Export Destinations and Input Prices Appendix B: First Stage Tables

Export Destinations and Input Prices

Paulo Bastos Joana Silva Eric Verhoogen July 2017

Appendix B: First Stage Tables For Online Publication

Table B1. First stage for baseline IV estimates, export rank 1-25 log avg. dest. income Instrument log avg. dest. distance export share of sales log sales United Kingdom United States Sweden Switzerland Brazil Norway Japan Angola Singapore Israel Turkey Australia Canada Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Hong Kong Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.00*** 0.51*** 0.01*** -0.01 0.00 0.15*** 0.12** -0.04*** -0.07* 0.04** -0.02*** 0.00 0.01 0.05*** 0.00 -0.01 0.02 0.06 -0.04** 0.00 -0.01 0.05* 0.05 -0.01 0.07 -0.04 0.02*** 0.01

0.49*** 0.01*** -0.01 0.00 0.15*** 0.12** -0.04*** -0.07* 0.04** -0.02*** 0.00 0.01 0.05*** 0.00 -0.01 0.02 0.06 -0.04** 0.00 -0.01 0.05* 0.05 -0.01 0.07 -0.04 0.02*** 0.01

0.01*** -0.07* 0.01 0.24*** 0.12* -0.05*** -0.04 0.05** -0.02*** -0.07 -0.00 0.07*** -0.02 -0.01 0.01 0.03 -0.03* 0.00 -0.00 0.10*** 0.06 -0.15** 0.08* -0.04 0.02** -0.09

6.13*** 0.08*** 0.31 -0.29** 0.11 0.50 0.47*** 0.13 -0.04 0.30*** 0.68** 0.20 -0.10 0.22 -0.20 1.06** 0.26 -0.16** 0.12 0.20 -0.22 0.19 2.09*** 0.10 -0.23 0.08 0.68

0.11*** -0.39 -0.18 1.31*** 0.55 0.43*** 0.52 0.11 0.31*** -0.21 0.07 0.15 -0.05 -0.29 0.92* -0.08 -0.04 0.14 0.36 0.40** 0.42 0.37 0.32 -0.24 0.10 -0.51

0.01*** -0.11*** 0.02 0.20*** 0.01 -0.01 0.06 0.02 0.00 -0.14*** -0.02 0.04* -0.04 -0.02 -0.02 -0.06 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.10*** 0.04 -0.28*** 0.04 -0.00 0.00 -0.19***

Y Y Y 45659 0.95

Y Y Y 45659 0.95

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.95

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96

Notes: Table presents first-stage estimates corresponding Table 6. Covariate corresponding to fourth row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from UK)*(real exchange rate in UK, current year). Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly. Table continued on following three pages. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table B1. (Continued) First stage for baseline IV estimates, export rank 26-50 log avg. dest. income Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.01 -0.10 -0.13** -0.01 0.02 0.02 0.05 -0.10** -0.02 -0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.02 0.00 -0.05*** 0.01 0.13 -0.00 0.02 -0.25 -0.05 0.04 0.00 -0.29*** -0.03

-0.01 -0.10 -0.13** -0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 -0.10** -0.02 -0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.02 0.00 -0.05*** 0.01 0.12 -0.00 0.02 -0.25 -0.05 0.04 0.00 -0.29*** -0.03

-0.03 -0.10 -0.19*** -0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 -0.06 -0.01 -0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.06 -0.01 -0.06*** 0.02 0.17 -0.01 0.01 -0.23 -0.02 0.08 -0.00 -0.30*** -0.01

0.11 0.05 0.57 0.01 0.82*** -0.52 -3.04*** 0.40 -0.18 -0.22 0.18 -0.65 -0.20 -0.34 0.16 -0.19 0.61 -0.37 0.16* -0.72 -0.23 -0.52 -0.03 -0.27 0.44

-0.04 -0.02 -0.22 -0.33 0.99*** -0.18 -3.07** 0.80** -0.03 -0.19 0.06 -0.91** 0.24 -0.46 0.07 -0.04 1.12** -0.41 0.01 -0.46 0.16 0.01 -0.13 -0.39 0.70**

-0.02 -0.01 -0.13* -0.06** 0.03 0.06 -0.00 0.07 0.02 0.01 -0.02 -0.04 0.07 -0.02 -0.01 0.02 0.08 -0.01 -0.03* 0.04 0.06 0.09 -0.02 -0.02 0.04

Table B1. (Continued) First stage for baseline IV estimates, export rank 51-75 log avg. dest. income Instrument Ghana Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

0.04 -0.00 -0.01 -0.17 -0.10* -0.02 -0.12 0.02 -0.12 0.37 0.04*** -0.06 0.60 0.16 0.12* -0.30* -0.11 -0.28*** 0.05 -0.06 -0.06** 0.01 0.23* 0.02 0.01

0.04 -0.00 -0.01 -0.17 -0.10* -0.02 -0.11 0.02 -0.12 0.36 0.04*** -0.06 0.60 0.16 0.12 -0.30* -0.11 -0.28*** 0.05 -0.06 -0.06** 0.01 0.23* 0.02 0.01

0.11* 0.02 0.00 -0.16 -0.03 0.01 -0.12 0.02 -0.14 0.04 0.03 -0.12 0.76 0.17 0.07 -0.28 -0.15* -0.32*** 0.05 -0.19 -0.05* 0.11 0.18 0.03 0.05

-0.25 -0.32 0.07 -0.00 -1.16 -0.48 -1.21 -0.23 0.05 6.01 -0.03 0.48 1.64 -0.32 0.52 -0.71 0.54 1.50** 0.34 -0.04 -0.47** -0.47 0.65 -0.15 0.41

0.54 -0.13 0.30 0.11 -0.36 -0.11 -1.26 -0.24 -0.11 2.12 -0.18 -0.33 3.61 -0.12 -0.14 -0.50 0.06 1.00 0.30 -1.68 -0.40 0.77** 0.05 -0.01 0.92*

0.13 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.13 0.06 -0.01 -0.00 -0.03 -0.63 -0.02 -0.13* 0.32 0.03 -0.11 0.04 -0.08 -0.08 -0.01 -0.27 0.01 0.20** -0.10 0.02 0.08*

Table B1. (Continued) First stage for baseline IV estimates, export rank 76-100 log avg. dest. income Instrument El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.00 -0.08 0.01 0.02 0.06 -0.25** -0.89* -0.09** 0.03 0.09 -0.06* -0.00 0.02 -0.03 0.50* 0.05 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.37 -0.60 0.06 -0.42*** -0.15** 0.96**

-0.01 -0.08 0.01 0.02 0.07 -0.25** -0.91* -0.09** 0.03 0.09 -0.06* -0.01 0.02 -0.03 0.50* 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.36 -0.61 0.06 -0.41*** -0.15** 0.97**

-0.04 -0.12 0.04 0.03 -0.04 -0.34** -1.45*** -0.10** 0.05 0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.03 -0.04 1.23*** 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.39 -1.55** 0.06 -0.22 -0.11 1.01**

1.20*** -0.38 -0.07 0.23 -3.22 2.26 7.66*** 0.23 -0.52 0.27 0.03 0.71** 0.55 0.89 -2.67 -0.40 -0.83 0.03 -0.29 3.28 5.20 0.04 -1.97 -1.24 -4.03

0.79* -0.82 0.34 0.31 -4.51 1.20 0.91 0.05 -0.27 -0.05 0.26 0.51* 0.67 0.82 6.38** -0.99* -0.13 -0.97 -0.39 3.56 -6.55 0.05 0.50 -0.80 -3.55

-0.07 -0.07 0.07 0.01 -0.21 -0.17 -1.10** -0.03 0.04 -0.05 0.04 -0.03 0.02 -0.01 1.48*** -0.10 0.11 -0.16 -0.02 0.05 -1.92** 0.00 0.40* 0.07 0.08

Table B2. First stage for IV with interactions with market power measures, export rank 1-25 log avg. dest. inc.*

Instrument log sales United Kingdom United States Sweden Switzerland Brazil Norway Japan Angola Singapore Israel Turkey Australia Canada Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Hong Kong Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

0.01*** -0.12*** 0.00 0.23*** 0.02 -0.05*** -0.00 0.06* -0.02*** -0.14** 0.01 0.04 0.01 -0.01 -0.04 -0.05 -0.03 -0.02 -0.04 0.11*** 0.02 -0.09 0.14 -0.01 0.00 -0.40***

0.01*** -0.15*** 0.02 0.17*** -0.07 0.01 0.04 0.02 -0.00 -0.14** -0.01 0.02 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04 -0.16*** 0.02 0.01 -0.03 0.10 0.04 -0.18*** -0.06 0.02 0.01 -0.20**

0.12*** -0.59* -0.15 1.35*** 0.30 0.45*** 0.30 0.22 0.33*** -0.37 0.00 0.22 0.15 -0.44** 1.23* -0.79 -0.08 0.23 0.59 0.67*** 0.66* 0.44 -0.50 -0.12 0.04 -1.44***

-0.00** -0.01 0.01 0.02** -0.04*** -0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.01* 0.01 -0.00 0.01 -0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.04*** -0.03 -0.02 0.02*** -0.01 0.07

-0.00** -0.02** 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01** -0.01 0.01** -0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.00* -0.00 0.01 -0.01** 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 0.02*** -0.01 0.02

0.00 -0.00 0.00* -0.00 -0.00 0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 -0.00 -0.02 0.02 0.00 -0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 -0.00 -0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.02

Y Y Y 43776 0.94

Y Y Y 43776 0.96

Y Y Y 43776 0.93

Y Y Y 43776 1.00

Y Y Y 43776 1.00

Y Y Y 43776 1.00

Notes: Table presents first-stage estimates corresponding to Column 4 of Appendix Table 11. Covariate corresponding to fifth row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from UK)*(relative price level in UK, current year). Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly in following three pages. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table B2. (Continued) First stage for IV with interactions with market power measures, export rank 26-50 log avg. dest. inc.*

Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.04 -0.07 -0.19 -0.02 0.04* 0.07 0.12 -0.12 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.12 0.05 -0.15 -0.05* -0.00 0.25 0.02 -0.02 -0.05 0.06 0.12 -0.02 -0.42*** -0.07

-0.04 0.05 0.03 -0.03** 0.07*** 0.04 -0.05 0.20 0.02 0.09 -0.06 -0.08 0.08 0.11 -0.01 0.00 0.20 0.08 -0.03 -0.22 0.12** 0.09 -0.03*** -0.03 -0.05

-0.17** 0.07 -0.60 -0.20 1.33*** -0.25 -2.78*** 1.04 0.16 0.45 -0.15 -0.52 -0.05 -0.73 0.30* -0.15 2.30 -0.53 0.04 0.15 0.73 0.51 -0.11 -1.17 0.89*

-0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.00 0.00 -0.02 -0.03 -0.04 0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.00 0.01 -0.14*** -0.00 -0.01 -0.08 0.03* 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.08** 0.00

-0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.00 -0.00 -0.02 -0.03 -0.00 0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.00 -0.02 0.01 -0.00 -0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.01 -0.00

-0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.03 -0.02 -0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.00 0.00 -0.00 -0.00 -0.04 0.01 0.00 -0.06 0.00 -0.03** -0.00 -0.01 -0.00


Instrument Ghana Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

0.26** 0.12** -0.15* -0.11 -0.04 -0.56 -0.02 0.00 -0.19 -0.57 -0.01 -0.19* 1.40 0.45** -0.01 -1.01*** -0.25 -1.07** 0.05 0.00 0.07 0.09 0.39 0.02 0.19

0.34*** 0.03 -0.04 -0.24*** 0.08 0.13 -0.18 0.00 0.00 -1.29 0.08 -0.21* 0.38 0.07 -0.18 -0.68 -0.19 -0.92 -0.02 -0.12 0.12 0.13 -0.04 -0.00 0.19

1.52*** -0.15 -0.48 -0.60 -1.66 -0.25 -2.70 0.24 -0.14 -0.46 -0.22 -0.36 4.98 1.95 -0.95 -3.16* 1.19 -6.50 0.77 -1.26 0.05 0.87* 1.86 0.13 2.60

-0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 0.04 0.21 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.08 -0.01 0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 0.08* -0.01 -0.08 0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.06 -0.04 0.01 -0.01

0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.12 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.10 -0.01 0.02 0.14 -0.01 -0.01 -0.09 -0.01 -0.03 0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 -0.00 0.01

0.04 -0.00 -0.00 0.02 -0.02 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.27 0.01 0.02 -0.04 0.02 -0.01 -0.04 -0.02 -0.05 0.02 -0.02 -0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.03


Instrument El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.07 -0.13* 0.11 0.18 -1.22 -0.25 -3.31* 0.12 0.11 -0.01 -0.09 0.00 0.05 -0.06 0.64 -0.15 -0.12 1.01 -0.31** 1.26 -1.21 0.09 -0.23 0.55 -0.06

0.14 -0.10 0.20 0.54** -0.54 0.38* -0.93 -0.64 0.03 -0.01 -0.02 -0.11 0.04 0.10 1.29 -0.13 0.17 0.24 -0.09 -5.03 -3.14 -0.06** 0.43** -0.37 2.96

1.70** -1.03 1.06 5.63** 19.10 4.73 6.36 -1.83 -2.45 -0.32 -0.31 -0.07 0.88 0.63 1.45 -0.65 -0.56 1.68 -0.64 -29.65 -8.96 -0.30 -2.31 2.41 9.12

0.03 -0.01 0.02 0.12*** 0.22 0.14 -0.46 -0.02 -0.05 -0.09* 0.02 -0.03 0.00 0.01 -0.03 0.11* 0.06 -0.30 -0.04 0.58 -0.36 -0.00 0.04 0.14 0.09

-0.01 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.17 0.03 -0.02 0.03 0.01 -0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 -0.03 0.00 0.08 0.02 -0.13 -0.09 -0.02 -0.37 0.02* -0.03 -0.01 -0.20

-0.02 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.00 -0.02 -0.02 0.09 0.01 -0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.02 0.20 0.01 0.01 -0.04 -0.08 -0.17 -0.55 0.01* -0.05 -0.09 -0.10


Instrument United Kingdom*herfindahl (suppliers) United States*herfindahl (suppliers) Sweden*herfindahl (suppliers) Switzerland*herfindahl (suppliers) Brazil*herfindahl (suppliers) Norway*herfindahl (suppliers) Japan*herfindahl (suppliers) Angola*herfindahl (suppliers) Singapore*herfindahl (suppliers) Israel*herfindahl (suppliers) Turkey*herfindahl (suppliers) Australia*herfindahl (suppliers) Canada*herfindahl (suppliers) Morocco*herfindahl (suppliers) Hungary*herfindahl (suppliers) Russia*herfindahl (suppliers) South Africa*herfindahl (suppliers) Chile*herfindahl (suppliers) Hong Kong*herfindahl (suppliers) Poland*herfindahl (suppliers) Cape Verde*herfindahl (suppliers) China*herfindahl (suppliers) Saudi Arabia*herfindahl (suppliers) Argentina*herfindahl (suppliers) Tunisia*herfindahl (suppliers)

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

0.06 0.08 0.41*** -0.66*** 0.07 0.08 -0.13 0.03 0.08 -0.08 0.21** -0.06 -0.08 -0.22 0.25*** 0.03 0.13 -0.15 -0.18 0.36* 0.15 -0.58** 0.15 0.02 1.30***

-0.09 0.15** 0.53*** -0.59*** -0.12*** -0.05 -0.24** 0.03 -0.08 -0.22*** 0.04 -0.02 0.10 0.11 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.02 -0.16 0.47** 0.41* -0.28** 0.11 0.04*** 0.60*

-0.25 0.21 1.51 -2.76 -0.30 -0.17 -1.12 0.39 -1.02 0.00 -0.27 0.33 0.74 -0.79 0.02 -0.32 0.98* -1.07 -1.58* 0.84 6.44** -3.09 2.52** -0.07 4.76

-0.11** 0.04 0.27*** -0.01 -0.04*** -0.04 0.05* -0.01 0.04 -0.03 0.05 -0.11* -0.03 0.15** 0.14 -0.04 0.02 -0.05 0.05 -0.07 0.05 0.12* -0.01 0.03 -0.21

0.06** -0.02 -0.01 0.07 0.03** 0.05 0.04** -0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 0.02 -0.03 -0.06 -0.09 -0.03*** 0.01 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.03 -0.01 0.03** 0.07 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.02 0.03* 0.01 -0.06 -0.04 -0.04 0.00 -0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.05*** -0.17 -0.05** 0.01 0.08

Notes: Covariate corresponding to first row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from UK)*(relative price level in UK, current year) interacted with market power measure. Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly. Robust standard errors in parentheses.


Instrument Korea*herfindahl (suppliers) Czech Republic*herfindahl (suppliers) Algeria*herfindahl (suppliers) Mexico*herfindahl (suppliers) Mozambique*herfindahl (suppliers) Thailand*herfindahl (suppliers) Guinea-Bissau*herfindahl (suppliers) Panama*herfindahl (suppliers) Venezuela*herfindahl (suppliers) India*herfindahl (suppliers) Egypt*herfindahl (suppliers) Cyprus*herfindahl (suppliers) New Zealand*herfindahl (suppliers) Slovak Republic*herfindahl (suppliers) Macao*herfindahl (suppliers) Uruguay*herfindahl (suppliers) Bulgaria*herfindahl (suppliers) Iceland*herfindahl (suppliers) Zimbabwe*herfindahl (suppliers) Senegal*herfindahl (suppliers) Colombia*herfindahl (suppliers) Jordan*herfindahl (suppliers) Nigeria*herfindahl (suppliers) Pakistan*herfindahl (suppliers) Malaysia*herfindahl (suppliers) Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.13 0.21 -0.34 -0.11 -0.09 -0.21 -0.07 0.05 0.12 -0.19 0.16 0.00 0.22 -1.52*** -0.07 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.15 0.43 -0.07 0.35 -0.00 1.11*** 0.31*

-0.07 0.10 -0.51 -0.19* -0.14* -0.18 0.19 0.24 0.10 -0.77*** 0.08 0.08 0.04 -0.36 -0.07 -0.15 0.02 0.15 -0.11* 0.06 0.08 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.45***

0.13 -0.26 4.08** -1.28 -0.19 -0.46 7.86 3.29 2.84 -6.68*** -1.11 -1.13 1.18 0.80 0.60 -0.24 -0.42 0.26 -1.14* -11.62 0.95 -3.95 -0.38 1.15 2.13*

-0.09*** -0.03 -0.21* -0.06 0.07 0.01 0.11 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.12 0.27* -0.48* -0.11*** 0.02** 0.23 -0.05 0.06 -0.28* 0.06 0.22** -0.03* -0.15 0.07

-0.01 0.04 0.01 -0.01* 0.00 -0.02 0.03 -0.01 -0.00 -0.11 0.02 -0.14* 0.10*** -0.00 -0.03 0.00 0.03 0.01 -0.00 0.21 0.08 -0.05 0.00 -0.17 0.07

-0.00 0.09 -0.02 -0.00 -0.03** -0.02 0.02 -0.04 -0.02 -0.12 0.04 -0.13 0.07 0.03 -0.02 0.00 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.61 0.06 0.05 0.00 -0.05 0.10**


Instrument Ghana*herfindahl (suppliers) Philippines*herfindahl (suppliers) Kuwait*herfindahl (suppliers) Romania*herfindahl (suppliers) Lithuania*herfindahl (suppliers) Moldova*herfindahl (suppliers) Kenya*herfindahl (suppliers) Dominican Republic*herfindahl (suppliers) Ukraine*herfindahl (suppliers) Cote d’Ivoire*herfindahl (suppliers) Libya*herfindahl (suppliers) Syrian Arab Republic*herfindahl (suppliers) Croatia*herfindahl (suppliers) Guatemala*herfindahl (suppliers) Peru*herfindahl (suppliers) Estonia*herfindahl (suppliers) Vietnam*herfindahl (suppliers) Ethiopia*herfindahl (suppliers) Mauritius*herfindahl (suppliers) Latvia*herfindahl (suppliers) Paraguay*herfindahl (suppliers) Bahrain*herfindahl (suppliers) Sri Lanka*herfindahl (suppliers) Iran*herfindahl (suppliers) Netherlands Antilles*herfindahl (suppliers) Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.42 -0.09 0.13 -0.32 0.18 -0.31 1.46*** 0.27 0.37 -2.09 0.48 0.46 -2.01 -1.51*** 0.23 4.90*** -0.19 2.54 0.10 -0.75 -0.05 -0.33 -0.48 0.14 0.05

-0.69** 0.10 0.01 0.35 0.65 -0.18 1.55 0.33 -0.18 -0.84 -0.04 -0.31 -3.78 0.06 1.28*** 4.56*** 0.63 0.71 1.04 -0.70 0.23** -0.19 -0.05 0.32*** 0.43

-0.56 -0.81 -4.68 1.21 0.59 -0.01 8.01 4.35*** -1.25 27.05 1.10 -4.24 -13.57 0.19 8.53** 9.57 5.17 7.99 5.87 -2.01 0.86 1.96 -3.91 2.27 3.57**

0.01 0.07 -0.17 0.01 -0.12 -0.20 0.33 -0.13 -0.08 -0.99 0.15 -0.31*** 1.12 -0.00 0.29 0.26 -0.02 -0.01 0.08 -0.31* -0.01 0.33 0.30 0.04 0.12

-0.06 0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.07 -0.07 0.36 -0.04 -0.04 -0.44 0.09 -0.01 -0.24 0.03 0.14* 0.46* 0.08 0.10 -0.18 -0.08 -0.06 0.11 0.15* 0.01 -0.01

-0.16* -0.03 -0.03 -0.09 0.10 -0.12 0.43 -0.00 -0.01 -0.86*** 0.01 0.09 -0.09 -0.09 0.09 0.42 0.04 0.14 -0.29 -0.03 -0.01 -0.04 0.17 0.02* 0.03


Instrument El Salvador*herfindahl (suppliers) Armenia*herfindahl (suppliers) Malawi*herfindahl (suppliers) Jamaica*herfindahl (suppliers) Yemen*herfindahl (suppliers) Gabon*herfindahl (suppliers) Cameroon*herfindahl (suppliers) Tanzania*herfindahl (suppliers) Costa Rica*herfindahl (suppliers) Qatar*herfindahl (suppliers) Indonesia*herfindahl (suppliers) Honduras*herfindahl (suppliers) Kazakhstan*herfindahl (suppliers) Zambia*herfindahl (suppliers) Burkina Faso*herfindahl (suppliers) Bangladesh*herfindahl (suppliers) Madagascar*herfindahl (suppliers) Georgia*herfindahl (suppliers) Albania*herfindahl (suppliers) Togo*herfindahl (suppliers) Benin*herfindahl (suppliers) Dem. Rep. of Congo*herfindahl (suppliers) Rep. of Congo*herfindahl (suppliers) Mauritania*herfindahl (suppliers) Niger*herfindahl (suppliers) Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.30 0.00 0.11 0.80 -0.48 -2.70* 2.70 -1.08 -0.52 -0.55 0.16 -0.37 0.65 0.19 3.67 0.32 0.83 -4.56 1.96 -4.18 -0.80 -0.18 0.75 -3.20* 4.80

-0.80* 0.00 -0.15 -0.23 -2.72 -4.39 3.79 3.38 -0.01 0.17 0.14 -0.29 0.49 -0.13 1.67 -0.18 -0.38 -1.39 1.54 21.17 5.00 0.01 -1.45*** 2.40 0.65

-0.01 0.00 -1.10 -4.48 -143.61 -41.74 22.13 14.86 7.64 0.35 0.81 -0.37 1.26 4.61 15.25 3.09 0.94 -0.82 20.08 120.94 25.49 0.91 -25.89** -5.27 22.36

-0.38** 0.00 -0.15 0.04 -1.58 -1.64*** -0.31 -0.09 -0.05 0.23 -0.08 -0.10 0.09 0.06 1.21 -0.63*** 0.14 1.21 0.34 -2.48 0.53 -0.04*** -0.06 -0.71 0.85

-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 -1.19 0.06 0.09 -0.16 -0.09 0.03 -0.02 -0.03 0.05 0.19 0.19 -0.19 -0.05 0.52 0.61 -0.19 1.59 -0.04** 0.09 0.24 -0.15

0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.12 -0.78 0.24 -0.33 -0.39 -0.09 -0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 0.13 0.02 -0.04 -0.07 0.11 0.40 0.19 1.93 -0.00 0.16 0.49 -0.00


Instrument United Kingdom*herfindahl (purchasers) United States*herfindahl (purchasers) Sweden*herfindahl (purchasers) Switzerland*herfindahl (purchasers) Brazil*herfindahl (purchasers) Norway*herfindahl (purchasers) Japan*herfindahl (purchasers) Angola*herfindahl (purchasers) Singapore*herfindahl (purchasers) Israel*herfindahl (purchasers) Turkey*herfindahl (purchasers) Australia*herfindahl (purchasers) Canada*herfindahl (purchasers) Morocco*herfindahl (purchasers) Hungary*herfindahl (purchasers) Russia*herfindahl (purchasers) South Africa*herfindahl (purchasers) Chile*herfindahl (purchasers) Hong Kong*herfindahl (purchasers) Poland*herfindahl (purchasers) Cape Verde*herfindahl (purchasers) China*herfindahl (purchasers) Saudi Arabia*herfindahl (purchasers) Argentina*herfindahl (purchasers) Tunisia*herfindahl (purchasers) Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.15 -0.12 -0.09 0.08 -0.04 -0.03 2.04 -0.00 0.16 0.02 -0.05 -0.28 0.05 -0.23 -0.82 -0.03 0.10 -0.40 0.43 0.04 -0.24 -0.68 -0.11 0.21 -0.12

-0.13 -0.05 -0.03 0.08 -0.01 -0.22 1.83 -0.04 0.32 -0.00 0.06 -0.19 -0.06 -0.09 -0.71 0.02 0.04 0.29 0.33 0.30 0.05 -0.15 -0.34 0.07 -0.29

-0.63 -1.24 -0.12 1.47 0.14 -0.14 24.35 -1.58 1.28 0.02 0.94 -0.34 -0.47 -0.16 -23.95 0.73 0.02 3.44 0.97 1.24 8.48 -1.21 -1.00 -0.40 0.46

-0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.29 -0.00 0.02 -0.00 -0.01 -0.03* 0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 -0.08 0.07 0.01 0.00 -0.10 -0.01 0.02 0.00

0.02 0.02 0.05*** 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.31 -0.01 0.01 -0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.26 0.02 0.01 -0.06* 0.04 0.00 -0.10 -0.08 -0.04 0.03 0.02

0.00 -0.01 0.03* -0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.15 -0.00 -0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.00 0.04 0.07 -0.02 -0.00 -0.05 0.04 0.00 0.02 -0.08 0.00 0.05 -0.01


Instrument Korea*herfindahl (purchasers) Czech Republic*herfindahl (purchasers) Algeria*herfindahl (purchasers) Mexico*herfindahl (purchasers) Mozambique*herfindahl (purchasers) Thailand*herfindahl (purchasers) Guinea-Bissau*herfindahl (purchasers) Panama*herfindahl (purchasers) Venezuela*herfindahl (purchasers) India*herfindahl (purchasers) Egypt*herfindahl (purchasers) Cyprus*herfindahl (purchasers) New Zealand*herfindahl (purchasers) Slovak Republic*herfindahl (purchasers) Macao*herfindahl (purchasers) Uruguay*herfindahl (purchasers) Bulgaria*herfindahl (purchasers) Iceland*herfindahl (purchasers) Zimbabwe*herfindahl (purchasers) Senegal*herfindahl (purchasers) Colombia*herfindahl (purchasers) Jordan*herfindahl (purchasers) Nigeria*herfindahl (purchasers) Pakistan*herfindahl (purchasers) Malaysia*herfindahl (purchasers) Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.44 1.48*** -0.34 0.51** 0.40 0.50 0.94 -0.70 -0.00 0.73 -0.01 0.47 -0.78 -0.54 0.40* -0.64 1.62 0.78 0.00 8.18 0.98 -0.49 0.08 -0.32 -0.56

0.09 0.43 2.44 0.20 0.47 -0.39 0.83 0.95 -0.08 1.88 0.49 -0.12 0.07 -0.68*** 0.41* 0.58 2.64 0.39 0.16 5.51 -0.46 -1.04** -0.10 1.48 -2.07**

-0.59 -1.74 10.27 0.76 1.60 0.41 -6.45 -2.65 -8.38 15.70*** 0.95 6.84 -5.71*** -12.34 0.31 1.08 17.61 -7.38 -0.38 23.75 1.12 -11.31 -0.61 -3.71 -4.80

-0.06 -0.07 0.21 0.03 0.16 0.06 0.64* -0.63 0.04 0.21 -0.08 0.25 -0.38 -0.22 0.01 -0.20 -1.32 0.46*** -0.11*** 0.65 0.25 -0.50** 0.05 0.16 -0.40*

-0.06 -0.15 -0.20 0.05 -0.02 0.11 0.36 -0.27 -0.01 0.41 0.00 0.33 -0.36 -0.05 -0.02 -0.14 -0.28 0.15 0.01 0.06 -0.10 -0.13 -0.00 -0.11 -0.27

-0.05 -0.25 -0.09 -0.04 -0.01 0.12 0.03 -0.06 0.10*** 0.27 0.05 0.38 -0.25 -0.07 0.06 -0.08 -0.61 0.16 0.05 -0.46 -0.27 -0.08 -0.01 -0.01 -0.17


Instrument Ghana*herfindahl (purchasers) Philippines*herfindahl (purchasers) Kuwait*herfindahl (purchasers) Romania*herfindahl (purchasers) Lithuania*herfindahl (purchasers) Moldova*herfindahl (purchasers) Kenya*herfindahl (purchasers) Dominican Republic*herfindahl (purchasers) Ukraine*herfindahl (purchasers) Cote d’Ivoire*herfindahl (purchasers) Libya*herfindahl (purchasers) Syrian Arab Republic*herfindahl (purchasers) Croatia*herfindahl (purchasers) Guatemala*herfindahl (purchasers) Peru*herfindahl (purchasers) Estonia*herfindahl (purchasers) Vietnam*herfindahl (purchasers) Ethiopia*herfindahl (purchasers) Mauritius*herfindahl (purchasers) Latvia*herfindahl (purchasers) Paraguay*herfindahl (purchasers) Bahrain*herfindahl (purchasers) Sri Lanka*herfindahl (purchasers) Iran*herfindahl (purchasers) Netherlands Antilles*herfindahl (purchasers) Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.86 0.26 0.51 1.87 -1.99 -3.54 0.78 0.20 0.07 -20.27 -1.00 -0.49 14.29 2.47 -4.06*** -10.60** -2.44 -5.16* -1.82 0.08 2.17 -1.16 3.49 -0.00 2.79

-1.60 -0.38* 0.78 -0.37 0.01 0.85 -2.42 -0.11 0.65 -20.00** 0.05 -0.29 13.11 -2.39* -2.52 -12.01** -1.90 5.88*** -1.61 0.90 0.41 -0.91 0.94 -0.47 0.44

-12.68 0.10 6.36 2.02 -2.88 -5.28 -16.10** 2.81*** 1.67 -155.27** -6.33 -4.62 72.03 -8.68 -29.70 -29.89 1.81 43.40* -2.36 8.00 -0.65 -0.97 16.12 -2.79 31.65

0.30 -0.12 0.23 -0.02 0.23 2.21 -0.47 -0.15 0.05 0.84 -0.23 0.25 -1.10 1.00 -0.19 -0.24 0.55 -0.10 0.09 -0.26 -0.42 -0.46 -0.99 -0.20 -0.29

0.12 -0.11 -0.10 -0.06 -0.42 1.16 -0.19 -0.02 0.04 -0.58 -0.28 0.04 2.71 -0.07 0.05 -1.43** -0.17 -1.20* 0.30 -0.19 0.09 -0.02 -0.48 -0.12 0.43

-0.04 0.09 0.12 0.32 -0.52 0.64 -0.42 -0.02 0.09 -2.89 -0.03 -0.17 0.05 0.12 -0.15 -0.59 -0.28 -0.50 0.36 -0.06 0.00 0.12 -0.27 -0.21 0.49


Instrument El Salvador*herfindahl (purchasers) Armenia*herfindahl (purchasers) Malawi*herfindahl (purchasers) Jamaica*herfindahl (purchasers) Yemen*herfindahl (purchasers) Gabon*herfindahl (purchasers) Cameroon*herfindahl (purchasers) Tanzania*herfindahl (purchasers) Costa Rica*herfindahl (purchasers) Qatar*herfindahl (purchasers) Indonesia*herfindahl (purchasers) Honduras*herfindahl (purchasers) Kazakhstan*herfindahl (purchasers) Zambia*herfindahl (purchasers) Burkina Faso*herfindahl (purchasers) Bangladesh*herfindahl (purchasers) Madagascar*herfindahl (purchasers) Georgia*herfindahl (purchasers) Albania*herfindahl (purchasers) Togo*herfindahl (purchasers) Benin*herfindahl (purchasers) Dem. Rep. of Congo*herfindahl (purchasers) Rep. of Congo*herfindahl (purchasers) Mauritania*herfindahl (purchasers) Niger*herfindahl (purchasers) Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.03 0.00 -0.72 -0.87 -6.41 7.18*** 1.39 0.16 1.30 -1.55 0.49 2.45 0.08 -1.83 6.49 -1.56 4.57*** 15.71 -6.11 -12.52 10.01 0.82 -1.13 8.34*** 11.59

5.11 0.00 -0.07 -0.57 -4.49 8.34 -1.00 -5.34 1.39 -3.05*** -0.31 0.52 0.51 0.13 9.25 -1.08 6.04*** 7.22 -2.91 -13.92 -6.35 -0.25 2.44 -7.35 46.90

24.56*** 0.00 -3.62 17.87 151.05 40.11 30.91 -25.59 -7.50 -8.00 -7.22 -8.27 3.44 -7.82 -4.79 -20.21 26.10* 36.32 -35.38 -37.89 -63.41 -6.13 42.22 19.93 187.64

0.30 0.00 0.31 -0.53 2.04 3.23*** -2.71 -0.12 -0.56 -0.48 0.18*** 0.00 -0.13 -0.08 -2.33 0.82 1.31*** -4.14 -0.76 -0.08 0.48 0.10 -0.05 2.32 3.75

-0.43 0.00 0.07 -0.36 2.21 0.39 -0.10 0.09 0.42 -0.09 -0.00 0.24 -0.02 -0.77 0.73 0.57 0.01 -1.75 -1.50 1.72 0.88* 0.25** -0.26 -0.42 -0.13

-0.36 0.00 -0.05 0.02 1.59 -0.14 1.44 0.27 0.23 -0.23 0.10 0.33 0.17 -0.69 4.02 0.04 -0.00 -0.51 -1.43 1.07 0.41 0.03 -0.27 -1.44 2.91


Instrument United Kingdom*purchaser share United States*purchaser share Sweden*purchaser share Switzerland*purchaser share Brazil*purchaser share Norway*purchaser share Japan*purchaser share Angola*purchaser share Singapore*purchaser share Israel*purchaser share Turkey*purchaser share Australia*purchaser share Canada*purchaser share Morocco*purchaser share Hungary*purchaser share Russia*purchaser share South Africa*purchaser share Chile*purchaser share Hong Kong*purchaser share Poland*purchaser share Cape Verde*purchaser share China*purchaser share Saudi Arabia*purchaser share Argentina*purchaser share Tunisia*purchaser share Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

0.88** 0.16 -0.26 1.12*** 0.44** -0.28 -0.29 0.01 0.56 -0.20 0.10 -0.46 -0.31 0.03 1.59 0.06 0.25 0.76 0.24 0.36 -0.35 -0.39 -0.76* 0.01 -0.97

0.47 0.00 -0.04 1.27*** -0.15 0.04 -0.02 0.09 0.23 -0.05 0.08 -0.24 0.26 0.66 1.08 -0.04 -0.05 1.13 0.05 -0.33 -1.50** 1.68** -1.41*** -0.26 -1.87***

1.37 0.68 -3.15 1.20 -0.55 3.79 -0.71 -0.52 8.62*** 3.39*** -1.76* -3.50 -1.32 4.86 6.69* 0.57 -0.74 -1.13 -6.49*** -2.84 -10.37 9.56 -8.72** -1.09 -6.32***

0.03 0.10* -0.12 -0.09 0.11* 0.12 -0.08 0.04 -0.22 0.07** -0.02 0.07 -0.19* 0.15 0.40 0.05 0.04 -0.02 0.12 -0.26* 0.56** -0.27 -0.39*** 0.04 -0.03

0.28* 0.05 -0.17 0.06 0.09 -0.04 -0.08* 0.02 -0.17 -0.07 -0.00 -0.04 -0.15 0.12 0.18*** 0.01 0.03 -0.14 0.12 0.11 0.26 -0.23 -0.20* 0.08 -0.03

-0.08 0.07 0.11 0.25 -0.10 -0.13 0.04 -0.01 -0.16 -0.05 0.10 -0.11 0.08 0.10 0.28 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.10 0.13*** -0.35 -0.19 -0.14 0.14 -0.16


Instrument Korea*purchaser share Czech Republic*purchaser share Algeria*purchaser share Mexico*purchaser share Mozambique*purchaser share Thailand*purchaser share Guinea-Bissau*purchaser share Panama*purchaser share Venezuela*purchaser share India*purchaser share Egypt*purchaser share Cyprus*purchaser share New Zealand*purchaser share Slovak Republic*purchaser share Macao*purchaser share Uruguay*purchaser share Bulgaria*purchaser share Iceland*purchaser share Zimbabwe*purchaser share Senegal*purchaser share Colombia*purchaser share Jordan*purchaser share Nigeria*purchaser share Pakistan*purchaser share Malaysia*purchaser share Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

0.38 -0.37 0.07 -0.30* -0.27*** -0.15 -0.13 0.29 -0.02 -0.30 -0.21 0.92 0.34 0.91 -0.41* 0.58 -2.11 -0.38 0.09 -6.55 -0.50 0.44 0.16* -0.66 0.26

-0.14 -0.77 -1.44 -0.21 -0.55 0.34 -0.64 -1.35 -0.18 -0.56 -0.01 0.54 -0.04 -0.99*** -0.16 -0.43 -1.70 -0.50 -0.10 -0.02 0.63 0.51 0.09 -0.53 1.11*

-0.11 -1.29 -5.69 -0.97 -3.89 2.44 -15.02 -9.72 2.09 -6.95*** 1.57 -8.75 8.58 7.44*** 1.46 -0.17 -11.65 4.50 -0.40 10.28 -6.58 9.74 1.56 4.57 -3.55

0.07 0.23 -0.16 -0.07 -0.18*** 0.11 -0.27 0.90 -0.04 -0.11 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.63 0.09 0.16 1.10 -0.25** 0.07 0.33 -0.32 0.38 0.05 -0.29 0.22

-0.01 0.04 -0.09 -0.11 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.44 0.06 -0.01 0.07 0.34 0.04 -0.19 -0.02 0.12 0.09 -0.03 0.06 -0.22 -0.28 0.37** 0.05 -0.10 0.13

-0.03 0.22 -0.27 -0.04 0.08 0.03 0.31 0.30 -0.04 0.18 0.01 0.43 -0.01 -0.29** -0.09 0.09 0.32 -0.09 0.03 -0.31 -0.20 0.35 0.07 -0.33 0.03


Instrument Ghana*purchaser share Philippines*purchaser share Kuwait*purchaser share Romania*purchaser share Lithuania*purchaser share Moldova*purchaser share Kenya*purchaser share Dominican Republic*purchaser share Ukraine*purchaser share Cote d’Ivoire*purchaser share Libya*purchaser share Syrian Arab Republic*purchaser share Croatia*purchaser share Guatemala*purchaser share Peru*purchaser share Estonia*purchaser share Vietnam*purchaser share Ethiopia*purchaser share Mauritius*purchaser share Latvia*purchaser share Paraguay*purchaser share Bahrain*purchaser share Sri Lanka*purchaser share Iran*purchaser share Netherlands Antilles*purchaser share Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.01 -0.46 1.16 -1.94 1.12 3.37 -1.77* 0.34 0.22 12.65 0.51 0.11 -10.44 -2.06 3.61*** 4.37 1.12 3.99** 2.17 -0.90 -1.68 1.01 -2.77 -0.16 -1.56

0.24 0.26 0.14 1.68 -0.31 -0.40 0.93 0.42 -0.37 10.88* -0.66 0.39 -7.80 0.91 1.10 6.33 1.47 0.39*** 0.47 -2.07 -0.66 1.01 -1.43 -0.00 -0.27

3.00 2.05 7.41 8.28 15.23*** -2.32 16.31*** -0.62 0.33 50.66 3.76 8.68** -55.78 -1.49 21.35 32.56 -4.74 13.68 1.38 -9.66 -1.11 -2.09 -15.80 0.38 -18.42

-0.33 0.13 0.23 -0.15 -0.28 -1.51 -0.04 0.15 -0.01 -2.24 0.13 0.16 0.24 -0.59 0.21 0.56 -0.28 0.57*** -0.44 -0.15 0.23 -0.03 0.40 0.16 -0.06

-0.22 0.31* 0.58 -0.29 -0.14 -0.68 -0.40 -0.11 -0.00 -0.09 0.12 -0.13 -1.87 0.18 -0.19 0.31 -0.04 0.54 -0.01 -0.10 -0.14 -0.03 0.25 0.10 -0.40

-0.21 0.23 0.52 -0.72 -0.10 -0.20 -0.28 -0.00 -0.04 1.06 -0.07 -0.26 0.28 0.03 -0.03 -0.54 -0.07 -0.00 0.15 -0.30 -0.17 0.09 0.22 0.15 -0.30


Instrument El Salvador*purchaser share Armenia*purchaser share Malawi*purchaser share Jamaica*purchaser share Yemen*purchaser share Gabon*purchaser share Cameroon*purchaser share Tanzania*purchaser share Costa Rica*purchaser share Qatar*purchaser share Indonesia*purchaser share Honduras*purchaser share Kazakhstan*purchaser share Zambia*purchaser share Burkina Faso*purchaser share Bangladesh*purchaser share Madagascar*purchaser share Georgia*purchaser share Albania*purchaser share Togo*purchaser share Benin*purchaser share Dem. Rep. of Congo*purchaser share Rep. of Congo*purchaser share Mauritania*purchaser share Niger*purchaser share Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

herf. (suppl.)

herf. (purch.)

purch. share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.04 0.00 0.45 -0.63 7.33 -1.88 11.54 0.12 -0.85 1.67 0.19 -0.34 0.44 1.29 -3.39 0.22 -0.46 -13.98 0.00 13.77 -2.60 -0.57 -1.51 -4.89 -6.86

-4.24 0.00 -0.11 -1.39 5.88 -3.22 -2.32 1.87 -0.95 1.76 0.34 0.58 0.11 -0.49 -5.92 1.21 1.44** -2.30 0.00 15.78 26.77 0.65*** 0.12 4.34 -31.44

-27.54*** 0.00 1.19 -26.80 -133.04 -0.66 -64.75 10.65 4.94 2.25 5.35 7.10 0.19 2.98 -19.43 8.94 -2.76 -62.04 0.00 80.52 91.56 6.06 38.70 -14.00 -161.05

0.06 0.00 -0.18 -0.31 -1.82 -1.32** 3.16 0.01 0.39 0.21 -0.02 0.24 0.14 -0.01 2.48 -0.41 -0.89*** 3.66 0.00 1.52 0.57 0.04 0.18 -1.19 -2.88

0.34 0.00 -0.06 -0.43 -1.39 -0.31* -0.11 -0.18 -0.19 0.10 0.05 -0.08 0.13 0.39 1.54 -0.82 -0.06 1.41 0.00 1.01 0.34 -0.19** 0.30 0.18 1.03

0.31 0.00 0.07 -0.82 -0.47 0.02 -0.68 -0.28 -0.15 0.24 0.05 -0.15 0.07 0.25 -0.11 -0.50 0.18 0.47 0.00 2.74 1.26 0.01 0.05 0.73 -0.37

Table B3. First stage for IV with interactions with R&D and advertising intensity, export rank 1-25


log avg. dest. inc.

log avg. dest. inc. * R&D + adv. int.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

0.01*** -0.07 0.01 0.26 -0.05 -0.05 0.10 0.00 -0.02 0.05 0.03 0.08 -0.09 0.03 0.01 0.09 -0.08 0.05 -0.06 0.13 0.11 -0.13 0.28 -0.01 0.04 -0.14

0.00*** 0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.04 -0.03 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.03 -0.01 -0.00 -0.01 0.03 -0.05 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 -0.01 0.17 -0.05 0.02 0.00 0.02

0.12*** -0.28 -0.29 1.64 0.55 0.26 0.88 -0.12 0.32 0.64 -0.25 -0.06 -0.03 0.04 0.73 0.42 0.13 0.07 0.71 0.56 0.12 1.60 -1.23 -0.50 0.45 0.48

0.01** -0.10 0.03 0.21 -0.20 -0.01 0.12 -0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 -0.04 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.08 0.15 -0.30 -0.01 -0.05 0.01 -0.18

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96

Notes: Table presents first-stage estimates corresponding to Column 3 of Table 12. Covariate corresponding to second row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from UK)*(relative price level in UK, current year). Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly in the following 3 pages. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table B3. (Continued) First stage for IV with interactions with R&D and advertising intensity, export rank 26-50

Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

0.01 -0.32 -0.23 -0.00 0.07 0.04 -0.02 -0.12 -0.05 0.14 0.06 0.01 0.00 -0.08 -0.09 0.02 -0.11 -0.03 0.05 0.54 0.01 0.13 -0.01 -0.38 0.00

-0.01 -0.03 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.03 0.10 -0.01 0.00 0.06 0.01 -0.01 -0.02 0.03 -0.04 0.01 -0.12 0.04 -0.00 0.14 0.07 -0.03 0.00 -0.00 -0.07

0.01 -0.25 -2.01 -0.35 1.04* -1.66 -1.76 -0.56 -0.31 2.13 0.28 -0.79 -0.06 -0.47 -0.86 0.07 -1.83 0.02 -0.07 3.82 1.09 0.31 -0.23 -0.61 -0.26

-0.03 -0.14 -0.02 -0.07 0.01 -0.06 0.10 -0.08 -0.01 0.19 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.22 -0.05 0.06 -0.54 0.07 -0.07 1.06 0.15 0.20 -0.03 -0.32 0.05


Instrument Ghana Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

0.17 -0.08 -0.04 0.42 0.01 -0.00 -0.28 -0.06 -0.17 1.98 0.03 -0.18 1.25 -0.68 0.33 0.45 -0.42 0.13 0.44 -0.39 -0.20 0.03 0.39 0.09 0.11

-0.00 -0.00 -0.02 0.11 -0.07 -0.00 0.02 -0.01 -0.00 0.07 -0.00 0.01 0.04 -0.03 0.01 -0.01 -0.16 0.05 -0.03 0.30 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.02*** 0.05

1.07 0.04 0.94 1.74 -1.05 -0.34 0.29 -0.63 -0.23 12.59 -0.16 -0.22 8.04 -3.16 0.01 2.68 -4.19 5.35 1.54 2.13 -0.79 -0.49 1.29 0.46 2.48

0.24 0.06 0.08 0.35 0.15 0.04 -0.11 -0.01 -0.01 2.13 -0.06 -0.28 0.73 -0.15 -0.25 1.17 -0.91 0.22 0.32 -0.18 -0.14 -0.05 -0.28 0.09 0.03


Instrument El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

-0.24 -0.12 0.14 -0.30 -0.82 -0.18 -2.31 -0.15 -0.28 -0.32 0.04 0.01 0.00 -0.38 -1.09 -0.02 0.42 0.27 0.23 2.28 -2.77 0.04 -0.61 0.03 1.90

0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 -0.05 -0.11 0.08 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.04 -0.00 0.00 -0.23 -0.03 -0.21 0.01 -0.01 0.26 0.50 -0.00 0.35 0.01 -0.07

-0.28 -0.63 0.87 -1.24 -9.02 2.06 6.73 -0.57 1.56 0.91 1.05 1.23 -0.25 0.00 -5.13 -1.46 -4.81 -2.49 -1.48 38.17 0.88 -0.16 9.59 -0.69 1.01

-0.46 -0.06 0.24** -0.07 -0.59 -0.42 -0.90 0.14 0.31 0.02 0.16 0.07 -0.04 0.08 -1.49 -0.14 1.10 -0.39 0.06 5.02 -2.44 -0.01 0.71 0.13 1.02


Instrument log sales United Kingdom*R&D + adv. intens. United States*R&D + adv. intens. Sweden*R&D + adv. intens. Switzerland*R&D + adv. intens. Brazil*R&D + adv. intens. Norway*R&D + adv. intens. Japan*R&D + adv. intens. Angola*R&D + adv. intens. Singapore*R&D + adv. intens. Israel*R&D + adv. intens. Turkey*R&D + adv. intens. Australia*R&D + adv. intens. Canada*R&D + adv. intens. Morocco*R&D + adv. intens. Hungary*R&D + adv. intens. Russia*R&D + adv. intens. South Africa*R&D + adv. intens. Chile*R&D + adv. intens. Hong Kong*R&D + adv. intens. Poland*R&D + adv. intens. Cape Verde*R&D + adv. intens. China*R&D + adv. intens. Saudi Arabia*R&D + adv. intens. Argentina*R&D + adv. intens. Tunisia*R&D + adv. intens.

log avg. dest. inc.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

0.01*** 0.23 -0.12 -1.01 6.13 0.12 -5.36 1.91 0.13 -4.18 -1.60 -0.49 3.23 -1.59 0.24 -1.40 2.20 -2.01 3.58 -0.39 -1.91 -0.38 -8.23 -1.51 -0.79 2.07

0.00*** -0.49 0.44 0.23 -1.09 1.58 -0.77 0.04 0.22 -1.85 0.82 0.32 0.52 -1.54 2.63 -2.38 -0.09 0.05 -0.60 0.04 0.92 -6.92 2.66 -0.64 -0.24 -1.44

0.12*** -4.52 4.00 -13.32 2.66 6.55 -15.73 11.12 -0.62 -32.02 15.28 7.71 -3.79 -15.04 7.56 -19.28 -7.35 2.04 -10.51 -7.01 11.37 -40.73 68.09 8.72 -16.99 -23.82

0.01** -0.51 -0.86 -0.67 8.01 -0.07 -2.49 1.38 0.25 -7.05 -1.25 0.41 -0.02 -0.14 -0.83 -3.22 -0.53 -0.38 -1.32 0.88 -4.50 1.08 1.81 0.99 -0.24 0.19

Notes: Covariate corresponding to second row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from UK)*(relative price level in UK, current year) interacted with R&D and advertising intensity. Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly in following 3 pages. Robust standard errors in parentheses.


Instrument Korea*R&D + adv. intens. Czech Republic*R&D + adv. intens. Algeria*R&D + adv. intens. Mexico*R&D + adv. intens. Mozambique*R&D + adv. intens. Thailand*R&D + adv. intens. Guinea-Bissau*R&D + adv. intens. Panama*R&D + adv. intens. Venezuela*R&D + adv. intens. India*R&D + adv. intens. Egypt*R&D + adv. intens. Cyprus*R&D + adv. intens. New Zealand*R&D + adv. intens. Slovak Republic*R&D + adv. intens. Macao*R&D + adv. intens. Uruguay*R&D + adv. intens. Bulgaria*R&D + adv. intens. Iceland*R&D + adv. intens. Zimbabwe*R&D + adv. intens. Senegal*R&D + adv. intens. Colombia*R&D + adv. intens. Jordan*R&D + adv. intens. Nigeria*R&D + adv. intens. Pakistan*R&D + adv. intens. Malaysia*R&D + adv. intens. Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

-1.90 8.73 -1.30 -1.00 -1.44 0.85 4.22 2.21 1.20 -8.74 -3.26 -1.68 2.40 2.06 1.30 0.20 13.12 0.73 -1.67 -31.54 -1.24 -1.66 0.40 0.11 -0.69

0.15 1.38 0.02 0.23 1.26 0.93 -8.22 0.52 -0.31 -3.69 -0.17 -0.34 1.08 -2.11 1.68 -0.25 6.75 -2.20 0.20 -8.07 -2.91 1.78 -0.22 -0.30 4.16

-3.07 7.26 62.79 1.65 -2.36 48.27 -58.05 36.02 5.39 -113.66 -4.37 -1.31 16.29 -2.90 30.52 -2.66 150.27 -17.53 3.16 -202.06 -28.53 6.04 5.96 11.08 46.93

-0.19 5.15 -5.97 0.65 0.39 3.84 -4.29 4.76 0.76 -8.59 -1.26 -2.26 3.76 -12.37 1.04 -0.78 30.93 -2.68 1.37 -42.94 -2.47 -3.40 0.36** 17.04 0.19


Instrument Ghana*R&D + adv. intens. Philippines*R&D + adv. intens. Kuwait*R&D + adv. intens. Romania*R&D + adv. intens. Lithuania*R&D + adv. intens. Moldova*R&D + adv. intens. Kenya*R&D + adv. intens. Dominican Republic*R&D + adv. intens. Ukraine*R&D + adv. intens. Cote d’Ivoire*R&D + adv. intens. Libya*R&D + adv. intens. Syrian Arab Republic*R&D + adv. intens. Croatia*R&D + adv. intens. Guatemala*R&D + adv. intens. Peru*R&D + adv. intens. Estonia*R&D + adv. intens. Vietnam*R&D + adv. intens. Ethiopia*R&D + adv. intens. Mauritius*R&D + adv. intens. Latvia*R&D + adv. intens. Paraguay*R&D + adv. intens. Bahrain*R&D + adv. intens. Sri Lanka*R&D + adv. intens. Iran*R&D + adv. intens. Netherlands Antilles*R&D + adv. intens. Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

-1.55 6.07 0.22 -20.28 -2.07 0.00 5.49 1.13 1.65 -65.51 0.64 3.90 -26.35 33.53 -12.98 -35.12 9.68 -23.78 -16.58 7.56 4.47 4.93 -11.95 -1.64 -1.75

0.25 0.30 1.42 -4.14 2.65 0.00 -3.33 -0.07 0.17 -5.51 0.05 -0.24 -1.32 1.40 -0.68 -0.26 5.79 -3.30 1.25 -16.24 -0.34 0.50 0.12 -1.09 -1.28

-11.84 -10.28 -34.99 -51.23 29.22 0.00 -66.46 9.36 3.44 -582.13 2.49 -6.58 -264.46 132.77 -8.79 -139.28 149.48 -235.11 -47.39 -159.04 15.54 57.94 -46.42 -17.36 -57.73

-2.91 -0.74 -3.00 -11.33 -1.53 0.00 4.10 -0.40 -0.54 -112.65 0.58 5.30 -20.09 6.67 8.26 -51.51 29.30 -17.04 -14.44 -4.94 4.10 10.09 8.79 -1.74 3.73


Instrument El Salvador*R&D + adv. intens. Armenia*R&D + adv. intens. Malawi*R&D + adv. intens. Jamaica*R&D + adv. intens. Yemen*R&D + adv. intens. Gabon*R&D + adv. intens. Cameroon*R&D + adv. intens. Tanzania*R&D + adv. intens. Costa Rica*R&D + adv. intens. Qatar*R&D + adv. intens. Indonesia*R&D + adv. intens. Honduras*R&D + adv. intens. Kazakhstan*R&D + adv. intens. Zambia*R&D + adv. intens. Burkina Faso*R&D + adv. intens. Bangladesh*R&D + adv. intens. Madagascar*R&D + adv. intens. Georgia*R&D + adv. intens. Albania*R&D + adv. intens. Togo*R&D + adv. intens. Benin*R&D + adv. intens. Dem. Rep. of Congo*R&D + adv. intens. Rep. of Congo*R&D + adv. intens. Mauritania*R&D + adv. intens. Niger*R&D + adv. intens. Notes: See above.

log avg. dest. inc.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

9.52 0.00 -3.43 16.58 21.20 -6.03 41.42 3.94 9.80 18.89 -4.32 -1.37 1.30 12.26 93.39 7.99 -14.40 -14.79 -21.90 -106.56 27.96 1.24 10.12 -4.10 -32.37

-0.15 0.00 -0.07 -1.05 1.94 6.30 -3.37 -0.69 -1.89 -3.47 -0.98 -1.34 1.00 1.04 14.85 0.44 9.28 -0.67 -0.98 -15.76 -30.41 0.15 -18.34 -1.59 2.04

28.18 0.00 -15.87 70.62 187.34 -21.92 -177.44 11.63 -70.96 -33.24 -35.40 -27.22 50.48 29.96 483.60 25.53 194.43 105.55 55.71 -2004.81 -364.89 8.71 -378.28 3.83 -147.38

13.62 0.00 -4.01 5.62 15.93 10.18 -16.82 -7.80 -9.05 -0.03 -5.64 -3.34 2.84 -3.60 130.79 3.09 -37.47 14.46 -13.51 -273.46 10.51 0.26 -13.52 -1.53 -38.17

Table B4. First stage for energy input prices regressions, export rank 1-25 log avg. dest. income Instrument log(1 + avg dest. distance) export share of sales log sales United Kingdom United States Sweden Switzerland Brazil Norway Japan Angola Singapore Israel Turkey Australia Canada Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Hong Kong Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.00*** 0.51*** 0.01** -0.01 -0.00 0.14*** 0.16*** -0.04*** -0.06 0.04** -0.02*** 0.01 0.00 0.05*** 0.00 -0.01 0.04 0.06 -0.04** 0.00 -0.01 0.05* 0.02 -0.02 0.07 -0.04 0.02*** -0.00

0.50*** 0.01** -0.01 -0.00 0.14*** 0.16*** -0.04*** -0.06 0.04** -0.02*** 0.01 0.00 0.05*** 0.00 -0.01 0.03 0.06 -0.04** -0.00 -0.01 0.05* 0.02 -0.02 0.06 -0.04 0.02*** -0.01

0.01*** -0.07* 0.01 0.24*** 0.18*** -0.04*** -0.02 0.05** -0.02*** -0.06 -0.01 0.07*** -0.02 -0.01 0.02 0.04 -0.03* -0.00 0.00 0.10*** 0.05 -0.17*** 0.08* -0.04 0.02** -0.09*

6.16*** 0.09*** 0.31 -0.38*** 0.09 0.34 0.43*** 0.20 -0.06 0.35*** 0.73** 0.29** -0.10 0.18 -0.20 0.93** 0.23 -0.16* 0.16 0.17 -0.20 0.06 2.33*** 0.12 -0.12 0.07 0.63

0.13*** -0.43 -0.28* 1.33*** 0.59 0.41*** 0.61 0.12 0.36*** -0.15 0.13 0.15 -0.05 -0.27 0.82 0.07 -0.05 0.15 0.33 0.37** 0.36 0.46 0.32 -0.12 0.10 -0.47

0.01*** -0.12*** 0.02 0.20*** 0.04 -0.00 0.07 0.03 0.00 -0.14*** -0.03 0.04* -0.04 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 0.02 -0.00 0.03 0.09*** 0.05 -0.30*** 0.03 -0.00 0.00 -0.18**

Y Y Y 42043 0.96

Y Y Y 42043 0.96

Y Y Y 42043 0.94

Y Y Y 42043 0.95

Y Y Y 42043 0.93

Y Y Y 42043 0.96

Notes: Table presents first-stage estimates corresponding to Column 4 of Table 13. Covariate corresponding to fourth row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from UK)*(relative price level in UK, current year). Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly. Table continued on following 3 pages. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table B4. (Continued) First stage for energy input prices regressions, export rank 26-50 log avg. dest. income Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.02 -0.08 -0.15*** -0.01 0.02 0.02 -0.00 -0.09 -0.02 -0.02 0.01 -0.00 0.03 0.03 -0.05*** 0.01 0.07 -0.02 0.02 -0.31 -0.05 0.04 0.00 -0.28*** -0.00

-0.02 -0.08 -0.15*** -0.01 0.02 0.02 0.00 -0.09 -0.02 -0.02 0.01 -0.00 0.03 0.03 -0.05*** 0.01 0.07 -0.02 0.02 -0.31 -0.05 0.04 0.00 -0.28*** -0.00

-0.02 -0.10* -0.22*** -0.05* 0.03 0.04 -0.01 -0.07 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 0.07 0.01 -0.05** 0.02 0.11 -0.02 0.01 -0.28 -0.01 0.08 -0.00 -0.29*** 0.01

0.09 0.12 0.69 0.04 0.84*** -0.46 -3.57*** 0.44 -0.15 -0.28 0.16 -0.60 -0.19 -0.40 0.19 -0.07 0.58 -0.42 0.20** -0.61 -0.32 -0.55 -0.03 -0.15 0.25

-0.02 -0.15 -0.10 -0.36 0.97*** -0.17 -3.77*** 0.61 -0.03 -0.26 0.06 -0.88** 0.25 -0.58 0.15 0.10 1.06* -0.41 -0.00 -0.31 0.16 -0.01 -0.13 -0.24 0.42

-0.02 -0.04 -0.13* -0.07** 0.02 0.05 -0.03 0.03 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.05 0.07 -0.03 -0.01 0.03 0.08 0.00 -0.03** 0.05 0.08 0.09 -0.02 -0.01 0.03

Table B4. (Continued) First stage for energy input prices regressions, export rank 51-75 log avg. dest. income Instrument Ghana Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

0.04 -0.01 0.00 -0.06 -0.12** -0.03 -0.09 0.01 -0.12 0.38 0.04** -0.05 0.58 0.15 0.12* -0.28* -0.10 -0.28*** 0.04 -0.11 -0.05** 0.01 0.20** 0.01 0.01

0.04 -0.01 0.00 -0.06 -0.12** -0.02 -0.09 0.01 -0.12 0.36 0.04** -0.05 0.58 0.16 0.12 -0.28* -0.10 -0.28*** 0.04 -0.11 -0.05* 0.01 0.19** 0.01 0.01

0.10 0.01 0.02 -0.00 -0.07 -0.00 -0.09 0.01 -0.13 0.00 0.02 -0.10 0.71 0.17 0.07 -0.28 -0.13* -0.32*** 0.03 -0.20 -0.03 0.10 0.16 0.02 0.04

-0.28 -0.34 0.05 -0.11 -1.18 -0.39 -1.39* -0.21 0.06 6.28 -0.02 0.19 1.79 -0.34 0.56 -0.26 0.44 1.54** 0.31 0.48 -0.44** -0.30 0.23 -0.12 0.38

0.50 -0.15 0.25 0.52 -0.54 -0.11 -1.39 -0.25 -0.10 1.81 -0.19 -0.43 3.38 -0.11 -0.09 -0.33 0.02 1.09 0.21 -0.65 -0.29 0.82** -0.16 0.03 0.69

0.13 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.01 -0.03 -0.73 -0.03 -0.10 0.26 0.04 -0.11 -0.01 -0.07 -0.07 -0.02 -0.18 0.03 0.18** -0.06 0.02 0.05

Table B4. (Continued) First stage for energy input prices regressions, export rank 76-100 log avg. dest. income Instrument El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.01 -0.08 0.01 0.03 0.05 -0.24** -0.75 -0.10** 0.01 0.08 -0.07* -0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.45* 0.06 0.02 0.08 -0.08 0.37 -0.75 0.06 -0.33** -0.12** 0.94**

-0.01 -0.08 0.01 0.03 0.06 -0.24** -0.77 -0.10** 0.01 0.08 -0.07* -0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.46* 0.06 0.02 0.08 -0.08 0.36 -0.76 0.06 -0.33** -0.12** 0.95**

-0.04 -0.11 0.05 0.02 -0.03 -0.32** -1.26*** -0.12** 0.04 0.04 -0.05 -0.02 0.02 -0.04 1.19*** 0.01 0.07 0.01 -0.08 0.36 -1.75** 0.06 -0.06 -0.07 1.00**

1.15*** -0.36 -0.02 0.48 -3.41 1.98 7.14*** 0.22 -0.62 0.26 0.03 0.78** 0.51 0.95 -3.05 -0.45 -0.78 -0.03 -0.35 3.03 6.45 0.06 -2.16 -1.18 -4.07

0.76* -0.78 0.41 0.47 -4.49 1.06 1.07 0.02 -0.21 -0.14 0.29 0.67** 0.62 0.77 5.99** -1.00* -0.17 -0.93 -0.30 2.99 -5.80 0.07 1.12 -0.65 -3.44

-0.06 -0.07 0.07 -0.00 -0.18 -0.15 -0.99** -0.03 0.07 -0.06 0.04 -0.02 0.02 -0.03 1.47*** -0.09 0.10 -0.15 0.01 -0.01 -1.99** 0.00 0.53** 0.09 0.10

Table B5. First stage for IV, export rank 1-25, excluding 5 richest destinations

Instrument log sales United Kingdom Sweden Brazil Angola Singapore Israel Turkey Australia Canada Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Hong Kong Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2

log avg. dest. income

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.05 0.25*** -0.05*** -0.02*** -0.06 -0.00 0.07*** -0.01 -0.00 -0.01 0.03 -0.03* 0.01 -0.00 0.11*** 0.06 -0.16** 0.09* -0.04 0.02** -0.10* -0.02 -0.11 -0.20*** -0.04

0.11*** -0.34 1.44*** 0.43*** 0.31*** -0.21 0.10 0.14 -0.07 -0.34* 0.88* -0.07 -0.03 0.15 0.36 0.41** 0.43 0.38 0.32 -0.25 0.10 -0.46 -0.04 -0.04 -0.23 -0.35

0.01*** -0.10*** 0.20*** -0.01 0.00 -0.15*** -0.02 0.04** -0.04 -0.00 -0.04 -0.05 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.11*** 0.04 -0.29*** 0.03 -0.01 0.00 -0.20*** -0.02 -0.01 -0.13* -0.06**

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96

Notes: Table presents first-stage estimates corresponding to Column 1 of Appendix Table A15. Covariate corresponding to second row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from UK)*(relative price level in UK, current year). Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly. Table continued on following 3 pages. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table B5. (Continued) First stage for IV, export rank 26-50, excluding 5 richest destinations

Instrument Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Ghana Philippines Kuwait Romania Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.03 0.05 0.04 -0.04 -0.00 0.01 0.01 -0.03 0.04 -0.01 -0.05** 0.02 0.16 -0.01 0.01 -0.20 -0.03 0.08 -0.00 -0.31*** -0.02 0.11 0.01 0.02 -0.16

1.00*** -0.18 -3.07** 0.85** -0.04 -0.18 0.06 -0.92** 0.28 -0.48 0.09 -0.04 1.13** -0.43 0.02 -0.32 0.14 0.01 -0.13 -0.43 0.68* 0.55 -0.12 0.29 0.10

0.03 0.06 -0.02 0.08 0.03 0.01 -0.02 -0.04 0.08 -0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.09 -0.00 -0.02 0.06 0.06 0.08 -0.02 -0.02 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.05 0.01


Instrument Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.02 0.02 -0.11 0.02 -0.14* 0.02 0.03 -0.14* 0.80 0.14 0.07 -0.27 -0.16* -0.33*** 0.04 -0.21 -0.05 0.13 0.18 0.03 0.06 -0.04 -0.11 0.05 0.05

-0.34 -0.12 -1.31 -0.24 -0.10 2.10 -0.17 -0.35 3.75 -0.12 -0.16 -0.51 0.11 0.98 0.34 -1.66 -0.39 0.80** 0.03 -0.01 0.95* 0.79* -0.80 0.35 0.42

0.14 0.06 -0.02 0.00 -0.03 -0.60 -0.02 -0.15* 0.33 0.02 -0.10 0.04 -0.10 -0.08 -0.00 -0.28 0.01 0.21** -0.09 0.02 0.10** -0.06 -0.06 0.07 0.02


Instrument Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.06 -0.34** -1.48*** -0.10** 0.06 -0.05 -0.02 0.01 -0.03 1.25*** -0.00 0.08 -0.00 -0.02 0.36 -1.58** 0.06 -0.18 -0.12 1.00**

-4.59 1.20 0.63 0.05 -0.28 0.25 0.52* 0.66 0.86 6.42** -0.97** -0.12 -0.97 -0.41 3.63 -6.55 0.04 0.58 -0.72 -3.65

-0.22 -0.18 -1.09** -0.03 0.04 0.04 -0.03 0.01 -0.00 1.46*** -0.11 0.13 -0.16 -0.02 0.07 -2.00** 0.00 0.42* 0.07 -0.00


Instrument log sales Brazil Angola Singapore Israel Turkey Australia Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.04*** -0.02*** 0.02 0.02 0.06*** -0.00 -0.00 -0.01 -0.03* 0.02 0.02 0.04 -0.19*** 0.11** -0.04 0.03*** -0.08 -0.03 -0.15** -0.21*** -0.04 0.03 0.05 0.04 -0.05

0.12*** 0.46*** 0.32*** 0.12 0.15 0.07 -0.16 0.91* -0.27 -0.04 0.24 0.43* 0.28 0.29 0.39 -0.26 0.11 -0.43 -0.14 -0.26 -0.27 -0.37 0.97*** -0.15 -3.08** 0.76**

0.01*** -0.00 0.00 -0.09* -0.01 0.03 -0.05 -0.05 -0.08 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 -0.32*** 0.05 -0.01 0.01 -0.19** -0.04 -0.04 -0.14* -0.06** 0.02 0.06 -0.02 0.06

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96

Notes: Table presents first-stage estimates corresponding to Column 2 of Appendix Table A15. Covariate corresponding to second row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from Brazil)*(relative price level in Brazil, current year). Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly. Table continued on following 3 pages. Robust standard errors in parentheses.


Instrument Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Ghana Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.00 -0.00 0.01 -0.03 0.03 -0.03 -0.04* 0.03 0.11 0.01 -0.11 -0.06 0.07 -0.01 -0.26*** -0.03 0.10 0.04 0.00 -0.15 0.00 0.01 -0.13 0.03 -0.14*

-0.08 -0.25 0.07 -1.09*** 0.17 -0.65* 0.10 -0.01 0.87 0.03 0.30 0.01 -0.07 -0.12 -0.21 0.62* 0.54 -0.03 0.24 0.18 -0.22 -0.19 -1.47 -0.23 -0.09

0.03 -0.00 -0.02 -0.06 0.07 -0.04 -0.01 0.03 0.04 -0.02 0.14 0.05 0.07 -0.02 0.03 0.03 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.16 0.05 -0.04 0.01 -0.02


Instrument Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.06 0.04* -0.16** 0.74 0.13 0.09 -0.40 -0.16* -0.32*** 0.11 -0.14 -0.03 0.13 0.18 0.04** 0.07* -0.03 -0.13* 0.03 0.05 -0.05 -0.35** -1.47*** -0.10** 0.03

2.10 -0.10 -0.47 3.38 -0.15 -0.09 -1.27 0.06 0.96 0.60 -1.51 -0.30 0.76** 0.05 0.02 0.94* 0.85** -0.98 0.27 0.37 -4.72 1.20 0.61 0.07 -0.35

-0.49 -0.01 -0.16** 0.28 0.03 -0.08 -0.07 -0.10 -0.07 0.05 -0.24 0.03 0.21** -0.08 0.03 0.11** -0.06 -0.08 0.06 0.01 -0.25 -0.18 -1.11*** -0.02 0.04


Instrument Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.04 -0.04 0.00 -0.02 1.20*** 0.03 0.08 0.02 -0.05 0.41 -1.56** 0.06 -0.07 -0.07 0.85*

0.22 0.39 0.63 0.89 6.28** -0.80 -0.21 -0.93 -0.62 3.68 -6.38 0.03 0.97 -0.56 -4.00

0.03 -0.06 0.01 0.00 1.48*** -0.07 0.12 -0.15 -0.05 0.12 -1.94** 0.00 0.49** 0.08 -0.03


Instrument log sales Brazil Angola Turkey Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.04*** -0.02*** 0.06*** 0.01 -0.01 -0.03* 0.02 0.03 0.04 -0.20*** 0.11** -0.04 0.03*** -0.06 -0.03 -0.15** -0.22*** -0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 -0.05 -0.01 0.00 0.01

0.12*** 0.47*** 0.32*** 0.07 1.01** -0.24 -0.03 0.24 0.48* 0.29 0.30 0.43 -0.20 0.11 -0.40 -0.13 -0.30 -0.28 -0.35 0.99*** -0.17 -3.03** 0.77** -0.07 -0.22 0.08

0.01*** -0.00 0.00 0.04* -0.05 -0.08 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 -0.32*** 0.04 -0.02 0.01 -0.18** -0.04 -0.03 -0.14* -0.07** 0.02 0.04 -0.03 0.06 0.03 0.01 -0.02

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96



Instrument Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Uruguay Bulgaria Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Ghana Philippines Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.02 0.03 -0.04 0.02 0.11 0.01 -0.10 -0.05 0.08 -0.01 -0.26*** -0.02 0.10 0.04 -0.15 0.01 0.00 -0.15 0.03 -0.14* 0.00 0.04* -0.17** 0.74 0.13

-0.94** 0.15 -0.69* -0.00 0.83 0.03 0.22 0.08 -0.01 -0.12 -0.20 0.67** 0.53 0.01 0.17 -0.07 -0.16 -1.58 -0.23 -0.10 1.22 -0.08 -0.54 3.17 -0.09

-0.08 0.05 -0.04 0.02 0.04 -0.03 0.12 0.05 0.07 -0.02 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.15 0.04 -0.04 -0.00 -0.02 -0.60 -0.01 -0.17** 0.27 0.04


Instrument Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.10 -0.40 -0.17** -0.33*** 0.12 -0.12 -0.03 0.14 0.18 0.04** 0.07* -0.05 -0.14* 0.03 0.06 -0.05 -0.34** -1.43*** -0.09* 0.05 -0.04 -0.04 0.01 -0.03 1.14***

-0.05 -1.25 0.02 0.82 0.65 -1.41 -0.28 0.85** 0.13 0.02 1.03** 0.61 -1.04 0.28 0.39 -4.63 1.24 0.90 0.11 -0.22 0.21 0.44 0.68 0.89 5.93**

-0.08 -0.06 -0.09 -0.08 0.01 -0.24 0.03 0.19** -0.09 0.03 0.10** -0.08 -0.08 0.06 0.03 -0.22 -0.18 -1.10*** -0.02 0.06 0.03 -0.05 0.01 0.00 1.44***


Instrument Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.03 0.10 0.03 -0.05 0.49 -1.46** 0.06 -0.08 -0.08 0.84*

-0.75 -0.16 -0.87 -0.55 4.00 -5.39 0.03 1.14 -0.50 -3.78

-0.05 0.13 -0.16 -0.06 0.11 -1.82** 0.00 0.49** 0.06 0.05


Instrument log sales Brazil Angola Turkey Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Slovak Republic initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.04*** -0.02*** 0.06*** 0.01 -0.01 -0.03* 0.02 0.02 0.04 -0.20*** 0.11** -0.03 0.03*** -0.07 -0.15** -0.21*** -0.04* 0.02 0.03 0.03 -0.04 -0.01 -0.01 0.02 -0.02

0.12*** 0.45*** 0.32*** 0.09 0.95* -0.24 -0.05 0.22 0.41 0.30 0.24 0.46 -0.07 0.11 -0.31 -0.29 -0.15 -0.40* 0.96*** -0.24 -2.96** 0.89** -0.04 -0.22 0.13 -0.65*

0.01*** -0.00 0.00 0.03 -0.06 -0.08 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 -0.33*** 0.05 -0.01 0.01 -0.17** -0.03 -0.14* -0.07*** 0.02 0.02 -0.02 0.07 0.03 0.01 -0.01 -0.03

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96



Instrument Uruguay Bulgaria Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Ghana Philippines Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.03 0.10 0.01 -0.11 -0.05 0.09 -0.01 -0.27*** -0.02 0.10 0.04 -0.14 0.01 0.01 -0.14 0.04 -0.14 0.01 0.04* -0.15** 0.76 0.15 0.10 -0.40 -0.16**

0.03 0.76 0.04 0.59 -0.01 0.02 -0.14 -0.35 0.63* 0.59 -0.03 0.23 -0.18 -0.02 -1.64* -0.04 -0.08 1.25 -0.11 -0.37 3.06 -0.22 0.08 -1.08 -0.03

0.03 0.02 -0.02 0.14 0.04 0.08 -0.02 -0.00 0.00 0.13 0.04 0.04 0.14 0.06 -0.04 0.02 -0.02 -0.62 -0.01 -0.15* 0.29 0.05 -0.07 -0.06 -0.10


Instrument Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Sri Lanka Iran El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.32*** 0.12 -0.12 -0.03 0.19 0.04** -0.08 -0.14* 0.04 0.03 0.02 -0.35** -1.39*** -0.09* 0.02 -0.03 -0.03 0.00 -0.03 1.13*** 0.05 0.09 0.04 -0.05 0.58

1.30 0.62 -1.35 -0.19 0.08 0.06 0.58 -1.01 0.23 0.37 -3.73 1.20 0.75 -0.02 -0.65 0.15 0.48 0.61 0.82 6.14** -0.95 -0.26 0.12 -0.52 4.25

-0.03 0.02 -0.24 0.03 -0.09 0.03 -0.11 -0.08 0.06 0.02 -0.10 -0.19 -1.04** -0.02 0.02 0.02 -0.04 0.00 -0.00 1.47*** -0.04 0.11 -0.08 -0.07 0.23


Instrument Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-1.44* 0.06* -0.07 -0.08 0.88*

-5.90 0.08 1.45 -0.60 -3.69

-1.87** 0.01 0.50** 0.05 0.09


Instrument log sales Brazil Angola Turkey Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Poland Cape Verde China Tunisia Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Slovak Republic Bulgaria Zimbabwe Senegal initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.04*** -0.02*** 0.05*** -0.00 -0.03 -0.03* 0.03 0.05 0.03 -0.20*** 0.13*** -0.06 -0.17*** -0.03 0.02 0.04 0.03 -0.05 -0.00 -0.00 0.02 -0.05 0.08 0.01 -0.09

0.12*** 0.46*** 0.32*** 0.08 0.81* -0.33 -0.05 0.21 0.47** 0.28 0.25 0.54 -0.30 -0.17 -0.40* 0.95*** -0.22 -2.95** 0.89** -0.02 -0.27 0.14 -0.58 0.76 0.04 0.66

0.01*** -0.00 0.00 0.03 -0.07 -0.09 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 -0.32*** 0.05 -0.17** -0.13* -0.07** 0.02 0.03 -0.02 0.07 0.03 0.01 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 -0.02 0.13

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96



Instrument Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Ghana Philippines Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Sri Lanka Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.04 0.08 -0.01 -0.27*** -0.01 0.10 0.03 -0.17 -0.00 0.01 -0.13 0.05 -0.13 -0.02 -0.13* 0.75 0.12 0.11 -0.50* -0.16* -0.31*** 0.15 -0.11 -0.01 0.16

0.00 0.02 -0.14 -0.39 0.64** 0.59 -0.06 0.16 -0.20 -0.02 -1.71* -0.03 -0.07 1.13 -0.37 2.94 -0.25 0.11 -1.06 0.03 1.34 0.69 -1.19 -0.13 -0.01

0.05 0.08 -0.02 -0.00 0.01 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.06 -0.02 0.03 -0.02 -0.60 -0.14* 0.28 0.04 -0.07 -0.07 -0.09 -0.03 0.03 -0.24 0.05 -0.09


Instrument Iran El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.04** -0.05 -0.14* 0.04 0.08 0.02 -0.36** -1.37*** -0.08* 0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.00 -0.03 1.09*** 0.06 0.08 0.03 -0.03 0.53 -1.52** 0.06 -0.08 -0.09 0.82*

0.08 0.59 -1.04 0.24 0.55 -3.88 1.21 0.89 0.06 -0.70 0.14 0.50 0.60 0.81 5.90* -1.01* -0.34 0.09 -0.58 4.02 -5.74 0.08 1.45 -0.57 -4.34

0.03 -0.11 -0.08 0.06 0.03 -0.12 -0.20 -1.01** -0.02 0.01 0.03 -0.04 -0.00 -0.01 1.44*** -0.04 0.10 -0.08 -0.06 0.24 -1.93** 0.01 0.50** 0.05 0.16

Table B10. First stage for IV, export rank 1-25, excluding 5 poorest destinations



log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.07* 0.01 0.24*** 0.12* -0.04*** -0.04 0.05** -0.02*** -0.07 -0.00 0.07*** -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.03 -0.03* 0.01 0.00 0.10*** 0.07 -0.13** 0.08* -0.04 0.02** -0.08

0.11*** -0.38 -0.19 1.29*** 0.58 0.50*** 0.51 0.12 0.29*** -0.22 0.07 0.17 -0.06 -0.26 1.01* -0.09 -0.04 0.24 0.33 0.38** 0.40 0.93 0.29 -0.20 0.11 -0.51

0.01*** -0.11*** 0.02 0.20*** 0.01 -0.00 0.06 0.02 0.00 -0.14*** -0.02 0.04** -0.05 -0.01 -0.03 -0.06 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.10*** 0.04 -0.27*** 0.03 -0.00 0.00 -0.19***

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96


Table B10. (Continued) First stage for IV, export rank 26-50, excluding 5 poorest destinations

Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Ghana Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.03 -0.09 -0.18*** -0.04 0.05 0.03 -0.06 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.06 -0.01 -0.05** 0.02 0.16 -0.00 0.01 -0.08 -0.02 0.09 -0.00 -0.28*** -0.01 0.11*

-0.05 0.04 -0.23 -0.32 -0.21 -3.34** 0.79** -0.03 -0.12 0.04 -0.85** 0.21 -0.47 0.22 -0.05 1.23** -0.30 -0.03 -0.27 0.16 0.00 -0.14 -0.51 0.73** 0.63

-0.02 -0.01 -0.12* -0.05* 0.05 -0.01 0.06 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 0.07 -0.02 -0.01 0.02 0.09 -0.00 -0.03* 0.06 0.07 0.08 -0.02 -0.02 0.05 0.13


Instrument Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles El Salvador Armenia Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.00 0.01 -0.15 -0.03 0.01 -0.13 0.01 -0.14 0.25 0.03 -0.11 0.79 0.14 0.06 -0.29 -0.17** 0.05 -0.19 -0.05* 0.11 0.17 0.03 0.06 -0.03 -0.12

-0.02 0.30 0.03 -0.39 -0.12 -1.42 -0.18 -0.11 0.37 -0.12 -0.38 3.22 -0.07 -0.13 -0.30 0.26 0.38 -1.72 -0.31 0.73** 0.03 -0.03 0.96* 0.64 -0.84

0.03 0.04 0.01 0.13 0.06 -0.02 -0.00 -0.03 -0.61 -0.02 -0.13* 0.32 0.02 -0.11 0.03 -0.08 -0.00 -0.27 0.01 0.20** -0.10 0.02 0.09* -0.06 -0.07


Instrument Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Rep. of Congo Mauritania Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.02 -0.02 -0.34** -1.35*** -0.08 0.05 0.07 -0.03 -0.02 0.03 -0.04 1.13*** -0.00 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.19 -1.58** -0.17 -0.11

0.39 -4.31 1.35 -0.79 0.12 -0.34 -0.13 0.27 0.51* 0.62 0.79 6.78** -0.71 -0.20 -1.05 -0.32 3.63 -7.05 0.67 -0.41

0.01 -0.21 -0.16 -1.10** -0.01 0.04 -0.05 0.04 -0.04 0.02 -0.01 1.45*** -0.10 0.12 -0.16 -0.01 0.03 -1.92** 0.40* 0.08




log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.07* 0.01 0.24*** 0.12* -0.04*** -0.03 0.05** -0.02*** -0.07 -0.00 0.07*** -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.03 -0.03* 0.01 0.01 0.10*** 0.06 -0.13** 0.08* -0.04 0.02** -0.08

0.11*** -0.34 -0.20 1.28*** 0.55 0.51*** 0.52 0.13 0.31*** -0.20 0.08 0.13 -0.04 -0.26 1.07** 0.00 -0.03 0.26 0.36 0.36** 0.37 0.85 0.24 -0.19 0.11 -0.51

0.01*** -0.11*** 0.02 0.19*** 0.01 -0.00 0.06 0.03 0.00 -0.14*** -0.02 0.04* -0.05 -0.02 -0.02 -0.04 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.10*** 0.03 -0.26*** 0.03 0.00 0.00 -0.20***

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96



Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Thailand Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Philippines Kuwait Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.03 -0.08 -0.16*** -0.04 0.05 -0.05 -0.00 -0.02 -0.00 -0.01 0.06 -0.00 -0.05** 0.02 0.14 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.09 0.00 -0.28*** -0.02 0.01 0.00

-0.03 0.04 -0.03 -0.31 -0.20 0.83** -0.03 -0.13 0.05 -0.82** 0.18 -0.43 0.18 -0.01 1.21** -0.31 -0.04 0.35 0.10 -0.04 -0.11 -0.40 0.71** -0.07 0.32

-0.02 -0.01 -0.11 -0.05* 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 0.08 -0.02 -0.01 0.03 0.08 -0.01 -0.03* 0.18 0.05 0.07 -0.01 -0.00 0.04 0.03 0.04


Instrument Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles El Salvador Armenia Jamaica Yemen Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.15 -0.02 0.01 -0.13 0.00 -0.14 0.84 0.02 -0.11 0.76 0.11 0.05 -0.31 -0.12 0.04 -0.17 -0.05 0.12 0.15 0.03 0.06 -0.04 -0.12 0.03 -0.06

-0.05 -0.38 -0.13 -1.37 -0.16 -0.11 4.05 -0.17* -0.44 2.97 -0.23 -0.08 -0.21 0.26 0.11 -1.62 -0.30 0.73** 0.01 -0.01 0.86* 0.55 -0.86 0.19 -4.47

0.01 0.13 0.06 0.00 -0.00 -0.03 0.15 -0.03 -0.12 0.28 0.00 -0.12 0.06 -0.06 -0.04 -0.25 0.02 0.20*** -0.10 0.03 0.08* -0.07 -0.08 -0.00 -0.26


Instrument Gabon Cameroon Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Bangladesh Georgia Albania Togo Benin Rep. of Congo Mauritania Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.29** -1.16*** 0.05 0.08 -0.03 -0.02 0.03 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.02 0.46 -1.56** -0.19 -0.08

1.76 -0.58 -0.30 -0.03 0.26 0.48* 0.67 0.81 -0.66 -1.12 -0.28 5.55 -8.90 0.47 -0.38

-0.09 -0.90** 0.04 -0.04 0.04 -0.04 0.03 -0.01 -0.10 -0.17 0.01 0.27 -1.81** 0.37* 0.11*




log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.07* 0.01 0.24*** 0.12* -0.04*** -0.04 0.05** -0.02*** -0.06 0.00 0.07*** -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.04 -0.03* 0.01 0.00 0.10*** 0.06 -0.13** 0.08* -0.04 0.02** -0.09

0.01*** -0.07* 0.01 0.24*** 0.12* -0.04*** -0.04 0.05** -0.02*** -0.06 0.00 0.07*** -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.04 -0.03* 0.01 0.00 0.10*** 0.06 -0.13** 0.08* -0.04 0.02** -0.09

0.01*** -0.11*** 0.02 0.19*** 0.01 -0.00 0.06 0.03 0.00 -0.13*** -0.02 0.04* -0.05 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.09*** 0.03 -0.27*** 0.02 -0.00 0.00 -0.22***

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.96



Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Thailand Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Philippines Kuwait Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.03 -0.08 -0.16** -0.04 0.06* -0.05 -0.01 -0.00 -0.00 0.00 0.06 -0.02 -0.05** 0.02 0.14 -0.01 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.08 0.00 -0.26*** -0.02 0.01 -0.01

-0.03 -0.08 -0.16** -0.04 0.06* -0.05 -0.01 -0.00 -0.00 0.00 0.06 -0.02 -0.05** 0.02 0.14 -0.01 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.08 0.00 -0.26*** -0.02 0.01 -0.01

-0.02 -0.01 -0.09 -0.05* 0.07* 0.08 0.02 0.01 -0.02 -0.02 0.07 -0.04 -0.01 0.02 0.07 -0.01 -0.03* 0.21 0.06 0.07 -0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02


Instrument Romania Lithuania Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles El Salvador Armenia Jamaica Yemen Gabon Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.15 -0.02 -0.15 0.00 -0.13* 0.45 0.02 -0.11 0.76 0.11 0.05 -0.30 -0.11 0.03 -0.17 -0.05 0.12 0.14 0.03 0.05 -0.04 -0.13* 0.03 -0.07 -0.30**

-0.15 -0.02 -0.15 0.00 -0.13* 0.45 0.02 -0.11 0.76 0.11 0.05 -0.30 -0.11 0.03 -0.17 -0.05 0.12 0.14 0.03 0.05 -0.04 -0.13* 0.03 -0.07 -0.30**

0.01 0.13 -0.03 -0.00 -0.02 -0.33 -0.03 -0.13* 0.30 0.01 -0.11 0.06 -0.04 -0.05 -0.26 0.02 0.19** -0.12 0.02 0.08 -0.09 -0.10 0.01 -0.26 -0.10


Instrument Cameroon Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Georgia Albania Rep. of Congo Mauritania Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-1.25*** 0.03 0.08 -0.02 -0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 -0.23 -0.07

-1.25*** 0.03 0.08 -0.02 -0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 -0.23 -0.07

-1.05** 0.00 -0.05 0.05 -0.03 0.03 -0.17 0.02 0.33 0.10*




log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.07* 0.01 0.24*** 0.12* -0.04*** -0.03 0.05** -0.02*** -0.06 0.00 0.06*** -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 0.04 -0.03* 0.01 0.01 0.10*** 0.05 -0.14** 0.07 -0.04 0.02** -0.08

0.12*** -0.31 -0.18 1.29*** 0.58 0.52*** 0.55 0.13 0.30*** -0.20 0.08 0.13 -0.00 -0.27 1.03** 0.05 -0.03 0.26 0.35 0.36** 0.34 0.78 0.19 -0.18 0.10 -0.55

0.01*** -0.11*** 0.02 0.19*** 0.01 -0.00 0.06 0.03 0.00 -0.13*** -0.02 0.04* -0.04 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.09*** 0.03 -0.28*** 0.02 -0.00 0.00 -0.21***

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96



Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Thailand Panama Venezuela Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Colombia Jordan Pakistan Malaysia Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Dominican Republic Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.03 -0.08 -0.15** -0.04 0.06 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.05 -0.02 -0.05** 0.01 0.14 -0.02 0.01 -0.02 0.07 -0.26*** -0.03 0.00 -0.01 -0.15 -0.01 -0.01

-0.03 0.04 0.06 -0.29 -0.18 0.86** -0.04 0.06 -0.73* 0.17 -0.46 0.17 -0.03 1.18** -0.32 -0.05 0.22 -0.09 -0.51 0.64* -0.11 0.23 -0.11 -0.25 -0.15

-0.02 -0.01 -0.09 -0.05* 0.07* 0.08 0.02 -0.01 -0.02 0.07 -0.04 -0.01 0.02 0.08 -0.01 -0.03* 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.14 -0.01


Instrument Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles El Salvador Armenia Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.13* 0.43 0.02 -0.11 0.76 0.10 0.04 -0.29 0.03 -0.15 -0.05* 0.12 0.11 0.03 0.05 -0.04 -0.14* 0.02 -0.06 -0.30** -1.30*** 0.02 0.06 -0.01 -0.02

-0.16 1.15 -0.17* -0.45 2.78 -0.31 -0.07 -0.05 0.09 -1.65 -0.30 0.61* -0.07 -0.02 0.88* 0.47 -1.00 0.09 -4.44 1.84 -0.67 -0.26 -0.15 0.37 0.45*

-0.02 -0.36 -0.03 -0.13* 0.30 0.01 -0.11 0.06 -0.04 -0.25 0.02 0.19** -0.13* 0.02 0.08 -0.07 -0.11 0.01 -0.27 -0.10 -0.98*** 0.00 -0.05 0.06 -0.03


Instrument Kazakhstan Georgia Albania Rep. of Congo Mauritania Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.04 0.01 0.01 -0.22 -0.06

0.69 -1.22 -0.38 0.46 -0.30

0.03 -0.17 0.01 0.36* 0.11*




log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.01*** -0.07* 0.01 0.23*** 0.13** -0.04*** -0.04 0.05** -0.02*** -0.07 0.00 0.07*** -0.02 -0.01 -0.03 0.04 -0.03* 0.01 0.00 0.09*** 0.05 -0.13** 0.06 -0.04 0.03** -0.08

0.12*** -0.31 -0.18 1.28*** 0.65 0.52*** 0.56 0.12 0.30*** -0.20 0.10 0.13 0.00 -0.27 1.01** 0.10 -0.04 0.25 0.36 0.35** 0.34 0.76 0.09 -0.14 0.11 -0.58

0.01*** -0.11*** 0.02 0.19*** 0.01 -0.00 0.06 0.03 0.00 -0.13*** -0.02 0.04* -0.04 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.09*** 0.03 -0.27*** 0.02 -0.00 0.00 -0.20***

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96



Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Thailand Panama Venezuela Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Colombia Jordan Malaysia Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Dominican Republic Ukraine Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

-0.03 -0.07 -0.16*** -0.04* 0.06 -0.05 -0.01 -0.00 -0.00 0.05 0.01 -0.05** 0.01 0.14 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.06 -0.03 -0.04 -0.01 -0.17 -0.00 0.01 -0.13*

-0.02 0.01 0.06 -0.31 -0.17 0.84** -0.03 0.06 -0.68* 0.16 -0.47 0.17 -0.04 1.19** -0.33 -0.06 0.24 -0.13 0.61* -0.17 0.05 -0.08 -0.21 -0.09 -0.21

-0.02 -0.01 -0.08 -0.05* 0.07* 0.08 0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.07 -0.04 -0.01 0.02 0.08 -0.02 -0.03* 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.15 -0.01 -0.03


Instrument Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles El Salvador Jamaica Gabon Cameroon Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Albania Rep. of Congo Notes: See above.


log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

0.36 0.02 -0.11 0.68 0.09 0.01 -0.31 0.04 -0.11 -0.04 0.14* 0.09 0.03 0.06 -0.05 -0.02 -0.30** -1.30*** 0.02 0.05 -0.01 -0.02 0.04 0.04 -0.20

1.83 -0.21** -0.46 2.82 -0.55 -0.19 -0.09 0.08 -1.48 -0.26 0.55* 0.07 -0.03 0.82 0.49 -0.13 1.80 -0.72 -0.29 -0.10 0.38 0.44 0.71 -0.29 0.75

-0.31 -0.03 -0.13* 0.32 -0.01 -0.11 0.06 -0.04 -0.25 0.01 0.18** -0.12 0.02 0.07 -0.07 0.00 -0.11 -0.95** 0.01 -0.05 0.06 -0.03 0.03 0.01 0.38*

Table B15. First stage for IV estimates, probability of export entry, rank 1-25 firm-avg log real input price Instrument

(1)

United Kingdom United States Sweden Switzerland Brazil Norway Japan Angola Singapore Israel Turkey Australia Canada Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Hong Kong Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia

0.10 0.10* -0.22* 0.02 -0.01 -0.14 -0.03 0.03 -0.17 0.13 -0.15* -0.38 -0.10 0.42 -0.12 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.08 -0.15 0.09 -0.48*** 0.16*** -1.40***

initial destination interactions firm effects destination-year effects N R2 Kleibergen-Paap LM statistic (under-identification) Kleibergen-Paap LM p-value Kleibergen-Paap Wald rk F-stat (weak insts.) Anderson-Rubin Wald test F-stat Anderson-Rubin Wald test p-value

Y Y Y 7305440 0.80 211.72 0.00 3.49 2.06 0.00

Notes: Table presents first-stage estimates corresponding to Appendix Table A8. (The first stage is the same across columns 1-3 of that table.) Covariate corresponding to first row is (indicator for positive 1997 import purchases from UK)*(real exchange rate in UK, current year). Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly. Table continued on following two pages. Robust standard errors clustered by firm-year in parentheses.

Table B15. (Continued) First stage for IV estimates, probability of export entry, rank 26-75 firm-avg log real input price Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Ghana Philippines Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles Notes: See above.

(1) -0.01 0.41*** 0.27 -0.11 0.23 0.05 -0.28 -0.08 -0.08 -0.13 -0.24** 2.94*** -0.13 0.80* -0.17 0.63* 0.12 -0.26 0.06* 4.84*** 0.70** -1.33*** -0.02 0.26* 0.29** 0.21 0.24 -0.24 -1.05*** -0.04 0.35 -0.28 0.09 -1.44 -0.04 0.36 -2.23 -1.98*** -0.62*** -3.15*** -0.10 -0.16 0.87 0.09 -1.42*** 1.16*** 0.15** -0.12

Table B15. (Continued) First stage for IV estimates, probability of export entry, rank 76-100 firm-avg log real input price Instrument El Salvador Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.

(1) 1.30*** -0.41* -1.10*** -0.27 -0.33 -1.94** -0.26 0.16 0.08 0.91** 0.13 -0.07 -0.76 -0.73* -0.51 -0.49** -1.84 3.43 0.07 -3.36*** 1.39*** -3.14

Table B16. First stage for IV excluding initial source interactions, export rank 1-25 log avg. dest. income Instrument

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

log(1+ avg dest. distance) export share of sales log sales United Kingdom United States Sweden Switzerland Brazil Norway Japan Angola Singapore Israel Turkey Australia Canada Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Hong Kong Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia

-0.00*** 0.51*** 0.01*** 0.01 0.01 0.15*** 0.10* -0.04*** -0.07* 0.04** -0.02*** 0.01 0.01 0.05*** 0.00 -0.01 0.03 0.07* -0.04** -0.00 -0.01 0.07*** 0.03 -0.03 0.06 -0.05* 0.02* -0.03

0.49*** 0.01*** 0.01 0.01 0.15*** 0.10* -0.04*** -0.07* 0.04** -0.02*** 0.01 0.01 0.05*** 0.00 -0.01 0.03 0.07* -0.04** -0.00 -0.01 0.07*** 0.03 -0.03 0.06 -0.05* 0.02* -0.03

0.01*** -0.04 0.02 0.24*** 0.09 -0.05*** -0.05 0.05** -0.02*** -0.06 0.00 0.07*** -0.02 -0.01 0.01 0.05 -0.03 -0.00 -0.01 0.12*** 0.04 -0.19*** 0.08* -0.05* 0.02* -0.12**

6.12*** 0.08*** 0.38* -0.27** 0.13 0.69* 0.47*** 0.14 -0.07 0.30*** 0.66** 0.20 -0.07 0.37 -0.21 1.12*** 0.07 -0.17** 0.12 0.29 -0.23 0.14 1.96*** 0.15 -0.15 0.06 0.48

0.12*** -0.22 -0.16 1.30*** 0.61 0.44*** 0.44 0.07 0.31*** -0.21 0.12 0.19 0.10 -0.29 0.90* -0.24 -0.05 0.11 0.29 0.43*** 0.29 0.04 0.37 -0.24 0.10 -0.54

0.01*** -0.10*** 0.02 0.19*** -0.01 -0.00 0.05 0.02 0.00 -0.14*** -0.01 0.04** -0.04 -0.01 -0.04 -0.05 0.02 -0.00 -0.00 0.11*** 0.03 -0.32*** 0.04 -0.01 0.01 -0.17**

initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2

N Y Y 45659 0.95

N Y Y 45659 0.95

N Y Y 45659 0.94

N Y Y 45659 0.95

N Y Y 45659 0.93

N Y Y 45659 0.96

Notes: Table presents first-stage estimates corresponding to Appendix Table A12. Covariate corresponding to fourth row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from UK)*(relative price level in UK, current year). Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly. Table continued on following 3 pages. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table B16. (Continued) First stage for IV excluding initial source interactions, export rank 26-50 log avg. dest. income Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.03 -0.09 -0.13** -0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 -0.06 -0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.06*** -0.00 0.11 0.01 0.02 -0.35 -0.03 0.04 0.00 -0.30*** -0.03

-0.03 -0.09 -0.14** -0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 -0.06 -0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.06*** -0.00 0.10 0.01 0.02 -0.35 -0.03 0.04 0.00 -0.30*** -0.03

-0.04 -0.08 -0.21*** -0.04 0.03 0.06* 0.02 -0.03 -0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.06 -0.04 -0.07*** 0.01 0.17 0.00 0.01 -0.31 0.00 0.08 -0.00 -0.31*** -0.02

0.20 0.02 0.80** 0.00 0.83*** -0.64* -2.89** 0.43 -0.20 -0.55 0.20 -0.53 -0.24 -0.17 0.19 -0.07 0.62 -0.41 0.17** -0.19 -0.38 -0.52 -0.03 -0.29 0.45*

0.08 0.04 -0.06 -0.33 0.96*** -0.24 -3.13** 0.83** -0.09 -0.21 0.11 -0.53 0.23 -0.53* 0.13 0.09 1.37*** -0.49 -0.00 0.24 0.05 0.04 -0.13 -0.39 0.62*

-0.02 0.00 -0.14* -0.05** 0.02 0.07 -0.04 0.07 0.02 0.06 -0.01 -0.00 0.08 -0.06 -0.01 0.03 0.12 -0.01 -0.03* 0.07 0.07 0.09 -0.02 -0.02 0.03

Table B16. (Continued) First stage for IV excluding initial source interactions, export rank 51-75 log avg. dest. income Instrument Ghana Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

0.03 -0.02 -0.00 -0.16 -0.10* 0.01 -0.09 0.01 -0.12 0.33 0.02 -0.09 0.58 0.13 0.09 -0.25 -0.07 -0.32*** 0.07 -0.09 -0.06*** 0.05 0.17 0.02 0.01

0.03 -0.02 -0.00 -0.16 -0.09* 0.01 -0.08 0.01 -0.12 0.32 0.02 -0.09 0.58 0.13 0.09 -0.25 -0.07 -0.32*** 0.07 -0.09 -0.06** 0.05 0.16 0.02 0.01

0.09 -0.02 0.02 -0.15 -0.04 0.04 -0.06 0.00 -0.14* -0.18 0.01 -0.17** 0.72 0.16 0.03 -0.26 -0.06 -0.37*** 0.05 -0.21 -0.06* 0.15* 0.08 0.03 0.05

-0.21 -0.21 0.04 0.30 -0.97 -0.35 -1.27 -0.13 0.03 6.13 0.02 0.55 1.85 -0.54 0.66* -1.01 0.28 2.02** 0.14 0.46 -0.39** -0.67 0.75 -0.13 0.24

0.57 -0.28 0.35 0.46 -0.26 0.01 -0.97 -0.27 -0.14 -0.02 -0.11 -0.45 3.61 -0.21 -0.02 -1.12 0.34 1.44 -0.12 -1.01 -0.38* 0.55* -0.23 0.08 0.79

0.13 -0.01 0.05 0.03 0.12 0.06 0.05 -0.02 -0.03 -1.01 -0.02 -0.16** 0.29 0.06 -0.11 -0.02 0.01 -0.09 -0.04 -0.24 0.00 0.20*** -0.16** 0.03 0.09*

Table B16. (Continued) First stage for IV excluding initial source interactions, export rank 76-100 log avg. dest. income Instrument El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.01 -0.05 0.01 0.05 0.06 -0.27*** -0.60 -0.07 0.01 0.04 -0.05 0.00 0.02 -0.02 0.39 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.37 -0.77 0.06 -0.29** -0.12** 0.96**

-0.01 -0.05 0.01 0.05 0.07 -0.27*** -0.62 -0.07 0.02 0.04 -0.05 0.00 0.02 -0.02 0.39 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.36 -0.79 0.06 -0.29** -0.11** 0.97**

-0.05 -0.06 0.04 0.05 -0.01 -0.37*** -1.12** -0.07 0.07 -0.00 -0.02 -0.03 0.02 -0.03 1.10*** 0.02 0.13 -0.01 0.04 0.39 -1.81** 0.06 -0.02 -0.09* 0.99**

1.31*** -0.52 -0.03 0.47 -2.82 2.40 7.08*** 0.13 -0.88* 0.36 -0.14 0.76** 0.61 1.03 -2.58 -0.49 -0.82 0.55 -0.16 3.47 5.78 0.07 -2.38 -1.28 -4.86*

0.87** -0.69 0.27 0.44 -3.86 1.22 0.98 0.09 -0.21 -0.18 0.26 0.38 0.68 0.85 6.12* -0.91* 0.03 -0.15 0.09 3.88 -6.85 0.08 0.96 -1.01 -4.59

-0.07 -0.03 0.05 -0.00 -0.17 -0.19 -1.00** -0.01 0.11* -0.09 0.06 -0.06 0.01 -0.03 1.42*** -0.07 0.14 -0.11 0.04 0.07 -2.06** 0.00 0.55** 0.04 0.04

Table B17. First stage for IV accounting for current source interactions, export rank 1-25 log avg. dest. income Instrument

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

log(1+avg. dest distance) export share of sales log sales United Kingdom United States Sweden Switzerland Brazil Norway Japan Angola Singapore Israel Turkey Australia Canada Morocco Hungary Russia South Africa Chile Hong Kong Poland Cape Verde China Saudi Arabia Argentina Tunisia

-0.00*** 0.51*** 0.01*** 0.00 0.01 0.15*** 0.10* -0.04*** -0.07* 0.04** -0.02*** 0.01 0.01 0.05*** -0.00 -0.01 0.03 0.08** -0.04** -0.00 -0.02 0.06** 0.04 -0.04 0.06 -0.04* 0.01 -0.06

0.49*** 0.01*** 0.00 0.01 0.15*** 0.10* -0.04*** -0.07* 0.04** -0.02*** 0.01 0.01 0.05*** -0.00 -0.00 0.03 0.08** -0.04** -0.01 -0.02 0.06** 0.04 -0.05 0.06 -0.04 0.01 -0.06

0.01*** -0.05 0.02 0.24*** 0.09 -0.05*** -0.05 0.05** -0.02*** -0.06 0.00 0.07*** -0.03 -0.01 0.01 0.06 -0.03 -0.00 -0.03 0.11*** 0.05 -0.20*** 0.07 -0.05 0.02 -0.13**

6.11*** 0.07*** 0.39* -0.27** 0.14 0.69 0.48*** 0.12 -0.05 0.31*** 0.66** 0.24* -0.10 0.34 -0.23 1.10** 0.08 -0.17** 0.12 0.21 -0.27* 0.12 1.92*** 0.11 -0.23 0.07 0.36

0.10*** -0.24 -0.14 1.31*** 0.63 0.46*** 0.41 0.09 0.33*** -0.23 0.16 0.13 0.04 -0.33 0.83* -0.25 -0.05 0.15 0.13 0.36** 0.20 -0.02 0.26 -0.28 0.11 -0.55

0.00** -0.10*** 0.02 0.19*** -0.01 -0.00 0.05 0.02 0.00 -0.15*** -0.01 0.04* -0.05 -0.02 -0.04 -0.05 0.02 0.00 -0.01 0.10*** 0.01 -0.32*** 0.02 -0.01 0.01 -0.15**

initial source interactions firm effects year effects N R2

Y Y Y 45659 0.95

Y Y Y 45659 0.95

Y Y Y 45659 0.94

Y Y Y 45659 0.95

Y Y Y 45659 0.93

Y Y Y 45659 0.96

Notes: Table presents first-stage estimates corresponding to Appendix Table A14. Covariate corresponding to fourth row is (indicator for positive 1997 export revenues from UK)*(relative price level in UK, current year). Covariates in subsequent rows defined similarly. Table continued on following 3 pages. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table B17. (Continued) First stage for IV accounting for current source interactions, export rank 26-50 log avg. dest. income Instrument Korea Czech Republic Algeria Mexico Mozambique Thailand Guinea-Bissau Panama Venezuela India Egypt Cyprus New Zealand Slovak Republic Macao Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland Zimbabwe Senegal Colombia Jordan Nigeria Pakistan Malaysia Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.03 -0.09 -0.13** -0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 -0.05 -0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 -0.02 -0.05*** -0.00 0.12 0.01 0.02 -0.27 -0.03 0.02 0.01 -0.28*** -0.04

-0.03 -0.09 -0.14** -0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 -0.05 -0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 -0.02 -0.05*** -0.00 0.12 0.01 0.02 -0.27 -0.03 0.02 0.01 -0.28*** -0.04

-0.04 -0.08 -0.21*** -0.04* 0.03 0.06 -0.00 -0.02 -0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.06 -0.06 -0.06*** 0.01 0.17* 0.00 0.01 -0.23 0.01 0.07 -0.00 -0.29*** -0.02

0.18 0.07 0.81** 0.01 0.81*** -0.63* -2.88** 0.35 -0.22 -0.53 0.22 -0.46 -0.28 -0.27 0.22 -0.08 0.62 -0.25 0.17** -0.21 -0.33 -0.54 -0.00 -0.24 0.47*

0.07 0.14 -0.06 -0.32 0.92*** -0.28 -3.24** 0.72* -0.13 -0.08 0.15 -0.40 0.15 -0.70** 0.17 0.04 1.25** -0.28 -0.01 0.33 0.10 0.03 -0.11 -0.37 0.65*

-0.02 0.01 -0.14* -0.05* 0.02 0.06 -0.06 0.06 0.01 0.07 -0.01 0.01 0.07 -0.07 -0.01 0.02 0.10 -0.00 -0.03* 0.09 0.07 0.09 -0.02 -0.02 0.03

Table B17. (Continued) First stage for IV accounting for current source interactions, export rank 51-75 log avg. dest. income Instrument Ghana Philippines Kuwait Romania Lithuania Moldova Kenya Dominican Republic Ukraine Cote d’Ivoire Libya Syrian Arab Republic Croatia Guatemala Peru Estonia Vietnam Ethiopia Mauritius Latvia Paraguay Bahrain Sri Lanka Iran Netherlands Antilles Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

0.02 -0.03 -0.01 -0.16 -0.08 0.01 -0.14* 0.02 -0.13 0.34 0.01 -0.10 0.60 0.10 0.07 -0.25 -0.09 -0.29*** 0.05 -0.06 -0.06*** 0.07 0.19 0.02 0.00

0.02 -0.03 -0.01 -0.16 -0.08 0.01 -0.14* 0.02 -0.13 0.32 0.01 -0.10 0.59 0.10 0.07 -0.25 -0.09 -0.30*** 0.05 -0.07 -0.06*** 0.07 0.18 0.02 0.00

0.08 -0.04 0.01 -0.15 -0.04 0.04 -0.11 0.01 -0.14* -0.12 0.00 -0.17** 0.73 0.13 0.02 -0.23 -0.08 -0.33*** 0.04 -0.19 -0.06* 0.17* 0.09 0.03* 0.04

-0.28 -0.36 0.22 0.12 -1.18 -0.23 -1.37 -0.12 -0.01 6.04 0.02 0.67* 1.97 -0.59 0.72** -0.95 0.24 1.89** 0.11 0.20 -0.40* -0.66 0.81 -0.15 0.20

0.42 -0.53** 0.48 0.26 -0.65 0.11 -1.06 -0.19 -0.17 0.55 -0.07 -0.25 3.61 -0.21 0.08 -0.75 0.40 1.49 -0.02 -1.34 -0.32 0.50 -0.41 0.06 0.74

0.11 -0.03 0.04 0.02 0.09 0.05 0.05 -0.01 -0.03 -0.90 -0.01 -0.15** 0.27 0.06 -0.10 0.03 0.03 -0.06 -0.02 -0.25 0.01 0.19** -0.20*** 0.03 0.09*

Table B17. (Continued) First stage for IV accounting for current source interactions, export rank 76-100 log avg. dest. income Instrument El Salvador Armenia Malawi Jamaica Yemen Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Costa Rica Qatar Indonesia Honduras Kazakhstan Zambia Burkina Faso Bangladesh Madagascar Georgia Albania Togo Benin Dem. Rep. of Congo Rep. of Congo Mauritania Niger Notes: See above.

log (1 + avg dist)

export share

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

-0.00 -0.06 0.02 0.08 0.02 -0.25** -0.54 -0.09* 0.03 0.05 -0.04 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.35 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.18 -0.52 0.06* -0.38** -0.11* 0.31

-0.00 -0.05 0.03 0.08 0.03 -0.25** -0.57 -0.09* 0.03 0.05 -0.04 0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.36 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.17 -0.54 0.06* -0.37** -0.10* 0.33

-0.06 -0.07 0.05 0.08 -0.02 -0.32** -1.09** -0.09* 0.08 0.00 -0.02 -0.02 0.01 -0.02 1.01*** 0.05 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.19 -1.49* 0.06* -0.13 -0.11* 0.36

1.38*** -0.56 -0.15 0.26 -2.86 2.42 7.99*** 0.09 -0.86* 0.40 -0.12 0.79** 0.51 1.17 -3.57* -0.36 -0.95 0.71 -0.22 4.08 6.95 0.10 -2.76 -1.43 -7.06*

0.68 -0.75 0.16 0.29 -3.51 1.54 1.47 0.03 -0.25 -0.11 0.19 0.45 0.51 0.99 4.39 -0.78 -0.11 0.16 0.07 4.35 -4.87 0.10 0.23 -1.49 -6.68*

-0.12 -0.03 0.05 0.00 -0.11 -0.14 -1.07** -0.01 0.10 -0.08 0.05 -0.05 -0.00 -0.03 1.30*** -0.07 0.14 -0.09 0.05 0.05 -1.93** -0.00 0.49** -0.01 0.06

Export Destinations and Input Prices Appendix B: First Stage Tables

Export Destinations and Input Prices Appendix B: First Stage Tables

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