Jul 5, 2018 - 2018, on field based sample taking and laboratory analysis. The manual highlights simple field based diagnostic tests that can be carried out to ...
Field Technical Manual On Identification, Diagnosis and Control of Priority Small Ruminant Diseases in Wajir County, Kenya
Photo credit: Pauline Gitonga
Compiled by Dr. Pauline N. Gitonga
Supported by:
Disclaimer This manual is intended to assist animal health practioners working in Wajir County to understand the clinical presentation of endemic diseases. The manual is a reflection of the current knowledge of the priority diseases in Wajir County. Practioners using this manual are therefore urged to use their skills and judgement as they apply the principles set out in this manual. The author and publisher assume no responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results of using the diagnosis and treatments given in this manual. The author and publisher accept no liability for any damage or loss whatsoever resulting from use of or reliance on any information contained in this manual. Since this manual will have a wide distribution, the veterinary procedures, drugs and doses given here do not and cannot comply with all the veterinary drug laws of Kenya. It is therefore imperative that practioners using this manual familiarizing themselves with the Kenyan laws and regulations that apply to the practice of veterinary medicine use in animals and must practice strict adherence to these laws. Similarly, this manual is not intended to substitute for the complete prescribing information prepared by each manufacturer for each drug. The package insert and directions for use of every drug product should be read, understood and followed before any drug is administered or prescribed.
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Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................. 3 Foreword..................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... 5 Priority Small Ruminant Diseases in Wajir County ...................................... 6 Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP) (Furuq) ........................................................... 7 Peste des Petits Ruminants/ Diftheer ..................................................... 11 Contagious Caprine PleuroPneumoniae/ Gesdow ................................... 17 Undiagnosed syndromes ........................................................................ 21 Goat Abortion/Diis ................................................................................ 21 Impact/Bloat syndrome/ Labalol ........................................................... 22 Zoonotic Diseases ..................................................................................... 23 Rift Valley Fever ..................................................................................... 23
List of Figures Figure 1: Geographical distribution of priority goat and sheep diseases in Wajir County............................................................................................... 6 Figure 2: Sheep and Goat Pox Morbidity, Mortality and Case Fatality Rates in Wajir County........................................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Generalised Goat pox lesions ........................................................ 9 Figure 4: Generalised Sheep pox lesions ...................................................... 9 Figure 5: PPR Morbidity, Mortality and Case fatality rates in Wajir County 12 Figure 6: Stepwise clinical manifestations in goats infected with PPR virus. ................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 7: Gross Pathological lesions in a goat due to PPR infection ............ 14 Figure 8: PPR rapid immunochromatographic pen side test field test ......... 15 Figure 9: CCPP Morbidity, Mortality and Case fatality rates in Wajir County ................................................................................................................. 17 Figure 10: CCPP Gross pathology lesions showing yellowish, fibrinous deposit on the surface of the lungs ............................................................ 18 Figure 11: CCPP lesions in a goat showing hepatised pneumoniae with granular/nodular lung appearance and large quantities of pleural fluid .... 19 Figure 12: Goat abortion syndrome morbidity, mortality and case fatality incidence rates in Wajir County................................................................. 21 Figure 13: Goat Impact/bloat syndrome morbidity, mortality and case fatality incidence rates in Wajir County .................................................... 22
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Foreword The field technical manual aims at harmonising the identification, diagnosis and control of priority goat and sheep diseases in Wajir County. The manual is an initiative that was requested by veterinary staff from the Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (DALF) in Wajir County. The identified priority diseases are as a result of a participatory mapping study conducted between November 2017 and April 2018. The mapping study was conducted in 16 sites across the 8 sub counties of Wajir. A total of 48 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), 3 in each site, were carried out with a total of 565 livestock keepers. The manual provides a simple, concise description of the priority diseases as well as contextualises the diseases to the local setting through provision of local names of diseases and where possible hot spot areas of occurrence. The importance of sample taking before treatment is also emphasized. To support this practice, 26 DALF veterinary staff were trained between 3rd and 5th July 2018, on field based sample taking and laboratory analysis. The manual highlights simple field based diagnostic tests that can be carried out to offer tentative diagnosis of diseases. The manual also makes suggestions on what samples should be collected for specialized testing to confirm the diseases. The treatment and prevention protocols offered in the manual are suggestions. Practioners are urged to follow set OIE guidelines for treatment and control of diseases. It is my hope that the use of info graphics and pictures will makes this manual a handy quick reference companion for Wajir County animal health practitioners. Dr. Pauline Njoki Gitonga Animal Health Consultant BVM, MSc, PhD.
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Acknowledgments The author is grateful to the veterinary staff from the Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries in Wajir County. My sincere appreciation goes to the field team composed of Chatsi Omar, Noor H. Abdille, Adan R. Hassan, Hussein Ali, Dr. Abukar Daud and Dr. Luke Kamau. The consultant also recognizes the dedicated service offered by Elijah Lwevo during the inception phase of the study. The consultant is also grateful to all who facilitated timely release of resources to support the study, I acknowledge CEC Yusuf Gedi, CO Abdullahi Ragow, CDVS Dr. Kiprono and Bernard Otieno Ouma.
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Priority Small Ruminant Diseases in Wajir County
Figure 1: Geographical distribution of priority goat and sheep diseases in Wajir County
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Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP) (Furuq) Scientific Name: Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP) Local Name: Furuq/Bagah Causative agent: Sheep Pox Virus (SPV) or Goat Pox Virus (GPV), -Closely related members of Capri pox viruses -Also related to lumpy skin disease virus The viruses are specie specific but there are reports of natural susceptibility of sheep to goat pox virus and vice versa. Transmission and Predisposing factors Seasonality- common in the rainy season or dry cold season Livestock mobility- favours contact between infected and susceptible herds. Naïve populations- presence of herds that have not had previous infections is a major predisposing factor in epidemics. Compromised immunity due to malnutrition, parasitism and bacterial infections. Sources of virus -Ulcerated nodules, saliva, nasal and ocular secretions, milk, urine, and faeces. Transmission is through inhalation of infected aerosol droplets from nasal discharges or through the skin during close contact with severely affected animals with ulcerated papules on the skin and mucous membranes. mechanical transmission through biting insects is also suspected. Young animals born to un-immunized dams have a high mortality rate. Infection results in solid and enduring immunity. Though the clinical picture is similar in sheep and goats , the disease has been observed to be more severe in sheep. Occurrence Sheep and Goat pox is endemic in most of the Greater Horn of Africa Region (GHoA), it has also been reported in other areas of Africa, Middle East, Asia, and Europe. Morbidity rate in endemic areas is 70–90%, while mortality rate is 5– 10%, although it can approach 100% in naïve populations. All ages, sex and breeds of sheep and goats are equally susceptible. In Wajir, SGP was described as being endemic (Figure ) with an overall morbidity rate of 60%, mortality rate of 26% especially in young animals under 2 years and case fatality rate of 37%. Main Clinical Signs Generalized skin nodules; Nodules also in mucous membranes of mouth, eyes and nose; Fever, lacrimation and nasal discharge. Eyelids may become swollen, and mucopurulent discharge crusts the nostrils resulting laboured and noisy breathing. The widespread skin nodules are often readily seen on the muzzle, ears, and areas free of wool or long hair. Palpation of the skin will detect lesions not readily seen. Skin nodules start as erythematous areas on the skin and progress rapidly to raised, circular plaques with congested borders caused by local inflammation, oedema, and epithelial hyperplasia. 7| Page
Figure 2: Sheep and Goat Pox Morbidity, Mortality and Case Fatality Rates in Wajir County
Differential diagnosis SGP should not be confused with; Insect bites (Urticaria), Contagious pustular dermatitis (orf), PPR, Dermatophilosis, Post mortem lesions External lesions including severe and extensive pox lesions that are uniformly distributed throughout the skin and mucous membranes; Internal pox lesions mainly in the lung tissue and trachea mucosa; Mediastinal lymph nodes are oedematous and enlarged. 8| Page
Figure 3: Generalised Goat pox lesions (Photo Courtesy Chatsi Omar, Wajir county)
Figure 4: Generalised Sheep pox lesions Photo Courtesy: Dr. Max Bonniwell, Oban, Scotland.
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Diagnosis Field based Diagnosis Tentative diagnosis based on clinical signs. Specialised diagnosis: Sample collection Before Sample collection, the practitioner should call receiving laboratory to find out what is their testing capacity. Most laboratories will require serum or blood to conduct ELISA or PCR tests. However some may have capacity for tissue culture virus isolation and histopathology investigation. Live animals: Skin scrapings, thick skin papule biopsies, scabs, aspirates of lymph nodes, vesicular fluids, whole blood (in anticoagulant) and serum; Dead animals: Skin lesions, lung lesions (including normal tissue), mediastinal lymph nodes and other organs with pox like lesions. Transport and Storage of samples Samples must be chilled and transported to the laboratory as soon as possible. If there is a delay, preserve skin scrapings, biopsies and tissues in 10% glycerol/PBS or saline and store at 4°C for a few days or frozen at below –20°C for a longer period; Tissue samples must be large enough that glycerol does not penetrate into the centre of the tissue and destroy the virus. Treatment and Control Contingency planning that requires a capacity for surveillance especially Participatory Disease Surveillance (PDS) to allow early detection of disease and rapid respond team to allow early intervention measures are instituted to control the disease. Sick animals may be given supportive therapy multivitamin and if there is secondary bacterial infection judicious use of antibiotics. It should be noted that in healthy animals SGP will run its course without the need for antibiotic therapy. Vaccination is the best control strategy- Use of live, attenuated virus vaccines induces longer immunity than inactivated virus vaccines. References 1. OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. www.oie.intlen/internationalstandard setting/terrestrial-code/access-online/ 2. The Merck Veterinary Manual. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/ 3. AU-IBAR, 2015. Standard Methods and Procedures (SMPs) for Sheep and Goat Pox (S & GP) in the Greater Horn of Africa, Nairobi.
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Peste des Petits Ruminants/ Diftheer Scientific Name: Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)/ Goat Plague Local Name: Diftheer Causative agent: Virus- Morbillivirus closely related to Rinderpest Virus (RP). Virus predominately affects goats and sheep with goats suffering a more severe form of the disease. susceptibility of camels to PPR virus needs to be monitored so as to detect potential lethal outbreaks in camel species. Transmission and Predisposing factors Virus in infected animals is secreted in tears, nasal discharge, secretions from coughing and in faeces. Transmission of virus occurs through direct contact especially through inhalation and indirect contact when infected secretions and faeces contaminate water, feed troughs and beddings. PPR outbreaks are more common in the rainy season or dry cold season. Livestock mobility favours contact between infected and susceptible herds as well as causes stress that compromises immune response. Presence of naïve populations within an infected region is a major predisposing factor in epidemics. In endemic areas young animals (
