching method preferred by research scholars in faculty of social science. On the other hand, 53.57% (Keyword search), 21.43% (Subject heading search), 21.43% (Database search), 3.57% (Phrase search) are the searching techniques adopted by research scholars in faculty of science. Therefore, it is apparent that majority of the research scholars in both the mentioned faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science preferred keyword search followed by subject heading search to extract the sought information on the web.

Exploring the Web Search Patterns of Research Scholars

387

5.10 Search Strategy Due to the expeditious and exponential growth of literature, it is very difficult to extract the sought information on the web. Here, search strategy plays an important role to find out the desired information on the web through different techniques. Table-6: Search Strategy Search Strategy

Faculty of Social Sciences

Faculty of Science

No. of Respondents

No. of Respondents

Boolean Logic

37 (71.16%)

40 (71.43%)

Nesting

11 (21.15%)

2 (3.57%)

Truncation

3 (5.77%)

11 (19.64%)

Wildcard

1 (1.92%)

3 (5.36%)

In response to the question, a large majority of respondents i.e. (71.16%) in faculty of social science and (71.43%) in faculty or science are extracting the information on the web through “ Boolean logic”. It is very interesting that an adequate (21.15%) number of respondents in faculty of social science are using “Nesting” to extract the sough information on the web. On the other hand, “Truncation” technique is generally used by the respondent in faculty of science with 19.64%. However, respondents in both the mentioned faculties merely use “Wildcard” technique. It is apparent from the table-6 that majority of the research scholars in both the faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science are using Boolean logic to extract the sought information on the web. 5.12 Steps taken after facing difficulty in using Web An attempt has been made to know about the steps taken by the respondents while they faced difficulty in accessing the web. It is clearly depicts in the fig.5 that more than half of the respondents, (55.36%) in faculty of social science and (53.85%) in faculty of science take help from their friends, while they faced problem in using the web. However, an adequate number of respondents i.e. (37.50% in faculty of social science and 28.85% in faculty of science) having the attitude that they can resolve their problems by themselves. A very less number of research scholars indicated that they feel dejected and stop searching while they faced any kind of trouble in using the web. Figure-5 reveals that majority of the research scholars in both the mentioned faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science take help from their friends if they face any kind of difficulty in accessing the web.

Dynamics of Library for Excellence in Electronic Revolution

388

5.13 Searching the Web: a difficult task or not Table-7: Searching the Web: A difficult task or not Web Searching: a difficult task

Faculty of Social Sciences

Faculty of Science

No. of Respondents

No. of Respondents

Yes

40 (76.93%)

51 (91.07%)

No

12 (23.07%)

5 (8.93%)

Search is a standout amongst the most arduous and entrancing binds in recovering the sought data from the Web. At the present time, web searcher is meeting with abundant information. In this regard, a question was asked to the respondents whether exploring the web is a problematic task or not as demonstrated in table-7. In response to the question, almost all the respondents (91.07%) in faculty of science claimed that searching the web is a difficult task. On the other hand, an adequate (76.93%) number of respondents in faculty social science also indicated that searching the web is a difficult task. It is also noted that a few (23.07%) and (8.93%) of respondents in both mentioned faculties i.e. faculty of science and faculty of social science indicated they are not confronting with any kind of difficulty in using the web. 6. Findings The major findings of the survey conducted among the research scholars of faculty of social science and faculty of science at AMU under the study are given below:

Exploring the Web Search Patterns of Research Scholars

389

 The study divulged that majority of research scholars in both the faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science have medium level knowledge of computer.  It is observed that most of the research scholars in faculty of social sciences and faculty of sciences access the web daily. However, the number of research scholars in faculty of science, who access the web daily is comparatively more than that of the research scholars in faculty of social sciences.  A large majority of the research scholars in both the mentioned faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science explore the web for their research purpose.  It is significant to note that research scholars in both the faculties consider almost all the mentioned problems to be a hurdle in their web searching process. Most of the research scholars of faculty of social sciences were unable to find the searched material whereas most of the research scholars of faculty of science find subscribable sites to be the biggest problem.  Google found to be the most preferred search engine and they ranked it at first position. Moreover, Google chrome was also ranked first among the web browser.  The study discloses that keyword searching is used by majority of the research scholars.  Majority of the Research Scholars of both the faculties uses Boolean Logic as their search strategy and they came to know about it from their friends.  The study even found that most of the research scholars of both the faculties find Web Searching to be a difficult task. 7. Suggestions & Recommendations In the light of the analysis of data received, findings of the survey, the opinion and recommendation received from the research scholars participated in the study and personal observations of the investigators, the following suggestion are made in order to improve the web searching of research scholars at AMU.

•

Information literacy programs should be organized in both the faculties, i.e. faculty of social sciences and faculty of science to inculcate and enhance Information Communication Technology among the research scholars.

•

The study recommends that there is a need to conduct intensive training programme for research scholars of both the faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science to help them acquire the essential search strategies for effective information retrieval.

•

There should be a compulsory inclusion of a computer course with an emphasis laid on search strategy for a minimum time period of six months for the research scholars of both the faculties, so that they become skilled in using IT and its resources.

Dynamics of Library for Excellence in Electronic Revolution

390

•

Libraries should provide assistance to research scholars of both the mentioned faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science in order to well-fiercely search the data on the web.

•

In order to promote and better exploit the e-resources for academic purposes, libraries should additionally look into the possibility of integrating e-resources into OPACs for more preponderant overtness and enable users to search numerous databases simultaneously.

8. Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that the study has clear implications for information literacy instruction in the context of ‘search strategy’. The use of internet has revolutionized the way and manner in which the global community seeks information. The results of the study clearly indicate that the research scholars of both the faculties i.e. faculty of social science and faculty of science extensively used the web for their research purpose. In relation to the method of learning search strategy, majority of them learnt the search strategies by discussing with friends. It is also pointed out that, a very few research scholars took help from their staff to learn the search strategies. However there is a lacuna in proper execution of search strategies that can be filled with information literacy so that the users can access the qualitative information available on the web. 9. References Bhatti, R., Naeem, S. B., Jamil, R. M., & Shah, S. T. M. (2014). Internet-based information usage pattern of paediatricians: a survey of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved December 8, 2016 from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1023/ Collins-Thompson, K., Bennett, P. N., White, R. W., De La Chica, S., & Sontag, D. (2011, October). Personalizing web search results by reading level. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management (pp. 403-412). ACM. Retrieved February 8, 2017 from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2063639 Duggan, G. B., & Payne, S. J. (2008, April). Knowledge in the head and on the web: Using topic expertise to aid search. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 39-48). ACM. Retrieved February 1, 2017 from http://dl.acm.org/ citation.cfm?id=1357062 Haneefa K, Mohamed & George, Sheena. (2012). Web based information retrieval pattern of doctoral students in Calicut University. Annals of library and information studies, 57, 394-402. Retrieved January 11, 2017 from http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/11058 Hsieh-Yee, I. (2001). Research on Web search behavior. Library & Information Science Research, 23(2), 167-185. Retrieved January 3, 2017 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0740-8188(01)00069-X Kumar, G. K. & Kumbar, Mallinath. (2012). Use and search pattern of electronic resources in five autonomous engineering colleges. Trends in information management (TRIM), 8(2), 90-99. Retrieved January 9, 2017, from http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/ojs/index.php/TRIM/article/view/1675/ 1478

Exploring the Web Search Patterns of Research Scholars

391

Malik, A., & Mahmood, K. (2009). Web search behavior of university students: A case study at University of the Punjab. Webology, 6(2), 1-14. Retrieved February 9, 2017, from http:// www.webology.org/2009/v6n2/a70.html Nneka, H., Obiora, C., & Agbo Miss, J. (2014). Internet Search Strategies Employed By Library and Information Science Students of University of Nigeria, For Research. Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1194/ PM Naushad Ali. (2005). The use of electronic resources at IIT Delhi Library: A Study of search behaviours. The Electronic Library, 23(6), 691-700. Retrieved January 19, 2017 from http:// dx.doi.org/10.1108/02640470510635773 Sife, A. S. (2013). Web Search Behaviour of Postgraduate Students at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania. Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved January 29, 2017, from http:/ /digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/897/ Spink, Amanda. (2003). Web search: Emerging Patterns. Library Trends, 52(2), 299-306. Retrieved February 2, 2017, from

http://hdl.handle.net/2142/8530

Tsai, Meng-Jung, Liang, Jyh-Chong, Hou, Huei-Tse & Tsai,Chin-Chung. (2012). University Students’ Online Searching Strategies in different contexts. Australian Journal of educational technology, 28(5), 881-895. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from http://ir.lib.ntust.edu.tw/handle/987654321/44246 White, R. W., Richardson, M., Bilenko, M., & Heath, A. P. (2008, July). Enhancing web search by promoting multiple search engine use. In Proceedings of the 31st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval (pp. 43-50). ACM. Retrieved February 13, 2017 from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1390344