Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com
Review
Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings Abdulaziz S. Alaboodi, Zahid Hussain ⇑ Qassim Engineering College, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 29 August 2016 Accepted 12 February 2017 Available online xxxx Keywords: Nanoindentation Coatings Finite element methods
a b s t r a c t Thin films and coatings are increasingly being used almost in every engineering field. Many properties such as tribological, strength and magnetic can be improved by application of thin film. Especially in mechanical they are being applied in engines parts, prone to worn out and corroded parts, biomedical implants and cutting tools. Under service life, these coatings may incur failure thereby resulting in loss of the system as a whole. Therefore, it is unavoidable to investigate the critical loads that lead to ultimate fracture. Among many techniques available to assess the service performance of coatings, nanoindentation technique is a versatile nondestructive and has been applied frequently for this purpose. Further, it is imperative to simulate nanoindentation by powerful FEM software to extract plenty of mechanical properties like hardness, elastic modulus, endurance loads and various parameters like optimal thickness and optimal critical load, stress distribution and contact pressure between substrate and layer can be obtained through load-displacement curve. In this article review, a detailed procedure of nanoindentation experiment and its finite element analysis have been presented and latest development in this area has been provided while keeping focus on thin films. Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Contents 1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nano-Indentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Nanoindentation technique for coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finite element method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literature review table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction Thin film coatings are being widely used in a variety of applications nowadays. Some useful applications include tribological, corrosion resistance of mechanical components, tooling, biomedical implants, electronic parts, microsystem packaging, cutting tool Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address:
[email protected] (Z. Hussain).
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
coatings and magnetic devices. Thin film coatings have proved themselves an efficient approach of not only in controlling wear and friction but also appreciably addressing economic, environmental and safety concerns. Nano-indentation is a versatile technique which is widely applied for characterization of mechanical response of materials. Nanoindentation is non-destructive technique (NDT) which make indents of nano size less than 200 nm (based in ISO 14577-1, hence called Nano indentation). Because thin film coatings have thicknesses of order of few microns, conventional indentation method
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001 1018-3639/Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Alaboodi, A.S., Hussain, Z. Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001
2
A.S. Alaboodi, Z. Hussain / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
is not suitable to extract mechanical and tribological properties. Nanoindentation technique is a valid option to be used for the purpose. This technique is useful for characterization of bulk materials as well. Getting mechanical properties of materials by conventional mechanical test methods require destruction and large size of materials which may not be convenient in some cases. Since in the nano-indentation test the indentation depth is in the order of nanometer and the residual indentation diameter is often in the order of nanometer, this test needs less sample material, decreases costs and is independent of the specimen geometry. So an alternate approach is to employ nano-indentation technique to measure mechanical properties of bulk materials and thin coatings (Pharr, 1998; Cuya et al., 2002; Ayatollahi et al., 2012). Commonly investigated properties include hardness, yield strength, young’s modulus, strain hardening coefficient, fracture toughness and viscoelastic properties of bulk materials and coatings of even nano thickness (Qasmi et al., 2004). Finite element method (FEM) has been extensively used to characterize mechanical properties of bulk materials and of thin film coatings by simulating nano indentation procedures. For indentation processes, the finite element simulation can be employed for investigating the complex stress and strain fields under the indenter tip which is extremely difficult to achieve by experiment. Knowledge of strain and strain fields enables to determine the basic mechanical properties of materials such as hardness, yield strength, indenter geometry and shape etc. This technique has been applied for metals and polymers (Ranjana et al., 2002; Marchiori and Lopomob, 2016). This technique has become an essential tool to characterize materials especially for investigating coatings and helps in providing better design and understanding. Simulation of nanoindentation technique has also been used where experimental nanoindentations show limitations. For instance, at high temperature environment the thermalexpansion induced drift and temperature variations at interface of indenter tip and hot specimen lead to error in experimental results. FEM can be applied in such type of environments (Lee et al., 2013). Although finite element simulation is an appreciable method to characterize the coating, accuracy and precision of the results depend upon indenter tip radius, the mesh size and the hardening law imposed on simulation model (Bressan et al., 2005a,b). So it is recommended that experiment must be conducted in order to validate the simulation results.
The aim of this paper is to present a recent development in the area of finite element modeling of thin films using nano indentation techniques. It is hoped that this review would present a milestone of what has been done in this field and what is the possible future work that can be done.
2. Nano-Indentation 2.1. Measurement In this technique, load is applied on the specimen to be tested and the resultant displacement is recorded. Sensors and actuators of high resolution record penetration depth for very small increment of load and in this way load displacement graph (shown in Fig. 2) is obtained. Applied load may be of order of micro or nano newton and displacement may be of order of nano or angstrom. Strength of this technique is that by using suitable indenter, many mechanical properties can be extracted by getting information from load displacement data. Fig. 1(a & b) illustrates a typical experimental setup and schematic representation of nanoindentation. Of different proposed methodologies to measure hardness and elastic modulus, Oliver and Pharr (1992) method is the most widely used where maximum load Pmax, maximum indentation depth hmax and initial unloading contact stiffness ‘S’ are used as key parameters to calculate contact depth. Mechanical properties are determined by calculating contact area as function of contact depth. Indenter shape and geometry play an important role in determining contact depth (Oliver and Pharr, 2004). In Table 1, detailed information about indenters has been provided. A typical load-displacement curve is shown in Fig. 2 where P is the load and h is displacement (penetration) with respect to initial surface. Maximum penetration is represented by ‘hmax’ corresponding to maximum load ‘Pmax’. S is the contact stiffness determined as the slope of the upper portion of the unloading curve during the initial stages of unloading (dP/dh), and hf is the permanent depth of penetration after the indenter is fully withdrawn. Nanoindentation experiment is very delicate and highly sensitive to many factors. The result may be wrong if problems like thermal drift, initial penetration, instrument compliance etc. have not been addressed properly (Bolshakov and Pharr, 1998; Underwood, 1973).
Fig. 1. (a) Apparatus for nanoindentation experiment (Hernández-Sánchez and Gutiérrez-López, 2015), (b) Schematic representation.
Please cite this article in press as: Alaboodi, A.S., Hussain, Z. Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001
A.S. Alaboodi, Z. Hussain / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
3
Table 1 Types of Indenters and applications. Indenter Geometry
Details
Application
Pyramidal
Berkovich type indenter has triangular base and an angle of 65.03° between the axis of the pyramid (shown in Fig. 3) Vickers type indenter (shown in Fig. 3) square base with an angle of 136° between opposite faces of the pyramid (Ebenstein and Pruitt, 2006) Different sizes are available ranging from 200 lm to 1 lm. (shown in Fig. 3)
Used to measure mechanical properties like hardness, internal friction, strain rate sensitivity for very hard materials like metals and ceramics, biological materials (Lucas et al., 1996; Ebenstein and Pruitt, 2006)
Spherical
Cylindrical
Flat tip indenter (shown in Fig. 3)
Used for soft materials like plastic and polymers. Helpful in exploring yielding and associated phenomenon because of the fact that load changes gradually from elastic to elastic–plastic region. Rarely used and has the advantage over other shapes in maintaining constant contact area (Hu et al., 2015)
2.2. Standard Nanoindentation technique has been widely accepted and applied technique for material characterization. Therefore, very soon the need was realized to develop some standard to address procedures and methods relevant to measurement, calibration and validation. Table 2 provides information about relevant ISO standard. 2.3. Nanoindentation technique for coating
Fig. 2. A typical load displacement graph.
Thin films and coatings certainly possess many leads on their account but reliability concerns during the service life are always present. To address such concerns, the strength and performance of the coatings must be assessed under applied conditions. Failure may occur in the form of deformation or decohesion and degradation of film due to corrosion or diffusion (Shan and Sitaraman, 2003). It is a worthwhile to characterize mechanical and tribological properties of coatings. Potential fracture modes may be; coating detachment, permanent, surface deformation, cracking, spalling, scratching, material pick-up, and abrasive, erosive and tribo-chemical wear.
Fig. 3. Indenter types: (a) Pyramidal Berkovich, (b): Spherical (c) Pyramidal Rockwell (d) Conical (e) Spherical.
Please cite this article in press as: Alaboodi, A.S., Hussain, Z. Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001
4
A.S. Alaboodi, Z. Hussain / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Table 2 ISO Standard for nanoindentation. Standard Name
Title
ISO 14577-1
Instrumented indentation parameters (Part 1) Instrumented indentation parameters (Part 2) Instrumented indentation parameters (Part 3) Instrumented indentation parameters (Part 4)
ISO 14577-2 ISO 14577-3 ISO 14577-4
Year of Issue test for hardness and materials test for hardness and materials test for hardness and materials test for hardness and materials
Nanoindentation technique is preferred over other methods because very thin film can be characterized without any damage or delamination from the substrate. To obtain accurate results, the substrate effect should be negligibly small. To measure hardness of coatings, it is assumed, as a rule of thumb, that indentation depth should not be more than 10% of coating thickness to avoid substrate influence (Chen and Bull, 2009). But this rule is not universal and varies from case to case and much care is to be taken to characterize thin coatings especially when a very soft layer is deposited on very hard substrate (Fischer-Cripps, 2006). However the versatility of the technique appeals people to work on the issues/problems which cause doubts and uncertainties. The commonly used approach is to compute properties using the classical Oliver–Pharr (OP) methodology for several indentation depths. The properties are then extrapolated to zero indentation depth. However, there is no physical justification for extrapolation. More justified and clear approaches based on theoretical solutions were presented by Chudoba et al. (2000) and Li and Vlassak (2009), in order to account for the substrate effect. 3. Finite element method With the advent of powerful finite element analysis programs, it is imperative to simulate nano-indentation process (Bressan et al., 2005a,b). When the response of the specimen is elastic only, the elastic stress field at the contact region is well-defined regardless of the type of indenter. But for elastic-plastic or viscoelastic response it becomes extremely difficult to obtain stress fields around contact area especially when the indenter is Berkovich or Vickers. This is due to 3-dimentional phenomenon associated with
2002 (Revised 2015) 2002 (Revised 2015) 2002 (Revised 2015) 2007 (Revised 2016)
Objective in
Describes the test method
in in
Describes verification procedures and calibration of testing machines Describes calibration of reference blocks
in
Describes indentation of coatings and thin films
large plastic strains (Fivel et al., 1998). Nanoindentation with Berkovich and Vickers is one of the most complex contact problems. In this case, finite element method is considered as valid candidate to have stress distribution and displacement plot during loading and unloading processes. Moreover, experimental nanoindentation procedure has limitation of thermal drift at high temperature environment which leads to error in results. Simulation can overcome this difficulty (Lee et al., 2013). Therefore, it has been stated by many authors that finite element method is an appropriate method to determine mechanical properties of materials (Stauss et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2008). Some researchers have employed finite element analysis to investigate indentation process (Bolshakov et al., 1996; Moy et al., 2011). By considering appropriate dimensions of sample material, indenter and indentation depth, nanoindentation technique can be simulated (Lichinchi et al., 1998; Vlachos et al., 2001; Bhattacharya and Nix, 1991; Knapp et al., 1999; Karimpour et al., 2013). This method is basically a large displacement contact problem where indenter is considered rigid and is forced into material whose properties are to investigate. Interface between layer and specimen is assumed to be perfectly bonded. Friction between indenter and layer can be assumed to be negligible (Bressan et al., 2005a,b). Two-dimensional or 3-dimensional axissymmetric model may be considered to solve the problem. All the nodes present on axis of symmetry have 1 degree of freedom only i.e. they can move only along axis of symmetry. Bottom of the substrate is fixed. The load applied on the indenter is displacement load. A schematic model is shown in Fig. 4. Refine meshing is done near indenter tip where contact exists between indenter and specimen.
Fig. 4. (a) 2-D axis-symmetric schemetic of FEM model (b) 3-D axis symmetric model.
Please cite this article in press as: Alaboodi, A.S., Hussain, Z. Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001
A.S. Alaboodi, Z. Hussain / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
5
Fig. 5. Algorithm for analyzing complex coating-substrate system (Kot et al., 2013).
Along with experimental results obtained from conventional (like uniaxial tensile test) or nano-indentation, this technique has been successfully used to understand mechanical behavior of bulk and thin coating materials. Full characterization and finite element model validation require experimental results as well. For example, just to start simulation, you will be defining elastic-plastic behavior by assumption of multilinear, bilinear or kinematic hardening plastic properties and getting load-displacement curve similar to that obtained from nano indentation experiment by iteration i.e. changing stress-strain curve until similar load displacement curve has been extracted. This type of analysis is called inverse analysis and stress-strain curve thus finalized give various mechanical properties like yield strength, fracture strength, load bearing capacity etc. This has been applied by many researchers (Clausner and Ritcher, 2015; Toparli and Koksal, 2005; Rao, 2009). Finite element simulation is also employed to obtain load displacement curve provided plastic behavior is already known in literature or have been determined by conventional test (Karimzadeh and Ayatollahi, 2012; Dias et al., 2006). This approach is called forward analysis. In either way, stress distribution, deformation and strains in thin film can be investigated. Complex coating-substrate system can be analyzed by experiment and simulation together. Strength and load bearing capacity can be found by transforming load-displacement curve into stress strain curve and then finding the map of fracture. A detailed procedure has been depicted in Fig. 5 where nanoindentation experiment and simulation both have been used to analyze complex coating substrate system. Among with the experimental dimensions that can be used to validate the model, finite element simulation of nanoindentation can be used to understand stress distributions when displacement is large and specimen deforms plastically. It follows that a list of outputs such as; stress-strain fields, stresses at the substratecoating interface, indenter-indented material dynamic interaction,
thermal effects etc. that cannot be experimentally evaluated, are possible by application of FEM. However, there are limitations as well. Computational limitations, difficulty in implementation of failure criteria especially in case of coatings still challenge the researchers (Mousse et al., 2012; Dias et al., 2006). 4. Literature review table A comprehensive review of recent developments on the subject has been provided in Table 3. 5. Conclusion Nanoindentation is a versatile technique to characterize bulk materials and nanostructured coating layers. Finite element simulation allows better understanding of deformation phenomenon at small scales and is also useful to examine the elastic-plastic transition regime. Finite element simulation of nanoindentation is also successfully used in measuring the elastic-plastic properties of thin films on substrates like work hardening coefficient, yield strength and residual stress and to extract the stress-strain curve of the coating Nanoindentation alone is not sufficient to fully describe the mechanical properties of materials. Finite element simulation resolve the shortcomings of experiment such as stress distribution and displacement plot at contact region, temperature effects, complex geometry etc. In case of thin coatings, extracting mechanical properties from nanoindentation experiment and FEM simulation becomes particularly complex because of the presence of the substrate effect. Researchers have mentioned the ways to take ’film only’ properties (Chen and Bull, 2009) but no standard rule is present as their work is specific to their analyzed class of materials. Complexity increases for multilayer and graded coatings that nowadays are finding many applications (Liu et al., 2013). Research
Please cite this article in press as: Alaboodi, A.S., Hussain, Z. Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001
6
A.S. Alaboodi, Z. Hussain / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Table 3 Literature review. Reference
Title
Problem statement
Conclusion/recommendation
Gan and BenNissan (1997)
The effects of mechanical properties of thin films on nano-indentation data: Finite element analysis
Michler and Blank (2001)
Analysis of coating fracture and substrate plasticity induced by spherical indentors: diamond and diamond-like carbon layers on steel substrates
Yield strength and strain hardening of film have greater impact on load displacement curve while elastic modulus of film has negligible impact Fracture load varies with height of indentation to indenter radius (h/R) ratio
Ranjana et al. (2002)
Effects of the substrate on the determination of thin film mechanical properties by nanoindentation
Two-dimensional axis-symmetric model was used to investigate the effect of elastic modulus, yield strength and strain hardening on thin films of variable thickness Finite Element Simulation and analytical simulation of contact problem where a spherical indenter is pushed on the coating on substrate, typically in this case, diamond on steel substrate and diamond like carbon (DLC) on steel substrate Critical stresses for onset plastic deformation in coating and substrate failure were calculated Thin film of aluminum and tungsten on four substrates of aluminum, silicon, sapphire and glass to observe the effects Eight experiments were designed for the same layer on different substrate
Shan and Sitaraman (2003)
Elastic-Plastic Characterization of thin film using nano indentation technique
He and Veprek (2003)
Finite element modeling of indentation into superhard coatings
Park and Pharr (2004)
Nano indentation with spherical indenters: finite element studies of deformation in the elastic–plastic transition regime
Taking the advantage of spherical indenter, the constraint factor Pm/rr is plotted against a/R to explore the elastic plastic transition for a variety of materials Here, Pm is the mean pressure under indenter, rr is the flow stress calculated from representative strain er = 0.2 a/R for spherical indenter a and R are radius of indentation and indenter respectively
Toparli and Koksal (2005)
Hardness and yield strength of dentin from simulated nano-indentation test
Bressan et al. (2005b)
Modeling of nanoindentation of bulk and thin film by finite element method
For the reasons of difficulty in measurement by conventional methods, nanoindentation technique was simulated for measurements of hardness and yield strength of tooth dentin Numerical simulation of nanoindentation process to investigate the mechanical response of thin films and bulk materials of copper, titanium and iron
Beegan and Chowdhury (2004)
The nanoindentation behavior of hard and soft films on silicon substrates
Copper nitride and copper films of thickness 550 and 400 nm were observed
Yoo et al. (2004)
Effect of work hardening on the critical indentation limit in spherical nano-indentation of thin film substrate systems
Srinivas and Eswara (2009)
Finite element modeling of nano indentation to extract loaddisplacement characteristic of bulk materials and thin films
Finite element analysis was performed for layered and hypothetically monolithic material and results were compared 2-D axis-symmetric problem with spherical indenter of different radii was modeled and critical limit was investigated by the extent of indentation by which layered system and monolithic material show the same behavior Nanoindentation process has been simulated for bulk materials such as titanium, copper and iron and thin coatings like copper on iron substrate and titanium on silicon
Spherical indenter was used for characterization Plastic properties were obtained by forward analysis. Finite element analysis of superhard coatings on relatively soft substrates was performed. Analysis was done by treating indenter as elastic rather than rigid because of the fact in case of superhard materials experience deformation
Effect was negligible in case of soft film on hard substrate. Effect was prominent in case of hard film on relatively soft substrate When there is a large mismatch in the film and substrate moduli, it was recommended to use King’s analysis for estimation of film modulus Plastic properties (Yield strength and strain exponent) of thin film is relatively superior to the same material in bulk Oliver–Pharr and the Doerner–Nix methods give different hardness values when applied to load–displacement curves from a superhard film on a soft substrate Effect of substrate was found to be more intense in case of superhard coating and therefore it was recommended that indentation experiment should be performed within 5% of coating thickness rather than 10% as a rule of thumb Elastic-plastic transition can be divided into two regions i. An elastically dominated regime, in which a single universal law holds ii. A plastically dominated regime where deformation is dependent on strain hardening characteristic of materialsThe universal behavior observed in first regime can be used to estimate material properties without prior knowledge of work hardening Hardness and yield strength were successfully calculated
Effect of simulation parameters like friction, mesh size, indenter tip radius and hardening law imposed on materials was explored It was revealed that thin layers on substrate show relatively good strength as compared when they are used in bulk Also recommended that experiments are must for validation Effect of substrate was observed To have true hardness value from the measured composite hardness Korsunksy’s composite hardness model was applied Initiation of equivalent plastic strain in substrate for critical indentation depth determination
Good agreement was found between experimental and simulated data Due to limited work on ANSYS, author worked on ANSYS and successfully established that nano indentation simulation can be performed on ANSYS
Please cite this article in press as: Alaboodi, A.S., Hussain, Z. Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001
7
A.S. Alaboodi, Z. Hussain / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx Table 3 (continued) Reference
Title
Problem statement
Conclusion/recommendation
Zhao et al. (2011)
Nanoindentation of hard multilayer coatings: Finite element modelling
Comparison of different systems with regard to stress distribution reveals that there is reduction in stress intensity in multilayered structure Maximum reduction of 50% in radial tensile stress was observed at interface in case of multi layered structure
David and Christelle (2011)
Mechanical properties of hierarchical porous silica thin films: Experimental characterization by nanoindentation and Finite Element modeling
Khan and Hainsworth (2010)
A combined experimental and finite element approach for determining mechanical properties of aluminium alloys by nanoindentation
Finite element simulation was performed to investigate stress distribution in four different coating system under nanoindentations and under same conditions Two systems are monolithic (single layer, pure TiN on steel and pure TiSiN on steel) and other two are multi-layered (combined TiN and TiSiN) but overall thickness in all systems is same (2 lm) Porous thin film elastic properties were investigated by experimental-FE comparison. Experimental results were obtained by nanoindentation using Oliver and Pharr technique followed by extrapolation to zero depth and also by Li-Vlassak (LV) approach (Li and Vlassak, 2009) Porous films of different structure and densities (Mesoporous, macroporous and hierarchically porous) were characterized Forward analysis was made for Al 2024-T351 and reverse analysis was performed for aluminum cladding (100 lm) in ABAQUS to characterize elastic response
Gîrleanu and Pac (2011)
Characterization of nano-structured titanium and aluminium nitride coatings by indentation, transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy Analysis of spherical indentations of coating-substrate systems: Experiments and finite element modeling
2-D axis-symmetric model of nanoindentation system with vicker indenter was simulated for TiN and AlN coatings over steel substrate
Marcin et al. (2013)
Load-bearing capacity of coating– substrate systems obtained from spherical indentation tests
The allowable loads for coated surfaces were determined using spherical indentation tests with a 20–500 nm range of indenter tip radius. Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings, 0.7–2.4 lm thick, deposited on steel substrates by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique were tested
Liu et al. (2013)
Architectural design of diamond-like carbon coatings for long-lasting joint replacements
Modulus graded multilayer structure for DLC coating used in artificial joints was analyzed. Simulation was carried out in COSMOL to investigate wear particles induced stress in coatings on metal on metal (MoM) bearing hip replacement. Three types of DLC coatings (one, three and five layers) were analyzed. For multilayer coatings gradient in modulus is applied. 2-D axis symmetric model was simulated using spherical indenter
Pandure (2014)
Finite element simulation of nanoindentation of DLC coated HSS substrate
A 2-D and 3-D axis-symmetric model was solved to simulate nano indentation procedures for Diamond Like Carbon layer on steel substrate
Kot et al. (2013)
The research work presented in this paper was conducted twofold Numerical experiments of spherical indentations of coating-substrate systems were conducted using the FEM method. Spherical nanoindentation tests were performed for TiN coatings deposited on steel substrates. Combining the FEM modeling and experimental results enables the determination of the critical loads leading to the characteristic destruction forms of coated elements by substrate yield and coating fracture and the corresponding state of stress
Results obtained by LV methods were more accurate Results showed that macroporous and hierarchically porous were similar in behavior (brittle) while mesoporous thin film was opposite and undergone large elastic recovery
Good agreement was found between experimental and simulated results Yield strength foe Al cladding was found 110– 120 MPa and work hardening component was 0.075–0.1 The plastic deformation of the substrate is lesser for AlN and Al rich films than for TiN, leading to a lower residual depth
Load-penetration depth curve was transformed into stress-strain curve. Method of assessing critical loads for onset plastic deformation of substrate yield and coating fracture was determined The first crack appears on the coating surface under indenter. Tensile stress depends upon the coating thickness and strength The presented analysis and failure maps of coating substrate systems can give more insight into the role of properties of both materials and also the contact geometry. Such maps can also be helpful for other material and geometry combinations by extrapolation of the results to a few analyzed systems Indentation results allow to draw the map of deformation of this coating–substrate system and estimate the allowable loads, into avoid the destruction of the system by the substrate yield and coating fracture. Tribological studies, carried out in the ball-on-disc contact, showed a completely different character of wear of the systems for loads below and above the permissible level Stress distribution is mapped under the action of wear particles Lowering of stress concentration has been has observed in multilayer coatings which justified their implementation Application of graded multilayer structure reduced tensile stress by 32% (for 3 layers) and 40% (5 layers). Maximum shear stress reduced 18% (for 3 layers) and 20% (for 5 layers). Reduction in tensile stress will improve crack resistance and reduction in shear stress will curtail the risk of delamination Plastic behaviour was characterized.
(continued on next page)
Please cite this article in press as: Alaboodi, A.S., Hussain, Z. Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001
8
A.S. Alaboodi, Z. Hussain / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Table 3 (continued) Reference
Title
Problem statement
Conclusion/recommendation
Bartolomé and Oblak (2016)
Mechanical behavior and constitutive models of ZDDP tribofilms on DLC coatings using nano-indentation data and finite element modelling
ZDDP tribofilms has harder and soft components. Harder component represented elastic–plastic model obeying power law for the harder component and softer component represented neo-Hookean hyper- elastic model
Bobzin and Brögelmann (2015)
Investigation on plastic behavior of HPPMS CrN, AlN and CrN/AlNmultilayer coatings using finite element simulation and nanoindentation Numerical modeling of functional graded TiB coating in Nanoindentation on Determination of Mechanical Properties
Mechanical behavior of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) tribofilms on diamond-likecarbon (DLC) coatings have been determined by nano-indentation experiment and finite element modeling Different constitutive models were analyzed on the basis of forward and inverse algorithms and was checked which model best describes the actual behavior of the films Experiment and simulation of nanoindentation process to investigate the plastic response of nanostructured layers of CrN, AlN and CrN/AlN
Computational analysis of functional graded thin film and multi-layer film, both having same thickness, was performed Tungsten Carbide (WC) and Titanium Boron (TiB) were used (each separately) as functional graded materials whose mechanical properties vary linearly along the thickness. The results were compared with thin coating layer included 85% Ti and 15% TiB FEA was performed to simulate the thickness of ceramic coating (Zirconia) over substrate of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Poly Ethylene (UHMWPE) to address the durability concerns in orthopedic applications. Nanoindentation and microindentation were simulated with Bekovich and Rockwell indenters, resp The role of thickness was assessed in terms of deformation of substrate, stresses at interface and coating itself
FGM was proved better in terms mechanical properties because 10% decrease in distribution,3 times decrease in maximum normal stress and 2 times decrease maximum shear stress were observed Hence possibility of delamination would curtail.
Uysal (2015)
Marchiori and Lopomob (2016)
Optimizing thickness of ceramic coatings on plastic components for orthopedic applications: A finite element analysis
is constantly being made on fully characterization of multilayer coatings using the experimental and simulation together and on a more reliable validation of finite element models ( David et al., 2015; Beliardouh et al., 2015).
References Ayatollahi, M.R., Alishahi, E., Doagou-R, S., Shadlou, S., 2012. Compos., Part B 43, 3425–3430. Bartolomé, Luis, Oblak, Eva, 2016. Tribol. Int. 95, 19–26. Beegan, D., Chowdhury, S., 2004. Thin Solid Films 466, 167–174. Beliardouh, N.E., Bouzid, K., Nouveau, C., Tlili, B., Walock, M.J., 2015. Tribol. Int. 82, 443–452. Bhattacharya, A.K., Nix, W.D., 1991. Int. J. Solids Struct. 24, 1047–1058. Bobzin, K., Brögelmann, T., 2015. Surf. Coat. Technol. 284, 310–317. Bolshakov, A., Pharr, G.M., 1998. J. Mater. Res. 13 (4), 1049–1058. Bolshakov, A., Oliver, W.C., Pharr, G.M., 1996. J. Mater. Res. 11, 760–768. Bressan, J.D., Tramontin, A., Rosa, C., 2005a. Wear 258, 115–122. Bressan, J.D., Tramontin, A., Rosa, C., 2005b. Modeling of nanoindentation of bulk and thin film by finite element method. Wear 258 (1–4), 115. Chen, J., Bull, S.J., 2009. Vacuum 83, 911–920. Chudoba, T., Schwarzer, N., Richter, F., 2000. Surf. Coat. Technol. 127, 9–17. Clausner, Andre, Ritcher, Frank, 2015. Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids 51, 11–20. Cuya, J.L., Mann, A.B., Livi, K.J., Teaford, M.F., Weihs, T.P., 2002. Arch. Oral Biol. 47, 281–291. Dias, Avelino Manuel da Silva, Modenesi, Paulo José, de Godoy, Geralda Cristina, 2006. Computer simulation of stress distribution during vickers hardness testing of WC-6Co. Mater. Res. 9, 73–77. Donna M. Ebenstein and Lisa A. Pruitt, Article in nano today. August 2006 Windt, David L., Gullikson, Eric M., 2015. Appl. Optics 54 (18), 5850–5860. http://dx. doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.005850. Fischer-Cripps, A.C., 2006. Critical review of analysis and interpretation of nanoindentation test data. Surf. Coat. Technol. 200, 4153–4165. Fivel, M.C., Robertson, C.F., Canova, G.R., Boulanger, L., 1998. Acta Materialia 46 (17), 6183. Gan, L., Ben-Nissan, B., 1997. Comp. Mater. Sci. 8, 273–281. Gîrleanu, M., Pac, M.-J., 2011. Thin Solid Films 519, 6190–6195. He, J.L., Veprek, S., 2003. Surf. Coat. Technol. 163–164, 374–379. H. Hernández-Sánchez, G. F. Gutiérrez-López (eds.), Food Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Food Engineering Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13596-0_6.
Results showed that nanostructure multilayer CrN/AlN coating exhibited high resistance to plastic deformation
Coatings over the range of 0.5–5 lm were simulated and it was recommended that thickness depends upon specific application. Therefore, just thickening the coating is not the solution
Hu, Z., Lynne, K., Delfanian, F., 2015. Characterization of materials’ elasticity and yield strength through micro-/nano-indentation testing with a cylindrical flattip indenter. J. Mater. Res. 30 (4), 578–591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/ jmr.2015.4. Jauffrès, David, Yacou, Christelle, 2011. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 140, 120– 129. Karimpour, M., Balint, D.S., Rzepiejewska-Malyska, K.A., Szerling, A., Michler, J., Lin, J., 2013. Comput. Mater. Sci. 68, 384–390. Karimzadeh, A., Ayatollahi, M.R., 2012. Polym. Testing 31, 828–833. Khan, M.K., Hainsworth, S.V., 2010. Comput. Mater. Sci. 49, 751–760. Knapp, J.A., Follstaedt, D.M., Myers, S.M., Barbour, J.C., Friedmann, T.A., 1999. J. Appl. Phys. 85 (1460), 1474. Kot, Marcin, Rakowski, Wiesław, Major, Łukasz, 2013a. Juergen Lackner Mater. Des. 43, 99–111. Kot, Marcin, Rakowski, Wiesław, Major, Łukasz, 2013b. Juergen Lackner Mater. Des. 46, 751–757. Lee, H., Chen, Y., Claisse, A., C.A., Schuh, 2013. Finite Element Simulation of Hot Nanoindentation in Vacuum. Exp. Mech. 53 (7), 1201–1211. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s11340-012-9700-7. Li, H., Vlassak, J.J., 2009. J. Mater. Res. 24, 1114–1126. Lichinchi, M., Lenardi, C., Haupt, J., Vitali, R., 1998. Thin Solid Films 333, 278–286. Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Zhang, L.-C., Habibi, D., Xie, Z., 2013. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 33, 2788– 2794. Lucas, B.N., Oliver, W.C., Loubet, J.-L., Pharr, G.M., 1996. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 436. Marchiori, G., Lopomob, N., 2016. Materials Science and Engineering C 58, 381–388. Michler, J., Blank, E., 2001. Thin Solid Films 381, 119–134. Mousse, C., Mauvoisin, G., Bartier, O., Pilvin, P., Delattre, G., 2012. Characterization of homogenous and plastically graded materials with spherical indentation and inverse analysis. J. Mater. Res. 27, 20–27. Moy, C.K.S., Bocciarelli, M., Ringer, S.P., Ranzi, G., 2011. Comput. Mater. Sci. 50, 1681–1691. Oliver, W.C., Pharr, G.M., 1992. J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564. Oliver, W.C., Pharr, G.M., 2004. J. Mater. Res. 19. Pandure, Pravin S., 2014. Procedia Mater. Sci. 6, 1619–1624. Park, Y.J., Pharr, G.M., 2004. Thin Solid Films 447–448, 246–250. Pharr, G.M., 1998. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 253, 151–159. Qasmi, M., Delobelle, P., Richard, F., Brun, C., Fromm, M., 2004. Prog. Org.Coat. 51 (3), 195. Srinivasa, Rao Ch, Eswara, Reddy C, 2009. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 47, 54–59. Saha, Ranjana, Nix, William D., 2002. Acta Materialia 50, 23–38. Shan, Zhaohui, Sitaraman, Suresh K., 2003. Thin Solid Films 437, 176–181. Stauss, S., Schwaller, P., Bucaille, J.L., Rabe, R., Rohr, L., Michler, J., Blank, E., 2003. Microelectron. Eng. 6768, 818–825.
Please cite this article in press as: Alaboodi, A.S., Hussain, Z. Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001
A.S. Alaboodi, Z. Hussain / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx Toparli, M., Koksal, N.S., 2005. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 77, 253–257. Underwood, J.H., 1973. Residual stress measurement using surface displacements around an indentation. Exp. Mech. 30, 373–380. Uysal, Mine Uslu, 2015. Mater. Today: Proc. 2, 217–223.
9
Vlachos, D.E., Markopoulos, Y.P., Kostopoulos, V., 2001. Comput. Mech. 27, 138–144. Yoo, Y.-H., Lee, W., Shin, H., 2004. Surf. Coat. Tech. 179, 324–332. Zhang, J., Niebur, G.L., Ovaert, T.C., 2008. J. Biomech. 41, 267–275. Zhao, X., Xie, Z., Munroe, P., 2011. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528, 1111–1116.
Please cite this article in press as: Alaboodi, A.S., Hussain, Z. Finite element modeling of nano-indentation technique to characterize thin film coatings. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.02.001
