Indian Forester, 142 (11) : 1061-1064, 2016 http://www.indianforester.co.in
ISSN No. 0019-4816 (Print) ISSN No. 2321-094X (Online)
INTER-CLONAL VARIATIONS IN FRUIT PARAMETERS IN A CLONAL SEED ORCHARD OF TEAK (TECTONA GRANDIS L.) 1
MANOJ KUMAR BEHERA AND NIRAKAR BHOL College of Forestry, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha E-mail:
[email protected];
[email protected] ABSTRACT Information on inter-clonal variations in reproductive parts of any tree species can better guide and assist us in the selection of better genotypes. A study was conducted in a 33 year old Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO) of Teak (Tectona grandis) comprising of 13 different clones from two distinct provenances of Angul district of Odisha, India to record the inter-clonal variations in regard to the fruit characteristics. The fruit length and fruit width of the clones studied varied significantly and ranged from 1.49 to 1.68 cm and 1.31 to 1.54 cm, respectively. Clone ORANR3 was found to bear fruits having highest length and width while the fruits of clone ORANP7 occupied the lowest value in both the parameters. The weight of 100 fruits was found be maximum under ORANR6 (49.13gm). On the other hand, clones like ORANP3, ORANP6 and ORANP7 were found to register lowest fruit weight. Most of the fruits of ORANR1 were found viable (70.38%) whereas, fruits of ORANP4 showed the least viability (37.31%). The role of traits like weight of 100 fruits and fruit viability for further selection and tree improvement programme to obtain superior genotypes was established with the expression ofhigh heritability and moderate genetic advance values. A moderate correlation (0.19) was found between fruit weight and viability of seeds. Key words: Tectona grandis, Clone, Odisha, Heritability, Genotype.
Introduction Teak is considered as one of the important commercial timber species in world owing to its multiple roles in the welfare of human beings. The distribution of natural teak is confined to most parts of the tropical world and some parts of sub-tropical regions. The natural habitat of teak is in South East Asia especially in India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Indonesia. Malayasia lacks natural teak forest. In India, the natural distribution is quite discontinuous and mostly found in the peninsular region below 24oN latitude and its southern limit is approximately 9oN latitude. Hence this region is considered as “centre of diversity” for teak. Besides the naturally distributed areas, teak being planted throughout the country (excepting Himalayas) to bridge ups the gap between demand and supply of teak wood. Although, genetic improvement programme in teak goes back to 1950s, the advancement so far made is not satisfactory and necessitates the need for further research on some important parameters, which has direct bearing on production and productivity of this popular and prized timber species. As, the gap between requirement and availability of teak wood is getting wider day by day, researchers are trying hard to develop suitable clones of teak. CSO established through grafts of selected trees is
considered to be channels of genetically improved seed and starting point for domestication. India has over 1000 ha. of CSOs but seed production from them has been too low to make any impact on the new plantations or advancing the breeding cycle. In view of the importance of seed characters for obtaining quality planting materials, an attempt was made to understand the variation in teak seeds originating from 33 year CSO established at Silvicultural Research Station, Anugul, Odisha. Material and Methods The present investigation was carried out in a CSO of Teak established at Silvicultural Research Station, Kosala, Angul, Odisha. The site is located between 21° 01' 17.8"N longitude and 84° 55'19.6"E latitude and an altitude of 440m above mean sea level. The experiment was laid out in Latin Square Design (LSD) with thirteen replications. The experimental material comprised of thirteen clones of Teak (Tectona grandis L.) as treatments. The clones were planted at a spacing of 4m× 4m in 1981. The clones were collected from thirteen plus trees of Purunakote and Raigoda provenances of Odisha. In total, the experiment was comprised of 169 trees belong to 13 different clones i.e. ORANP1, ORANP2, ORANP3, ORANP4, ORANP5, ORANP6, ORANP7, ORANR1, ORANR2, ORANR3, ORANR4, ORANR5 and ORANR6. The observations were
Both the clones have great potential if selective breeding is attempted. 1
Presently at NR Management Consultants India Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar (Odisha)
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recorded on seed characteristics (seed length, seed width, seed weight and seed viability), phenotypic coefficient of variation, and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance. The fruit length was measured with the help of a digital caliper and expressed in cm. For every tree, fifty fruits were measured per tree and the average length was calculated. Similarly, the fruit width was measured with the help of a digital caliper and expressed in cm. For this, fifty fruits were measured and the average was calculated. The weight of hundred fruits was determined with the help of electronic balance and expressed in gm. Before taking the weight, the fruits were well dried under air. The viability of fruits was determined by the Tetrazolium (Tz) test. For this, the fruits were cut horizontally and put in 0.5% 2, 3, 5-Tetrazolium Triphenyl Chloride solution and kept in dark for 24 hours. For every tree, hundred fruits were treated and the viability was expressed in percentage. The data on various observations were analyzed as per the procedure described for DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test). The standard error of means i.e. SE (m) was calculated at 5% level of significance and also the coefficient of variation (CV). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was calculated by using the formula given by Singh and Chaudhary (1985), PCV = (σp/X) × 100 where, σp = phenotypic standard deviation and X = grand mean of the trait. The genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was calculated by using the formula given by Singh and Chaudhary (1985), The heritability in the broad sense (H2) was estimated by using the formula prescribed by Allard (1999) 2
2
Heritability (%) = (σ g/σ p) × 100 where, σ2g= genotypic variance, σ2p = phenotypic variance σ2g= (MSG - MSE /r) σ2p= (MSG /r) where, MSG, MSE and rare the mean squares of genotypes, mean squares of error and number of replication, respectively. Genetic advance percentage was calculated by using the formula proposed by Shukla et al. (2006) GA (%) = (GA/X) × 100 where, GA = genetic advance (iσpH2) and X = grand mean of the trait.
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where, i is the standardized selection differential, a constant (2.06), σp is the phenotypic standard deviation and H2 is the heritability. GCV = (σ g /X ) × 100 where, σg = genotypic standard deviation and X = grand mean of the trait. Results and Discussion Advances in tree improvement programmes is only possible when there is intense and more defined genetic variability studies. The phonological expression of any tree species is mostly governed by two factors viz. heredity and environment. Given the fact that environmental variations can be reduced by growing the identical genotypes under uniform site and climatic conditions, studying genetic parameters is of immense use to obtain superior genotypes of any species. The present study intended to capture variability across genetic parameters of 13 different clones of Teak from a particular environmental condition. The data on fruit length of different clones is cited in table 1. The maximum fruit length of 1.68cm was recorded by ORANR3 while minimum value of 1.49cm was recorded in ORANP4, ORANP5 and ORANP7. The values under ORANR3, ORANR1, and ORANP4 were statistically at par with each other. The order of values was ORANR3 > ORANP4 > ORANR1 > ORANP3 = ORANR2 = ORANR4 > ORANR5 >ORANP2 > ORANP1 = ORANR6 > ORANP5 = ORANP6 = ORANP7. The high variation in fruit length may be attributed to the genetic characters of the clones with little impacts of environment. Similar variations in fruit length have been observed and reported by Nagarajan et al. (1996) and Sindhuveerendra et al. (1999). Table 1: Seed characteristics of different Teak clones Treatments/ Fruit length Fruit width Weight of Weight of Clones (cm) (cm) 100 fruits (gm) fruits (%) ORANP1 ORANP2 ORANP3 ORANP4 ORANP5 ORANP6 ORANP7 ORANR1 ORANR2 ORANR3 ORANR4 ORANR5 ORANR6 CV (%) SE (m)
1.50b 1.52b 1.55b 1.59ab 1.49b 1.49b 1.49b 1.58ab 1.55b 1.68a 1.55b 1.54b 1.50b 7.92 0.033
1.44bc 1.44bc 1.37bcd 1.47ab 1.34cd 1.44bc 1.31d 1.46ab 1.44bc 1.54a 1.40bcd 1.40bcd 1.40bcd 7.88 0.031
34.97i 42.90e 33.36j 44.45d 39.49g 34.63i 33.68j 41.31f 46.88b 36.27h 45.70c 45.25c 49.13a 1.82 0.206
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
40.77g 51.15de 63.08b 37.31g 70.00a 38.08g 50.00ef 70.38a 55.38cd 50.38def 58.85bc 45.77f 63.46b 11.51 1.706
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Similarly, the fruitwidth differs significantly among the clones studied and ranged from 1.31cm to 1.54cm (Table 1). ORANR3 registered maximum value while ORANP7 recorded the minimum value. The values under ORANR3, ORANR1 and ORANP4 were statistically alike. The seed width of ORANP1, ORANP2, ORANP3, ORANP5, ORANR2, ORANR4, ORANR5 and ORANR6 were statistically similar. The variation in fruit width may be due to the difference in the genetic characters of the clones studied. The weight of 100 fruits manifested significant variation among different clones under study which ranged from 33.36gm to 49.13gm (Table 1). Highest fruit weight was noticed in clone ORANR6. Clones like ORANP3, ORANP6 and ORANP7 were found to register lowest fruit weight. The variation in fruit weight may be ascribed to the difference in their genetic characters of the clones studied. Nagarajan et al. (1996) and Hanumantha (2000) have reported similar findings. The variation with regard to 100 fruit weight may be due to the genetic characters of different clones. It was also found that among the seed characters studied, fruit weight has a positive correlation with seed viability. A mode correlation value was observed between these two parameters (Table 2). This implies that seed weight can be an important parameter to estimate seed viability in teak. Table 2: Correlations between seed parameters. Studied parameters
Correlation values
Fruit Length Fruit Width Fruit weight
Seed Viability -0.01 -0.32 0.19
A significant variation was observed with regard to the viability of fruits in different clones of Teak. ORANR1 reflected highest viability (70.38%) whereas, ORANP4 showed the least viability (37.31%). The performance of ORANR1 and ORANP5 was at par with each other. The variation in fruit viability may be attributed to the genetic characters of different clones. This has also been reflected by high heritability (93.44%) and moderate genetic advance (24%) presented in table 3. The range of seed viability is similar as reported by Sivakumar et al. (2002).
All these seed parameters were found to express very less difference between their phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) values which indicates that the effect of environment on these characters is negligible. The broad sense heritability exhibited wide variation in different traits. It ranged from 47.76 to 99.59 per cent. The traits like weight of 100 fruits and fruit viability were found to register high heritability in the clones studied. The genetic advance however, was found low to moderate level in different traits. Higher heritability indicated that the particular trait is controlled by genetic factors which may be further used while selection of high yielding genotypes (Pandian et al., 1992). Swain et al. (1999) also have expressed that moderately high to very high heritability and genetic gain values indicate the predominant role of additive gene action. The significant variation among the 13 clones of teak may be attributed to several factors which have directly or indirectly, some kind of impacts on the growth and development of reproductive parts of teak. Among the factors out crossing and genetic drift assumed to have maximum role in the variation in seed characters among different teak clones. Conclusion The present investigation depicted remarkable variation in fruit parameters in Tectona grandis at 30 years of age and could able to establish that these two provenances have potential to provide superior clones of Teak through further selective breeding. The high variation in important genetic parameters like heritability and genetic advance values provide evidences for usefulness of these traits for selection of better clones of teak through establishment of second generation tree orchard. Traits like fruit weight and fruit viability are most useful for further selection of genotypes of teak and other tropical tree species. Besides, it may be useful to study and ascertain whether the variations recorded are permanent or for certain generations. Information on this aspect can be useful for tree breeders and researchers to further their research works on other important tree species.
Table 3: Genetic attributes of different aspects Traits Seed length Seed width Weight of 100 seeds Seed Viability (%)
Phenotypic coefficient of variation (%)
Genetic coefficient of variation (%)
Broad sense heritability (%)
Genetic advance (%)
3.04 3.30 7.88 12.47
2.10 2.46 7.87 12.05
47.76 55.52 99.59 93.44
2.99 3.77 16.17 24.00
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References Allard R.W. (1999). Principles of plant breeding. 2nd edn. New York, John Wiley & Sons. 254pp Hanumantha M. (2000). Clonal variation for reproductive traits in a Teak Seed Orchard. A Thesis submitted to the Department of Forest Biology and Tree Breeding, College of Forestry, Sirsi campus, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 115 pp. Nagarajan B., Varghese M., Nicodemus A., Sashidharan K.R., Bennet S.S.R. and Kannan C.S. (1996). Reproductive biology of teak and its implication in tree improvement. Tree-improvement-for-sustainable-tropical-forestry-QFRI-IUFRO-Conference,-Caloundra,Queensland,-Australia,-27-October-1-November, (1): 244-248. Pandian I.R.S., SambandaMoorthy S. and Irulppan I. (1992). Genetic variability in seed moringa. Madras Agricultural Journal, 79(1): 58-59. Sindhuveerendra H.C., Rao R.V., Ananthaadmanabha S. and Munireddy M. (1999). Variation in seed characteristics of clones of Teak. Seed and Nursery technology of forest trees.New Age International Publisher, 113-118. Singh R.K. and Choudhary B.D. (1985). Biometrical Methods in Quantitative Genetic Analysis. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p.318. Sivakumar V., Parthiban K.T., Singh B.G., Gnanambal V.S., Anandalakshmi R. and Geetha S. (2002). Variability in Drupe Characters and their Relationship on Seed Germination in Teak (Tectona grandis L. f.). Silvae Genetica, 51(5-6): 232-237. Swain D., Mandal A.K. and Sharma R. (1999). Genetic analysis in teak. Indian J. Tropical Forestry, 5(4): 58-62.
