Abstract. A new approach for the evolutionary design of combinational logic circuits using Genetic Algorithm and 2-1 ... multiplexers with Genetic programming.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 46 (2015) 1246 – 1253
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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ,QIRUPDWLRQDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the International Conference on Information and Communication 7HFKQRORJLHV,&,&7 Technologies (ICICT 2014) .H\ZRUGV*HQHWLF$OJRULWKP&RPELQDWLRQDOORJLFFLUFXLW0XOWLSOH[HU6KDQQRQ¶VGHFRPSRVLWLRQWHFKQLTXH(YROXWLRQDU\GHVLJQ
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1877-0509 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICICT 2014) doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.01.041
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C.K. Vijaya Kumari et al. / Procedia Computer Science 46 (2015) 1246 – 1253
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