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korufcia sasamarTlo sistemaSi

Sesavali sasamarTlo xelisuflebam sasamarTlo reformis pirvelive etapze korufciasTan brZola prioritetad gamoacxada. naTelia, rom qveyanaSi demokratiisa da kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidrebis mcdeloba fuWad Caivlis, Tu igi Zlieri sasamarTloTi da srulyofili sakanonmdeblo sistemiT ar iqna uzrunvelyofili. amdenad, gamarTlebuli iyo saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi reformis sasamarTlo reformiT dawyeba. miT ufro, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi arsebulma korufciam mniSvnelovnad daaqveiTa sazogadoebis ndoba sxva sferoebSi mimdinare reformebisadmi.

I. korufciis problema korufciis ZiriTad wyarod “axali demokratiis” qveynebis sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi samarTlwarmoebis dabal kulturas da sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi cnobierebis ganuviTareblobas miiCneven. sasamarTlo sistemaSi, iseve, rogorc zogadad qveyanaSi, korufciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa “patronaJi”, roca sajaro xelisuflebis gamoyeneba xdeba piradi miznebiT. sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi korufciis tipuri gamovlinebebia meqrTameoba, samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis ukanonod gamoyeneba, ukanono gadawyvetilebis gamotana da sxv. sasamarTlo sistemaSi korufciasTan brZolisas warmoiSveba Semdegi sirTule: sasamarTlosa da mosamarTlis damoukideblobis SenarCuneba ise, rom es damoukidebloba ar gaxdes korufciis uzrunvelyofis iaraRi. saamisod saWiroa sasamarTlos damoukideblobasa da angariSvaldebulebas Soris balansis SenarCuneba. saqarTveloSi 1999 wlidan Camoyalibda axali samarTlebrivi sistema, romelic ZiriTadad Seesabameba evropul standartebs. sasamarTlo sistema gamoeyo aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas da damoukidebel saxelisuflebo Stod Camoyalibda. qveynis konstitucia da axali kanonmdebloba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb acxadebs, rom sasamarTlo xelisufleba damoukidebelia (konstituciis 82-e muxli).1 sakanonmdeblo doneze uzrunvelyofilia rogorc sasamarTlos instituciuri damoukidebloba, ise mosamarTleTa personaluri damoukidebloba: “mosamarTle Tavis saqmianobaSi damoukidebelia da emorCileba mxolod konstituciasa da kanons. raime zemoqmedeba mosamarTleze an Careva mis saqmianobaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze zegavlenis mizniT akrZalulia da isjeba kanoniT” (konstituciis 84-e muxli). 1

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris moxseneba saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa konferenciaze, 2003 wlis 28 ivnisi.

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“saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb” 1997 wlis organuli kanonis Sesabamisad, ganisazRvra saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema, miRebulia axali samoqalaqo, administraciuli, korporaciuli, sisxlis da a.S. samarTali. Seiqmna saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloebi, kanoniT ganisazRvra sasamarTloTa gansjadoba da qvemdebaroba. sasamarTlo damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad gauqmda saprokuroro zedamxedveloba, sazedamxedvelo warmoeba, uzenaes sasamarTlos plenums aRar aqvs ufleba, miiRos qveda instanciis sasamarTloebisaTvis savaldebulo Zalis mqone normatiuli dadgenileba. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gamWvirvalobisaken gadaidga konkretuli nabijebi. kerZod: sasamarTlo procesebi da sasamarTlo biujeti sajaro gaxda, vrceldeba sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi da gasagebi informacia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmianobaze; sasamarTlo sistemaSi damkvidrda Sida angariSvaldebuleba da kontroli; regularulad qveyndeba sasamarTlos finansuri angariSi (yvela instanciis sasamarTlos doneze) da sxv. erTi SexedviT, sasamarTlo sistemaSi gatarebuli reformebi STambeWdavia, Tumca mraval dabrkolebasTan erTad dauZlevelia korufciis problema. reformis sawyis etapze sasamarTlo xelisufleba gabedulad saubrobda sistemuri korufciis aRmofxvraze,2 Tumca arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenelebi miuTiTeben, rom “bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi Zvelma saqmeebma nel-nela aRidgines Tavisi saxe da Zneli dasajerebelia, rom uzenaes sasamarTlomde es Zafebi ar midis~3. arasamTavrobo seqtorSi gamokiTxulTa 98% miuTiTebs, rom korufcia gansakuTrebiT momZlavrda raionuli sasamarTloebis doneze. sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi korufciis ZiriTad mizezebad saxeldeba bundovani da naklovani sakanonmdeblo baza, mosamarTleTa dabali profesionalizmi, susti sasamarTlo administrireba (samarTalwarmoebis dabali kultura), gaumarTavi sasamarTlo infrastruqtura, sasamarTloTa dafinansebis mouwesrigebloba, mosamarTleTa dabali xelfasi, socialuri da samarTlebrivi dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb kanonis aumoqmedebloba. yovelive amis gamo sasamarTlo uunaroa, Seasrulos xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis makontroleblis roli. sasamarTlo damoukideblobis rogorc instituciuri, ise personaluri principebis sakanonmdeblo deklarirebam ver Seqmna realuri damoukideblobis garantia. am principebis realizacias xeli SeuSala korufciam da Tavidanve daisva kiTxva sasamarTlo sistemaSi warmoebuli antikorufciuli politikis Taobaze. aq erTmaneTs ejaxeba, erTi mxriv, sasamarTlos damoukidebloba da, meore mxriv, sasamarTlos angariSvaldebuleba. problemis gadaWra, anu korufciis aRmofxvra, unda moxdes sasamarTlos damoukideblobis SenarCunebisa da gaZlierebis paralelurad. sityvis Tavisuflebisa da politikuri konkurenciis pirobebSi sazogadoebas aqvs informacia sasamarTlo sistemaSi arsebul korufciis faqtebze da raki maTze drouli, kanonis Sesabamisi reagireba ar xdeba, sasamarTlo sistemisadmi ndoba qveiTdeba. mimdinare etapze sasamarTlo sistemaSi gamefebul korufciasTan brZola garTulebulia sazogadoebis mxridan Sesustebuli kontrolis, aseve e.w. Zalovani uwyebebisa da prokuraturis gazrdili gavlenis gamo. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis zogierTi elementis (media, arasamTavrobo seqtori) ganviTareba ver uzrunvelyofs sasamarTlo xelisuflebis srul sazogadoebriv kontrols. mosaxleobis umravlesoba Seguebulia masobrivi korufciis faqtebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi da masTan brZolis survili TiTqmis ar gaaCnia. iseTi 2

l. Wanturia, saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis winaSe mdgari axali amocanebi, Jurnali “qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, #1, 2004w., gv.74. 3 sasamarTloSi Zveli sqemebis aRdgena emuqreba sazogadoebas; gazeTi “24 saaTi~, #173, 23.07.2004w. gv. 2.

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“arakriminaluri” korufciis faqtebi, rogoricaa “proteqcia”, Cvens sazogadoebaSi ar aRiqmeba uaryofiTad da, rac mTavaria, korufciul darRvevad. xSirad mosamarTleTa asociaciis “cxeli xazis” meSveobiT moqalaqeebi acxadeben “proteqcionizmis” an “klientelizmis” faqtebze, Tumca TviTonac ar amboben uars am gziT sasamarTlo davis mogvarebaze.

II. korufcia sasamarTloSi korufciasTan brZola grZelvadiani amocanaa. antikorufciuli strategiis SemuSavebisTvis jer unda gavaanalizoT, korufciis romeli formaa yvelaze seriozuli da gavrcelebuli; romels moaqvs yvelaze didi ziani TviT sistemisaTvis, SemdgomSi sazogadoebisaTvis; rogoria dasjis sistema; ra prevenciuli RonisZiebebia gasatarebeli. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas aucileblad gvesaxeba korufciis Sesaxeb informaciis Segroveba. sasamarTlo reformis procesSi mosamarTleTa asociaciis mier warmoebuli antikorufciuli proeqtis “cxeli xazis” meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda sazogadoebidan informaciis miReba sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi arsebul korufciul faqtebze. proeqti miznad isaxavda mosamarTleTa mier korufciuli darRvevis, Tanamdebobis marTlmsajulebisa da samsaxurebrivi interesebis sazianod gamoyenebis faqtebis moZiebasa da maTze reagirebas. 2003 wlis 10 noembridan 2004 wlis 1 agvistomde miRebuli informaciiT, sasamarTlo xelisuflebas undoblobas ucxadebs moqalaqeTa 31% (80 pretenzia). maTi gancxadebiT, saqmis ganxilvisas adgili hqonda mikerZoebas da miRebuli iqna ukanono gadawyvetileba; saqmis araobieqturad ganxilvis Sesaxeb maCvenebeli Seadgens 34%-s (86 pretenzia); sasamarTlo ganxilvis (procesis) usafuZvlod gaWianurebis Taobaze Semosulia 115 pretenzia (45%). sasamarTlo Setyobinebis, uwyebis miuReblobis an dagvianebis Sesaxeb _ 32 pretenzia. mosamarTlis TanaSemwis mier Cadenili darRvevebis Taobaze _ 10 pretenzia (4%); ganCinebis an gadawyvetilebis, anda aRsrulebis furclis miRebis gaWianurebis Sesaxeb _ 24 pretenzia (9%); saqmis masalebis gacnobis da sxdomis oqmis aslebis miRebis gaWianurebis Taobaze _ 12 pretenzia (5%). rac Seexeba zogadad korufciul darRvevebs, fulis gamoZalvas an qrTamis aRebis faqtebs, Semosuli informaciis analiziT ikveTeba Semdegi suraTi: 10%-ma fuli gadaixada saqmis daCqarebisTvis, 0,8% ambobs, rom qrTams aZlevs sasamarTlo personals (davasaxelebT yvelaze gavrcelebul SemTxvevebs: Tbilisis erT-erTi raionuli sasamarTlos misaRebSi sasarCelo gancxadebis Setanisas pensioners sasamarTlos moxelem. 10 laris gadaxda mosTxova sasamarTlo kancelariis gamge dokumentze beWdis dasasmelad iTxovs 5 lars da sxv.)4 4

amerikis iuristTa asociaciis finansuri mxardaWeriT, saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis gamgeobis axali Semadgenlobis iniciativiT, 2004 wlis martidan antikorufciuli programis farglebSi amoqmedda “cxeli xazi”. moqalaqeebis mxridan unda Sesuliyo informacia sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi arsebuli korufciuli faqtebis Sesaxeb, aseve, mosamarTleebze politikuri wreebis, sazogadoebriobis an xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis warmomadgenlebis mxridan moTxovnis, zewolis an sxva saxiT zemoqmedebis SemTxvevebze. “cxeli xazis” reklama xdeba telekompania “rusTavi-2”-is, saxelmwifo televiziis pirveli arxis, gazeTebis _ “kviris palitra”, “dilis gazeTis” meSveobiT. “cxel xazze” Sesuli yvela moqalaqis zari fiqsirdeba saregistracio JurnalSi. miRebuli informacia operatiuli reagirebisaTvis gadaecema mosamarTleTa asociaciis eTikis komisias, xolo SesaZlo reagirebis Sesaxeb ecnobeba zaris avtors. aRniSnulis Semdeg, dialogis reJimSi grZeldeba informaciis urTierTgacvla problemis gadawyvetamde. mosamarTlis mxridan Semosuli pretenzia masze xelisuflebis Tu adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebidan Tu Tanamdebobis pirebidan zewolis faqtze Seadgens pretenziebis 1,2%-s. 2004 wlis 27-28 marts daba bakurianSi mosamarTleTa asociaciis iniciativiT, antikorufciuli programis farglebSi gamarTul Sexvedraze asociaciis gamgeobis, samosamarTlo eTikis komisiis wevrebis, mosamarTleebisa da masmediis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT, miiRes rekomendacia, romlis Sesabamisad, mosamarTlis damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad, mosamarTleTa asociaciaSi daigegma kavSiris gamgeobis wevrebis Sexvedra mosamarTleebTan (yoveli Tvis meore da meoTxe SabaTs).

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sasamarTloebSi SeimCneva saqmis warmoebisa da sakancelario muSaobis iseTi naklovanebebi, rogoricaa: sasamarTloSi Sesuli gancxadebebis, saCivrebisa Tu Suamdgomlobebisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba; gancxadebebze werilobiTi pasuxebis dagvianeba; moqalaqesa da mosamarTlis TanaSemwes Soris satelefono kontaqtebis Seferxeba, moqalaqeTaTvis sasamarTlo sxdomebis da maTi gamocxadebis Sesaxeb Setyobinebebis (uwyebebis) Cabarebis meqanizmis dauxvewaoba; sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmebis gacnobisa da qseroaslebis miwodebis dagvianeba; sasamarTlos kancelariebis meSveobiT, saqmeTa ganawilebis dadgenili wesis ugulebelyofiT, garkveuli Tanxis sanacvlod, sasurveli mosamarTlisTvis saqmis gadacema da sxv. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo sistemaSi fesvgadgmulia korufcia, rac gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa (procesis monawileTa) ukanono urTierTobas sasamarTlo xelisuflebis dabali rangis moxeleebTan. es ukanasknelni moqalaqeebs uSualod sZalaven fuls, riTac sistemis mimarT ndobas ukargaven sazogadoebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom reformis Semdeg sasamarTlos personalis mxridan qrTamis aRebis faqtebma iklo, sasamarTlo procesis monawile mxareebi da maTi advokatebi cdiloben, qrTami SesTavazon sasamarTlos moxeles saqmis ganawilebisa Tu saqmis droulad ganxilvis sanacvlod. xSirad sasamarTlo moxeleebis mxridan fulis gamoZalvis mizniT xdeba sakiTxis xelovnurad gaWianureba. sasamarTlo aparatis moxeleTa samsaxurebrivi problemebi (aradamakmayofilebeli samuSao pirobebi, dabali anazRaureba, Warbi datvirTva da a.S.) da bundovani samarTlebrivi standartebi realurad warmoSobs korufciis stimuls. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod kadrebis cvla saqmes ver Svelis. Tumca udavoa, rom korufcias xels uwyobs sasamarTlo sistemaSi arsebuli proteqcionizmi. rogorc saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa (metwilad sasamarTlos Tavmjdomareebis da sxva mniSvnelovani administraciuli funqciis mqone mosamarTleebis), ise xelisuflebis danarCeni ori Stos CinosanTa naTesavebis an maTi rekomendaciiT sasamarTlo moxeleTa daniSvna (kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakonkurso wesis miuxedavad) xSirad qmnis korufciis xelSemwyob pirobebs. saWiroa am mxriv mdgomareobis Seswavla da Sesabamisi reagireba. sasamarTlo personalis cvlas unda axldes struqturuli da administraciuli reformebi, rac moiTxovs mecnierul midgomas. am mxriv sainteresoa saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso asociacias Soris dadebuli sakredito xelSekrulebis “sasamarTlo reformis proeqtis” gacnoba.5 es proeqti iTvaliswinebda saerTo sasamarTloebis administrirebisa da saqmeTa marTvis gaumjobesebas, agreTve sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa ukeT aRsrulebas. saerTo sasamarTloebis administrirebasa da saqmeTa marTvas, romelsac axorcielebda sakonsultacio firma sasamarTloebis marTvis eqspertTa jgufi - “Court Management Associates” USA (direqtori robert d. lifSeri, moadgile q. qembeli), mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba saqarTveloSi damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Camoyalibebisa da miukerZoebeli marTlmsajulebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. sasamarTlos organizaciuli muSaobis (administrirebis) gardaqmna saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo sistemis organizaciuli mowyobis 5

msoflio bankis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso asociaciasTan dadebuli sakredito xelSekrulebis “sasamarTlo reformis proeqtis” komponenti “saerTo sasamarTloebis administrireba da saqmeTa marTva, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa aRsruleba, qvekomponentis saqmis warmoebis sistemisa da sakancelario ganyofilebis modernizacia”, saerTaSoriso standartebis danergvis perspeqtivebi, saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWo, Tbilisi, 2003 w.

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(administraciuli struqturis) daxvewa da misi funqcionirebis efeqtianobis gazrda erT-erTi winapirobaa sasamarTlo sistemaSi korufciis Semcirebisa. es, upirvelesad, gulisxmobs sasamarTloebSi misaRebebis mowyobas, rac moqalaqeebs aZlevs saSualebas, droulad miiRon saWiro informacia: sasamarTloSi maTi uflebebis dacvis procedurul sakiTxebze, sasamarTlo warmoebaSi arsebuli esa Tu is saqme ganxilvis ra stadiazea da a.S. yovelive amiT sasamarTloTa muSaoba xdeba sajaro. moqalaqes da sazogadoebas saSualeba eZleva, sasamarTlo sxdomaTa garda, gaecnos sasamarTloebis saorganizacio muSaobas da saqmis warmoebis teqnikur mxares, rac efeqturi gzaa naklovanebaTa droulad aRmofxvrisa. es siaxle ukve danergilia Tbilisis ramdenime raionul sasamarTloSi. Tumca, ramdenad waadga igi maT saqmianobas, sazogadoebisaTvis jerjerobiT ucnobia. mosamarTleTa asociaciis antikorufciuli proeqtis farglebSi miRebul moqalaqeTa pretenziebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, raime pozitiuri cvlilebebi ar SeiniSneba. cxadia, sistemis srulyofa SesaZlebelia, Tu daixvewa saqmis warmoebis teqnika da Seiqmna standartuli formularebi (saregistracio formebi). saqmis warmoebis avtomatizebul sistemaze gadasvliT sasamarTloSi Sesuli dokumentebis gadaadgileba da formebis kompiuteruli programebiT Sevseba gadaWrida mraval problemas da swrafad mogvcemda Sedegs. is, rom sasamarTlo momsaxurebis gaumjobesebiT misi gamoyenebis msurvelTa ricxvic gaizrdeba, realuria. momsaxurebis xarisxis SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebeli gaxdeba resursebis gazrda, rac aseve problemuri iqneba isedac mwirbiujetiani sasamarTlo sistemisaTvis.6 saerTo sasamarTloebis organizaciuli muSaobis (administrirebis) da saqmis warmoebis Tanamedrove standartebiT warmarTvisaTvis Seiqmna mmarTveli mosamarTlis instituti. saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa III konferenciis mier 2002 wlis 29 ivniss damtkicebuli debulebis “mmarTveli mosamarTlis statusisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb” Sesabamisad, mmarTveli mosamarTle unda zrunavdes sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobasa da ganmtkicebaze, sasamarTlo xelisuflebisadmi xalxis ndobisa da rwmenis amaRlebaze, mosamarTleTa da sasamarTlo moxeleTa Soris profesiuli eTikis principebisa da qcevis wesebis damkvidrebaze da sxv. mmarTvel mosamarTled arCeulia eqvsi raionuli sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis administrirebis erTiani politikis gasatareblad Seqmnili es instituti, faqtobrivad, araefeqturi aRmoCnda. mosamarTleebis gamokiTxvis SedegebiT, mmarTveli mosamarTlis instituti kidev erT formalur erTeulad iqca. mosamarTleTa konferenciis administraculi komitetis winaSe gakeTebuli mravali e.w. “warmatebuli” saangariSo moxsenebis miuxedavad, praqtikuli Sedegebi (CvenTvis saintereso antikorufciuli mimarTulebiT), faqtobrivad, nulis tolia. mmarTveli mosamarTlis farTo kompetenciis miuxedavad, TiTqmis ver SexvdebiT sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi sasamarTlo moxeleTa mier korufciul darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT Sesuli moqalaqis gancxadebaze, saCivarze an winadadebaze (rac unda emsaxurebodes saqmis warmoebis srulyofas da problemebis droul gadawyvetas) mmarTvel mosamarTleTa mxridan qmediT reagirebas.7 magaliTisaTvis movitanT nawyvets erT-erTi mmarTveli mosamarTlis saangariSo moxsenebidan: “mmarTveli mosamarTlis statusiT gaweulma saqmianobam kidev 6

s. rouz-akermani, korufcia da xelisufleba: mizezebi, Sedegebi da reforma, Tbilisi, 2002 w, gv. 226. saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis sakoordinacio sabWos 2004 wlis aprilis mmarTveli mosamarTlis statusiT gaweuli saqmianobis angariSebi. 7

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erTxel cxadyo, rom sasamarTloSi saqmeTa gaWianurebis ZiriTadi mizezi sasamarTloebis organizaciuli muSaobis xarvezebs ukavSirdeba, ver moxerxda organizaciuli muSaobis srulyofa, aparatis muSakebis saqmianoba araefeqturia, sabolood yvela problema mosamarTlesTan iyris Tavs, misi yuradReba ifanteba meorexarisxovan sakiTxebze (mag; mowmeTa gamoZaxebis da warmodgenis, badragis meSveobiT gansasjelis sasamarTloSi warmodgenis problema) da mosamarTles dro ar rCeba ZiriTadi sasamarTlo procesisaTvis. maqsimalurad ar aris gamoyenebuli mosamarTlis TanaSemwis saqmianoba, zogjer mosamarTle ar endoba TanaSemwes, ar avalebs mas gadawyvetilebis proeqtis momzadebas, kanonmdeblobis Seswavlas. aucilebelia viTarebis radikalurad Secvla. sxva SemTxvevaSi saqmeTa raodenobis zrda safrTxes Seuqmnis marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas. saqmeze yvela informaciam Tavi unda moiyaros kancelariaSi, raTa xelmisawvdomi gaxdes mosamarTleebis, aparatis moxeleebis, procesis monawile mxareebisaTvis da sazogadoebisaTvis” (stili daculia – n.g.). mmarTveli mosamarTleebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom naTlad xedaven problemebs, romlebic sasamarTloSi korufciis stimuls warmoSobs, faqtobrivad, ar saubroben korufciaze da Sesabamisad, ar zrunaven mis aRmofxvraze. vfiqrobT, axlo momavalSi mmarTveli mosamarTlis instituti seriozul gaaqtiurebas saWiroebs saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemaSi korufciuli qmedebebis Sesaxeb informaciis (rogorc Sida wyaroebidan, ise moqalaqeebisagan) miRebisa da maTze reagirebis TvalsazrisiT. sasamarTloSi antikorufciuli winadadebebi unda Sediodes mmarTveli mosamarTleebidan. maTi muSaoba unda moicavdes informacis Seswavlas saqmeebis gaWianurebis Taobaze. am kuTxiT reformatorma mmarTvelma mosamarTleebma unda ifiqron procesis monawileTaTvis xarjebis dakisrebasa da gaWianurebis stimulebis mospobaze, aseve, sasamarTlo personalis legalur stimulirebaze da Rirseulad Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis sasamarTlo moxeleTa waxalisebaze. gaWianurebuli sasamarTlo ganxilvebi, saqmeTa wreze brunva (e.w. “karuseli”) erT-erTi meqanizmia korufciuli qmedebebisa. es problema, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba daiZlios damatebiTi sasamarTloebis SeqmniT, mosamarTleTa raodenobis gazrdiT da administrirebis erTgvarovani sistemis SemuSavebiT. Tumca, aRniSnuli mimarTuleba araperspeqtiulia, ramdenadac ukve arsebobs raionuli sasamarTloebis bazaze ramdenime specializebuli saqalaqo da samxareo sasamarTlos Seqmnis proeqti. proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia mosamarTleTa specializacia, ramac SeiZleba aamaRlos marTlmsajulebis xarisxi. sasamarTloSi samoxeleo eTikis normebis realuri dacva da maTi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi saTanado reagireba aris erT-erTi berketi, romelic xels Seuwyobs saqmis warmoebis gaumjobesebas da aamaRlebs momsaxurebis kulturas sasamarTlo sistemaSi. “saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamsaxureTa (moxeleTa) eTikisa da qcevis wesTa normebi” erT welze metia, rac miiRes saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa IV konferenciaze, Tumca kodeqsi dRemde formalur dokumentad rCeba. es dokumenti sasamarTlo personalisaTvis adgens eTikisa da qcevis damatebiT standartebs, romlebic ar aris gansazRvruli saqarTvelos sajaro mosamsaxureTa qcevis saerTo wesiT da emsaxureba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobis ganmtkicebas, sasamarTlo xelisuflebisadmi sazogadoebis ndobisa da rwmenis amaRlebas, sajaro mosamsaxuris reputaciis ganmtkicebas. samwuxarod, farTo sazogadoeba am normebs naklebad icnobs, rac aZnelebs moqalaqeTa mxridan sasamarTlo personalis kontrols. umoqmedoa kodeqsis me6 muxliT dadgenili, sasamarTlo mosamsaxuris disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis wesi. moqalaqeebisaTvis cnobili ar aris sasamarTlo personalis mimarT saCivris Setanis meqanizmi da sxv.8 8

saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamsaxureTa (moxeleTa) eTikisa da qcevis kodeqsi, samosamarTlo swavlebis centri, 2003 w., gv.3.

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korufcia sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi yvelaze rTulad gamosavlenia _ aq, upirvelesad, vgulisxmobT mosamarTlis mier korufciul samarTaldarRvevas, danaSaulis Cadenas, Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis marTlmsajulebisa da samsaxurebrivi interesis sazianod gamoyenebas. am problemebis Sesaxeb moqalaqeebisagan informaciis mopoveba da “cxeli xazis” proeqtis farglebSi maTze reagireba rTuli aRmoCnda. azri, rom mosamarTleebi korumpirebulebi da arakompetenturebi arian, farTodaa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi. moqalaqeTa mier gamoTqmuli eWvi mosamarTlis subieqturobis, e.i. mis mier ukanono gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, Seadgens “cxel xazze” Semosuli pretenziebis 60%-s. procesis monawileTa eWvi, rom mosamarTlis mier saqmis gaWianureba miznad isaxavs qrTamis gamoZalvas, xSirad simarTles ar Seefereba. Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebis mxridan korufciuli qmedebebi ar xdeba. marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi upirveles antikorufciul RonisZiebebad 2000 wlis erovnul antikorufciul programaSi miCneulia: • mosamarTleTa kadrebis SerCevis kriteriumebis daxvewa; • mosamarTleTa momzadebisa da gadamzadebis grZelvadiani saxelmwifo programis SemuSaveba; • karieris principiT mosamarTleTa samsaxurebrivi winsvla; • mosamarTleTa finansuri da qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis monacemTa analizi da mudmivi gadamowmeba; • sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmianobis Sida da gare kontrolis meqanizmebis srulyofa; • saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa raodenobis optimizacia; • sasamarTloebis materialur-teqnikuri da finansuri uzrunvelyofa; • mosamarTleTa anazRaurebis gazrda, socialuri da samarTlebrivi dacvis garantiebis ganmtkiceba. mosamarTleTa SerCevis kriteriumebis daxvewa ganapirobebs marTlmsajulebis warmarTvas patiosani, principuli da maRalprofesionali mosamarTlis mier. qrTamis sanacvlod ganaCenis an gadawyvetilebis gamotana gacilebiT xSiria im mosamarTlisagan, romelic uZluria, kvalificiurad gaarCios saqme. mosamarTleTa profesiuli daxelovneba, momzadeba da samuSao pirobebis gaumjobeseba, rac sasamarTlo reformis sawyis etapze met-naklebad ganxorcielda, aucilebeli iyo, magram amas unda mohyoloda rogorc sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mesveurebis, ise xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis Zalisxmeva korufciis stimulTa Semcirebisa. susti poziciis mqone procesis monawile mxares, moqrTamvis garda, sxva gza aRar rCeba misTvis sasurveli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. mosamarTle, Tavisi aramyari mdgomareobis gamo (igulisxmeba dabali profesionalizmi, araadekvaturi anazRaureba, samuSao da socialuri problemebis mouwesrigebloba, rac mas damokidebuls xdis aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze), advilad eqceva xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis warmomadgenelTa zegavlenis qveS da aseve advilad SeiZleba moisyidos romelime mxarem. sasamarTlo sistemaSi warmarTuli antikorufciuli politika ver aRmoCnda warmatebuli, radgan ar SemuSavebula korufciis gamovlenisaTvis aucilebeli meqanizmebi. 70

sasamarTlo reformis sawyis etapze, roca sasamarTlos da mosamarTlis damoukidebloba mxolod sakanonmdeblo doneze iqna uzrunvelyofili, daiwyo mcdeloba am damoukideblobis korufciis iaraRad gamoyenebisa. maSinve saWiro gaxda damoukideblobisa da angariSvaldebulebebis meqanizmebis dabalanseba.9 problemis gadasaWrelad unda gadaixedos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli mosamarTleTa kadrebis SerCevis kriteriumebi. “saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 46-e da 47-e muxlebis moTxovnebi, romlebic waeyeneba mosamarTleobis kandidats, ZiriTadad sakvalifikacio gamocdis Cabarebasa da Tanamdebobis konkursis wesiT dakavebas exeba, rac ar aris sakmarisi. kandidaturis wardgenis procedura saWiroebs Semdgom daxvewasa da dakonkretebas. amisaTvis SesaZlebelia damoukidebeli samosamarTlo sabWos Seqmna, romlis wevrebis sam meoTxeds mosamarTleebi Seadgenen da romlis kompetencia gavrceldeba mosamarTlis daniSvnisa da dawinaurebis gadawyvetilebaze. es exmianeba evrosabWos ministrTa komitetis 1994 wlis 13 oqtombris rekomendaciis “mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, efeqtianoba da roli” debulebas: mosamarTleTa SerCevisa da dawinaurebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs xelisuflebisa da administraciisagan damoukidebeli organo. ganvlili xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTo sasamarTloebis sadisciplino samarTalwarmoebis praqtikis SeswavliT irkveva, rom Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflda 16 mosamarTle, xolo sxvadasxva disciplinuri sasjeli daedo 155 mosamarTles (saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa sadisciplino sabWos 1999-2004 wlebis angariSi). saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa sadisciplino sabWom ganixila 226 sadisciplino saqme 194 mosamarTlis mimarT.10 cifrebi marTlac SemaSfoTebelia. mosamarTleTa kandidatebis SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is fundamenturi problema, rasac mTel postsabWour sivrceSi vawydebiT – esaa sazogadoebis dabali samarTlebrivi kultura. misi daZleva SesaZlebelia samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis sistemis SemuSavebiT da ganxorcielebiT. samwuxarod, aseTi sistema saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs. mosamarTleTa kadrebis momzadebis Sesaxeb wlebis ganmavlobaSi saubrobdnen Tavad sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi. amas adasturebs iusticiis umaRlesi skolis Seqmnis mcdelobac. (kanonproeqti “iusticiis umaRlesi skolis Sesaxeb” momzadebulia da is ZiriTadad frangul models efuZneba. proeqts dadebiTi Sefaseba misces evrosabWos eqspertebma). am proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia mosamarTleTa, prokurorTa da gamomZiebelTa orwliani swavleba (rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli) da maTi gamocdis Sedegebis mixedviT Tanamdebobaze gamweseba. vfiqrobT, sakanonmdeblo organoSi wardgenis Semdeg kanonproeqts male miiReben, rac udavod gazrdis saTanado Teoriuli da praqtikuli codniT, aseve muSaobisaTvis aucilebeli unar-CvevebiT aRWurvili kadrebis raodenobas. am etapze mimdinareobs muSaoba mosamarTleTa momzadebisa da gadamzadebis saxelmwifo programis SemuSavebaze. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daxmarebiTa da TanadgomiT (amerikis iuristTa asociacia, germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba, evrosabWo da evrokavSiri, amerikis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis 9

Maria Dakolas and Kim Thachuk; Corruption from the Judiciary: Attaking corruption in the judiciary: a critical rpocess in judical reform, p.14. 10 disciplinuri saqmeebis organos mier gamoyenebulia Semdegi disciplinuri saxdelebi da disciplinuri zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebi: a) 88 kerZo sarekomendacio baraTi _ 66 mosamarTlis mimarT; 96 SeniSvna _ 77 mosamarTlis mimarT; 36 sayveduri – 27 mosamarTlis mimarT; 3 mosamarTle gaTavisuflda sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris da palatis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobidan, 16 mosamarTle gaTavisuflda Tanamdebobidan; 28 sadisciplino saqmeze 12 mosamarTlis mimarT Sewyda saqmis warmoeba; 18 sadisciplino saqmeze 8 mosamarTlis mimarT miiRes gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba.

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saagento) bolo xuTi wlis manZilze saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa profesiuli donis asamaRleblad bevri ram gakeTda. mosamarTleTa umravlesobam gaiara mravaljeradi swavleba samarTlis sxvadasxva dargSi rogorc ucxoeli, ise qarTveli eqspertebis xelmZRvanelobiT. mosamarTleebi saswavlo vizitebiT imyofebodnen aSS-s, germaniis, safrangeTis, inglisisa da sxva qveynebis sxvadasxva donis sasamarTloebSi, gaecnen evrosasamarTlos muSaobas da saerTaSoriso standartebs. miuxedavad amisa, aucilebelia saqarTveloSi mosamarTleTa sabazo momzadebisa da gadamzadebis saxelmwifo programis SemuSaveba, raTa gvyavdes maRalkvalificiuri mosamarTleTa korpusi. unda daixvewos da gamWvirvale gaxdes samosamarTlo kadris sworad SerCevis meqanizmebi, raTa gamoiricxos Seusabamo kadris sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi mosvla. saWiroa mosamarTleobis kandidatTa SerCevis kriteriumebis sajarod ganxilva da gansazRvra. aucilebelia yovel or weliwadSi mosamarTleTa saqmianobis Sefaseba da misi Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT mosamarTleTa dawinaureba. “mosamarTleTa statutis evropuli qartiis” 1.3 muxlisa da “mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobis da rolis” Sesaxeb evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis rekomendaciis pirveli debulebiT, mosamarTlis SerCeva unda xdebodes kandidatis Rirsebebis, kvalifikaciis, patiosnebis, unarisa da efeqtianobis safuZvelze.11 yovelwliurad unda ganxorcieldes mosamarTleTa finansuri da qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciaTa analizi da gadamowmeba, xolo Sedegebi gamoqveyndes da daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi reagirebisaTvis gadaeces Sesabamis organoebs. safiqrebelia, rom mosamarTleebi maSin Txouloben da iReben qrTams, rodesac maTi damoukidebloba mudmivad safrTxeSia, xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis zegavlena da kontroli Zlieria, xelfasi _ mcire, samuSao pirobebi ki _ gacilebiT uaresi. 12 saTanado samuSao pirobebis SeqmniT mosamarTleebs meti saSualeba eZlevaT, imuSaon efeqtianad. es uzrunveliyofa mosamarTleTa sakmarisi raodenobis arsebobiT (dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi 350-mde mosamarTlea), rac gamoricxavs mosamarTleTa gadatvirTvas da saqmis gaWianurebas. mosamarTlis statusi da Sesaferisi gasamrjelo didad gansazRvravs efeqtianobas. mosamarTlisaTvis miniWebuli statusi unda Seesabamebodes mis profesiul Rirsebas da anazRaurebac Sesabamisi unda iyos. evropuli rekomendaciebi mosamarTleTa saTanado pirobebiT uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs wevr-saxelmwifoebs, mosamarTleebad miizidon saukeTeso iuristebi da SeinarCunon isini. rekomendaciis mixedviT, wevrma-qveynebma mTeli Zalisxmeva unda gaiRon da daarwmunon iuristebi, rom maT Seuqmnian yvela pirobas dawinaurebisa da anazRaurebis zrdisaTvis. aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis berketebi, anu maTi Zalaufleba mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze gamwesebisas (saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa daniSvna saqarTvelos prezidentis saTaTbiro organos _ iusticiis umaRlesi 11

mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, efeqtianoba da roli, evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers miRebuli rekomendacia NR (94)12; “mosamarTleTa statutis evropuli qartia”, strasburgi, 1998 wlis 8-10 ivlisi; Jurnali `mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi~, gamomc., saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos adamianis uflebaTa centri. Tb., 2001, gv. 9, 32. 12 Maria Dakolas and Kim Thachuk; Corruption from the Judiciary: Attaking corruption in the judiciary: a critical rpocess in judical reform, p.9.

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sabWos wardginebiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlis arCeva saqarTvelos prezidentis wardginebiT saqarTvelos parlamentis mier, 10 wlis vadiT), iurisdiqciis kontroli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro normatiuli bazis miReba-damtkicebis uflebamosileba (sasamarTloebis dafinansebis sistema da wesi, damoukideblobis realuri finansuri garantiebis arqona, parlamentis mier “mosamarTleTa socialuri da samarTlebrivi dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb” kanonis amoqmedebis yovelwliuri gadavadeba da sxv.) sasamarTlo sistemas mudmivad damokidebuls xdis xelisuflebis am ori Stos keTil nebaze. naTelia, rom sasamarTlo sistemaSi korufciasTan sabrZolvelad saWiroa garkveuli instituciuri daZabuloba xelisuflebis danarCen or StosTan. maT mudmivad unda Seqmnan meqanizmebi sasamarTlo korufciis gamosavlenad da dasasjelad (korufciuli, Tanamdebobrivi danaSaulis, anu sisxlis samarTaldarRvevis gamovlena-gamoZieba), unda moaxdinon korufciuli qmedebebis SesaZleblobaTa SezRudva da iseTi sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, romelic ar egueba korufcias. magram es ar unda ganxorcieldes sasamarTlos damoukideblobis xelyofiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi dRemde arsebuli angariSvaldebulebis formebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda sistemaSi korufciis dasaZlevad, aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mxridan Warbi Careva da zedamxedveloba gaumarTlebeli iqneba. rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv kontrols, igi yovelmxriv misaRebi da mxardasaWeria.

III. sasamarTlos damoukidebloba da angariSvaldebuleba sasamarTlos angariSvaldebulebis Sida meqanizmebi saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemaSi 1. sasamarTlos instanciuroba, rogorc Sida kontrolis meqanizmi damoukidebeli sasamarTlos ufleba adamianis uflebis saxiT Camoyalibda.13 samarTliani da Ria marTlmsajulebis uflebas aRiarebs adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis sayovelTao deklaracia da mravali sxva saerTaSoriso dokumenti. es dokumentebi gansazRvravs mosamarTleTa da sasamarTloTa saqmianobis principebs, anu umTavres moTxovnebs, riTac dReniadag unda xelmZRvanelobdes saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa aRmasrulebeli yvela nacionaluri xelisufleba.14 rac Seexeba sasamarTlos angariSvaldebulebas, sxvadasxva droisa da gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis qveynebSi es sakiTxi sxvadasxvagvarad ganixileboda. “mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb” evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers miRebuli rekomendaciis Sesabamisad, mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis pativsacemad, dasacavad da gansamtkiceblad yvela aucilebeli RonisZieba unda iqnas gamoyenebuli. aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba unda uzrunvelyofdes mosamarTleebis damoukideblobas, raTa maTi mxridan ar gadaidgas iseTi nabijebi, 13

Maria Dakolas and Kim Thachuk; Corruption from the Judiciary: Attaking corruption in the judiciary: a critical rpocess in judical reform, p.25. 14 l. vildhaberi, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos prezidentis winasityvaoba, Jurnali `mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi~, gamomc., saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos adamianis uflebaTa centri. Tb., 2001, gv.7.

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romlebic safrTxes Seuqmnis am damoukideblobas. arc erT sxva organos, sakuTriv sasamarTlos garda, ar unda SeeZlos, gansazRvros misi uflebamosileba, rac kanoniT unda iyos uzrunvelyofili. saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reformis pirvel etapze arcTu warmatebulma brZolam korufciis winaaRmdeg dagvanaxa sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi damoukideblobasa da angariSvaldebulebis Sida meqanizmebSi arsebuli problemebi. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Sida kontrolis pirvel meqanizmad misi instanciuroba da saproceso zedamxedvelobis arsebuli sistemaa miCneuli. “saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos organuli kanonis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema erTiania. raionuli sasamarTlo aris pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo. saolqo sasamarTlo saapelacio wesiT ganixilavs saCivrebs raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebze. afxazeTisa da aWaris avtomomiuri respublikebis umaRlesi sasamarTloebi saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT zedamxedveloben marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis teritoriebze moqmed raionul sasamarTloebSi. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo dadgenili saproceso (sakasacio) formiT zedamxedvelobs marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebSi, axorcielebs saqarTvelos konstituciiT da sxva kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul uflebamosilebebs. aRniSnuli meqanizmi aris sakanonmdeblo garantia, qveda instanciebis sasamarTloebis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebebze dadgenili saproceso formebiT (apelacia da kasacia) zemdgomi sasamarTloebis mier (saolqo, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRlesi sasamarTloebi da uzenaesi sasamarTlo) ganxorcieldes zedamxedveloba, rac korufciasTan brZolis umniSvnelovanesi berketia. amasTan, sasamarTlos instanciurobis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom saqmeebi unda ganixilos miukerZoeblad, faqtebze dayrdnobiT da kanonis Sesabamisad, ama Tu im mxridan SezRudvis, Seusabamo zegavlenis, iZulebis, Zaldatanebis, daSinebis an pirdapiri Tu iribi Carevis gareSe. gaeros mier 1985 wels miRebuli “sasamarTlos damoukideblobis ZiriTadi principebis” Sesabamisad, ar unda ganxorcieldes Seusabamo an ukanono Careva sasamarTlo procesSi da sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ar unda daeqvemdebaros gadasinjvas.15 2. saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo “saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT Seqmnili prezidentis saTaTbiro organo, saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo, rogorc Sereuli (mosamarTleebiTa da xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis warmomadgenlebiT dakompleqtebuli) angariSvaldebulebis rgoli, realurad ewinaaRmdegeba sasamarTlos damoukideblobas. kanonis me-60 muxlis Sesabamisad, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo Sedgeba cxra wevrisagan. masSi mxolod sami mosamarTlea (Tanamdebobis mixedviT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRlesi sasamarTloebis Tavmjdomareebi). sxva wevrebi warmodgenilni arian sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebidan (iusticiis sabWos or wevrs niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti, sams (romelTagan ori parlamentis wevria) irCevs saqarTvelos parlamenti, Tanamdebobis mixedviT sabWoSi Sedis saqarTvelos iusticiis ministri da saqarTvelos parlamentis iuridiuli komitetis Tavmjdomare). iusticiis umaRles sabWos uflebamosilebaTa CamonaTvali moicavs yvela mniSvnelovan 15

ZiriTadi principebi sasamarTlos damoukideblobis Sesaxeb, gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa dokumentebi, gamomc., saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, 1999w., gv. 64.

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funqcias, romelic sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebis warmomadgenlebs aZlevs realur Zalauflebas da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi Carevis iseT berketebs, rogoricaa: mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze dasaniSnad kandidatis wardgena prezidentisaTvis; disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis ganxorcieleba saerTo sasamarTloebis, maT Soris saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa mimarT; prezidentTan winadadebebis wardgena mosamarTlis waxalisebis Tu Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis, sasamarTlo reformis Sesaxeb da a. S. Tu gaviazrebT imas, rom saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos SemadgenlobaSi mxolod sami mosamarTlea, xolo danarCeni eqvsi _ xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stos warmomadgeneli, naTeli xdeba, rom sasamarTlo reformis pirvelive etapze Caido sasamarTlos angariSvaldebulebis meqanizmebi xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli Stoebis winaSe, ramac garkveuli safrTxe Seuqmna sasamarTlos damoukideblobas. rac mTavaria, aRniSnuls ar mohyva aseve sakanonmdeblo doneze angariSvaldebulebis Sida Zlieri meqanizmebis Seqmna. sasamarTlo reformis ganxorcielebisas sistemaSi ver moxerxda korporaciis mier Zlieri gaerTianebis Camoyalibeba, romelic realurad daabalansebda aRniSnul konfliqts da xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebs uars aTqmevinebda sasamarTlos kontrolze. am garemoebam imTaviTve warmoSva sasamarTlos damoukideblobasa da angariSvaldebulebas Soris garkveuli konfliqti da korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola araefeqturi gaxada. “mosamarTleTa statutis evropuli qartiis” 1.3 punqti da misi ganmartebiTi memorandumi iTvaliswinebs aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli organos mier mosamarTleTa SerCevas, daniSvnas Tu maTi uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas. aseTi organos Camoyalibeba gamoricxavda mosamarTleTa SerCevas partiuli niSniT da SezRudavda korufcias sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi. sakvalifikacio gamocdebis organizebisa da mosamarTlis kandidatebis SerCevisas sabWos mier arCeuli araswori politikis gamo sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi movida arakvalificiuri da arasaimedo reputaciis mqone mosamarTleTa nawili, romlis kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobam Tavisi daRi daasva sasamarTlos avtoritets. amitom aucilebeli iyo, srulad gaeTvaliswinebinaT mosamarTlis roli sasamarTlo sistemaSi.16 mosamarTleTa kandidatebis SemrCevi organo arCevanis gakeTebisas unda efuZnebodes kriteriumebs, romlebic dakisrebul movaleobaTa bunebidan momdinareobs. unda Sefasdes, aqvs Tu ara kandidats unari, damoukideblad ganixilos saqme, rac damoukidebeli azrovnebis unars moiTxovs. samosamarTlo funqciebis miukerZoeblad Sesrulebis rwmena am mxriv arsebiTia. mosamarTleTa kadrebis momzadeba (igulisxmeba sabazo ganaTleba) da Semdgomi gadamzadeba aris mosamarTleTa miukerZoeblobis garantia. mosamarTleTa ganaTleba da codnis amaRleba umniSvnelovanesia, raTa saqarTveloSi gaZlierdes kanonis uzenaesoba da samarTalwarmoebis xarisxi.17 saqarTvelos organuli kanonis “saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb” 47-e muxlis merve punqtis Sesabamisad, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT arCeuli an daniSnuli mosamarTle Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebas Seudgeba mxolod specialuri saswavlo kursis gavlis Semdeg. amave kanonis 69-e muxliT gansazRvrulia specialuri kursi samosamarTlo swavlebis centrSi. swavlebis vada _ araumetes sami Tvisa _ dadgenilia iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos mier. 16

ZiriTadi principebi sasamarTlos damoukideblobis Sesaxeb, gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa dokumentebi, gamomc., saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, 1999 w., gv.66. 17 ix. “Semajamebeli daskvnebi da samomavlo moqmedebaTa gansazRvra~, evropis sabWos seminari _ “eqspertTa daxmareba saqarTvelos samosamarTlo swavlebis centris ganviTarebisaTvis~, Tb., 2004 wlis 27-29 seqtemberi.

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miuxedavad evropis sabWos principebisa da organuli kanonis moTxovnebisa, mosamarTleTa momzadebisa da gadamzadebisaTvis 1999 wlidan dRemde sasamarTlo biujetSi amgvari swavlebisaTvis ar gamoyofila arc erTi TeTri. axladdaniSnul mosamarTleTaTvis amgvar swavlebebs centri atarebda donori organizaciebidan moziduli saxsrebiT. saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWom, rogorc samosamarTlo saswavlo centris erT-erTma damfuZnebelma, ver SeZlo, SeemuSavebina saswavlo programa da uzrunveleyo misi saxelmwifo biujetidan dafinanseba. xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi irRveoda “mosamarTleTa statutis evropuli qartiis” umniSvnelovanesi principi mosamarTleTa SerCevis, samsaxurSi miRebisa da Tavdapirveli momzadebis Sesaxeb. am principiT sasamarTlo movaleobebis Sesasruleblad SerCeuli kandidatebi unda momzaddnen Sesabamisi treningebis saSualebiT, romelic saxelmwifom unda daafinansos. udavoa, rom sabazo samosamarTlo swavleba saWiroa mosamarTleTa mier damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli gadawyvetilebis unaris gamosamuSaveblad.18 mosamarTleTa disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis procesSi monawileobis miuxedavad,19 sabWos mier gamovlinda mosamarTlis mier korufciuli darRvevis mxolod erTi faqti. ver gaumjobesda sasamarTloTa organizaciuli muSaoba, ramac didwilad ganapiroba sasamarTlo aparatis moxeleTa korufciuli qmedebebi. bolo periodSi (2004 wlis 24 ivnisis kanoni “saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb kanonSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Taobaze”) ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis fonze iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos gazrdilma uflebamosilebebma ver uzrunvelyo sasamarTlo politikis warmateba. sasamarTlo reformis pirvelive etapze Seqmnili prezidentis saTaTbiro organo, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis funqcionirebisaTvis xelSewyoba da sasamarTlos avtoritetis dacva iyo, faqtobrivad, mosamarTleTa mimarT disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis ganmaxorcieleblad mogvevlina. axali kanonis Tanaxmad, mosamarTleTa TviTmmarTveli organos _ mosamarTleTa konferenciis mier asarCevi sadisc iplino sabWos kandidatebs, romlis SemadgenlobaSi oTxi mosamarTlea, xolo oTxi aramosamarTle, mxolod iusticiis sabWo waradgens. es midgoma mosamarTleTa TviTmmarTvel organos SesaZleblobas arTmevs, saerTo krebaze TviTon waradginos sadisciplino sabWos wevrobis kandidati mosamarTleebi mainc (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT aramosamarTle wevrebze), Seafasos maTi saqmiani da moraluri reputacia da mxolod amis Semdeg miiRos gadawyvetileba sadisciplino sabWoSi maTi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb. axali wesiT dakompleqtebuli sadisciplino sabWo, faqtobrivad, mTlianad iusticiis umaRles sabWos daeqvemdebara, kanoniT ki formalurad SeinarCuna saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa sadisciplino sabWos saxeli. iusticiis umaRlesma sabWom SeZlo, daebrunebina disciplinuri devnis uflebamosileba mosamarTlis mxridan iseTi disciplinuri gadacdomisas, rogoricaa saqmis ganxilvisas kanonis uxeSi darRveva. am gadacdomisaTvis devnis ufleba sabWos mxolod droebiT, kanonis amoqmedebidan _ 2000 wlis 1 ivlisidan 2001 wlis 1 maisamde hqonda 18

mosamarTleTa statutis evropuli qartia, strasburgi, 1998 wlis 8-10 ivlisi; Jurnali `mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi~, gamomc., saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos adamianis uflebaTa centri, Tb., 2001, gv.32. 19 1999-2004 wlebSi saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa sadisciplino sabWoSi saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWodan Sesulia 120 sadisciplino saqme 126 mosamarTlis mimarT. disciplinuri saqmeebis ganmxilvelma organom gamoiyena Semdegi disciplinuri saxdelebi da disciplinuri zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebi: sarekomendacio baraTiT miemarTa 43 mosamarTles; SeniSvna gamoecxada 24 mosamarTles, sayveduri _ 9 mosamarTles, mkacri sayveduriT miemarTa 7 mosamarTles; 2 mosamarTle gaTavisuflda; 13 mosamarTlis mimarT Sewyda disciplinuri saqme. 14 mosamarTle gamarTlda.

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miniWebuli, rac gardamavali periodiT da gadaudebeli saWiroebiT aixsna. kanonis amoqmedebidan erTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg ukve cxadi iyo iusticiis sabWos warumatebeli saqmianoba da mosamarTleTa korpusis Ria ukmayofileba, rac mosamarTlis damoukideblobis principis ugulebelyofam gamoiwvia. revoluciis Semdeg sabWos aRudgines pirvandeli funqcia: saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos, Tbilisisa da quTaisis saolqo sasamarTloebis Tavmjdomareebs mosamarTlis mier saqmis ganxilvisas kanonis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi disciplinuri devnis uflebamosileba CamoerTvaT. naCqarevi da gauazrebeli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT kidev erTxel gaizarda iusticiis sabWos uflebamosilebebi, Sida kontrolis bunebrivi meqanizmis mosamarTleTa TviTmmarTveli organos – mosamarTleTa konferenciis uflebamosilebebis xarjze. amiT sasamarTlo xelisufleba aSkara safrTxis winaSe dadga. aRmasrulebelma da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebebma ver uzrunvelyo mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba da gadadga iseTi nabiji, romelic safrTxes uqmnis am ukanasknelTa damoukideblobas.20 evropis sasamarTlo mmarTvelobis modelTan Sedarebisas igrZnoba, rom iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo sasamarTlo administrirebisa da marTvis meqanizmis mixedviT samxreTevropuli modelis msgavsia. samxreTevropuli modelis mixedviT, iusticiis, anu sasamarTlo sabWoebis uflebamosileba mosamarTleebisa da magistraturis wevrebis daniSvnisas mxolod saTaTbiro (mrCevlis) xmisa da disciplinuri devnis uflebiT Semoifargleba. Tumca, bolodroindeli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT, iusticiis umaRles sabWos mTlianad gadaeca disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba, sasamarTlos materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa da misi kontroli, rac garkveulad hgavs Crdiloevropul models. 21 vfiqrobT, qveynis istoriuli, kulturuli da socialuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos modeli Sesacvlelia. evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis rekomendaciis ~mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, efeqtianoba da roli” pirveli zogadi (mosamarTlis damoukideblobis) principis Sesabamisad, aucilebelia specialuri damoukidebeli da kompetenturi organos Seqmna, romelic rCevas aZlevs mTavrobas, parlaments an saxelmwifo meTaurs sasamarTlo xelisuflebis formirebisas, romelsac isini unda iTvaliswinebdnen. 3. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgebloba sasamarTlo sistemaSi angariSvaldebulebisa da kontrolis yvelaze qmediT da efeqtur meqanizmad miiCneoda mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmi, romelic “saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb” 20

mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, efeqtianoba da roli, rekomendacia NR(94)12, miRebuli evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers; Jurnali `mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi~, gamomc., saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos adamianis uflebaTa centri. Tb., 2001, gv.9. 21 v. amisulaSvili, “samosamarTlo (iusticiis) sabWos roli evropasa da laTinur amerikaSi~, zogadi mimoxilva, amerikis iuristTa asociaciis centraluri evropisa da evraziis samarTlebrivi iniciativa, Tb., 2004w. Crdiloevropuli modelis (SvedeTi, dania da irlandia) mixedviT, damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sabWo warmodgenilia farTo uflebamosilebiT, romlis funqciaSi Sedis sasamarTlo biujetis Sedgena, materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa da misi kontroli, mosamarTleTa daniSvna da disciplinuri warmoeba, moxeleTa samuSaod ayvana da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis zedamxedveloba; samxreTevropuli modeliT (espaneTi, portugalia, italia da safrangeTi) sasamarTlo sabWo, gansxvavebiT ganuyofeli modelisa (germaniis federaciuli respublika) mosamarTleebisa da magistraturis wevrebis daniSvnisas mxolod saTaTbiro uflebamosilebiT da disciplinuri devnis aRZvriT Semoifargleba. modeli, sadac ar arsebobs sasamarTlo sabWosmagvari gardamavali organo, sasamarTlos mmarTveloba, administrireba da menejmenti exeba politikurad pasuxismgebel saTaTbiro organos.

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kanonis Sesabamisad, oretapian sistemas warmoadgenda. pirveli etapi moicavda disciplinuri devnis aRZvras da disciplinur pasuxisgebaSi micemas, romelsac axorcielebdnen Sesabamisi organoebi (saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWos, aWarisa da afxazeTis iusticiis sabWoebis saxiT) da saamisod uflebamosili Tanamdebobis pirebi (saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRlesi sasamarTloebis, Tbilisisa da quTaisis saerTo sasamarTloebis Tavmjdomareebi). meore etapi –saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa mimarT disciplinuri saqmis ganxilva sadisciplino kolegiasa da Semdgom sabWoSi xorcieldeboda mosamarTleTa konferenciis mier arCeuli sadisciplino sabWos mier. masSi Sedioda rva mosamarTle da iusticiis sabWos mier wardgenili sazogadoebriobis oTxi warmomadgeneli. aqedan gamomdinare, iTvleboda, rom mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgebloba sabolood mosamarTleTa umravlesobiT dakompleqtebul sadisciplino sabWos gadaeca, Tumca devnis dawyebis ufleba hqonda iusticiis sabWosac. amdenad, mosamarTlis damoukideblobasa da angariSvaldebulebas Soris arsebuli konfliqtidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo disciplinis sakiTxi mainc sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Sida kontrols eqvemdebareboda. specialuri kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli oretapiani procedura imTaviTve ewinaaRmdegeboda evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers miRebul rekomendacias “mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb”. rekomendaciis VI debuleba, romelic movaleobaTa Seusruleblobasa da disciplinur darRvevebs exeba, adgens: daniSnuli mosamarTle uflebamosilebis vadis gasvlamde ar SeiZleba Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufldes kanoniT zustad gansazRvruli myari safuZvlis gareSe. samosamarTlo movaleobebis Sesrulebis uunarobis, sisxlissamarTlebrivi an seriozuli disciplinuri darRvevis arsebobisas specialuri kompetenturi organos mxridan gamoyenebuli disciplinuri sanqcia unda Semowmdes umaRlesi sasamarTlo organos mier an disciplinuri sanqciis gamomyenebeli organo Tavad unda warmoadgendes umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlos.22 am rekomendaciis Sesrulebis nacvlad, bolodroindeli (2004 wlis 24 ivlisi) sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis fonze, mosamarTleTa disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis II etapze kvlav imZlavra saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos (romelic ZiriTadad xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis warmomadgenelTa mieraa dakompleqtebuli) survilma, meti Zalaufleba hqonoda sasamarTlo disciplinasa da mosamarTleTa disciplinuri wesiT dasjaze. Semcirebuli sadisciplino sabWos wevrTagan iyos oTxi mosamarTle, xolo oTxi aramosamarTle. miuxedavad imisa, rom sadisciplino sabWos isev mosamarTleTa konferencia (konferenciis Sua periodebSi administraciuli komiteti) irCevs, irRveva 2000 wlis kanoniT dadgenili balansi da sabWoSi rvis nacvlad oTxi mosamarTle rCeba (oTx aramosamarTle wevrTan erTad). amasTan, sadisciplino sabWos Tavmjdomareoba aramosamarTle wevrs evaleba, romelic anazRaurebad sajaro Tanamdebobis pirs warmoadgens da, faqtobrivad, emorCileba iusticiis umaRles sabWos. amis Sedegia, rom sasamarTlo sistemaSi korufciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad sadisciplino proceduram warmatebulad ver imuSava, ris gamoc xSiria aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis Careva iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos meSveobiT. iusticiis umaRles sabWos ufleba aqvs, disciplinuri devnis dawyebisa mosamarTleTa eTikis normebisa da disciplinis darRvevis faqtebze. sakanonmdeblo cvlilebiT gamowveuli, mosamarTlis damoukideblobisa da angariSvaldebulebis darRveuli balansis aRdgena garkveulwilad, moxerxda saqarTvelos sakonstitucio 22

ganmartebiTi memorandumi mosamarTleTa damoukideblobaze, efeqtianobasa da rolze, rekomendacia NR(94) 12, miRebulia evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers; Jurnali “mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi~, gamomc., saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos adamianis uflebaTa centri. Tb., 2001, gv.16.

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sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 28 ivnisis gadawyvetilebiT romelmac arakonstituciurad miiCnia “saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb” kanonis 30-e muxlis pirveli punqti (aRniSnuli normiT sadisciplino kolegia saqmis ganxilvisas moqmedebda, rogorc sasamarTlo). amiT SesaZlebeli gaxda saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa sadisciplino sabWos gadawyvetilebis sasamarTloSi gasaCivreba. amrigad, mosamarTleTa disc i p l i n u r i samarTalwarmoebis oretapian sistemas daemata mesame etapi _ samarTliani sasamarTlo mosmena, riTac dadasturda disciplinur samarTalwarmoebaze sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobis principi. xsenebuli gadawyvetilebiT ganxorcielda evrosabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers miRebuli rekomendacia “mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, efeqtianoba da roli”, romlis Sesabamisad, mosamarTleTa mxridan disciplinuri darRvevebi unda Semowmdes disciplinuri devnis uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli kompetenturi organos mier. Tumca, dReisaTvis arsebuli sametapiani sistema saqmis ganxilvisaTvis kanoniT dadgenili vadebiT isev ewinaaRmdegeba evropis ministrTa komitetis rekomendacias disciplinuri saqmis gonivrul vadaSi ganxilvis mxriv. maSin, roca SesaZlebeli Seiqna, disciplinuri sanqciis Semfardebeli organo gaxdes umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlo, gardauvalia disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis procesis sametapiani proceduris gadaxedva da konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli saTanado proceduris moTxovnaTa dacva.23 saqarTvelos 2000 wlis 23 Tebervlis kanoni “saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb” sasamarTlo sistemisaTvis aris Sida kontrolis erTaderTi meqanizmi. Tumca, mosamarTlis mier korufciuli darRvevis CadenisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis procesisa da saxdelis dakisrebis praqtika jerjerobiT ar arsebobs. bolo periodSi (2004 wlis 30 ivnisis kanoni “saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb kanonSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Taobaze”) ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo novacia, romelsac korufciuli samarTaldarRvevis an Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis marTlmsajulebisa da samsaxurebrivi interesebis sazianod gamoyenebis cnebis formaluri ganmarteba mohyva, ver iqneba am saxis disciplinuri gadacdomisTvis pasuxismgeblobis realurad amoqmedebis winapiroba (kanonis me-2 muxlis me-2 punqtis SeniSvna: “korufciuli samarTaldarRveva aris sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli darRveva, Tu igi ar iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv an administraciul pasuxismgeblobas.”). amasTan, “sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb” kanonis me-20 muxlis me-3 punqtiT dadgenilia korufciuli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis zogadi pasuxismgeblobis wesi. am kanoniT “korufciuli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis” disciplinuri preiudiciis arseboba “saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb” kanonis 53-e da “saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb” kanonis 24-e muxlebis Tanaxmad, mosamarTlis uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis safuZvelia. Tu korufciuli samarTaldarRvevis Cadenidan (roca mosamarTlis 23

“mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, efeqtianoba da roli”, rekomendacia NR(94)12, miRebuli evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers; Jurnali `mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi~, gamomc., saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos adamianis uflebaTa centri,. Tb., 2001, gv.10.

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mimarT gamoyenebuli iyo disc iplinuri pasuxismgeblobis zoma, garda Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebisa) erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mosamarTle Caidens axal korufciul qmedebas, igi dauyovnebliv Tavisufldeba samsaxuridan. kanoni ar ganmartavs mosamarTlis mier ukanaskneli korufciuli qmedebis xasiaTs _ administraciuli darRvevaa is Tu disciplinuri gadacdoma. es procedurul problemebs qmnis disciplinur samarTalwarmoebaSi. ramdenad efeqturi da qmediTia aRniSnuli kanonmdebloba sasamarTlo sistemaSi korufciasTan sabrZolvelad, amas praqtika mowmobs: “saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb” kanonis amoqmedebidan, e.i. 2000 wlidan dRemde (2004 wlis agvisto) korufciuli samarTaldarRvevis gamo saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemaSi mxolod erTi disciplinuri saqme aRiZra. es faqti TavisTavad adasturebs disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis araefeqturobas korufciasTan brZolaSi, rac ganpirobebulia im sakanonmdeblo xarvezebiT, romlebic disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis kanons aqvs. kanoni zedmetad gadatvirTulia da ar ganmartavs korufciuli samarTaldarRvevis cnebasa da proceduras, romelic uzrunvelyofda sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organos koordinacias disciplinuri devnis organosTan da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli formaluri moTxovnebis droul Sesrulebas. kerZod, disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis proceduris dasawyebad, mosamarTlis winaaRmdeg miRebuli da/an winaswari Semowmebis masalebSi dafiqsirebuli korufciuli danaSaulis Cadenis faqti disciplinuri saqmis warmoebisTvis sakmarisi ar aris (mux. 9). ukve aRZruli disciplinuri warmoebis SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, aRZruli disciplinuri saqmis kvlevisas, Tu masalebi aSkarad miuTiTebs mosamarTlis mier korufciuli danaSaulis Cadenaze, disciplinuri saqme Cerdeba (mux. 13). aseve, wydeba disciplinuri saqmis ganxilva sadisciplino kolegiaSi, Tu saqmis miRebisa da Semowmebisas kolegia daaskvnis, rom qmedeba, romelic safuZvlad daedo mosamarTlis disciplinur pasuxisgebas, Seicavs korufciuli danaSaulis niSnebs (mux. 37). sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRmZvreli organosaTvis gagzavnili masalebis safuZvelze mosamarTlis mimarT sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvraze uari an aRZruli saqmis Sewyveta iwvevs SeCerebuli saqmis ganaxlebas, Tu mosamarTlis mimarT disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis vada ar aris amowuruli. kanoni disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis maqsimalur vadad sam wels adgens. kanonis me-13 muxlis Tanaxmad, disciplinuri saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis periodi ar iTvleba kanoniT disciplinuri saqmis gamokvlevisaTvis dadgenil vadaSi, arc disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis erTwlian vadaSi. samagierod, es periodi iTvleba disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis kanoniT dadgenil samwlian vadaSi. sadisciplino warmoebis praqtikis ganzogadebiT, sadisciplino procedurebis dawyebis Semdeg oTxi mosamarTlis mimarT korufciuli darRvevis Taobaze gagzavnili masalebi sisxlis samarTlis aRZvris sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, uaryofili iqna sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organos (prokuraturis) mier: or SemTxvevaSi devnis aRZvraze uari iTqva, xolo or faqtze _ aRZruli sisxlis samarTlis saqme Sewyda mosamarTlis mier korufciuli danaSaulis ararsebobis gamo. am SemTxvevaSi disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb kanonis 37-e muxlis formaluri moTxovna, rom mosamarTlis mimarT araRZrul an Sewyvetil sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze Sesabamisi informaciis miRebis Semdeg unda ganaxldes saqmis warmoeba, Tu disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis vada amowuruli ar aris, araefeqturia da disciplinuri proceduris gaWianurebas iwvevs. realurad, gaWianurebuli proceduris Tavidan asacileblad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organoebSi gagzavnili saqmis paralelurad, disciplinuri devna ori mosamarTlis mimarT ganxorcielda sisxlissamarTlebrivi organos gadawyvetilebis miRebamde. Tumca, am SemTxvevebSi disciplinuri devnis safuZvlad 80

miTiTebuli ar yofila korufciuli samarTaldarRveva, xolo mosamarTleTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba korufciuli danaSaulisaTvis ver ganxorcielda prokuraturis mier warmoebuli gamoZiebiT. amdenad, mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis kanonmdebloba arsebiTad unda gadamuSavdes da gamartivdes, korufciuli samarTaldarRveva gaimijnos administraciuli samarTaldarRvevisa da sxva korufciuli gadacdomisagan (rac samosamarTlo eTikis sxva normebis darRvevas niSnavs). saqarTvelos kanoni “saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb” unda Seesabamebodes “sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanons (igulisxmeba V Tavis me-20 muxli _ pasuxismgebloba korufciuli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis). vfiqrobT, mkafiod unda gaimijnos sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT dasjadi korufciuli danaSaulebi da sxva korufciuli samarTaldarRvevebi. SedarebiT mZime korufciul gadacdomaze unda gamoviyenoT administraciuli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli warmoeba, xolo danarCeni darRvevebi vareguliroT eTikis normebiT.24 miuxedavad arsebuli SiSisa, rom mosamarTlis devna (Tundac korufciis safuZvelze) sasamarTlos prestiJs dascems, mosamarTleTa dasjis qmediTi meqanizmis arseboba da misi realuri amoqmedeba sasamarTlo sistemis mimarT sazogadoebis ndobas mxolod ganamtkicebs. amasTan, sadiscip l i n o samarTalwarmoebis praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTelia, rom sasamarTloSi arsebuli korufciis aRmofxvra mxolod mosamarTleTa disc iplinuri samarTalwarmoebis gziT SeuZlebelia. korufciasTan sabrZolvelad saWiroa sisxlissamarTlebrivi meqanizmebis amoqmedeba; gonivruli sasamarTlo politikis gatareba, korufciuli qmedebebisTvis SesaZleblobebis SezRudva da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis gaZliereba. sainteresod gveCveneba amerikis iuristTa asociaciis mier SemuSavebuli disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis samodelo wesebi,25 romlis Sesabamisad: • sadisciplino komisia Sedgeba 2 _ sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo palatisgan. sasamarTlo palata Sedgeba 9 wevrisagan, xolo sagamoZiebo – 3 wevrisagan. palatebis Semadgenloba rotaciis principiT ganaxldeba, magram aravin SeiZleba iyos erTdroulad orive palatis wevri; komisiis sruli Semadgenlobidan iqmneba (1) sadisciplino sabWo – romelsac sagamoZiebo funqcia aqvs da (2) sakomisio sabWo – romelsac sasamarTlo funqcia aqvs. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi Tanabrad Sedian mosamarTleebi, iuristebi da sajaro moxeleebi. maTi uflebamosilebis vada 4 welia. komisiis wevrebi zedized SeiZleba airCion mxolod 2-jer. • disciplinuri procedura iwyeba komisiis mier saCivris miRebiT. informacia SeiZleba modiodes werilobiTi saCivridan, satelefono zaridan, statiidan an nebismieri sxva maT Soris, anonimuri wyarodan. am saCivrebs ganixilavs sadisciplino sabWo, romelsac ufleba aqvs, informacia, romelic werilobiTi formiT ar iqna miRebuli, werilobiTi saCivris saxiT Camoayalibos. 24

a. kaxniaSvili, “rogor vebrZoloT korufcias”, gamomc. `kabadoni~, Tb., 2002 w., gv.40. Felix F. Stumpf, ABA Model Rules of Judicial Disiplinary enforcement, The National Judicial College, State Justice Institute, Reno, Nevada, 1996. 25

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sadisciplino sabWo valdebulia, miiRos yvela saCivari da acnobos momCivans masze reagirebis Sedegebi; • sadisciplino sabWo asrulebs komisiis mier daqiravebuli iuristis funqcias da pasuxismgebelia im saCivrebis ganxilvasa da Sefasebaze, romelTa sagania mosamarTlis mier disciplinuri gadacdomis Cadena. disciplinuri devnis safuZvlianobis winaswari Semowmebis Semdeg sadisciplino sabWo komisiis sagamoZiebo palatas warudgens erT-erT rekomendacias: dauSveblad cnos saCivari an sruli gamoZiebis Catarebis ufleba misces disciplinarul sabWos. sadisciplino sabWo ar monawileobs komisiis mier saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi, gadawyvetilebebis momzadebaSi an sxva msgavs saqmianobaSi; rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, sadisciplino sabWos ara aqvs winaswari Semowmebis Sedegad saCivris usafuZvlod cnobis damoukidebeli SesaZlebloba. misi gadawyvetileba mowmdeba komisiis sagamoZiebo palatis mier. disciplinuri devnis aRZvris safuZvlianobis Semowmebis etapze SesaZlebelia mowmeTa dakiTxva, dokumentebisa da faqtebis Semowmeba, Tumca am etapze ar xdeba oficialuri sasamarTlo uwyebebis gamoqveyneba Cvenebis miRebis an mtkicebulebis mopovebis mizniT. disciplinuri devnis safuZvlianobis Semowmebisas sadisciplino sabWom aseve SeiZleba miiRos saCivris sxva uwyebisaTvis gadacemis gadawyvetileba. • sagamoZiebo palata amowmebs sadisciplino sabWos mier sadisciplino devnis safuZvlianobaze warmodgenil rekomendaciebs devnis aRZvrisa da sruli gamoZiebis Catarebis an devnis aRZvraze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb; • disciplinuri devnis safuZvlianobis winaswari Semowmebis stadiaze mosamarTles ar atyobineben saCivris Sesaxeb. am stadiaze sadisciplino sabWos sagamoZiebo palatis saqmianoba gasaidumloebulia; mosamarTles Setyobinebas saCivris Sesaxeb ugzavnis sadisciplino sabWo komisiis sagamoZiebo palatis mier sruli gamoZiebis Catarebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebidan 10 dRis vadaSi. Setyobineba unda Seicavdes: • braldebis zust aRweras; • miTiTebas sasamarTlo eTikis kodeqsisa Tu sxva normatiuli aqtis muxlebis Sesaxeb, romelTa darRvevac mosamarTles bralad edeba; • ganmartebas mosamarTlis movaleobis Sesaxeb, upasuxos braldebas; • ganmartebas mosamarTlis uflebis Sesaxeb Sexvdes disciplinur sabWos; • momCivnis vinaobas, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca sagamoZiebo palatas aqvs misi gasaidumloebis mtkice safuZveli. Tu sagamoZiebo palata mosamarTlisagan pasuxs moiTxovs, SetyobinebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos pasuxis warmodgenis zusti vada (Cveulebriv, es 30 dRea); xolo sabWos moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle valdebulia, gamocxaddes mis winaSe. mosamarTles SeuZlia, gamocxaddes advokatTan erTad. • disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba Tavisi arsiT ar aris sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba, radgan igi sasjelis saxiT ar iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas an jarimas. is ar aris arc samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba. disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis mizania sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoritetis dacva da marTlmsajulebis sazogadoebis sasikeTod ganxorcielebisTvis xelSewyoba. 82

mosamarTlis mier danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi mis winaaRmdeg aRiZvreba sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba. am dros, rogorc wesi, disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba Cerdeba sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis dasrulebamde. • miuxedavad imisa, rom disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba Tavisi arsiT sisxlis samarTlwarmoeba ar aris, is mZime Sedegebi, rac SeiZleba mohyves disciplinuri gadacdomis Camdenad mosamarTlis cnobas, mas braldebulisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis procesiT garantirebul mraval uflebas aniWebs. am uflebebidan erT-erTia advokatis ufleba; • disciplinur komisias ufleba aqvs, gamoikvlios da moipovos mosamarTlis piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb is informacia, romelic discipl i n u r i samarTalwarmoebis procesSi aucilebelia saqmis obieqturad gamoZiebisaTvis. • disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis monawileni, kerZod, momCivani, mowmeebi, komisiis wevrebi da TanamSromlebi sargebloben imunitetiT mosamarTlis mxridan maT winaaRmdeg samoqalaqo sarCelis Setanis SemTxvevaSi. es imuniteti ar vrceldeba sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaze; samoqalaqo imuniteti moixsneba, Tu momCivani an mowme disciplinuri procesis Sesaxeb informacias gaaxmovanebs sajarod, magaliTad, masmediis saSualebebiT. • disciplinuri devnis safuZvlianobis Semowmebis stadiaze yvela informacia konfidencialuria. mas Semdeg, rac mosamarTles oficialuri braldeba waeyeneba, yvelaferi sajaro xdeba. gansajaroebis safuZvelia sazogadoebis ufleba, hqondes informacia da sasamarTlo sistemis mTlianobisaTvis sajaro samarTalwarmoebis Catarebis aucilebloba; disci plinuri devnis sawyis stadiaze disc i plinarul sabWos SeuZlia, gaamJRavnos informacia da Seatyobinos im pirs, visac safrTxe emuqreba an im saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs (kerZod, samarTaldamcav organoebs), visac evaleba sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis dacva. konfidencialurobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori interesi – mosamarTlis piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba da sazogadoebis ufleba, hqondes informacia. mocemul SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi sazogadoebis sasargeblod aris gadawyvetili. • mas Semdeg, rac komisiis sagamoZiebo palata disciplinur sabWos sruli gamoZiebis nebas darTavs, sabWos eZleva mosamarTlisa da mowmeebis gamoZaxebis ufleba. Tu sadisciplino sabWo CaTvlis, rom mosamarTlis werilobiTi pasuxi miuRebeli an arasrulia, mas SeuZlia mosTxovos mosamarTles sabWoSi gamocxadeba da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema. mosamarTles ufleba aqvs, ar misces Cveneba sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg, anu mas aqvs dumilis ufleba, magram radgan disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba Tavisi arsiT ufro samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebas uaxlovdeba, mosamarTlis dumili SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mis winaaRmdeg; disciplinur sabWoSi gamoZiebis stadiaze mosamarTlis gamocxadeba komisiis sasamarTlo palatis mier saqmis ganxilvaze mosamarTlis gamocxadebisagan gansxvavebuli proceduraa. gamoZiebis stadiaze sabWo jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli disci plinuri gadacdomis Taobaze (dadastureba an daudasturebloba), amitom sabWoSi mosamarTlis gamocxadebas da axsna-ganmartebis micemas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. mosamarTlis saTanado axsna-ganmartebam, SesaZloa, naTeli mohfinos saCivarSi miTiTebul braldebebs da daarwmunos sadisciplino sabWo mis usafuZvlobaSi. mosamarTlis gamocxadebiT sabWos aseve eZleva SesaZlebloba, gaigos wayenebuli braldebebis mimarT mosamarTlis damokidebuleba da sasamarTlo ganxilvaze misi savaraudo pozicia. 83

disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba Tavisi arsiT ar aris sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba da braldebulis uflebebi srulad ar gamoiyeneba. erTgvarad SezRudulia damcvelis uflebebic. sruli gamoZiebis stadiaze yvela procedura oficialuri braldebis wayenebamde, maT Soris sabWoSi mosamarTlis gamocxadeba, konfidencialurobis sruli dacviT mimdinareobs. • gamoZiebis dasrulebis Semdeg sadisciplino sabWo mis mier mopovebul yvela mtkicebulebas, agreTve, saqmis masalebs rekomendaciasTan erTad warudgens komisiis sagamoZiebo palatas; • sadisciplino sabWos rekomendaciebi sagamoZiebo palatis mimarT da sagamoZiebo palatis (panelis) moqmedeba aseTia: disciplinur sabWos SeuZlia komisiis sagamoZiebo palatas warudginos eqvsi saxis rekomendacia, romelic palatam SesaZloa miiRos, uaryos an Secvalos: a. saCivris dauSveblad cnobisa da mosamarTlis mimarT disciplinuri devnis araRZvris Sesaxeb Cven ukve ganvixileT disc iplinuri devnis safuZvlianobis winaswari Semowmebis stadiaze,sadisci plino sabWos uflebamosileba. aseTi uflebamosileba sabWos sruli gamoZiebis dasrulebis Semdgomac aqvs, Tu darwmunda, rom ar arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli mosamarTlis disciplinur pasuxisgebaSi misacemad. rekomendaciis wardgenis Semdeg mosamarTlis disciplinur pasuxisgebaSi armicemis gadawyvetilebas iRebs sagamoZiebo palata. aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi saCivarSi wayenebuli braldebebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mosamarTlis winaaRmdeg sxva disciplinur saqmeSi. Tu saCivris dauSveblad cnobisa da mosamarTlis mimarT disciplinuri devnis Sewyvetis Semdeg aRmoCnda axali garemoebebi, isini SesaZlebelia iqces saqmis ganaxlebis safuZvlad. b. kerZo gafrTxilebis an pirobiTi disciplinuri SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb Tu komisiis sagamoZiebo palatas gaaCnia sakmarisi safuZveli varaudisaTvis, rom mosamarTlem disciplinuri gadacdoma Caidina, disciplinuri sabWos rekomendaciiT, man SeiZleba mimarTos mosamarTles kerZo gafrTxilebiT an dados masTan pirobiTi disciplinuri SeTanxmeba. kerZo gafrTxileba xdeba werilobiTi formiT, mosamarTlis TanxmobiT, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Cadenilia SedarebiT umniSvnelo disciplinuri gadacdoma, romelsac ar moutania mniSvnelovani ziani. palata kerZo gafrTxilebas gamoscems mxolod im pirobiT, Tu mosamarTle ar moiTxovs misi saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvas. Tu mosamarTle ar daTanxmdeba kerZo gafrTxilebas, maSin palata iRebs gadawyvetilebas oficialuri braldebis wayenebis an saCivris dauSveblad cnobis Sesaxeb. kerZo gafrTxileba ar gamoiyeneba oficialuri braldebis wayenebis Semdeg. pirobiTi disciplinuri SeTanxmeba formdeba werilobiT mxolod oficialuri braldebis wayenebamde. is ar warmoadgens sagamoZiebo palatis daskvnas, rom disciplinuri gadacdoma namdvilad moxda. is aris saidumlo SeTanxmeba mosamarTlesa da sagamoZiebo palatas Soris, romliTac mosamarTle Tanxmdeba, daeqvemdebaros rig RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa specialuri treningebi an saganmanaTleblo programebi da sxv. an Sesarulos garkveuli pirobebi. is gamoiyeneba mxolod SedarebiT umniSvnelo disciplinuri gadacdomisas, rodesac 84

ar dgas mosamarTlis TanamdebobisaTvis Seufereblobis sakiTxi. ZiriTadad, es iseTi qmedebaa, romlisTvisac mosamarTle reabilitaciis kursis Catarebas eqvemdebareba. mas Semdeg, rac mosamarTle Seasrulebs SeTanxmebaSi mocemul pirobebs (gaivlis Sesabamis kurss), mis mimarT disciplinuri saqme ixureba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, palatam SesaZloa miiRos oficialuri braldebis wayenebis gadawyvetileba. kerZo gafrTxileba da pirobiTi disciplinuri SeTanxmeba is meqanizmebia, romelTa gamoyeneba disciplinuri gadacdomisas mosamarTlis interesebs srulad Seesabameba, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi saqme oficialuri braldebis wayenebamde ar midis da yvela procedura konfidencialuri rCeba. g. oficialuri braldebis wayenebis Sesaxeb aseTi rekomendaciis dakmayofilebis Semdeg sagamoZiebo palata avalebs disciplinur komisias oficialuri braldebis wayenebas. oficialur braldebaSi zustad da naTlad unda iyos miTiTebuli im qmedebisa da muxlebis Sesaxeb, romelTa darRvevac mosamarTles braldeba. oficialuri braldebis wayenebis momentidan disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba sajaro xdeba. d. saqmis sxva uwyebisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb es ZiriTadad im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, roca mosamarTlis saqmeSi aris sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis niSnebi. e. saqmis SeCerebis Sesaxeb aseT gadawyvetilebas sagamoZiebo palata iRebs, Tu mosamarTlis saqme ganixileba samoqalaqo an sisxlis samarTlis wesiT. disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba Cerdeba maT dasrulebamde. • oficialuri braldebis wayenebis Semdeg, mosamarTles eZleva 20-dRiani vada pasuxis gasacemad. es vada SeiZleba mosamarTlis moTxovniT gagrZeldes. mosamarTles SeuZlia aRiaros, uaryos an nawilobriv uaryos braldeba; nebismieri faqtobrivi braldeba, romelic mosamarTlis mxridan upasuxod darCa, aRiarebulad iTvleba. oficialur braldebaze pasuxis gaucemloba mosamarTlis mxridan braldebebis srul aRiarebad miiCneva. • mosamarTlis xelT arsebuli SesaZleblobebi oficialuri braldebis wardgenis Semdeg orgvaria: (a) saqmis sasamarTlo mosmena an (b) nebayoflobiT diciplinur saxdelze molaparakeba; a. saqmis mosmena komisiis sasamarTlo palatis mier mas Semdeg, rac mosamarTle daTanxmdeba saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvas, saqmes ganixilavs komisiis sasamarTlo palata. saqmis ganxilvis procedura SinaarsiTa da mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebiT samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebas uaxlovdeba. b. nebayoflobiTi disciplinuri saxdeli oficialuri braldebis wardgenis Semdeg, sasamarTlo palatis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde, arsebobs mosamarTlesa da disciplinur sabWos Soris nebayoflobiT disciplinur saxdelze molaparakebis SesaZlebloba. aseT SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle srulad an nawilobriv aRiarebs misdami wayenebul braldebas da Tanxmdeba aseTi gadacdomisaTvis gankuTvnil saxdelze. 85

Cndeba kiTxva, ratom unda daTanxmdes mosamarTle nebayoflobiTi disciplinuri saxdelis gamoyenebas, Tu manamde kerZo gafrTxilebis gamoyeneba an pirobiTi disciplinuri SeTanxmebis dadeba SeuZlebeli gaxda. amisaTvis ramdenime mizezi SeiZleba arsebobdes: disciplinuri gadacdoma imdenad seriozulia, rom kerZo g a f r T x i l e b i s a n p i r o b i T i d i s ci pl i n u r i S e T a n x m e b i s g a m o y e n e b a mizanSeuwonelia; mosamarTlem amjobina proceduris gagrZeleba, radgan gamoZiebis Sedegi ainteresebda da sxv. am stadiaze, roca oficialuri braldeba ukve wayenebulia, nebayoflobiT disciplinur saxdelze SeTanxmeba momgebiania orive mxarisTvis. mosamarTle braldebis aRiarebiT Tavidan aicilebs ZviradRirebul sasamarTlo process, agreTve sajaro procesze misi qmedebis farTod gaxmaurebas. garda amisa, Tu komisiis sasamarTlo palata da bolo instanciis sasamarTlo daTanxmdeba im saxdelis gamoyenebas, romelzec mxareebi nebayoflobiT SeTanxmdnen, mosamarTle aRar dgeba sasamarTlos mxridan SeuTanxmebeli formis saxdelis gamoyenebis winaSe. SeTanxmeba nebayoflobiTi disciplinuri saxdelis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aseve Sedis saxelmwifos interesebSi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi disciplinuri warmoeba swrafi da iafi xdeba. rogorc irkveva, finansuri sakiTxebi am SemTxvevaSi did rols TamaSobs sadisciplino komisiis SezRuduli biujetis gamo. SeTanxmeba nebayoflobiTi disciplinuri saxdelis Sesaxeb formdeba werilobiT da mas xels awers orive mxare. Tu SeTanxmebaSi miTiTebuli saxdelis zoma ar daamtkica komisiis sasamarTlo palatam an umaRlesma sasamarTlom, SeTanxmeba ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mosamarTlis winaaRmdeg saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas. Tu SeTanxmeba damtkicda, maSin igi mosamarTlis bralis udavo mtkicebulebas warmoadgens. SeTanxmebasTan erTad mosamarTlem xeli unda moaweros Tanxmobis specialur formas, sadac miTiTebulia, rom: (1) mosamarTle eTanxmeba saxdels; (2) Tanxmoba nebayoflobiTia; (3) braldeba disciplinuri gadacdomis Sesaxeb ganixileba; (4) SeTanxmebaSi miTiTebuli faqtebi simarTlea. SeTanxmebis dadebis Semdeg disciplinuri procesis dasruleba damokidebulia imaze, ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebs komisiis sasamarTlo palata an umaRlesi sasamarTlo. komisiis sasamarTlo palatas ufleba aqvs, uaryos SeTanxmeba an gadagzavnos igi umaRles sasamarTloSi dasamtkiceblad. umaRles sasamarTlos aseve aqvs ufleba, uaryos SeTanxmeba an gamosces brZaneba disciplinuri saxdelis im formiT gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, romelic miTiTebulia SeTanxmebaSi. Tu SeTanxmeba uaryofilia sasamarTlo palatis mier, saqme ubrundeba sagamoZiebo palatas; xolo Tu SeTanxmeba uaryofilia umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier, saqme gadaecema komisiis sasamarTlo palatas sasamarTlo sxdomaze gansaxilvelad. SeTanxmeba nebayoflobiTi disciplinuri saxdelis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb sisxlis samarTlis procesSi mxareTa morigebas hgavs, romelic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samarTalSi cnobilia plea bargain-is saxeliT. • komisiis sasamarTlo palata aris marTlmsajulebis organo, romelic sTavazobs umaRles sasamarTlos gamosayenebeli disciplinuri saxdelis saxes an wyvets disciplinur warmoebas. • mas Semdeg, rac miRebulia mosamarTlis pasuxi an amoiwureba aseTi pasuxis miRebis vada, komisiis sasamarTlo palata niSnavs sasamarTlo sxdomis dRes, ris Sesaxebac atyobinebs disciplinur sabWos da mosamarTles. Tu mosamarTle ar gamocxadda sasamarTlo sxdomaze, miiCneva, rom man aRiara faqtobrivi braldebebi da eTanxmeba palatis gadawyvetilebas. 86

sasamarTlo palata Sedgeba 9 wevrisagan. saqmeebs palata Cveulebriv sruli SemadgenlobiT ganixilavs. disciplinuri saqmis ganxilvisas gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo saproceso normebi, Tumca palatas SeuZlia miiRos da umaRles sasamarTlos dasamtkiceblad warudginos saqmis ganxilvis sakuTari wesebi. saqmis ganxilvis procesSi orive mxares aqvs mtkicebulebebis warmodgenis, mowmeTa gamoZaxebisa da maTi jvaredini dakiTxvis ufleba. garda amisa, mxareebs ufleba aqvT, moiTxovon mowmeTa iZulebiT moyvana da mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxova sasamarTlos mier. disciplinur samarTalwarmoebaSi mtkicebis standarti ufro maRali, vidre samoqalaqo procesSi da ufro dabali, vidre sisxlis samarTlis procesSi. braldeba gamagrebuli unda iyos “naTeli da damarwmunebeli” mtkicebulebebiT. • sasamarTlo palatis gadawyvetileba miiReba xmaTa umravlesobiT. sasamarTlo sxdomidan 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi komisiis sasamarTlo palatam umaRles sasamarTlos unda warudginos sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmi da mokle anotacia, moxseneba faqtebis dadgenis Sesaxeb (faqtebis aRweriloba), samarTlebrivi daskvnebi, gansxvavebuli azri (Tuki aseTi arsebobda), SeTavazebuli gadawyvetileba – gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba an rekomendacia disciplinuri saxdelis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo palatis angariSi egzavnebaT mxareebsac. angariSis miRebidan 10 dRis ganmavlobaSi maT ufleba aqvT, moiTxovon masSi Sesworebebis Setana. aseTi moTxovnis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom mxareebi eTanxmebian angariSis Sinaarss. • disciplinuri saxdeli Svidi saxisaa, maTgan 4, ufro mkacri _ sajaro gafrTxileba, Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba, Tanamdebobidan droebiTi CamoSoreba da samosamarTlo uflebamosilebis SezRudva _ SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mxolod umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, komisiis sasamarTlo palatis rekomendaciis safuZvelze. saxdelis iseTi saxeebi, rogoricaa piradi gafrTxileba da pirobiTi disciplinuri SeTanxmeba, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas sagamoZiebo palatis gadawyvetilebiT. v. mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba da Tanamdebobidan droebiTi CamoSoreba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi ar aris iseTi debuleba, romelic pirdapir mianiWebda umaRles sasamarTlos mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis uflebas. es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod impiCmentis wesiT. amis gamo umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba saxdelis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa Tanamdebobidan mosamarTlis droebiTi CamoSoreba. • sasamarTlo sistemis regulirebaze saboloo pasuxismgebloba awevs umaRles sasamarTlos. misi es roli momdinareobs: (1) saxelmwifo konstituciidan uflebamosilebebidan.

da

(2)

umaRlesi

sasamarTlos

• umaRles sasamarTloSi daCqarebul (swraf) ganxilvas eqvemdebareba saqmeebi, rodesac komisia iTxovs disciplinuri saxdelis Sefardebas an miRebulia informacia protestis Sesaxeb. Tu komisiam gamoitana gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba da ar aris Setyobineba protestis Sesaxeb, umaRles sasamarTlos aqvs 15 dRe saqmis gadasaxedad. Tu sasamarTlom am periodSi saqmis gadaxedvis Sesaxeb brZaneba ar gamosca, komisiis gadawyvetileba sabolood iTvleba. 87

sadisciplino sabWos mier gamoTqmuli protesti saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvaze SeiZleba gaxdes saCivris safuZveli. damkvidrebuli saapelacio praqtikis mixedviT, sakiTxebi, romlebic ar dasmula mxaris mier gamoTqmul protestSi, sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar ganixileba. • umaRlesi sasamarTlo saqmes ganixilavs Tavidan (de novo). komisiis mignebebi da daskvnebi misTvis savaldebulo ar aris – umaRles sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos, uaryos an Seasworos isini. umaRles sasamarTlos aseve SeuZlia gaamkacros an Searbilos komisiis mier SeTavazebuli saxdelis forma. umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi sajarod qveyndeba. Tu gadawyvetileba mosamarTlisaTvis gamamtyunebeli aRmoCnda, mas SeiZleba daekisros saproceso xarjebis anazRaureba. Tu umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvis procesSi mosamarTlis winaaRmdeg wardgenili iqna axali saCivari, disciplinuri sabWo amis Sesaxeb atyobinebs sasamarTlos. aseTi SemTxvevebis dros sasamarTlo ZiriTadad aCerebs saqmes meore saCivarTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis dasrulebamde. man SeiZleba orive warmoeba gaaerTianos da erTiani saxdeli gamoitanos. • disciplinuri warmoeba umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlis winaaRmdeg ZiriTadi procedurebis analogiurad mimdinareobs. saqme pirvelad ganixileba sagamoZiebo palatis mier, romelsac SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetileba sruli gamoZiebis Catarebis Sesaxeb, rac, SesaZloa, oficialuri braldebis wayenebiT dasruldes. disciplinuri sabWo da umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen pirobiTi disc iplinuri SeTanxmebis an kerZo gafrTxilebis Sesaxeb. aseTi SeTanxmeba damatebiT mtkicebas ar saWiroebs. Tu aseTi SeTanxmeba ar moxda da saqme sasamarTlo ganxilvamde mivida, saqmes ganixilavs komisiis sasamarTlo palata. Tu arc disciplinuri sabWo da arc umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle ar iqnebian palatis gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdegni da ar gaasaCivreben mas, palatis gadawyvetileba sabolood iTvleba. Tu romelime mxare gadawyvetilebas aprotestebs, maSin iqmneba specialuri umaRlesi sasamarTlo. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian pirveli an saapelacio instanciis mosamarTleebi, an orive erTad. maTi raodenoba umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa raodenobis Tanabaria. specialur umaRles sasamarTlos gamoaqvs saboloo gadawyvetileba.

IV. sazogadoebrivi kontroli 1. masmedia da sasamarTlo sityvis Tavisuflebisa da politikuri pluralizmis pirobebSi sazogadoebas sakmao informacia aqvs sasamarTloSi arsebuli korufciis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi korufcias xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi kontrolis ararseboba an arsebuli kontrolis araefeqturoba. sazogadoebrivi zedamxedvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa gamoqveynebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis sistematuri analizi. reformis mimdinareobis pirvelive etapze qarTulma marTlmsajulebam garkveulwilad angariSi Caabara sazogadoebas, roca uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gamoaqveyna. 2001 wlidan daiwyo uzenaesi sasamarTlos yvela gadawyvetilebis gamoqveyneba da internetis saSualebiT gavrceleba, rasac mohyva saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis SerCevis wesiT gamoqveyneba. aman SesaZlebeli gaxada, mecnier-iuristebsa da 88

advokatebs moexdinaT sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadeba, rac ganapirobebda gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas sasamarTloebis Tanmimdevrulobas da iZleoda gadawyvetilebis prognozirebis saSualebas.26 sazogadoebrivi monitoringis es forma efeqturia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gasakontroleblad da is unda Seexos yvela donis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas, gansakuTrebiT pirveli instanciis, anu raionuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebs. saerTo sasamarTloebis mier 2003 wels pirveli instanciiT ganxilulia sul 130515 saqme, maT Soris, 31760 samoqalaqo, 54770 administraciuli da 43985 sisxlis samarTlis saqme. sasamarTlo statistikis mixedviT, pirvel instanciaSi warmoebuli saqmeebis garkveulma kategoriam (rogorc sisxlis samarTlis, ise samoqalaqo da administraciuli) instanciuri kontroli ver gaiara imis gamo, rom mxarem “korufciuli garigebiT” miaRwia sasamarTloSi sasurvel gadawyvetilebas da arc mowinaaRmdege mxare datova “uyuradRebod”, e.i. maSin, roca arakanonieri gziT, qrTamis gadaxdiT moxda “mxareTa morigeba”. zemdgom instanciebSi argasaCivrebis da imis gamo, rom raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ar qveyndeboda, is saerTod ucnobi rCeboda sazogadoebisaTvis. samecniero wres da advokaturis korpuss erTmeva SesaZlebloba, ganazogados sasamarTlo praqtika, moamzados Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis komentari, raTa ufro advili da sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxados rTuli sakanonmdeblo debulebebis ganmarteba. es exeba samewarmeo urTierTobebis maregulirebel normebsac, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes mewarmisaTvis samewarmeo riskis gaTvla. Tu sasamarTlos eqneba sazogadoebis ndoba, misi legitimuroba sazogadoebis mier uzrunvelyofilia.27 reformis sawyis etapze ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo novaciebi sasamarTlos sajaroobis Sesaxeb (gulisxmobda nebismieri piris mier procesis dros audiovideo saSualebebis uxmaurod gamoyenebas, televiziiT translaciasac) aragonivrulad gamoyenebis gamo araefeqturi aRmoCnda sazogadoebrivi azris formirebisaTvis. nacvlad imisa, rom mediis mizani Sesrulebuliyo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmianoba sazogadoebrivi interesebis Sesabamisad warmarTuliyo, mediaSi gamoqveynebuli uamravi informacia analizis gareSe rCeboda. analitikosebs an ar ainteresebdaT qveyanaSi marTlmsajulebis mdgomareoba, an eSinodaT xmis amoReba. aseve araefeqturi iyo sasamarTlo xelisuflebis yovelwliuri angariSebi maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali media sasamarTloSi korufciis kontrolis arsebiTi saSualebaa. saqarTveloSi dabalia mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi Segnebis done, amdenad, misi mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis Znelad gasagebia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis Sinaarsi da motivacia. saWiroa saganmanaTleblo programebi rogorc Jurnalistebis, ise mosaxleobisaTvis, raTa naTeli gaxdes ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis safuZveli. Tavisufal medias SeuZlia am saqmeSi daxmarebis gaweva, Tu igi mosaxleobas SesTavazebs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis analizs da obieqtur kritikas daamkvidrebs. aseve, mniSvnelovania mediis saSualebiT sazogadoebrivi azris sasamarTlosaTvis miwodeba, warmoCena imisa, ras fiqrobs xalxi sasamarTloSi arsebul korufciaze da ra siZneleebs awydeba xelisuflebis am StosTan urTierTobisas.

26

Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE), to the attention of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, on appropriate initial and in-service training for judges at national and European levels; Strasbourg, 27 November, 2003. 27 r. klitgaardi, korufciis kontroli, gamomc. “ GCI”, gv. 61.

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aqve aRsaniSnavia qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi Tavisebureba. sasamarTlos damoukideblobas safrTxes uqmnis ara sazogadoebis wevrebis, ubralo moqalaqeebis kritika an ukmayofileba, aramed maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleTa da politikosTa mudmivi mcdeloba, moaxdinon sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulireba. maT mier mediis saSualebiT an oficialur gamosvlebSi gakeTebuli negatiuri gancxadebebi da qmedebebi realur safrTxes uqmnis sasamarTlos damoukideblobas. sazogadoeba xedavs, rom sasamarTlos gauTavebeli lanZRvaginebisa da usafuZvlo kritikis mizania marTlmsajulebisadmi sazogadoebis ndobis Seryeva. amasTan, sasamarTloebSi xdeba am pirTa sarCelebis ganxilva. paradoqsia, rodesac piri (saxelmwifo moxele Tu politikuri moRvawe) dabejiTebiT arwmunebs sazogadoebas, rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adamianis uflebaTa dacvis garantiebi ar arsebobs da, amavdroulad sarCeliT mimarTavs sasamarTlos.28 miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTloebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb informacia xelmisawvdomia, es ar kmara korufciis kontrolisaTvis mediis mxridan. xSiria yuradRebis gamaxvileba gaxmaurebul saqmeebze da aqcenti ar keTdeba sasamarTlo sistemaSi mimdinare pozitiur mxareebze. obieqturi kritikis Tmenis valdebulebis miuxedavad, sasamarTlos mimarT usamarTlo kritikisa da Seuracxyofis SemTxvevebi ar unda darCes upasuxod. mediam unda SeZlos pozitiuri rolis Sesruleba, raTa daiZlios sazogadoebis nihilisturi damokidebuleba sasamarTlos mimarT. reformis pirvelive etapze saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlosTan Seqmnilma pressamsaxurma da mediajgufma daiwyo presasTan aqtiuri urTierToba da saamisod aamoqmeda sistemis Sida rezervebi, SemoiRes spikeri-mosamarTlis instituti. mediajgufis SemadgenlobaSi gaerTiandnen masmediisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic mosamarTleebTan erTad msjeloben sasamarTloebSi arsebul problemebze. am institutis dadebiT mxares warmoadgens is, rom mudmivad arsebobs JurnalistebisaTvis sasamarTlo saqmianobis sakiTxebze ganmartebis mimcemi piri; es meTodi gamoricxavs saqmis ganmxilveli mosamarTlis araobieqturobas cnobebis miwodebisas; mimdinareobs mediasTan mudmivi muSaoba; ukeT aris momzadebuli mediisaTvis gankuTvnili informacia. aRniSnuli pozitiuri momentebi saSualebas aZlevs sazogadoebas, sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze naTeli da mTliani suraTi Seiqmnas. vfiqrobT, rom aRniSnuli modeliT muSaobis gagrZeleba da yvela instanciis doneze (saolqo da raionuli sasamarTloebi) pressamsaxuris Seqmna an spikeri-mosamarTlis daniSvna (romelic ar iqneba sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare an sxva administraciuli funqciis matarebeli) ufro qmediTs gaxdis Sida da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis formebs. 2. saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa konferencia “saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb” kanonis 77-e muxlis Sesabamisad Seqmnili saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa TviTmmarTvelobis organo _ mosamarTleTa konferencia administraciuli komitetisa da sakonsultacio sabWos meSveobiT Sidakorporaciuli problemebis gadaWras da marTlmsajulebis mdgomareobis Seswavlas emsaxureba. konferenciis daniSnulebaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis, sasamarTlosadmi xalxis ndobis ganmtkiceba, mosamarTleTa avtoritetis amaRleba. sasamarTlos Sida kontrolis es forma sasamarTlo reformis sawyis etapze ver iqna gamoyenebuli korufciasTan brZolis qmediT meqanizmad. saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa II konferenciam 2001 wlis 23 28

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris moxseneba saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa 2003 wlis 28 ivnisis saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa konferenciaze.

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ivniss miiRo samosamarTlo eTikis kodeqsi, romelic adgens samosamarTlo eTikis ZiriTad principebs, qcevis wesebs da standartebs. administraciuli komitetis mier sasamarTloebSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Seswavlisas ar yofila gamovlenili korufciuli darRvevis faqtebi sasamarTlo personalis an kolegebis mxridan. mosamarTleTa konferenciaze (is weliwadSi mxolod erTxel imarTeba) gakeTebuli saangariSo moxsenebebi, gancxadebebi da mimarTvebi _ mosamarTleTa realuri damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis, Sromis anazRaurebis gazrdis Sesaxeb da sxv. _ xelisuflebas umetesad uyuradRebod rCeboda. “saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb” kanonis Sida kontrolis meqanizmia mosamarTleTa konferencia, romelic administraciuli komitetis, sakonsultacio sabWos da sadisciplino sabWos meSveobiT aris damoukideblobis sakanonmdeblo garanti. am organos realurad unda daebalansebina iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos saxiT arsebuli Sereuli kontrolis sistema. mosamarTleTa konferenciis saxiT ukve arsebobs Sida angariSvaldebulebis modeli, romelmac unda imuSaos Sidakorporaciuli problemebis gadasaWrelad da marTlmsajulebis realuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad. 3. saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia sasamarTlo korpusis mier Seqmnili arasamTavrobo organizacia _ mosamarTleTa asociacia (kavSiri) SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas korufciis Sida kontrolisaTvis. asociaciis antikorufciuli proeqtis “cxeli xazis” meSveobiT Seqmnili meqanizmi korufciis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad da gamosavlenad mniSvnelovani nabijia. asociaciis eTikis komisiis mier sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi arsebul darRvevebze reagireba, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mudmivi sazogadoebrivi monitoringi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes korufciuli qmedebebis SesazRudad da iseTi sazogadoebis Camosayalibeblad, romelic ar egueba korufcias.

daskvniTi debulebebi sasamarTlo sistemaSi korufciasTan brZola kvlav prioritetulia. antikorufciuli strategiis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa Zlieri sasamarTloebi da srulyofili sakanonmdeblo sistema. korufciis aRmofxvra unda moxdes sasamarTlos damoukideblobis SenarCunebisa da gaZlierebis paralelurad. sasamarTlo sistemaSi myarad fesvgadgmuli korufcia unda daiZlios sistemaSi dawyebuli struqturuli da administraciuli reformebis gagrZelebiT. unda moxdes sasamarTlos organizaciuli muSaobis (administrirebis) gardaqmna saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad. sasamarTlo sistemis organizaciuli mowyobis daxvewa erT-erTi winapirobaa sasamarTlo sistemaSi korufciis Semcirebisa. seriozul reformas saWiroebs mmarTveli mosamarTlis instituti saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemaSi korufciuli qmedebebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebisa da maTze reagirebis TvalsazrisiT. sasamarTloSi antikorufciuli winadadebebi unda modiodes mmarTveli mosamarTleebidan. sasamarTloSi samoxeleo eTikis normebis realuri damkvidreba da, misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, saTanado reagireba qmediTi instrumentia saqmis warmoebis gaumjobesebisa da sasamarTlo sistemaSi momsaxurebis kulturis amaRlebisaTvis. 91

mosamarTlis mier korufciuli samarTaldarRvevis, danaSaulis Cadenis an Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis marTlmsajulebisa da samsaxurebrivi interesis sazianod gamoyenebis faqtebis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa, amoqmeddes mosamarTleobis kandidatebis SerCevisa da Sefasebis zusti kriteriumebi. unda Seiqmnas sazogadoebrivi informaciis mogrovebisa da Sefasebis gamWvirvale sistema. yovelwliurad unda xdebodes mosamarTleTa finansuri da qonebrivi mdgomareobis analizi da deklaraciebis gadamowmeba. Sedegebi gamoqveyndes da garkveuli daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi reagirebisaTvis gadaeces Sesabamis organoebs. sasamarTlo sistemaSi korufciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad saWiroa garkveuli instituciuri daZabuloba xelisuflebis or StosTan. es uzrunvelyofs sasamarTloSi korufciis gamovlenas da damnaSaveTa dasjas (korufciuli, Tanamdebobrivi danaSaulis, anu sisxlis samarTaldarRvevis gamovlena-gamoZieba), korufciuli qmedebebis SesaZleblobaTa SezRudvas da im sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, romelic ar egueba korufcias. bunebrivia, es ar unda ganxorcieldes sasamarTlos damoukideblobis xelyofiT. sasamarTlos damoukideblobis mxolod sakanonmdeblo doneze aRiareba unda Seicvalos xelisuflebis danarCeni Stoebis mxridan realuri garantiebis SeqmniT, rac sasamarTloze gavlenis moxdenaze uaris Tqmis garda gulisxmobs mosamarTleebis Sesabamisi samuSao pirobebiT, anazRaurebiT, socialuri da materialuri garantiebiT uzrunvelyofas. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Sida kontrolis meqanizmi _ arsebuli sasamarTlo instanciuroba da saproceso zedamxedvelobis sistema unda daixvewos da gaZlierdes. sasamarTlo sistemaSi korufciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamoyenebuli xarveziani sadisciplino procedurebi saWiroebs gamartivebas. SedarebiT mZime korufciul gadacdomaze gamoyenebuli unda iqnas daxvewili administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis wesi, xolo danarCeni darRvevebi daregulirdes eTikis normebiT. sazogadoebis mxridan kontrolis gaaqtiurebis mizniT, qmediTi unda gavxadoT mecnier-iuristebisa da advokatebis mier sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadeba, rac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs Tanmimdevruls da prognozirebads gaxdis. sazogadoebrivi kontrolis gaZlierebis uzrunvelsayofad yvela instanciis sasamarTlos doneze unda Seiqmnas pressamsaxuri an dainiSnos spikeri-mosamarTle, rac gamWvirvales gaxdis sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmianobas da daaaxloebs mas sazogadoebasTan. mediis meSveobiT intensiurad unda gaSuqdes korufciis daZlevisaken gadadgmuli nabijebi da reformis pozitiuri aspeqtebi. obieqturi kritikis Tmenis valdebulebis miuxedavad, sasamarTlos mimarT usamarTlo kritikisa da Seuracxyofis SemTxvevebi ar unda darCes upasuxod. mediam unda SeZlos misi upirvelesi daniSnulebis Sesruleba, raTa daiZlios sazogadoebis nihilisturi damokidebuleba sasamarTlos mimarT.

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gamoyenebuli literatura 1.

klitgaardi r., “korufciis kontroli”; gamomc., “ GCI”, 2003 w.

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saqarTvelos prezidentis 2001 wlis 15 martis #95 brZanebuleba “zogierTi antikorufciuli RonisZiebis Sesaxeb”.

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saqarTvelos prezidentis 2001 wlis 27 ivlisis #758 gankarguleba da 17 aprilis gankarguleba “antikorufciuli RonisZiebis gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb”.

6.

“zogierTi antikorufciuli RonisZiebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos erovnuli antikorufciuli programis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, proeqti, 2000w.

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kaxniaSvili a.; “rogor vebrZoloT korufcias”; gamomc. `kabadoni~, Tbilisi, 2002w.

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msoflio bankis mxardaWeriT mimdinare sasamarTlo reformis proeqti (angariSi); Tbilisi, 2003 w.

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iusticiis sabWos sainformacio biuleteni, 2003w.

10. saerTo sasamarTloebis departamenti, angariSi, 1998-2004 ww. 11. Maria Dakolis and Kim Thachuk; The Problem of Eradicating corruption from the Judiciary. Attacking corruption in the judiciary, critical process in judicial reform. 12. ÂÊÊ áîðåòñÿ çà ÷èñòîòó ñóäåéñêîãî ñîîáùåñòâà Ðîññèéñêàÿ Þñòèöèÿ, ¹298, ñòð. 48-50. 13. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2003 wlis statistika; krebuli “marTlmsajuleba saqarTveloSi”, Tbilisi, 2004 w. 14. msoflio bankis sakredito xelSekrulebis “sasamarTlo reformis proeqtis” komponenti “saerTo sasamarTloebis administrireba da saqmeTa marTva, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa aRsruleba”, qvekomponentis “sasamarTloebSi saqmis warmoebis sistemisa da sakancelario ganyofilebebis modernizacia”, saerTaSoriso standartebis danergvis perspeqtivebi, saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWos sainformacio biuleteni, Tbilisi, 2003w. 15. Þ. Ï. Ãàðìàåâ, Ó÷àñòèå íåäîáðîñîâåñòíûõ àäâîêàòîâ â îðãàíèçîâàííîé ïðåñòóïíîñòè è êîððóïöèè: êîìïëåêñíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà è ïðîáëåìû ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèÿ; ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûé ó÷åáíûé êóðñ, Ñàðàòîâ, 2003ã. 16. William L. Miller, Ase B. Grodeland and Tatiana Y. Koshechkina, A culture of corruption, Ceupress, Central European University Press, 2001. 17. “mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, efeqtianoba da roli”, rekomendacia #R (94)12, miRebuli evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers da “mosamarTleTa statutis evropuli qartia”. 18. “mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba”, evropuli standartebi, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, Tbilisi, 2001w. 19. “ZiriTadi principebi sasamarTlos damoukideblobis Sesaxeb”, miRebuli gaeros danaSaulis sawinaaRmdego da samarTaldamrRvevTa mimarT mopyrobis 93

Sesaxeb meSvide kongresis mier, milani 1985 wlis 26 agvisto-6 seqtemberi, gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa dokumentebi, wigni II, “saia”, Tbilisi 1999w. 20. Prof.Wim Voermans and Dr Pim Albers, Councils for the Judiciary in EU Countries. European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), Brussels-Belgium. 21. Felix F. Stumpf, ABA Model Rules of Judicial Disiplinary enforcement, The National Judicial College, State Justice Institute, Reno, Nevada 1996. 22. “saqarTvelos sasamarTlos winaSe mdgari axali amocanebi” Jurnali “qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva”, ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri, #1, 2004w, gv.72-77. 23. Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE). Opinion 2003, No.4, Of The Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE0, To The Attention of The Committee of Ministers of The Council of Europe, On Appropriate Initial and In-Service Training for Judges at National and European Levels. Strasburg, 27 Nobember, 2003. 24. “sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da saproceso kanonmdeblobis reformis koncefcia”, saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo, 2004. 25. “samosamarTlo (iusticiis) sabWos roli evropasa da laTinur amerikaSi” (zogadi mimoxilva), amerikis iuristTa acociacia centraluri evropisa da evraziis samarTlebrivi iniciativa, naSromi momzadebulia amerikis iuristTa asociaciis centraluri evropisa da evraziis samarTlebrivi iniciativis iuristis, v. amisulaSvilis mier, 2004 w.

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giorgi siraZe

korufcia saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi

korufciis problemaKsaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoSi sayovelTao xasiaTisaa da met-naklebad msoflios yvela qveyanaSi gvxvdeba. korufcia warmoadgens ekonomikuri xasiaTis samarTaldarRvevas, romelic azianebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos.K iseT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, korufcia problemebs uqmnis ucxoel da adgilobriv investorebs, emuqreba qveynis erovnul usafrTxoebas. korufcia SeiZleba aRmocendes rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo seqtorSi – xSirad ki orivegan. is SeiZleba inicirebuli iyos sajaro moxelis an dainteresebuli klientis mier. korufciis sazRvrebi Zneli dasadgenia da damokidebulia adgilobriv kanonebsa da zne-Cveulebebze1. rac Seexeba korufciis bunebas postkomunistur qveynebSi, igi principulad gansxvavdeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli korufciisgan. Tavad postkomunisturi transformaciis procesia unikaluri, radgan misi ekonomika komunisturi tipisa ukve aRar aris, Tumca is jer arc sabazroa. Ees ki, Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba korufciis gamomwvev mizezebsa Tu formebze2. winamdebare naSromi Seexeba korufciis problemas saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sistemaSi. kvleva efuZneba calkeuli moqalaqeebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministros TanamSromlebis informacias, samsaxurebrivi Semowmebis saqmeTa ganxilvas da statistikur monacemebs. miuxedavad korufciis mravalgvari ganmartebisa, ar arsebobs am cnebis erTiani samarTlebrivi definicia. korufcia aris rogorc iurisprudenciis, ise rigi sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis kvlevis sagani, amitom misi ganxilva unda moxdes kompleqsurad. pirvel yovlisa, CamovTvliT im ZiriTad cnebebs, romlebic ganmartavs korufcias: • korufcia (Corruptio ) laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa da “mosyidvas”, “gamyidvelobasa” da “meqrTameobas” niSnavs3. • saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, “korufcia sajaro samsaxurSi aris Tanamdebobis piris mier Tanamdebobis an masTan dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba kanoniT akrZaluli qonebrivi an sxva saxis sikeTis miRebis mizniT, misTvis am 1

klitgaarti r., “korufciis kontroli”, Tbilisi, 2002. gv. xi . papava v., “postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika”, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 203. 3 «Êðàòêèé Ñëîâàðü Èíîñòðàííûõ Ñëîâ», èçäàòåëüñòâî «Ðóññêèé ßçûê», Ìîñêâà, 1978, ñòð. 146. 2

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sikeTis gadacema an mis miRebasa da dakanonebaSi xelis Sewyoba4”, xolo “korufciuli samarTaldarRveva aris qmedeba, romelic Seicavs korufciis niSnebs da romlisTvisac kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia disc iplinuri, administraciuli an sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba”5. sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas korufciuli da samoxeleo xasiaTis danaSaulisaTvis iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Semdegi muxlebi: • muxli 182 _ miTviseba an gaflangva; • muxli 194 _ ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia; • muxli 332 _ samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyeneba; • muxli 333 _ samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis gadameteba; • muxli 337 _ samewarmeo saqmianobaSi ukanono monawileoba; • muxli 338 _ qrTamis aReba; • muxli 339 _ qrTamis micema; • muxli 340 _ kanoniT akrZaluli saCuqris miReba; • muxli 341 _ samsaxurebrivi siyalbe; • muxli 342 _ samsaxurebrivi gulgriloba. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa korufciis didi masStabi im saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi, romelTac kanoniT uSualod evalebaT korufciasa da sxva samoxeleo danaSaulTan brZola. am mxriv upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, romelic warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze mravalricxovan (daaxloebiT 53 000 TanamSromeli), centralizebul, gasamxedroebul, samarTaldamcav saxelmwifo dawesebulebas. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saqmianoba vrceldeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mraval sferoze (rac, garkveulwilad, ganapirobebs kidec korufcias am saministroSi). aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi Ss saministro realurad iyo udidesi ZalauflebiT aRWurvili uwyeba. praqtikulad, ar arsebobda araviTari balansi massa da sxva Zalovan saministroebs Soris. bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi Kkorufciis done Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda, rac gamowveuli iyo subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebiT. erT-erT ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgenda qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime socialuri mdgomareoba. amasTan, xelisuflebis mier ganzrax xdeboda policielTa waqezeba korufciuli qmedebebisaken, Segnebulad ar izrdeboda xelfasebi, arsebuli mcire anazRaurebac ramdenime Tvis dagvianebiT gaicemoda, anu xelisufleba policias aZlevda iaraRs, sabuTs da Zalauflebas, ekeTebina is, rasac moisurvebda. amiT xelisufleba qmnida marTvad dajgufebas, romelic mzad iyo, xelSeuxeblobis sanacvlod Seesrulebina nebismieri, maT Soris ukanono brZaneba. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros akontrolebda sabWoTa kavSiris 4

1997 wlis 17 oqtombris saqarTvelos kanoni “sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb”, me-3 muxlis pirveli punqti. 5 iqve, me-3 muxlis me-2 punqti.

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Sesabamisi uwyeba, xdeboda gegmuri Tu riggareSe Semowmebebi. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministro gaTavisuflda moskoveli revizorebis kontrolisagan da ar moxda am kontrolis Canacvleba saparlamento da samoqalaqo kontrolis meqanizmebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, Seiqmna erTgvari vakuumi kontrolis mxriv, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli Sss TanamSromelTa TviTnebobas. sabWoTa periodSi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros TanamSromlebi sargeblobdnen mTeli rigi socialuri da sxva saxis privilegiebiT (SeRavaTebi komunalur gadasaxadebSi, specialuri sagzurebi, maRaziebi da sxv.), amasTan, mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo axalbeda da staJiani TanamSromlebis anazRaurebaSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg es SeRavaTebi gauqmda, xolo saxelfaso gansxvaveba minimumamde davida. ra Tqma unda, socialuri da sxva saxis SeRavaTebi ar gamoricxavs korufciul samarTaldarRvevas da amas sabWoTa periodSi gamefebuli korufciac adasturebs, magram maTi gauqmeba SeiZleba miviCnioT damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi korufciis erT-erT stimulad, vinaidan aman ubiZga Zvel TanamSromlebs (romelTa didi nawili Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi dResac muSaobs), amgvari SeRavaTebi, Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis Tu sxva korufciuli samarTaldarRvvbis gziT, Tavad moepovebinaT. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sxvadasxva danayofebSi Camoyalibda ukanono Semosavlebis mopovebis sxvadasxva xerxebi da sqemebi, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi metad daixvewa. ukanonoba policiis TanamSromelTa cxovrebis wesad iqca da emsaxureboda maTi (pirvel rigSi, xelmZRvanelebis) socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. aqve mizanSewonili iqneba, konkretulad SevexoT im sakiTxs, Tu ra saxiT da ra meTodebis gamoyenebiT gvxvdeba korufcia Sinagan saqmeTa saministros calkeul danayofebSi. udanaSaulobis prezumpciis principidan gamomdinare, qvemoT mocemuli korufciuli samarTaldarRvevebis faqtebSi (garda im saqmeebisa, romlebsac oficialuri msvleloba mieca) ar aris dasaxelebuli konkretuli pirebi.

korufcia Sinagan saqmeTa saministros qvedanayofebSi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros erT-erT umsxviles danayofs warmoadgenda sagzao policiis MmTavari sammarTvelo. am danayofSi korufciam gansakuTrebiT did masStabs miaRwia. mTavari sammarTvelos ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgenda sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis kontroli, qveyanaSi arsebuli avtosatransporto saSualebebis aRricxva-registracia, Semowmeba da marTvis mowmobis gacema. am qvedanayofSi arsebuli korufcia sazogadoebisTvis yvelaze ufro TvalSi sacemi iyo. sagzao policiis inspeqtorebisTvis dawesebuli iyo yoveldRiuri Tanxa (mZRolebisagan gamoZaluli ukanono Semosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili), romelic maT unda CaebarebinaT uSualo xelmZRvanelebisTvis. es ukanasknelni, Tavis mxriv, mokrebil Tanxebs unawilebdnen zemdgomebs. magaliTad, Tbilisis Sinagan saqmeTa mTavari sammarTvelos mTawminda-krwanisis raionuli sammarTvelos sagzao policiis ganyofilebaSi 6 amgvari savaldebulo Tanxa TiToeul inspeqtorze dReSi 10 lars Seadgenda. Tanxis odenoba sxvadasxva raionebsa Tu regionebSi individualurad ganisazRvreboda.Aam mizniT sagzao policiis inspeqtorebi damrRvevi mZRolebisagan saTanado sajarimo oqmebis Sedgenis nacvlad qrTams iRebdnen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xSirad Tavad mZRolebi uwyobdnen xels policiis

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Tbilisis Ss mTavari sammarTvelos mTawminda-krwanisis raionuli sammarTvelos sagzao policiis ganyofilebis yofili TanamSromlisgan miRebuli informacia.

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TanamSromlebs, raki TviTonve surdaT problemis adgilze mogvareba da sajarimo Tanxis (rac qrTamis ganakveTs bevrad aRemateba) garkveul nawils iqve uxdidnen inspeqtors7 . Ggarda dRiuri Tanxisa, sagzao policiis inspeqtorebisaTvis dawesebuli iyo e.w. aucilebeli dRiuri sajarimo oqmebis gamowerac (dReSi daaxloebiT 2-3), raTa biujetSi Sesuliyo garkveuli Tanxa da aRricxuliyo darRveva. amrigad, sagzao policiis TanamSromlebis muSaoba zogadad ori mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda: pirveli _ korufciuli gziT garkveuli Tanxis Segroveba, meore _ damakmayofilebeli statistikuri monacemebis Cveneba. garda quCebsa da magistralebze sagzao policiis TanamSromelTa mier Cadenili korufciuli samarTaldarRvevebisa, adgili hqonda qrTamis gadaxdas avtosatransporto saSualebaTa registraciisa da gaformebisaTvis, maT Soris iyo gatacebuli avtosatransporto saSualebebi, romelTa registraciagaformebaSi sagzao policiis xelmZRvaneloba solidur Tanxas iRebda. vinaidan gzebsa da magistralebze satransporto saSualebaTa gadaadgileba da maTi kontroli sagzao policiis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgenda, Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo sagzao policiis TanamSromelTa mier ukanono tvirTebis gacileba, ra Tqma unda, garkveul safasurad. amgvari saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba zogjer kanonierad, zogjer ki ukanonod, sagzao policiis garda, miniWebuli hqonda Sss satransporto policiisa da dacvis policiis departamentebs. amgvari paralelizmis gamo aRniSnuli qvedanayofebis TanamSromlebs Soris xSiri iyo konfliqti, saqme SeiaraRebul dapirispirebamdec midioda8. garkveuli Tanxis safasurad xdeboda marTvis mowmobis gacemac (es damokidebuli iyo nebarTvis kategoriaze) yovelgvari samarTlebrivi procedurebis gverdis avliT. marTvis mowmoba gaicemoda gamoucdel da arakvalificiur mZRolebze, rac korufciis zrdis kvalad iwvevda da dResac iwvevs avtosagzao SemTxvevebs, maT Soris fataluri SedegiT. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia erTi faqti, rac, SesaZlebelia, winaswar ganzraxul da gaTvlil korufciul meqanizmad ganvixiloT, kerZod: ramdenime wlis win mZRolis mowmobis nimuSis damzadebisas, mowmobis nimuSze nacvlad Svidqimiani borjRalisa, albaT, ganzrax iqna datanili rvaqimiani borjRali. es “Secdoma” ramdenime xnis Semdeg “aRmoaCines” da dRis wesrigSi dadga marTvis mowmobebis Secvlis sakiTxi, maT Soris axladgacemuli mowmobebisac. moxda ise, rom mZRolebis mniSvnelovanma nawilma xelaxla gadaixada oficialuri gadasaxadi (29 lari), xolo is, vinc es ar isurva, mravalgzis iqca sagzao policiis TanamSromelTa mxridan fulis gamoZalvis obieqtad9. sayuradReboa e.w. prestiJuli sanomre niSnebis (wyvili seriis, wyvili nomrebis, erTi an ori noliT dawyebuli sanomre niSnebis) gacemisas damkvidrebuli korufciuli garigebebi, ris Sedegadac didZali ukanono Semosavali ganawilda sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelosa da Ss saministros xelmZRvanelobas Soris. calke ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens yalbi teqnikuri pasportebis gacema. aq Semdegi saxis sqema gamoiyeneboda: moqalaqe, romelsac ar surda ucxoeTidan Semotanili avtosatransporto saSualebisTvis baJis gadaxda da martivi proceduriT manqanis sabuTebis mowesrigeba, sagzao policiis TanamSromlebs urigdeboda. kerZod, uxdida mas 400-600 aSS dolars da sanacvlod Rebulobda avtomanqanis teqnikur pasportsa da sxva saWiro sabuTebs. Sinagan saqmeTa 7

moqalaqeebisgan miRebuli informacia. satransporto policiis departamentis yofili TanamSromlisgan miRebuli informacia. 9 moqalaqeebisgan miRebuli informacia. 8

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saministros erT-erTi yofili TanamSromeli (romelic Suamavlis rols asrulebda) acxadebs, rom sakmarisia 500 aSS dolaris gadaxda, raTa gadmogeces avtomanqanis teqnikuri pasporti. amasTan, savaldebulo ar aris avtomanqanis sagzao policiaSi wardgena. rac imas niSnavs, rom SesaZlebeli iyo Tundac ararsebuli avtomanqanis teqpasportis miReba10. Sss-s zogierTi normatiuli aqtis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia avtomanqanis registracia, teqnikuri pasportisa da sanomre niSnebis miReba satransporto saSualebis saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semoyvanisas, rac korufciuli garigebebis xelSemwyobi faqtoria. magaliTad, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris 2001 wlis 28 Tebervlis #59 brZanebiT “satransporto saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis savaldebulo registraciis wesis Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze” damtkicebuli “satransporto saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis savaldebulo registraciis wesis” pirveli punqtis Sesabamisad, registracias eqvemdebareba is satransporto saSualeba, romlis Zravis muSa moculoba 50 kubur santimetrze metia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos moqalaqes, moqalaqeobis armqone pirs, ucxoeTis moqalaqesa da sajaro da kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirs – miuxedavad misi organizaciulsamarTlebrivi formisa da uwyebrivi kuTvnilebisa. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris 2001 wlis 28 Tebervlis #59 brZanebiT “satransporto saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis savaldebulo registraciis wesis Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze” damtkicebuli “satranspotro saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis savaldebulo registraciis wesis” 25-e muxlis Tanaxmad, registracias eqvemdebareba satransporto saSualeba, romlis mflobeli saqarTveloSi registrirebuli iuridiuli piria, xolo TviT avtosatransporto saSualeba registraciis momentisaTvis imyofeba saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, Tu sagzao policiaSi wardgenili iqneba satransporto saSualebis, misi misabmelis erTi dokumenti mainc, romelic gasca: a) kerZo da sajaro samarTlis iuridiulma pirebma (erToblivi gancxadeba, xelSekruleba, nomriani agregatebis (Zrava, Zara, kabina) registraciisas erToblivi gancxadeba, cnoba-angariSi, qviTari, gasavlis faqtura); b) qarxana-damamzadebelma (miReba-Cabarebis aqti); g) samxedro nawilebma (teqdaTvalierebis aqti, krebiTi aqti, angariSganawesi); d) sabaJo samsaxurebma (deklaracia); e) sagadasaxado organoebma (qonebis gadacemis gadasaxadis deklaracia an cnoba); v) sasamarTloebma (gadawyvetileba, dadgenileba); z) notariusma (sakuTrebis uflebis damadasturebeli dokumenti); T) savaWro organizaciebma (cnoba, angariSi); i) saprivatizacio komisiam (auqcionis oqmi); k) sagzao policiam (erToblivi gancxadeba); l) Sinagan saqmeTa saministros samecniero-kvleviTma centrma (mowmoba TviTnakeTi satransporto saSualebebis gamocdaze, garda amisa, beWdiT damowmebuli satransporto saSualebis rekvizitebis Semcveli dokumenti). 10

Ss saministros yofili TanamSromlisgan miRebuli informacia.

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registraciis monacemebi egzavneba sabaJo organos, raTa ganxorcieldes gaformebis procedura, rodesac satransporto saSualeba gadmokveTs saqarTvelos sazRvars. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi iseTi avtosatransporto saSualebis registracia, romelic arasodes Semosula saqarTvelos teritoriaze, SesaZlebelia, Tu igi ekuTvnis saqarTveloSi registrirebul iuridiul pirs da Tu sagzao policias waredgineba zemoT dasaxelebuli dokumentebidan erTerTi da beWdiT damowmebuli satransporto saSualebis rekvizitebis Semcveli dokumenti. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris 2001 wlis 28 Tebervlis #59 brZanebiT “satransporto saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis savaldebulo registraciis wesis Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze” damtkicebuli “satranspotro saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis savaldebulo registraciis wesis” pirveli punqtis Sesabamisad, registracias eqvemdebareba avtosatransporto saSualeba, romelic ekuTvnis sajaro da kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs – miuxedavad maTi organizaciulsamarTlebrivi formisa da uwyebrivi kuTvnilebisa. xolo amave wesis me-8 punqtis Sesabamisad, satransporto saSualebebiT movaWre organizaciebi sarealizaciod gankuTvnili satransporto saSualebebis registracias ar axdenen. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris 2001 wlis 28 Tebervlis #59 brZanebiT “satransporto saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis savaldebulo registraciis wesis Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze” damtkicebuli “satransporto saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis savaldebulo registraciis wesis” Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli registraciis wesebi vrceldeba im satransporto saSualebebzec, romlebic registrirebulia sxva saxelmwifoebSi da droebiT Semovida saqarTveloSi sam dReze meti vadiT. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi avtosatransporto saSualeba ucxoeTSi ixsneba aRricxvidan da registracias saqarTveloSi gadis11. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros uwyebrivi normatiuli aqtebi sazogadoebisaTvis naklebad xelmisawvdomia, amis gamo Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ramdeni amgvari brZaneba arsebobs, ramdenia ZalaSi (2001 wlis 28 Tebervlis #59 brZaneba dResac ZalaSia) da Seesabameba Tu ara isini saqarTvelos konstitucias, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebs, kanonebsa da upiratesi iuridiuli Zalis mqone kanonqvemdebare aqtebs. am mxriv Seusabamo iyo brZaneba, romelic exeboda avtosatransporto saSualebebis savaldebulo dazRvevas kompania “aldagSi”. es SeTanxmeba, savaraudod, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da aRniSnuli kompaniis xelmZRvanelTa korufciuli garigebis Sedegia. amiT saqarTvelos sadazRvevo biznesSi Seiqmna arakonkurentuli garemo, ramac mniSvnelovnad azarala mosaxleoba, qveynis biujeti. struqturuli reorganizaciis Sedegad, sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelo gauqmda da 2004 wlis agvistodan misi funqciebi SeiTavsa Sss avtomagistralebis sapatrulo policiis mTavarma sammarTvelom. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sapasporto-savizo da mosaxleobis registraciis erovnul biurosa da mis regionul Tu raionul danayofebSi, romelTa kompetencias warmoadgens moqalaqeTa aRricxva, saqarTveloSi myof ucxoelTa registracia, saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa piradobis mowmobebisa da pasportebis gacema, korufciis problema aseve aqtualuria. kerZod, xelovnurad xdeba piradobis mowmobebisa da pasportebis gacemis gaWianureba, ris gamoc moqalaqeTa umravlesoba iZulebulia, gadaixados garkveuli Tanxa am dokumentebis droulad 11

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris 2001 wlis 28 Tebervlis #59 brZaneba.

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misaRebad. arsebobs faqtebi, rodesac saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa pasportis gacema korufciuli garigebis gziT xdeba nasamarTlev da im pirebze, romlebsac sasamarTlo an sagamoZiebo organoebis dadgenilebiT akrZaluli aqvT saqarTvelos farglebis datoveba. Aamis magaliTs warmoadgens ara erT umZimes danaSaulSi mxilebul Zebnil pirze vake-saburTalos Sss sapasporto ganyofilebis mier pasportis sxva gvariT gacemis faqti 12. analogiuri SemTxvevebi iyo kaspis raionisa da Sss sxva sapasporto ganyofilebebSic. aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa pasportebTan dakavSirebuli Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da sxva struqturebis xelmZRvanelobis mier xelovnurad Seqmnili problema: pasportebi saqarTvelos mTavrobis SekveTiT ibeWdeba safrangeTSi, tenderSi gamarjvebul erT-erT frangul firmaSi (romelsac manamde pasportebis beWdvis gamocdileba ar hqonia). xelovnurad iqmneboda pasportebis ydebis deficiti da aferxebdnen pasportebis gacemas, amitom moqalaqe iZulebuli iyo, gadaexada soliduri Tanxa (400-700 aSS dolari)13. Ss saministros aRniSnuli danayofis TanamSromelTa daudevrobisa da samsaxurebrivi gulgrilobis gamo ar arsebobs saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa Sesaxeb monacemTa erTiani, srulyofili baza, rac operatiuli samsaxurebis TanamSromlebs problemebs uqmnis moqalaqeTa monacemebis dadgenisas da aZnelebs arCevnebis Catarebas. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros narkomaniisa da narkobiznesis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli biuros (Catarebuli reorganizaciis Sedegad es biuro gadakeTda narkomaniisa da narkobiznesis winaaRmdeg brZolis sammarTvelod da moeqca sisxlis samarTlis samZebros mTavari sammarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi) da misi teritoriuli danayofebis kompetencias warmoadgens narkotikuli saSualebebis momxmarebelTa gamovlena, maTi aRricxva da narkogamsaReblebTan brZola, qveynis teritoriaze narkotikebis tranzitis gamovlena da prevenciuli zomebis gatareba. saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, aseve sazRvrebis arasaTanado kotrolis gamo, saqarTvelo narkotikebis momxmarebeli qveynidan TandaTan “dawinaurda” satranzito qveynad, ramac, bunebrivia, gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi narkomaniis zrda. yovelive es qmnis korufciis xelsayrel pirobebs narkomaniis winaaRmdeg brZolis samsaxuris TanamSromelTaTvis. korufciis farTod gavrcelebul meTods warmoadgens narkomomxmareblebis aRricxvisa da dasjis nacvlad maTi gaSveba garkveul safasurad. adgili aqvs narkotikebisTvis momxmarebelTa e.w. karuselze tarebas, rac garkveuli periodulobiT maTTvis Tanxis ramdenjerme gamorTmevas gulisxmobs. adgili aqvs agreTve narkomanebis e.w. “stavkis” dawesebis praqtikas, rac narkomanebis mier policiis Sesabamisi qvedanayofebisTvis yovelTviurad gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdas gulisxmobs. am gziT narkotikebis momxmarebeli dazRveulia represiebisagan. Tanxis odenoba damokidebulia mraval garemoebaze: Tu romeli narkotikuli saSualebis zemoqmedebis qveSaa piri, imyofeba Tu ara igi ukve aRricxvaze, aRmoaCnda Tu ara mas piradi Cxrekisas narkotikuli saSualeba, ra intensivobiT moixmars narkotiks da a.S. 14 umravles SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebisgan amoRebul narkotikul saSualebebs policiis TanamSromlebi Tavad moixmaren, agentebs “jildos” saxiT gadascemen an axdenen realizacias. G garda aRniSnuli ukanono Semosavlebisa, narkomaniis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli ganyofilebebis TanamSromlebi da maTi xelmZRvanelebi Tanamdebobis borotad 12

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gamoyenebiT mfarveloben narkotikuli saSualebebis gamsaRebelT, rac warmoadgens ukanono Semosavlis udides wyaros. erTi SexedviT, dadebiTi movlena iyo Sinagan saqmeTa ministris 2002 wlis brZaneba, romliTac narkodanaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola daevala mxolod Sss narkomaniisa da narkobiznesis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnul biurosa da mis teritoriul qvedanayofebs, xolo sxva samsaxurebs daevalaT narkotikebis ukanono brunvasTan da moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis Sesabamisi qvedanayofisTvis miwodeba. Tumca, realurad, sxva operatiuli samsaxurebis TanamSromlebma daiwyes Tanxebis gamoZalva informaciis damalvis sanacvlod. aSS- is narkotikebTan brZolis administraciis (DEA) ankaris ofisis warmomadgeneli 2002-2003 wlebSi araerTgzis imyofeboda TbilisSi. is xvdeboda Sss narkomaniisa da narkobiznesis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli biurosa da Tbilisis Ss mTavari sammarTvelos narkomaniisa da narkobiznesis winaaRmdeg brZolis sammarTvelos xelmZRvanelobas. am Sexvedrebisas aSS- is antinarkotikuli administraciis warmomadgenelma araerTxel aRniSna, rom mis xelT arsebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi narkoindustrias akontrolebs erT-erTi maRali rangis policieli. misive TqmiT, saqarTveloSi moqmedebs heroinis gadamamuSavebeli, sul mcire, ori saidumlo laboratoria (erTi TbilisTan, meore baTumTan axlos) 15. Sss antinarkotikuli samsaxurebis xelmZRvanelebma kategoriulad uaryves amerikeli kolegis informacia. Sesabamisad, arc heroinis laboratoriebisa da arc narkobiznesmeni policielis dasadgenad muSaoba ar Catarebula. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros informatizaciis sammarTvelos kompetencias warmoadgens respublikis masStabiT moqalaqeTa piradi monacemebis erTiani saaRricxvo sistemis Seqmna, sagzao policiaSi gatarebuli da yadaRadadebuli avtosatransporto saSualebebisa da maTi mflobelebis registracia. am sammarTveloSi iyris Tavs informacia nasamarTlevi pirebis Sesaxebac. aRniSnuli sammarTvelo flobs monacemTa erT-erT umsxviles bazas. aqedan gamomdinare, sammarTvelos TanamSromlebi da xelmZRvaneloba monawileobdnen korufciaSi. kerZod, garkveuli Tanxis (20-80 lari) safasurad, kanoniT dadgenil vadaze (5 samuSao dRe) adre xdeba nasamarTlobis cnobis gacema. amasTanave, xdeba monacemTa bazidan nasamarTlobis amoSla. am samsaxuris safasuri (500-10 000 aSS dolari) damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli muxliTaa gasamarTlebuli konkretuli piri, ra droa darCenili nasamarTlobis moxsnamde an gaqarwylebamde da a.S., rac solidur Semosavals warmoadgens16. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sisxlis samarTlis samZebros mTavari sammarTvelo da misi teritoriuli sammarTveloebi da ganyofilebebi yvelaze did operatiul danayofs warmoadgens. maT kompetenciaSi Sedis qveynis masStabiT momxdar iseT danaSaulebze reagireba da maTi Tavidan acileba, rogoricaa danaSauli adamianis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg, sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg, organizebuli danaSaulisa da kriminaluri dajgufebebis liderebis winaaRmdeg brZola da a.S. Sesabamisad, korufciis masStabi aRniSnuli danayofebis samoqmedo arealis pirdapirproporciulia. Zalze xSiria aRniSnuli mTavari sammarTvelosa da misi teritoriuli qvedanayofebis xelmZRvanelebisa da rigiTi TanamSromlebis mier Tanamdebobrivi uflebamosilebis gadameteba, Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyeneba, adamianis 15 16

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uflebebis darRveva, moqalaqeebisgan da kerZo mewarmeebisgan fulis gamoZalva. sisxlis samarTlis samZebros mTavari sammarTvelos TanamSromlebis mier garkveuli safasuris sanacvlod xdeba maT samoqmedo teritoriaze aralegaluri saqmianobis mfarveloba. am qvedanayofis TanamSromlebi monawileobdnen da xels uwyobdnen gaxmaurebul gatacebebs. maT mierve xdeba moqalaqeebisgan fulis gamoZalva samarTaldarRvevebze Tvalis daxuWvis sanacvlod. A adgili aqvs ukanono dakavebebs. rogorc wesi, esaa iaraRis, sabrZolo masalebisa da narkotikuli saSualebebis Cadeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom policiis oficerTa dabali profesionalizmis gamo Sss sadReRamiso krebsis monacemebSi viTomda eWvmitanili pirebis Cxrekisas maTTan “aRmoaCendnen” iaraRs da sabrZolo masalebs, romlebic qarxnuli wesiT, Tanmimdevrulad aris danomrili. Zneli misaxvedri ar aris, rom xdeba erTi da imave yuTidan aRebuli iaraRisa da sabrZolo masalebis Cadeba. saamisod policiis TanamSromlebs kargi “samsaxuri” gauwia aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi amoRebulma ukanono iaraRma da sabrZolo masalebma, romlis udidesi nawili Camotanilia TbilisSi 17. SesaZlebelia mravali faqtis dasaxeleba, roca sisxlis samarTlis samZebros mTavari sammarTvelos xelmZRvanelebi marTlsawinaaRmdego saqmianobaSi monawileobdnen, magram aRvniSnavT mxolod erTs: 2002 wlis zafxulSi TbilisSi, “Cais saxlSi” mdebare saaqto darbazSi gaimarTa saqarTveloSi da sazRvargareT moRvawe “kanonieri qurdebis” Sekreba. es Sekreba miznad isaxavda maTi danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis ukeT koordinirebasa da gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebas. xelSeuxeblobis sanacvlod “kanonierma qurdebma” Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Sesabamis samsaxurebs gadauxades 103 000 aSS dolari (70 000 ergo Ss saministros centraluri aparatis Sesabamis samsaxurs, 30 000 _ Tbilisis Ss mTavar sammarTvelos, xolo 3 000 _ afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis Ss saministros, radgan Sekrebaze afxazeTidan devnili “kanonieri qurdebic” imyofebodnen)18. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sagamoZiebo departamentis movaleobaa Ss saministros qvemdebare sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis winaswar gamoZieba. sagamoZiebo departamenti Sinagan saqmeTa saministros erTaderTi centralizebuli qvedanayofia, misi teritoriuli samsaxurebi ar eqvemdebareba adgilobrivi Ss organoebis xelmZRvanelebs da emorCileba uSualod Sss sagamoZiebo departamentis xelmZRvanelobas. korufcia am departamentSi iseve gavrcelebulia, rogorc sxva uwyebebis sagamoZiebo samsaxurebSi. kerZod, sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis gamo gamomZieblebs saSualeba aqvT, Secvalon danaSaulis kvalifikacia (magaliTad, pirdapiri ganzraxva Secvalon arapirdapiriT, arapirdapiri ganzraxva gaufrTxileblobiT da a.S.). ra Tqma unda, yovelive es xdeba braldebulTan anda mis axloblebTan korufciuli garigebis safuZvelze. am procesSi, rogorc wesi, monawileoben prokuraturisa da sasamarTlo organoebis TanamSromlebic. aucileblad unda aRiniSnos sawinaaRmdego procesic _ mokvlevisa da gamoZiebis organoebis TanamSromlebi qrTams uxdian moqalaqeebs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, mTeli rigi sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis kanonierad cnobisaTvis aucilebelia damswreebis monawileoba. rogorc wesi, moqalaqeebi did enTuziazms ar iCenen damswris saxiT monawileobaze, ris gamoc policielebi da gamomZieblebi iZulebulni arian, “xelfasis” Tu “jildos” saxiT damswreebs gadauxadon 20-30 lari. amis gamo arseboben “Statiani” 17 18

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damswreebi, anu mokvlevisa da gamoZiebis qvedanayofebi iyeneben erTi da igive mowmeebs19. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros kadrebisa da pirad SemadgenlobasTan muSaobis mTavari sammarTvelos kompetenciaa Sinagan saqmeTa organoebSi erTiani sakadro politikis gatareba, TanamSromelTa miReba, moqmedi TanamSromlebis waxaliseba da disciplinuri wesiT dasja, aseve morigi specialuri wodebebis rogorc kanoniT gansazRvrul vadaSi, ise vadamdeli miniWeba. vinaidan struqturis dakompleqtebis sakiTxs wyvets kadrebisa da pirad SemadgenlobasTan muSaobis mTavari sammarTvelo, umravles SemTxvevebSi garkveul safasurad xdeboda araprofesionalebis miReba, rac sagrZnoblad aisaxeba policiis muSaobaze. amasTan, korufciuli garigebis safuZvelze xdeboda moqmedi TanamSromlebis waxaliseba, maTTvis specialuri wodebis vadamdeli miniWeba da sxv. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, xSirad kadrebisa da pirad SemadgenlobasTan muSaobis mTavar sammarTvelosTan korufciuli garigebis safuZvelze xdeboda Sinagan saqmeTa organoebidan daTxovnili an/da nasamarTlevi TanamSromlebis piradi saqmis gadakeTeba da maTi ara marto Sinagan saqmeTa organoebSi aRdgena, aramed ufro maRal Tanamdebobaze daniSvnac. nacvlad TanamSromelTa profesionaluri unar-Cvevebis gaTvaliswinebisa da kanoniT dadgenili wesiT SerCevisa, korufciuli garigebebis safuZvelze Sinagan saqmeTa organoebSi xdeboda policiis im TanamSromelTa dabruneba, romlebic mWidro kavSirSi imyofebian damnaSaveebTan da xSirad Tavadac sCadian danaSauls. kadrebis SerCevisas ar warmoebda maTi saTanadod Seswavla, ris gamoc Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis rigebSi iReben kriminaluri warsulis mqone, narkomaniiTa da alkoholizmiT daavadebul pirebs. unda iTqvas isic, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saministros reformirebis saagentos (gauqmda 2004 wlis ivnisSi) mier SemuSavebuli koncefciiT, policiis TanamSromelTa samsaxurebrivi winsvlis ZiriTadi principi iyo policielis etapobrivad dawinaureba damsaxurebis mixedviT. Tumca reformirebis saagentom Tavadve daarRvia es principi da uSualo rekomendaciiT saagentos erT-erTi TanamSromeli yovelgvari safexurebis gauvlelad dainiSna sapasuxismgeblo postze. samsaxurebrivi winsvlis principi dResac uxeSad irRveva. Tanamdebobis pirTaTvis, rogorc wesi, ucxoa disci plina, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, maT umravlesobas warmodgena ara aqvs Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sistemaze, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoze, sakuTar movaleobebze da saerTod ar icnobs saqarTvelos moqmed kanonmdeblobas.Eyovelive es negatiurad aisaxeba rogorc struqturis muSaobaze, ise piradi Semadgenlobis saqmianobaze. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom kadrebisa da pirad SemadgenlobasTan muSaobis mTavari sammarTvelos TanamSromlebi xSirad gamxdaran maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa ukanonobis msxverpli. magaliTad, 2004 wlis agvistoSi kadrebis erTerTi TanamSromeli samsaxuridan daiTxoves Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgilis gankargulebiT imis gamo, rom man ar daniSna ministris moadgilis proteJe erT-erT Tanamdebobaze, vinaidan am piris monacemebi moTxovnebs ar Seesabameboda. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ Sinagan saqmeTa saministros akademia warmoadgens uwyebriv umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas, romlis umTavresi funqciaa Sinagan saqmeTa organoebisaTvis profesionali da saTanado unarCvevebiT aRWurvili kadrebis momzadeba. unda iTqvas, rom Ss saministros 19

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akademiaSi korufciis masStabi didi iyo, iseve, rogorc qveyanaSi dRes moqmed TiTqmis yvela umaRles saswavlebelSi. kerZod, bolo wlebSi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros akademiaSi masobrivad xdeboda kursantebis miReba qrTamiT. Aaqedan gamomdinare, sruliad moSlili iyo saswavlo procesi da disciplina. swavlis procesSi wamoWrili TiTqmis yvela sakiTxi umetesad kursantebsa da akademiis xelmZRvanelobas Soris korufciuli garigebis safuZvelze wydeboda. codnis Sefaseba xdeboda garkveuli Tanxis safasurad. amasTan, Ss saministros akademiis bazaze gaxsnili iyo fasiani fakulteti, sadac studentebi ukonkursod iricxebodnen, rac Semosavlis kidev erT solidur wyaros warmoadgenda. Sss-s akademiaSi ukanono “mosakreblebis” wliuri brunva daaxloebiT 500 000 aSS dolars Seadgenda20. akademiis specifikidan gamomdinare, nacvlad mkacri disciplinisa da swavlebis gansakuTrebuli reJimisa, policiis akademiis kursantebi leqcia-seminarebs Tavisufali grafikiT eswrebodnen. akademiis kursantebi akademiaSi swavlis procesSi awydebodnen korufcias, pirveli dRidanve eCveodnen mas da yalibdebodnen arakvalificirebul da korumpirebul policielebad. kursantis mier akademiaSi Casaricxad da Semdgom oTxi wlis manZilze sesiebis dros gadaxdili Tanxebi ileqeboda akademiis TanamSromelTa da xelmZRvanelobis jibeebSi, xolo kursantebi akademiis dasrulebisa da muSaobis dawyebis Semdeg maqsimalurad cdilobdnen, swavlis dros gaRebuli Tanxebi mosaxleobisa da biujetis xarjze amoeRoT. aRsaniSnavia, rom policiis akademiis kursantebi swavlebis dasrulebis Semdeg wesiT unda uzrunvelyon SromiTi mowyobiT, rac bolo periodSi ar xdeboda da realurad mxolod mcire nawili midioda ganawilebiT. danarCeni iZulebuli iyo, qrTamiT moeZebna adgili Ss organoebSi, raTa Semdgom keTilsindisieri muSaobis nacvlad samsaxurebrivi mdgomareoba borotad gamoeyenebina, aenazRaurebina danaxarji da mogebac enaxa. analogiuri mdgomareoba iyo Sss akademiis pirveldawyebiT saswavlo centrSic, sadac momzadebas axalbeda TanamSromlebi, xolo gadamzadebas staJiani TanamSromlebi gadian. uxarisxo swavlebis gamo policiis TanamSromelTa didma nawilma ar icis cecxlsasroli iaraRiT sargeblobisa da usafrTxoebis elementaruli wesebi, rac xSirad ubedur SemTxvevas iwvevs. akademiis axalma xelmZRvanelobam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gaatara. kerZod, obieqturad Catarda saxelmwifo da sakurso gamocdebi, ris Sedegadac akademiis kursantTa mxolod 10%-ma miiRo dadebiTi Sefaseba. Semcirda usafuZvlod gaberili Stati, ris xarjzec gaizarda xelfasebi. es mniSvnelovani meqanizmia korufciis masStabis mkveTrad Sesamcireblad. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sameurneo da finansuri uzrunvelyofis mTavari sammarTvelos ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens Ss saministros Tanxebis kanonierad gankargva da Ss saministros sameurneo uzrunvelyofa, kerZod: saministros biujetis proeqtis Sedgena, Ss saministros balansze arsebuli nivTebis saTanado aRricxva-marTva, TanamSromelTaTvis xelfasebisa da samivlinebo Tanxebis gacema da sxv. aRniSnuli danayofis movaleobebidan naTlad Cans, rom mis gankargulebaSia Ss saministros mTeli biujeti. aqedan gamomdinare, sameurneo da safinanso uzrunvelyofis mTavar sammarTveloSi korufciis masStabi sagrZnobi iyo. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom miuxedavad xelfasebis dagvianebiT gadmoricxvisa 20

Sss-s akademiis dRevandeli reqtoris mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba.

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finansTa saministrodan, xSirad policiis TanamSromelTaTvis xelfasebis darigeba Segnebulad Wianurdeboda, es ufro maSin xdeboda, rodesac qarTuli laris kursi ucxour valutasTan SefardebiT mkveTrad meryeobda. vinaidan Sinagan saqmeTa saministros piradi Semadgenloba erT-erTi mravalricxovania qveyanaSi arsebul saxelmwifo struqturebs Soris, Sesabamisad, saxelfaso fondic didia, xolo aseTi odenobis Tanxebis sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad gankargva solidur Semosavals iZleoda. kerZod, xdeboda ucxouri valutis kursis vardnisa da zrdis SemTxvevaSi misi Sesyidva da Semdgom sasurveli kursis dros gayidva an piriqiT, aseve moklevadian da sxva Semosavlian safinanso operaciebSi Tanxebis dabandeba. arsebobda aRniSnuli mTavari sammarTvelos xelmZRvanelebis uSualo gamgeblobaSi myofi bankebi da sxvadasxva safinanso institutebi, romlebic maT axlo naTesavebze iyo gaformebuli. swored am safinanso institutebSi warmoebda ukanono operaciebi (maT Soris, fulis gaTeTreba). garda zemoaRniSnulisa, mimarTavdnen fulis miTvisebis martiv xerxsac. xSirad formalurad gamoiyofoda Tanxebi Ss saministros mier dagegmili specoperaciebisa da sxva saxis RonisZiebebisaTvis, realurad ki am Tanxebis gaxarjva sxvagvarad xdeboda. amis magaliTia pankisis xeobaSi Catarebuli specoperacia, romelic iTvaliswinebda Ss saministrosa da Sinagani jarebis rogorc piradi Semadgenlobis, ise teqnikis sawvav-sapoxi masaliT, tyvia-wamliTa da sxva saWiro saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofas. Sedgenili nusxidan nawili saerTod ar SeZenila, xolo nawili Seisyides dabali xarisxis da mcire raodenobiT21 . rac Seexeba policiis TanamSromelTa sazRvargareT mivlinebis Tanxebis miTvisebas, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wlebis manZilze policiis TanamSromlebs am Tanxis gacemaze uars eubnebodnen. Aamas Ss saministros xelmZRvaneloba xsnida Tanxebis uqonlobiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom debulebiTa da kanoniT yvela saxelmwifo struqtura valdebulia, aanazRauros TanamSromlis samivlinebo dRiuri xarji. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom samivlinebo Tanxebis gamowera mainc xdeboda, gansakuTrebiT jgufuri mivlinebisas, oRond ara kanonieri adresatebisaTvis. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac piradi nacnobobis an sxva korufciuli garigebis safuZvelze gascemen am Tanxebs. aseT dros Tanxis nawili rCeba korumpirebul xelmZRvanelebs, romelTac uSualod evalebaT samivlinebo Tanxebis gacema. rac Seexeba samivlinebo Tanxebs qveynis SigniT, isini umetesad gaicema, oRond dagvianebiT. Aamitom mivlinebaSi gasamgzavrebeli TanamSromlebi am SemTxvevaSic midian garkveul garigebebze, raTa rogorme miiRon MmaTTvis gamoyofili Tanxa. gadasaxedia Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier Catarebuli tenderebis kanonierebis sakiTxic. M gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi saqarTvelos kontrolis palatas Semowmeba wlebis manZilze ar Cautarebia. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros satransporto policiis departamenti (gauqmda 2004 wlis ivlisSi)Awarmoadgenda mravalricxovan qvedanayofs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo “saministro saministroSi”. Mmas gaaCnda sakuTari sagamoZiebo, kriminaluri da administraciuli policiis da sxva samsaxurebi, romlebic, TavianTi specifikidan gamomdinare, aranakleb iyvnen Cabmuli korufciaSi. satransporto policiis funqcias warmoadgenda satransporto danaSaulis gamovlena, aRkveTa, gamoZieba da Tavidan acileba. am funqciis calke gamoyofa saerTod ar iyo mizanSewonili, iseve, rogorc TviT am departamentis (agreTve transportis prokuraturisa da transportis uSiSroebis) arseboba. 21

sameurneo da finansuri uzrunvelyofis mTavari sammarTvelos dokumentacia.

106

saqarTvelos sarkinigzo sadgurebsa da baqnebze vaWrobiT dakavebuli mosaxleoba Sesabamisi danayofebis TanamSromlebs dReSi 5 lars uxdida, rac saboloo jamSi did Tanxas Seadgenda. analogiuri mdgomareoba iyo, garkveuli TaviseburebebiT, Tbilisis Ss mTavari sammarTvelos metropolitenis policiis sammarTveloSic. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros korufciasTan da ekonomikur danaSaulTan brZolis mTavari sammarTvelo (Catarebuli reorganizaciis Sedegad aRniSnuli mTavari sammarTvelo gadakeTda korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis sammarTvelod da Sevida sisxlis samarTlis samZebros mTavari sammarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi) warmoadgens im danayofs, romelsac uSualod evaleba korufciisa da samoxeleo danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, am danayofSi korufciam farTo gasaqani hpova. aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikur danaSauls ZiriTadad miekuTvneba ukanono mewarmeoba, kontrabanda, gadasaxadebis damalva, ukanono Semosavlebis legalizacia, falsifikacia da sxv. amasTan, am danayofis kompetenciaSia yvela im danaSaulze reagireba, romelic Cadenilia sajaro moxelis mier. unda aRiniSnos, rom qveyanaSi warmoebuli produqciis umetesi nawili falsificirebuli iyo, xolo mewarmeTa TiTqmis 60%-is saqmianoba ukanono. aqedan gamomdinare, xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac am danayofis TanamSromlebi mfarvelobdnen aseT mewarmeebs garkveul safasurad. metic, ukanono saqmianobiT dakavebul mewarmeebs dawesebuli hqondaT yovelTviuri gadasaxadi, rac warmoadgenda maTi “usafrTxoebis” garantias. igive situacia iyo kontrabanduli saqonlis qveynis teritoriaze gadaadgilebis mxrivac: garkveul safasurad samsaxuris TanamSromlebi araTu akavebdnen da ebrZodnen kontrabanduli tvirTis gadaadgilebas, aramed acilebdnen kidec mas daniSnulebis adgilamde. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom ekonomikur danaSaulTan brZola mimdinare wlis 15 aprilidan saqarTvelos prezidentis specialuri gankargulebis safuZvelze daevala saqarTvelos finansTa saministros finansur policias. amrigad, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis sammarTvelos darCa mxolod samoxeleo danaSaulTan da dokumentebis gayalbebasTan brZola. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia 2003 wlis noembris saparlamento arCevnebSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros “monawileoba”. garda masze dakisrebuli ZiriTadi movaleobisa (sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva), Sinagan saqmeTa saministros xelmZRvanelobam policiis TanamSromlebs daavala sxvadasxva politikosebis mxardaWera. kerZod, 2003 wlis oqtombris bolos ministris erT-erTma moadgilem Caatara gafarToebuli TaTbiri, romelzec teritoriuli organoebis xelmZRvanelebs daavala, uzrunveleyoT policielTa mxardaWera saxelisuflebo blokisaTvis. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros centraluri aparatis TanamSromlebisTvis, miuxedavad maTi sacxovrebeli adgilisa, xmis misacemad gamoiyo krwanisis #9 saarCevno ubani, rac, TavisTavad, darRvevaa. arCevnebis dasrulebis Semdgom kadrebisa da pirad SemadgenlobasTan muSaobis mTavari sammarTvelos TanamSromlebi sistematurad ibarebdnen da sxvadasxva disciplinuri sasjelis gamoyenebiT emuqrebodnen im policielebs, romlebmac ver an ar miiRes monawileoba arCevnebSi. saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e muxlis pirvel punqtSi vkiTxulobT: “saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes 18 wlis asakidan aqvs referendumSi, saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. uzrunvelyofilia amomrCevelTa nebis Tavisufali gamovlineba”. amrigad, 2003 wlis noemberSi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mxridan adgili hqonda konstituciis uxeS darRvevas. 107

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sistemaSi korufciasTan da sxva samarTaldarRvevebTan brZolis Sedegebi22 Ss organoebis saqmianobis Sida kontrolisTvis Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi funqcionirebs generaluri inspeqcia, romelmac unda gamoavlinos policiis arakeTilsindisieri TanamSromlebi, Caataros samsaxurebrivi Semowmebebi, daawesos disciplinuri saxdelebi, danaSaulis niSnebis arsebobisas samsaxurebrivi Semowmebis masalebi gadaugzavnos prokuraturas. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom generaluri inspeqcia 2000 wlamde Sedioda Sss kadrebisa da pirad SemadgenlobasTan muSaobis mTavari sammarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom generaluri inspeqciis TanamSromlebi uSualo ufrosis garda eqvemdebarebodnen am sammarTvelos ufrosis moadgiles, ufross, ministris moadgiles da ministrs, amdenad, didi iyo generaluri inspeqciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevis albaToba. generaluri inspeqciis uSualod Ss ministrisaTvis daqvemdebarebam amgvari albaToba minimumamde daiyvana. Ss saministros momavali reformirebis gegmiT, Sss generaluri inspeqcia gamoeyofa Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, Seiqmneba saxelmwifo organoebis makontrolebeli erTiani generaluri inspeqcia, romelic uSualod daeqvemdebareba saqarTvelos prezidents, rac ganamtkicebs am uwyebis damoukideblobas. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros generaluri inspeqciis mier 1994-2004 wlebSi sxvadasxva danaSaulisa da gadacdomisaTvis disciplinuri wesiT policiis TanamSromelTa dasjis statistikuri monacemebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

daiTxoves gaaTavisufles gadaayenes sxvadasxva disciplinuri sasjeli daedo

sul

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 wlis 7 Tve

72

159

382

188

202

163

92

119

112

97

148

38

42

213

71

54

87

37

65

89

27

38

7

47

-

7

17

39

-

-

-

-

-

152

146

889

646

411

353

297

317

438

281

249

269

394

1484

912

684

642

426

501

639

405

435

miuxedavad mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli araerTi programisa, romelic mimarTuli iyo zogadad qveyanaSi, kerZod, samarTaldamcav organoebSi korufciis daZlevisaken, bolo wlebis manZilze Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sistemaSi korufciis sakiTxi kvlav mwvaved dgas, razec metyvelebs qvemoT moyvanili monacemebi. Sinagan saqmeTa organoebidan sxvadasxva samarTaldarRvevisaTvis 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros generaluri inspeqciis mier Catarebuli samsaxurebrivi Semowmebis safuZvelze daiTxoves 92 TanamSromeli, maT Soris 12 xelmZRvaneli muSaki; Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflda 74 TanamSromeli, maT Soris 33 xelmZRvaneli muSaki. am periodSi gamovlinda sxvadasxva saxis korufciuli samarTaldarRveva, kerZod: 22

naSromis mocemul nawilSi moyvanili informacia efuZneba Sss-s generaluri inspeqciis mier momzadebul angariSebs da statistikur monacemebs.

108

Tbilisis gldani-naZaladevis raionis Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelos me-8 ganyofilebis TanamSromlebma daakaves da policiis ganyofilebas warudgines arasrulwlovani v. moroxia, romelsac Cxrekis dros aRmoaCnda “f-1” tipis xelyumbara. faqtze aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme da aRmkveT RonisZiebad v. moroxias Seefarda policiis zedamxedveloba. aRniSnuli brZanebis Sesruleba ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelobas konkretuli TanamSromlisTvis ar dauvalebia.Umetic, amave ganyofilebis policiis ufrosis moadgile kriminaluri policiis xaziT, policiis vice-polkovniki m. gabunia, saqmis mosagvareblad daukavSirda dakavebulis mSobels, i. moroxias da qrTami mosTxova. Semowmebis safuZvelze me-8 ganyofilebis sisxlis samarTlis samZebros qveganyofilebis ufrosi, policiis maiori l. jaSiaSvili da kriminaluri policiis ufrosi m. gabunia daiTxoves Sinagan saqmeTa organoebidan, xolo amave ganyofilebis ufrosi, policiis maiori n. rosnaZe gaTavisuflda. m. gabuniasa da sxvaTa mimarT prokuraturaSi aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme ssk me-19 muxliT da 333-e da 338-e muxlebis pirveli nawilebiT. 2002 wlis 3 marts telekompania “rusTavi-2”-is gadacema “60 wuTSi” gavida siuJeti sagarejos sagamoZiebo ganyofilebis ufrosis, T. masuraSvilisa da gamomZiebel m. jiquraSvilis mier moqalaqe d. TediaSvilisagan 2 500 aSS dolaris gamoZalvis Sesaxeb. Semowmebis Sedegad dadginda, rom 2001 wlis 14 maiss sagarejos Sinagan saqmeTa raiganyofilebas Seatyobines moqalaqe d. TediaSvilis mier cecxlsasroli iaraRidan sami moqalaqis daWris faqti. mokvleuli masalebi gadaeca sagarejos sagamoZiebo samsaxuris gamomZiebels m. jiquraSvils, romelmac masalebze mokvleva da winaswari gamoZieba Caatara saproceso kanonmdeblobis uxeSi darRveviT da gangeb gaaWianura saqmis warmoeba. amasTan, gamomZiebeli m. jiquraSvili daukavSirda braldebuli d. TediaSvilis dedas da qrTami mosTxova, rac daafiqsires samauwyeblo kompania “rusTavi-2”-is Jurnalistebma. amis gamo m. jiquraSvili da T. masuraSvili daiTxoves Sinagan saqmeTa organoebidan. maT mimarT aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme ssk 332-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis niSnebiT. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, xSiria policiis TanamSromelTa mxridan iseTi ukanono qmedeba, rogoricaa komerciul saqmianobaSi monawileoba. ase isini axdenen TavianTi samewarmeo saqmianobis lobirebas da iReben kanoniT akrZalul damatebiT Semosavals. 2002 wels gamovlinda ramdenime aseTi faqti, kerZod: 2002 wlis 22 ianvars imereTis samxareo Sinagan saqmeTa mTavari sammarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis samZebros inspeqtori t. ioseliani amxiles xis morebis damzadeba-realizaciidan miRebuli 19 000 aSS dolaris miTvisebaSi. igi daiTxoves samsaxuridan. 2002 wlis 20 Tebervals Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles Zmebi – qvemo qarTlis sagamoZiebo samsaxuris ufrosi gamomZiebeli a. xizaniSvili da Sss akademiis saswavlo centris sameurneo ganyofilebis ufrosis moadgile g. xizaniSvili. isini iyvnen Sps “qarTlisa” da Sps “getacis” damfuZneblebi da monawileobdnen komerciul saqmianobaSi. 2002 wlis 13 ivniss komerciul saqmianobaSi monawileobisaTvis Sinagan saqmeTa organoebidan daiTxoves satransporto policiis departamentis aTaseulis me-3 aseulis ocmeTauri v. sisviZe, romelic eweoda navTobproduqtebiT vaWrobas da marneulis zonalur sagadasaxado inspeqciaSi registrirebuli iyo kerZo mewarmed. 109

garda amisa, Zalze xSiria policiis TanamSromelTa mier angarebis mizniT kontrabanduli Tu sxva tvirTebis ukanono gacileba, rac solidur Semosavals iZleva. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom samsaxurebrivi specifikidan gamomdinare, tvirTebis ukanono gacilebiT ZiriTadad dakavebuli arian sagzao policiis TanamSromlebi, Tumca am saqmianobaSi monawileoben Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis sxva rgolis warmomadgenlebic. 2002 wlis saangariSo periodSi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros generaluri inspeqciis mier gamovlinda policiis TanamSromelTa mier Cadenili am saxis ramdenime danaSauli: 2002 wlis 3 ianvars tvirTebis ukanono gacilebaSi amxiles Tbilisis sagzao policiis ufrosi inspeqtorebi n. adeiSvili da z. beJuaSvili. 2002 wlis 6 marts gamoaaSkaraves Sss-s akademiis satransporto saSualebaTa da teqnikis marTvis inspeqtori s. beraZe, romelic acilebda fqviliT datvirTul “kamazis” markis avtomanqanas. aseve gamovlinda Tbilisis isani-samgoris Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis samZebros ufrosi inspeqtori T. valiSvili, romelsac samsaxurebrivi avtomanqaniT ergneTidan TbilisSi gadmohqonda kontrabanduli saqoneli. calke msjelobis sagania Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis adgilobrivi danayofebis mier danaSaulis faqtebis damalvis tendencia. 2002 wels generalurma inspeqciam gamoavlina 44 aseTi faqti, Tumca aRniSnuli monacemebi ar iZleva mTlian suraTs, vinaidan damaluli danaSaulis ricxvi respublikis masStabiT gacilebiT didia. danaSaulis damalvas ZiriTadad ori mizezi aqvs: vinaidan muSaobis Sefasebis kriteriums warmoadgens danaSaulis gaxsnis procentuli maCvenebeli, operatiuli samsaxurebi cdiloben, damalon gauxsneli danaSaulis faqtebi, raTa maTma raodenobam zegavlena ar moaxdinos procentul maCvenebelze; amasTan, policiis TanamSromelTa mier danaSaulTa damalva xdeba angarebiT, rac xels uSlis qveyanaSi Seqmnili saerTo kriminogenuli viTarebis Seswavlasa da analizs. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, 2002 wels generaluri inspeqciis mier Catarebuli samsaxurebrivi Semowmebis Sedegad korufciul danaSaulebze Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis TanamSromelTa mimarT aRZrulia sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis Semdegi raodenoba:

vis mimarT Catarda samsaxurebrivi Semowmeba

1

gldaninaZaladevis Ss sammarTvelos me-8 ganyofilebis ufrosis moadgile, policiis vicepolkovniki m. gabunia

M mokle Sinaarsi

samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis gadameteba

110

G gatarebuli RonisZiebebi

daTxovnili iqna

SeniSvna

saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi m. gabunias mimarT aRZruli iqna sss #7402802 ssk me-19, 333-e da 338-e muxlebiT

vis mimarT Catarda samsaxurebrivi Semowmeba

2

isani-samgoris raionis dacvis policiis ganyofilebis policielebi, policiis serJantebi m. cercvaZe, m. SubaSiSvili, policiis rigiTebi z. kinwuraSvili, r. boWoriZe, k. kalaviSvili

3

gldaninaZaladevis Ss sammarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis samZebros ganyofilebis ufrosi inspeqtori, policiis maiori l. yifiani

4

Sss sagamoZiebo departamentis sagarejos sagamoZiebo ganyofilebis ufrosi, policiis polkovniki j. masuraSvili da amave ganyofilebis gamomZiebeli m. jiquraSvili

5

kaxeTis samxareo Sinagan saqmeTa mTavari sammarTvelos narkomaniisa da narkobiznesis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofilebis TanamSromelTa mimarT

G gatarebuli RonisZiebebi

M mokle Sinaarsi

samsaxurebrivi disciplinis darRvevisaTvis, dasacavi obieqtidan saqonlis gayidva

yaCaRobis faqtis damalva

fulis gamoZalvis mcdeloba

SeniSvna

daTxovnili iqna - 5

isani-samgoris prokuraturaSi m. cercvaZis, m. SubaSiSvilis, z. kinwuraSvilis, r. boWoriZisa da k. kalaviSvilis mimarT aRZruli iqna sss #0402802, ssk 332 muxliT. m.McercvaZes waredgina brali da gadaigzavna sasamarTloSi

daaqveiTes

Tbilisis prokuraturaSi l. yifianis mimarT aRZruli iqna sss # 1002810, ssk 332-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, masalebi gadaigzavna gldaninaZaladevis prokuraturaSi

daTxovnili iqna - 2

saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi T. masuraSvilisa da m. jiquraSvilis mimarT aRZruli iqna sss # 7402893, ssk 332-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT

kaxeTis olqis prokuraturaSi 2002 wlis 1 marts kaxeTis samxareo Ss mTavari sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa mimarT aRZruli iqna sss # 4302801, ssk 332-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT

moqalaqe a. mTvarelaSvilis mobiluri telefonis ukanono CamorTmevis faqtze

111

vis mimarT Catarda samsaxurebrivi Semowmeba

G gatarebuli RonisZiebebi

M mokle Sinaarsi

SeniSvna

danaSaulis damalva

Tbilisis prokuraturaSi 2002 wlis 28 maiss didubeCuRureTis Ss TanamSromelTa mimarT aRZruli iqna sss #1002835, ssk 332-e muxliT

7

vake-saburTalos Sinagan saqmeTa ganyofilebis TanamSromelTa mimarT

danaSaulis damalva

Tbilisis prokuraturaSi vakesaburTalos Ss me-2 ganyofilebis TanamSromelTa mimarT aRZruli iqna sss #1002844, ssk 332-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT

8

isani-samgoris Sinagan saqmeTa me-2 ganyofilebis sisxlis samarTlis samZebros qveganyofilebis inspeqtoris, policiis leitenantis e. mZevaSvilis mimarT

moqalaqe g. daviTaSvilis fizikuri Seuracxyofa da 700 aSS dolaris gamoZalva

9

rusTavis Ss sammarTvelos sapasportosavizo da mosaxleobis registraciis qveganyofilebis TanamSromelTa mimarT

10

Tbilisis Sinagan saqmeTa mTavari sammarTvelos droebiTi moTavsebis izolatoris guSagpolicielis, policiis zemdegis, r. znaZis mimarT

6

didubeCuRureTis Sinagan saqmeTa me-2 ganyofilebis TanamSromelTa mimarT

qrTamis aReba

patimris gaSveba

sastiki sayveduri - 2

sayveduri - 1

gaTavisufleba - 1

daTxovna - 1

112

saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi aRZruli iqna sss # 7402910, ssk 333-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT

saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi g. jaianisa da m. babiloZis mier qrTamis aRebis faqtze aRZruli iqna sss #7402867, ssk 338-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT

vake-saburTalos prokuraturaSi r. uznaZis mimarT aRZruli iqna sss #0702963, ssk 332-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT

rac Seexeba 2003 wels, generaluri inspeqciis mier samsaxurebrivi Semowmebis Sedegad Sinagan saqmeTa saministros TanamSromelTa korufciuli da sxva danaSaulebis gamovlenisaTvis daiTxoves 86 TanamSromeli, maT Soris 15 xelmZRvaneli muSaki, xolo dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebulia 12 TanamSromeli, maT Soris 5 xelmZRvaneli. sasjelebis raodenoba SedarebiT naklebia 2002 wlis monacemebze. amave wels generaluri inspeqciis mier gamovlinda policiis TanamSromelTa mier Cadenili korufciuli saxis danaSaulebi, kerZod: 19 marts moqalaqe s. subari gaaCera sagzao policiis inspeqtorma n. yvaviaSvilma im sababiT, rom man daarRvia moZraobis wesebi da gamoarTva 5 lari, Tumca Sesabamisi qviTari ar miucia. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT masalebi gadaigzavna saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi, xolo Tbilisis prokuraturaSi aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme #1003846 sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 338-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT. 8 agvistos daakaves vake-saburTalos Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelos me-5 ganyofilebis sisxlis samarTlis samZebro qveganyofilebis ufrosi, policiis kapitani v. gelaSvili, romelic eWvmitanili iyo 2003 wlis 1 agvistos moqalaqe k. vardukaZisagan 8 000 aSS dolaris gamoZalvaSi, SemdgomSi am ukanasknelis ukanono Tavisuflebis aRkveTis, daxvretis inscenirebiTa da ojaxis amowyvetis muqariT 52 000 aSS dolaris gamoZalvaSi. v. gelaSvils narkologiuri SemowmebiT daudginda narkotikuli nivTierebis zemoqmedeba. is daiTxoves Sinagan saqmeTa organoebidan. Mmis mimarT aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme #7403330, romlis safuZvelzec v. gelaSvils waredgina braldeba ssk 143-e muxlis me-2 nawilis “a” da “T” qvepunqtebiT, 188-e muxlis me-2 nawilis “a” qvepunqtiT, amave muxlis me-3 nawilis “b” qvepunqtiT, 181-e muxlis me-2 nawilis “a” da “g” qvepunqtebiT da 239-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulisaTvis. v. gelaSvils Seefarda patimroba. 7 Tebervals satransporto policiis departamentis korufciasTan da ekonomikur danaSaulTan brZolis sammarTvelos aRmosavleT saqarTvelos regionuli ganyofilebis TanamSromlebma qrTamis micemis waqezebaSi amxiles Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sisxlis samarTlis samZebros mTavari sammarTvelos inspeqtori, policiis leitenanti l. qarauli, romelmac Aazerbaijanis respublikis aRstafis raionSi mcxovreb s. kasimovasagan miiRo 2 300 aSS dolari, TiTqos transportis prokuraturis TanamSromlebisTvis gadasacemad, raTa isini daxmarebodnen saqarTveloSi ganubaJeblad Semotanili 65 000 laris Rirebulebis saqonlis dabrunebaSi. amis gamo l. qarauli daiTxoves Sinagan saqmeTa organoebidan, mis mimarT saqarTvelos transportis prokuraturaSi aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme #170310, ssk 24-e da 239-e muxlebis me-2 nawilebiT. garda zemoCamoTvlili danaSaulebisa, gamovlinda policiis TanamSromlis mier samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis gadametebis faqtic. 31 ianvars siRnaRis prokuraturidan Semovida werili, rom 2000 wlis 17 Tebervals siRnaRis raionis Sinagan saqmeTa ganyofilebis sapasporto-savizo da mosaxleobis registraciis samsaxuris inspeqtorma, policiis kapitanma n. bolRaSvilma amave samsaxuris yofil umcros inspeqtors, policiis serJant n. xatiaSvils gadasca masze ganpirobebuli beWedi da piradobis mowmobis blankebi, riTac am ukanasknelma isargebla da gasca yalbi piradobis mowmoba. am faqtze siRnaRis prokuraturaSi aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme. 113

2003 wels gamovlinda policiis TanamSromlebis mier tvirTebis ukanono gacilebis faqtebic. rac Seexeba danaSaulis damalvas, 2003 wels gamovlinda 34 aseTi samarTaldarRveva, rac 10 erTeuliT naklebia 2002 wlis analogiur monacemebze. 2003 wels Sinagan saqmeTa generaluri inspeqciis mier gamovlenili korufciuli danaSaulis statistika aseTia:

vis mimarT Catarda samsaxurebrivi Semowmeba

1

2

3

4

gldani-naZaladevis Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa mimarT

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sisxlis samarTlis samZebros mTavari sammarTvelos inspeqtoris, policiis leitenant l. qaraulis mimarT

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sisxlis samarTlis samZebros mTavari sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa mimarT

mTawminda-krwanisis Ss sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa mimarT

mokle SinaarsiD

damaluli danaSauli

qrTamis micemis waqezeba

gatarebuli RonisZiebebi

SeniSvna

sastiki sayveduri – 3

saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi gldani-naZaladevis Ss sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa mimarT aRZruli iqna sss #7403837, ssk 322-e da 333-e muxlis pirveli nawilebiT

daTxovna – 1

Tbilisis regionul transportis prokuraturaSi l. qaraulis mimarT aRZruli iqna sss #170310, ssk 24-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT da 339-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT

avejis ukanono CamorTmeva

mTawminda-krwanisis prokuraturaSi policiis muSakTa jgufis mier sxvisi moZravi nivTis didi odenobiT misakuTrebisTvis aRiZra sss #0603834, ssk 178-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT da 333-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT

danaSaulis damalva

saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi krwanisis Ss sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa mimarT aRZruli iqna sss #7403882, ssk 332-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT

114

vis mimarT Catarda samsaxurebrivi Semowmeba

gatarebuli RonisZiebebi

mokle SinaarsiD

SeniSvna

5

gldaninaZaladevis Ss sammarTvelos pirveli ganyofilebis TanamSromelTa mimarT

danaSaulis damalva

saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi gldani-naZaladevis Ss sammarTvelos ganyofilebis sisxlis samarTlis samZebro ganyofilebis inspeqtoris, a. WumburiZis mimarT aRiZra sss #7403872, ssk 332-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT

6

Ss organoebis TanamSromelTa mimarT

moqalaqe d. mezvriSvilisaTvis aSS-Si gamgzavrebis sanacvlod 9500 aSS dolaris gamoZalva

Tbilisis prokuraturaSi masalebze aRZruli iqna sss #1003829

7

Tbilisis sagzao policiis sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa mimarT

gamoZalva

Tbilisis prokuraturaSi aRZruli iqna sss #1003846, ssk 338 -e muxliT

8

satransporto policiis TanamSromlebis policiis leitenant a. lagraZisa da policiis Semdeg g. jafariZis mimarT

gamoZalva

saqarTvelos transportis prokuraturaSi a. lagraZisa da g. jafariZis mimarT aRirda sss, ssk 147-e, 181-e da 333-e muxlebiT

9

Sss sapasportosavizo da mosaxleobis registraciis erovnuli biurosa da vanis Ss raiganyofilebis sapasportos TanamSromelTa mimarT

10

siRnaRis Sinagan saqmeTa raiganyofilebis sapasporto qveganyofilebis inspeqtoris, policiis kapitan n. boRlaSvilis mimarT

sastiki sayveduri- 2

yalbi pasportebi

saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi vanis Sinagan saqmeTa raiganyofilebis sapasportos TanamSromelTa mimarT Cadenili siyalbis faqtze aRZruli iqna sss #7403916, ssk 341-e, 362-e, 344-e muxlebiT

yalbi piradobis mowmobis gacema

siRnaRis prokuraturaSi n. boRlaSvilis mimarT aRiZra sss #3403807, ssk 332-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT

115

vis mimarT Catarda samsaxurebrivi Semowmeba

11

vake-saburTalos Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelos me-5 ganyofilebis sisxlis samarTlis samZebros qveganyofilebis ufrosis, policiis kapitnis, g. gelaSvilis mimarT

12

gurjaanis Sinagan saqmeTa raiganyofilebis sisxlis samarTlis samZebros qveganyofilebis inspeqtoris, b. winwalaSvilis mimarT

13

vake-saburTalos Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelos pirveli ganyofilebis sisxlis samarTlis samZebros qveganyofilebis inspeqtoris, policiis ufrosi leitenantis m. rexviaSvilis mimarT

mokle SinaarsiD

gamoZalva

gatarebuli RonisZiebebi

SeniSvna

daTxovna – 1

Tbilisis prokuraturaSi aRZruli iqna sss #2503823, ris Semdegac gelaSvils waredgina brali ssk 143-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT, 182-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT, 181-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT da 239-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT saqarTvelos prokuraturaSi b. winwalaSvilis mimarT aRiZra sss #7403854, ssk 333-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, romelic Sewyvetili iqna kaxeTis prokuraturaSi

samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyeneba

danaSaulis damalva

daTxovna – 1

vake-saburTalos prokuraturaSi m. rexviaSvilis mimarT aRZruli iqna sss #0703853, ssk 333-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT.

xSiri iyo, roca generaluri inspeqciis xelmZRvaneloba ama Tu im policiels mfarvelobda da isic e.w. “stavkis” gadaxdis saSualebiT Tavisuflad agrZelebda danaSaulebriv saqmianobas. unda aRiniSnos, rom Sinagan saqmeTa organoebSi arsebuli korufcia, upirveles yovlisa, qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime socialuri pirobebiTaa gamowveuli. amas emateba isic, rom xSirad Tavad moqalaqeebis iniciativiT xdeba korufciuli garigeba. rogorc cnobilia, korufciuli danaSaulis gamovlena arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo bazisa da sxva mizezebis gamo metad garTulebulia, miT ufro maSin, roca orive mxare nebayoflobiT midis korufciul garigebaze. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sxvadasxva danayofebSi iyeneben sxvadasxva korufciul xerxebs. am gziT mopovebuli Semosavali piramiduli sqemiT 116

nawildeba mTel struqturaSi.Aaqve unda iTqvas, rom arsebobs garkveuli danayofebi, sadac moqalaqeebis xelSewyobiT, maTi neba-surviliT xdeba korufciuli garigebebi, xolo rig danayofebSi mimarTaven moqalaqeTa daSinebas da moqalaqeTaTvis fulis gamoZalvas. zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans, Tu ra mdgomareoba iyo da aris korufciis mxriv Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi da is, rom am struqturis arseboba agebuli iyo korufciasa da ukanono Semosavlebze.

korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis meTodebi AaSS-is samarTaldamcav organoebSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samarTaldamcav organoebSi korufciis Semcirebasa da profilaqtikaze mTeli rigi institutebi muSaobs. korufciasTan brZola aSS-is samarTaldacviT sistemaSi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT efeqturad warmoebs, Tumca molenisa da knapis komisiebis, agreTve gamoZiebis federaluri biuros mier Catarebuli samsaxurebrivi SemowmebebiT gamovlinda seriozuli darRvevebi da gairkva, rom am sferoSi korufciis SesaZlebloba sakmaod maRalia. amas mowmobs statistikuri monacemebic: 1994 wels federalur cixeebsa da sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebebSi imyofeboda 107 policieli, 1998 wels maTi ricxvi 548-mde gaizarda23. molenis komisia Seiqmna 1992 wels da igi miznad isaxavda niu-iorkis policiis departamentSi arsebuli korufciis masStabis, bunebis mizezebis gamovlenas da aRniSnuli departamentis korufciasTan brZolis mzadyofnis Sefasebas. ocdaorTviani muSaobis Semdeg komisiam gamoavlina korufciis Semdegi mizezebi: • korufciis xelSemwyobi pirobebis arseboba; • policielTa loialuri damokidebuleba korufciis mimarT; • korumpirebuli policielebis mxilebis SiSi patiosani policielebis mxridan; • inspeqtorebis gulgriloba. maT korufciis gaxmaurebis ufro eSinodaT, vidre TviT korufciis; • xelmZRvanelobis upasuxismgebloba maTdami daqvemdebarebul qvedanayofebSi arsebul korufciaze; • sazogadoebisa da policiis urTierTdamokidebuleba principiT _ “Cven” da “isini”. molenis komisiis mier gamovlinda uamravi darRveva. Nniu-iorkis policiis TanamSromlebi orderis gareSe awarmoebdnen moqalaqeTa saubrebis mosmenas, Cxrekasa da nivTmtkicebis amoRebas, qurdobdnen, yaCaRobdnen, muSaobdnen narkokurierebad, mfarvelobdnen narkomovaWreebs, moixmardnen narkotikebs da iZleodnen cru Cvenebebs. aSS-Si korufciis bunebisa da mizezebis ukeT gasagebad gamoyofen sam ZiriTad Teorias: ganwyobis Teorias, cdunebis Teorias da struqturul Teorias. ganwyobis Teoria efuZneba koncefcias, romlis Tanaxmad korufcia fexs ikidebs “dampali vaSlebis” meSveobiT. igulisxmeba zneobrivad Seusabamo policiis 23

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TanamSromlebi, romlebic amis niSnebs avlendnen samsaxurSi misvlamde da Secdoma iqna daSvebuli maTi SerCevisa da Seswavlis procesSi. samarTaldamcavi organoebis bevri xelmZRvaneli swored am Teorias eyrdnoba korufciis masStabis Sesamcireblad, anu “kalaTidan agdebs dampal vaSls”. Tumca es Teoria ufro korufciis individualuri gamovlinebis an korumpirebuli mcire jgufis uvnebelsayofad aris efeqturi da ver abaTilebs sistemuri korufciis problemebs. (am TeoriiTve SeiZleba aixsnas mravali faqti, rasac adgili hqonda da, samwuxarod, momavalSic eqneba saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi. vinaidan ar arsebobs da Tu arsebobs, uxeSad irRveva samsaxurSi miRebis principebi. xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian pirebi, romlebsac ar gauvliaT specialuri Semowmeba da ar moipoveba sruli informacia maTi wina saqmianobis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sinagan saqmeTa ministris erT-erTi moadgilis piradi saqme, romelic Tveebis manZilze muSaobda am sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze, saerTod Seuvsebelia). cdunebis Teoria gamomdinareobs principidan – policieli Cveulebrivi mokvdavia, romelic xSirad cdunebis winaSe dgas. bevri samarTaldamrRvevi cdilobs, moisyidos policieli. Tumca es Teoriac ar aris srulyofili da ZiriTadad calkeuli SemTxvevebis motivacias ganmartavs. (msgavsi cdunebis SesaZleblobebi xSiria saqarTvelos Ss saministros iseT qvedanayofebSi, romelTac xSirad uxdebaT moqalaqeebTan quCaSi urTierToba). struqturuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, samarTaldamcavi organoebis sxvadasxva qvedanayofebSi, maTi specifikidan gamomdinare, yalibdeba gansxvavebuli kulturis, interesebisa da stereotipebis mqone jgufebi, rac xels uwyobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da policiis gaucxoebas da policiaSi “dumilis kodeqsis” Camoyalibebas. korumpirebul qvedanayofSi moxvedrili axalbeda TanamSromeli yalibdeba korumpirebul policielad, “dumilis kodeqsi” ki xels uwyobs korufciis usafrTxoebas da mis gavrcelebas. (saqarTveloSic, struqturuli korufciis gamo, axalbeda TanamSromlebi, romelTa nawils, SesaZloa, arc hqonda midrekileba danaSaulisaken, eqceva mankier garemoSi da uneblieT xdeba damkvidrebuli negatiuri tradiciis mimdevari). CamovTvliT im faqtorebs, romlebic iwvevs korufcias aSS-is samarTaldamcav organoebSi 24: • policielTa gulgriloba; • damatebiTi Semosavlis miRebis SesaZlebloba; • xarvezebi SerCevisa da momzadebis procesSi; • politikuri dakveTa; • loialuri damokidebuleba sazogadoebis mxridan; • xelmZRvanelis mier mis qvedanayofSi arsebuli korufciis uaryofa; • policiis sazogadoebisagan izolireba; • samarTaldamcavi organoebis SeuzRudavi moqmedeba; • dabali anazRaureba da kompensacia; 24

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• xelmZRvaneli pirebis korumpirebuloba; • saxelmwifo samsaxuris, profkavSirebis saqmianobis maregulirebeli da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis xarvezebi. korufciis zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT, amerikeli kolegebis mier SemuSavebulia Semdegi rekomendaciebi25: • samsaxurSi mxolod myari moraluri Tvisebebis mqone moqalaqeebis miReba; • axalbeda TanamSromlebSi saTanado qcevis wesebisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis Camoyalibeba; • xelmZRvaneli da veterani TanamSromlebis saTanado momzadeba da gadamzadeba; • xelmZRvanelebis mier yuradRebis gamaxvileba eTikis dacvaze; • gancxadebebis swrafi da obieqturi ganxilva; • sakonsultacio daxmarebis sistemis Seqmna; • organizaciis patiosnebaze aqcentireba; • patiosnebis mastimulirebeli moraluri klimatis Seqmna. aSS-is samarTaldamcav organoebSi ganasxvaveben agreTve korufciis or tips: aqtiurs da pasiurs26. aqtiuri korufcia gulisxmobs e.w. agresiul korufcias, anu gamoZalvas. am tipis policieli Tavad eZebs situaciebs, romelTa gamoyenebac SeiZleba materialuri Tu sxva saxis sargeblis misaRebad. magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba 1997-1998 wlebSi los-anJelesis rampartis ganyofileba “qraS”-is mier Cadenili samarTaldarRvevebi. kerZod, am qvedanayofis TanamSromlebma gaZarcves banki; specialuri saknidan moipares sami kilogrami kokaini; sistematurad scemdnen da awamebdnen dakavebulebs; iyenebdnen cecxlsasrol iaraRs uiaraRo eWvmitanilebis winaaRmdeg; ayalbebdnen mtkicebulebebs da iZleodnen cru Cvenebebs, ris gamoc gisosebs miRma aRmoCnda mravali udanaSaulo adamiani. “qraS”-is ToTxmeti korumpirebuli TanamSromlis saqmeze Catarebuli gamoZiebis Sedegad dadginda: • Tormeti maTgani iyo mamakaci; • Sedgeboda oTxi rasobrivi jgufis warmomadgenlebisgan; • ganaTlebis done meryeobda saSualodan umaRlesamde; • eqvs policiels namsaxurevi hqonda jarSi; • oTxi maTganis biografiaSi iyo iseTi epizodebi, romelTa safuZvelzec isini ar unda mieRoT policiaSi:

25 26

•

erT-erTi policieli srulwlovan asakSi dapatimrebuli iyo qurdobisTvis;

•

erT-erTi oficeri ojaxuri konfliqtebis dros mudmivad scemda sakuTar cols (eqvsjer aRniSnuli faqti dokumenturad iyo dadasturebuli);

Major Case Management Participant Guide. Lesson # 7-2. 2002 (FBI/DSS). iqve.

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•

erT-erTi policieli samsaxurSi miRebamde samgzis iyo dakavebuli, maT Soris qurdobisa da avtomanqanis arafxizel mdgomareobaSi marTvisaTvis;

•

erT-erTi oficeri axalgazrdobaSi marixuanaTi vaWrobda.

pasiuri korufcia. Aamgvar korufciaSi monawile policielebi sjerdebian ukanono Semosavlebis im odenobas, rasac maT sTavazoben. pasiuri korufcia samarTaldamcav organoebSi arsebuli korufciis mniSvnelovan procents Seadgens, magram igi, rogorc wesi, naklebad saxifaToa agresiul korufciasTan SedarebiT. pasiuri korufciis magaliTebs warmoadgens Semdegi faqtebi: mZRoli policiels sTavazobs qrTams oficialurad dajarimebis sanacvlod; meZavi sTavazobs sakuTar momsaxurebas dakavebis sanacvlod da sxva msgavsi ukanono garigebebi. korufcia problemebs uqmnis iseT msxvil da avtoritetul samarTaldamcav organoebs, rogoricaa gamoZiebis federaluri biuro. yovelwliurad gfb-s 1015 TanamSromeli sCadis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, romelic xdeba maTi samsaxuridan daTxovnis anda dapatimrebis safuZveli27. gfb-Si gavrcelebuli midgomis Tanaxmad, korufciuli samarTaldarRvevis mizezad miCneulia “akrazia” (berZn. “nebisyofis sisuste”). aSS-is im policiis oficerTa biografiebi da piradi saqmeebi, romlebmac SemdgomSi korufciuli samarTaldarRvevebi Caidines, adasturebs, rom maTi umravlesoba samsaxurSi miRebisas ar xasiaTdeboda uaryofiTad. sinamdvileSi maT mudmivad hqondaT stresuli mdgomareoba, ris Sedegadac xasiaTis sisusteebma iCina Tavi da maT ver SeZles, SeenarCunebinaT ficisadmi erTguleba. aRsaniSnavia agreTve e.w. miznobrivi gradaciis fenomeni. es aris ukve damtkicebuli fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba. fsiqologiurma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebi sawyis etapze aqtiurad miiswrafian davalebis Sesrulebisaken, Sua periodSi Tavs iCens unebisyofoba da apaTia, rasac dasasrulisken kvlav mosdevs aqtivoba. swored es fenomeni axdens gavlenas policielTa saqmianobaze maTi samsaxurebrivi winsvlis dros. karieris sawyis etapze policiis TanamSromlebi avlenen gansakuTrebul aqtivobas da enTuziazms. igive SeimCneva karieris dasrulebisas, policieli acnobierebs, rom male pensiaze uwevs gasvla da misi dakargvis Tavidan asacileblad maqsimalurad obieqturad ekideba saqmes. rac Seexeba karieris Sua periods, es aris yvelaze rTuli periodi policielisaTvis. am dros misi enTuziazmi amowurulia da mis winaSe mdgari amocanebis kanonis Sesabamisad Sesruleba gaZnelebulia. amerikeli mkvlevrebi policielis karieras maraTonul garbens adareben, romlis drosac yvelaze rTuli meocedan ocdameaTe kilometramde distanciis dafarvaa. miznobrivi gradaciis fenomenis dasaZlevad Semdegi rekomendaciebi gamoiyeneba: 1) moklevadiani miznebis dasaxva; 2) saqmianobis mravalmxrivad warmarTva.

rekomendaciebi antikorufciuli RonisZiebebis Taobaze korufciis SezRudvisaTvis gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis xasiaTi da intensivoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra strategias irCevs xelisufleba _ igi gamoiyenebs mxolod administraciul resurssa da represiul aparats, izrunebs mxolod kanonmdeblobis daxvewaze, socialuri mdgomareobis gamosworebaze Tu yovelive aRniSnuls kompleqsurad gadaWris. ganviTarebis am etapze ar SeiZleba saqarTvelom brmad gadmoiRos korufciasTan brZolis is modelebi, rac arsebobs ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi. 27

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ganviTarebul qveynebSi korufcias obieqturi safuZveli naklebad aqvs: maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi maRali xelfasiT arian uzrunvelyofilni; maT, rogorc wesi, ukve aqvT winaprebis mier dagrovili kapitali, romelic maTi Rirseuli arsebobis garantiaa; am qveynebSi arsebobs Zlieri saxelmwifo institutebi, romlebic icavs rigiTi moqalaqis uflebebs. Aamis miuxedavad, me-20 saukunis miwuruls araerTi faqti dafiqsirda, roca korufciaSi amxiles da amis gamo Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes, magaliTad, evrokavSiris mTavroba, iaponiis premierministri da a.S. ganviTarebul qveynebSi korufciis SezRudvisTvis, rogorc wesi, administraciul meTodebs iyeneben, rac, zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, savsebiT gamarTlebuli da gasagebia28. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, im dros, roca qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba aradamakmayofilebelia, saxelmwifo moxeleTa xelfasi ki Zalze dabali, ar arsebobs adekvaturi sakanonmdeblo baza da profesionalebiT dakompleqtebuli samsaxurebi, mxolod administraciuli meTodebis gamoyeneba naklebad efeqturia da, SesaZloa, negatiuri Sedegebic gamoiwvios. kerZod, ukanonod SeZenili da dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmeva sakanonmdeblo vakuumis pirobebSi da, miT umetes, amis sajarod reklamireba samomavlod gamoiwvevs arakeTilsindisieri saxelmwifo moxeleebis (amis srulad Tavidan acileba momavalSic SeuZlebelia) mier ukanonod dagrovili kapitalis sazRvargareT gadinebas. 2003 wlis dekemberSi sainformacio saSualebebiT gaSuqda erT-erTi Cinovnikis mier qrTamis aRebis faqti, razedac maSindelma iusticiis ministrmac gaakeTa komentari. saqme Seexeboda moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis registraciis samsaxuris TanamSromlis mier qorwinebis registraciisaTvis aucilebeli gancxadebis vadamdel ganxilvas da amis sanacvlod moqalaqisagan qrTamis aRebas. es TanamSromeli samsaxuridan daiTxoves. am SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda mxolod administraciuli meTodis gamoyenebas. saqme ufro martivad mogvardeba, Tu Seicvleba Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba. dRevandeli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad: “daqorwineba formdeba erTi Tvis vadis gasvlis Semdeg im dRidan, roca daqorwinebis msurvelni gancxadebas Seitanen moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis registraciis organoSi. gancxadeba ZalaSia erTTviani vadis gasvlidan ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi”29. “calkeul SemTxvevebSi, pativsadebi mizezis arsebobisas, erTTviani vada SeiZleba Semcirdes moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis registraciis organos mier”30 . “Tu arsebobs gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi, rogoricaa bavSvis dabadeba, erT-erTi mxaris sicocxlisaTvis realuri safrTxe da sxva msgavsi garemoebebi, qorwinebis registracia SeiZleba moxdes gancxadebis Setanis dResve”31. sanam saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi iarsebebs msgavsi normebi da im Cinovnikebis xelfasebi, romlebic am normebiT xelmZRvaneloben 40-80 laria, manamde xelisuflebis mier mxolod administraciuli meTodebis gamoyeneba korufciasTan sabrZolvelad naklebefeqturi iqneba. aucilebelia kvalificiuri iuristebis mier saqarTvelos moqmedi yvela kanonisa da kanonqvemdebare aqtis srulyofili analizi. amasTan, unda moxdes sajaro mosamsaxureTa raodenobis optimizacia da xelfasis TandaTanobiTi da ara naxtomisebri zrda, yovelive amis Semdeg ki administraciul-represiuli berketebis srulad amoqmedeba. 28

v.papava “postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika”, Tb., 2002, gv. .212-213. 29 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1110-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 30 iqve, 1110-e muxlis me-2 punqti. 31 iqve, 1110-e muxlis me-3 punqti.

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zogierTi eqspertis azriT, aucilebelia damoukidebeli, mokvlevisa da winaswari gamoZiebis funqciebis mqone samarTaldamcavi, makontrolebeli, antikorufciuli organos Seqmna. Tumca sakiTxze msjelobisas umjobesia, gaviTvaliswinoT sxva qveynebis gamocdileba, ar davemsgavsoT kenias, sadac amgvari antikorufciuli, xelisuflebisa da erTmaneTis makontrolebeli zedized 6 samsaxuri Seiqmna. antikorufciuli samsaxuri unda arsebobdes, magram misi ZiriTadi funqcia unda iyos sainformacio-analitikuri muSaoba da xelisuflebisTvis rekomendaciebis gaweva. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi arsebuli situaciis gamosworebis, korufciis masStabis Sesamcireblad udidesi samuSaoa Casatarebeli ara marto Ss saministros struqturuli reorganizaciis TvalsazrisiT, aramed sakadro politikis mxrivac, raTa Tavidanve SeirCes kvalificiuri kadrebi. upirveles yovlisa, mizanSewonilia, Semcirdes Sinagan saqmeTa sistemaSi xelovnurad gazrdili piradi Semadgenloba _ darCnen mxolod profesionalebi im raodenobiT, rac realurad saWiroa qveynisaTvis. piradi Semadgenlobis optimizacia unda iTvaliswinebdes kompleqsur Semowmebas: unda moxdes policiis TanamSromelTa codnis, gamocdilebisa da moraluri Tvisebebis Sefaseba. amisaTvis aucilebelia, zustad ganisazRvros Sefasebis kriteriumebi. am mimarTulebiT mizanSewonilia Ss saministros mTeli amJamindeli piradi Semadgenlobisa da misaRebi kandidatebis Semowmeba poligrafis (“sicruis deteqtoris”) meSveobiT. Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis moqmed TanamSromelTaTvis Sedges testebi. testireba unda iyos sami saxis. pirveli: policiis yvela TanamSromelma unda gaiaros narkologiuri Semowmeba, unda moxdes maTi fizikuri monacemebisa da janmrTelobis Sefaseba. es gamoricxavs policiis rigebSi narkotikuli, toqsikuri da sxva msgavsi saSualebebis momxmarebelTa miRebas. zemoaRniSnuli testis paralelurad unda moxdes Sinagan saqmeTa sistemis TanamSromlebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli codnisa da piradi monacemebis Semowmeba. kiTxvarebi unda Sedges imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romel ubanze mouwevs samsaxuri ama Tu im pirs. es mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac obieqturi Sefasebis pirobebSi, policiis TanamSromeli SesaZlebelia gadaiyvanon sxva samuSaoze, sadac misi saqmianoba ufro efeqturi iqneba. amave monacemebiT SesaZlebelia policielis dawinaureba an daqveiTeba. am saxis testireba gamoamJRavnebs Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis TanamSromelTa profesiul potencials da xels Seuwyobs am sistemaSi swori sakadro politikis warmarTvas. mesame saxis testi, romelic sasurvelia, gaiaron policiis TanamSromlebma, fsiqologiuria, romelic gamoaaSkaravebs policiis TanamSromlis korufciisadmi midrekilebas. dResdReobiT, qveyanaSi korufciis winaaRmdeg mimdinare masStaburi brZolis fonze aucilebelia Semowmdes, ramdenad imoqmeda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros TanamSromelTa xelfasebis etapobrivma zrdam da socialuri mdgomareobis met-naklebad gamosworebam. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis TanamSromelTa umravlesobisTvis korufcia warmoadgenda saarsebo saSualebas, unda moxdes srulyofili fsiqologiuri Semowmeba, romelic daadgens, ramdenad Seicvala konkretuli piris damokidebuleba profesiuli eTikisadmi. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xsenebuli kiTxvarebi unda momzaddes sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdilebiTa da daxmarebiT. qarTvel specialistebTan erTad mowveuli unda iqnen ucxoeli eqspertebi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom am SemTxvevaSi ufro gamyardeba kontrolis meqanizmebi da policielis Sefaseba aRar iqneba damokidebuli konkretul pirebze, rac maqsimalurad Seamcirebs korumpirebulTa ricxvs. 122

unda dawesdes realuri saparlamento kontroli Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saqmianobaze, gansakuTrebiT es exeba adamianis uflebebis SemzRudveli faruli operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas (satelefono mosmenebi, korespondenciis Semowmeba, vizualuri kontroli) da sabiujeto saxsrebis xarjvis procesze. rac Seexeba Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis struqturul reformirebas, es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nabijia aRniSnul sistemaSi antikorufciuli saqmianobis gaaqtiurebisa. amJamad Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sistemaSi arsebobs uamravi danayofi, romelic aRWurvilia erTi da imave funqciebiT da erTmaneTisagan mxolod saxelwodebiT gansxvavdeba, anu adgili aqvs dublirebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia mxolod erTi samsaxuris datoveba. xelovnurad aris gazrdili kadrebi Ss saministros sxvadasxva qvedanayofebSi. xSirad ockacian sammarTveloSi realurad muSaobs sami-oTxi TanamSromeli, xolo sxvebis saqmianoba mxolod samsaxurSi gamocxadebiT Semoifargleba. arada, orive kategoria Tanabar xelfass iRebs. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos 2004 wlis aprilidan saxelfaso danamatebis gadanawilebisas daSvebuli Secdomebi. Ss saministros xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT, departamentebis, mTavari sammarTveloebisa da sammarTveloebisaTvis specialuri saxelmwifo fondidan gamoiyo saxelfaso danamatebi, romelTa gankargvisa da TanamSromlebze gadanawilebis ufleba mieniWaT aRniSnuli struqturuli qvedanayofebis xelmZRvanelebs. xelmZRvaneli pirebisTvis fiqsirebuli Tanxebi calke gamoiyo. ase rom, xelmZRvanelis pirad nebaze iyo damokidebuli saxelfaso danamatebis ganawileba. umravles danayofSi es xdeboda piradi nacnobobisa da erTgulebis principiT. Tanxis ganawilebis Sedegad, TanamSromelTa mxolod mcire nawils ergo saxelfaso danamati. zogierT departamentSi Tanxebi ganawilda Tanabrad, anu ganyofilebis ufross da rigiT inspeqtors erTnairi Tanxa ergoT. dauSvebelia am praqtikis SenarCuneba. mizanSewonilia, gamoices ministris Sesabamisi brZaneba, romelSic detalurad gaiwereba saxelfaso danamatebi. calke ganxilvis sagania is faqti, Tu ratom kurirebda am process sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ Sss-s reformirebis saagento (gauqmda 2004 wlis ivnisSi). saxelmwifom unda izrunos daTxovnili TanamSromlebis socialuri uflebebis dacvaze, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli socialuri daZabuloba. migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciam SeimuSava proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa, Tavdacvisa da iusticiis saministroebidan 4000 daTxovnili TanamSromlis reintegracias samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi. programiT gaTvaliswinebulia Ss saministros 2 500 yofili TanamSromlis swavleba, maTTvis treningebis Catareba da Semdgomi dasaqmeba. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros decentralizaciis Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: es procesi gardauvalia, amasTan, mizanSewonilia ramdenime specifikuri samsaxuris uSualod Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTvis daqvemdebareba. esenia: 1) kadrebisa da pirad SemadgenlobasTan muSaobis mTavari sammarTvelo da misi teritoriuli danayofebi, radgan es uzrunvelyofs erTiani sakadro politikis gatarebas da rotaciis procesis saTanadod marTvas; 2) reformiT gaTvaliswinebuli gaerTianebuli (mokvlevis da gamoZiebis gaerTianebis Sedegad) kriminaluri policiis qvedanayofi, vinaidan mokvleva da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa gamoZiebis procesi saWiroebs Zlier kontrols, raTa ar moxdes adgilobrivi Cinovnikebis mxridan gamoZiebaze zewola, agreTve Tavidan iqnas acilebuli antinarkotikuli da sxva samsaxurebis mier amoRebuli nivTieri mtkicebulebebis ukontroloba 123

(anu am qvedanayofSi Zlieri vertikali yvelaze metadaa saWiro. teritoriuli sagamoZiebo samsaxurebi Sss qvedanayofebis erTaderTi saxeobaa, romelic dResac centralizirebulia da uSualod eqvemdebareba Sss-s sagamoZiebo departaments); 3) Sss-s iuridiuli sammarTvelo, raTa droulad moxdes axali kanonebisa da normatiuli aqtebis adgilobriv organoebamde mitana da maTi saqmianobis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisoba. mizanSewonilia, moxdes Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da misi struqturuli erTeulebis debulebebis, ministris brZanebebis, miTiTebebis gadasinjva da maTi moqmed kanonmdeblobasTan misadageba. Sesatania cvlilebebi saqarTvelos kanonSi “policiis Sesaxeb” da sxva kanonebsa da kanonqvemdebare aqtebSi. aucilebelia kadrebisa da pirad SemadgenlobasTan muSaobis mTavar sammarTveloSi yvela TanamSromlis piradi saqmis gadamowmeba, vinaidan xSiria yalbi dokumentebis (diplomi, samxedro bileTi da sxv.) gamoyeneba. unda Semowmdes is dokumenti mainc, romelsac saqarTvelos gerbi da nomriani beWedi aqvs. yovelive zemoaRniSnulTan erTad xazgasasmelia is cvlilebebic, rac bolo periodSi gatarda Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi. uaryofiTi Sedegebi ganapiroba: Tanamdebobis pirTa daudevrobam, udisciplinobam, gamoucdelobam da upasuxismgeblobam. uaryofiTi Sedegebi gamoixateba SemdgomSi: Semcirebis procesSi daSvebulia mravali darRveva, kerZod, racionalurad ar moxda kadrebis optimizacia da xSir SemTxvevaSi zogierT danayofSi, sadac saWiro iyo kadrebis Semcireba, korufciisa Tu piradi nacnobobis safuZvelze, es ar ganxorcielda, amasTan, moxda im danayofebis zedmetad Semcireba, romlebic Tavisi yoveldRiuri saqmianobidan gamomdinare, kadrebis damatebasac ki saWiroebdnen;Uunda aRiniSnos, rom kvlav grZeldeba Tanamdebobebze megobruli da naTesauri principiT daniSvna. rac mTavaria, xSirad aseT sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian arakvalificiuri da gamoucdeli pirebi; aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo periodSi ar tardeba kolegiis sxdomebi da operatiuli TaTbirebi, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania centraluri aparatisa da Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis koordinirebisa da kontrolisaTvis. pozitiur cvlilebebad SeiZleba miviCnioT Semdegi: Sinagan saqmeTa saministros akademiis reformireba, romlis drosac TiTqmis mTlianad Seicvala saswavlo procesi, moxda swavlebis vadis Semcireba da male daiwyeba kvalificiuri sapolicio kadrebis momzadeba; korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis mxriv, erT-erT wingadadgmul nabijad aucileblad unda CaiTvalos policiis TanamSromelTaTvis xelfasis momateba; miuxedavad arsebuli darRvevebisa, udavod swori gadawyvetileba iyo policiis piradi Semadgenlobis optimizacia da xelovnurad gazrdili Statebis Semcireba; miuxedavad problemebisa, warmatebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sapatrulo policiis Seqmna. sabolood, aRvniSnavT, rom miuxedavad arsebuli sirTuleebisa da daSvebuli Secdomebisa, sazogadoeba pozitiurad afasebs dawyebul reformas, xdeba policiisadmi sazogadoebis ndobis TandaTanobiT aRdgena. Tumca imisaTvis, rom qarTuli policia miuaxlovdes saerTaSoriso standartebs da Semcirdes korufciis masStabi, kvlav saWiroa didi Zalisxmeva.

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gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. klitgaarti r., “korufciis kontroli”, Tbilisi, 2002. 2. papava v., “postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika”, Tbilisi, 2002. 3. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi, 2004. 4. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 2004. 5. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 2004. 6. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 2004. 7. Sss-s brZanebebi da debulebebi. 8. Major Case Management Participant Guide, 2002 (FBI/DSS).

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konstantine mWedliSvili

korufcia saqarTvelos sagzao policiaSi da masTan brZolis RonisZiebebi

1. naSromis miznebi da amocanebi 1.1.Sesavali 1993 wlidan moyolebuli, korufciam saqarTveloSi arnaxul masStabs miaRwia. man SeaRwia sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, xelisuflebis yvela rgolSi. ekonomikis umniSvnelovanesi dargebidan korufciis gansakuTrebiT maRali donea satransporto seqtorSi, uwinaresad es exeba saavtomobilo gzebis departaments, romelic pasuxismgebelia avtosatransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi korufciis mxriv gamoirCeva Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, romelsac daqvemdebarebuli sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelo warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze korumpirebul rgols samarTaldacviT sistemaSi. 1.2. saqarTvelos avtosagzao infrastruqtura amJamad saqarTvelos saerTo sargeblobis saavtomobilo gzebis qselis sigrZe 21 aTasi km-ia, avtoparki ki 350 aTas erTeuls moicavs. 1991-2001 ww. ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad, avtoparkis raodenoba orjer Semcirda, sawvav-sapoxi masalebis fasma 2,5-3,5-jer moimata, Sesabamisad, Semcirda moZraobis intensivoba. 1989 welTan SedarebiT, sagzao qselis movla-SenaxvisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi 8-9-jer Semcirda da wliurad daaxloebiT 21 mln aSS dolaris ekvivalentia, rac saWiro Tanxis mxolod 6-7%-s Seadgens. es Tanxa ZiriTadad ixarjeba saqarTveloSi gamavali evraziuli koridoris avtosatransporto komunikaciaze, romelic Savi zRvis portebs _ foTsa da baTums kaspiis zRvis portTan (baqosTan) akavSirebs. saqarTvelos sagzao qselisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire radiusiani mosaxvevebi da didi grZivi qanobebi, mxedvelobis arasakmao manZili. sagzao safari asfaltbetonisaa, magram bevria amonaborcvi da ormo, sustia gzis zedapiris moWiduloba. gzis mowyoba-gaformebis elementebi, gansakuTrebiT sagzao niSnebi da regulirebis teqnikuri saSualebebi arasakmarisi raodenobis da dabali xarisxisaa. avtoparki dakompleqtebulia moZvelebuli, yofil ssrk-Si gamoSvebuli avtomobilebiT, agreTve evropis, amerikisa da iaponiis 12-15 wlis winandeli modelebiT, romlebic ar Seesabameba moZraobis usafrTxoebisa da ekologiis Tanamedrove moTxovnebs.

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1.3. moZraobis monawileTa da sagzao policiis muSakTa arasamarTlebrivi qmedebani saqarTveloSi moZraobis monawileTa mentaliteti did problemebs uqmnis moZraobis usafrTxoebas. isini xSirad arRveven moZraobis wesebs, ar emorCilebian sagzao policias da jarimas qrTamis gadaxdas amjobineben. sagzao policiis TanamSromlebi sargebloben moZraobis monawileTa sagzao moZraobis wesebisa da administraciuli kodeqsis arcodniT da TavianT movaleobas saTanadod ar asruleben. xSirad isini Tavad urigdebian wesrigis damrRvevT da iReben qrTams, nacvlad oficialuri jarimisa. gansakuTrebiT xSiria korufciis faqtebi avtomobilis registraciisa da sagzao zedamxedvelobisas. bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos sagzao policiis oficialuri Semosavali Seadgenda daaxloebiT 3 mln aSS dolaris ekvivalents, Crdilovani Semosavali ki aRwevda 30 mln aSS dolars, romlidanac daaxloebiT 30% dabali da saSualo rangis TanamSromlebis xelfasis danamats warmoadgens, danarCeni Tanxa nawildeba sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelosa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministros maRali rangis Cinovnikebze. naSromis mizania korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis axsna, korufciasTan brZolis meTodebia da iseTi rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba, romelic xels Seuwyobs Crdilovani Semosavlebis legalizacias da sagzao policiis muSakTa materialuri mdgomareobisa da aRWurvilobis gaumjobesebas.

2. saqarTvelos sagzao policiis ZiriTadi funqciebi 2.1. saqarTvelos sagzao policiis movaleobebi saqarTvelos sagzao policiis movaleobebi da misi muSaobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi asaxulia saqarTvelos kanonSi „sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb”1, romelic Seesabameba dasavlur standartebs. movaleobaTagan upirvelesia sagzao zedamxedveloba, romelic gulisxmobs moZraobis kontrols, wesrigis dacvas gzebze, sagzao pirobebis gauaresebis mizezTa droul gamovlenas, aRricxvas da informaciis operatiul miwodebas moZraobis monawileebisa da sagzao departamentis, saxmeleTo transportis departamentis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebisa da sxva dainteresebuli organizaciebisaTvis. sagzao policia agrovebs informacias gzebze moZraobis intensivobasa da satransporto nakadebis Semadgenlobaze, realizebul siCqareebze, sagzaosatransporto SemTxvevebze, maTi warmoqmnis mizezebze. am samuSaoTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania miRebuli informaciis analizi, situaciis prognozireba da Sedegebis gacnoba Sesabamisi organizaciebisaTvis. agreTve gzebis, quCebisa da satransporto infrastruqturis yvela elementis _ avtogasamarTi sadgurebis, gaCerebebis, avtosadgurebis da a.S. nebismier cvlilebaTa saproeqto dokumentebis analizi, kontroli da vizireba. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, saqarTvelos sagzao policias evaleba moZraobis usafrTxo pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad winaswari RonisZiebebis dasaxva da 1

saqarTvelos kanoni “sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb”, Tbilisi, 1999.

127

sagzao SemTxvevebze swrafi reagireba. mis movaleobaSi Sedis agreTve administraciuli saqmianobis mTeli speqtri _ moZraobis wesebis damrRvevTa mimarT represiuli RonisZiebebis gatareba da avtosatransporto saSualebaTa teqnikuri mdgomareobis kontroli, am sferoSi moqmedi firmebis licenzireba da maTi zedamxedveloba, marTvis uflebis misaRebi gamocdis organizeba. saqarTvelos sagzao policias evaleba sapatio stumrebis gacileba, is adgens saxifaTo, aragabarituli da zemZime tvirTebis marSrutebs, uzrunvelyofs transportis usafrTxo da droul gadaadgilebas. misi umniSvnelovanesi movaleobaa ganmartebiTi muSaoba mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan, moZraobis wesebisa da sxva sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli aqtebis moTxovnaTa dacvis propaganda. 2.2. saqarTvelos sagzao policiis funqciebi, sakadro Semadgenloba da misi anazRaureba, saxelmwifo biujetSi Caricxuli Tanxebi zemoT CamoTvlili movaleobebis Sesasruleblad aucilebelia specialuri ganaTlebis mqone, fizikurad da moralurad mtkice, saTanadod aRWurvili da materialurad uzrunvelyofili Semadgenloba. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos sagzao policiaSi 3000-mde muSaki msaxurobs. aqedan 1800-mde sagzao sapatrulo samsaxuris TanamSromelia, romlis mesamedi, anu 600 kaci, muSaobs saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifo daniSnulebis magistralur gzebze2. amJamad umcros meTaurTa yovelTviuri xelfasi saSualod 40 aSS dolaris ekvivalentia, oficerTa ki _ 50 aSS dolaris. es maSin, roca erTi adamianis saarsebo minimumi saqarTveloSi TveSi 60 aSS dolars Seadgens. aSkaraa, rom sagzao policiis muSaoba mTlianad emyareboda korufciul Semosavlebs, vinaidan zemoxsenebuli saxelfaso ganakveTebiT SeuZlebelia araTu ojaxis, aramed sakuTari Tavis Senaxvac. garda amisa, sagzao policiis muSakebi Tavad iZenen uniformas, sawvavsa da avtomobilis saTadarigo nawilebs. 2004 wlis dasawyisidan sagzao policiaSi korufciuli Semosavlebi Semcirda. es Sedegia im represiuli RonisZiebebisa, romlebic tardeba korufciaSi mxilebulTa mimarT. magram Tu mokle droSi ar gatardeba gadamWreli RonisZiebebi (policiis TanamSromelTa xelfasis mniSvnelovani gazrda, materialuri momaragebis gaumjobeseba, umcros meTaurTa da gansakuTrebiT oficerTa korpusis kvalificiuri, profesiuli kadrebiT dakompleqteba), mosalodnelia korufciis masStabis zrda an sagzao policiis muSaobis paralizeba. bolo wlebSi saxelmwifo biujetSi Caricxulia Semdegi Tanxa: cxrili 2.1

Semosavlebi sxvadasxva wyaroebidan, 1000 l. gadasaxadi administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebisTvis avtomobilebis registraciis mosakrebeli marTvis mowmobis mosakrebeli jami

2

2000

2001

2002

2003

1.837

1.722

1.676

1.557

1.883

2.295

2.317

2.573

1.131

1.239

1.293

1.324

4.851

5.256

5.286

5.454

saqarTvelos sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos Stabis monacemebi.

128

2.3. finansuri uzrunvelyofa bolo wlebSi sagzao policiis finansur uzrunvelyofaze saxelmwifo biujetidan ixarjeboda daaxloebiT 3 mln dolaris ekvivalenti, anu 1000 dolari weliwadSi erT TanamSromelze 3, rac mowinave qveynebSi analogiuri Tanxis 2-3%-s ar aRemateba. sagzao policiis minimaluri xelfasi, romelic mogvcems moralur uflebas korumpirebulTa mimarT represiuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis, unda iyos aranakleb 4 adamianis saarsebo minimumisa, anu aranakleb 240 dolaris ekvivalenti. qveynis axali xelisuflebis gancxadebiT4, 2004 wlis seqtembridan Sinagan saqmeTa saministros rigebi 40%-iT unda Semcirdes, xolo xelfasebi (upirvelesad, sagzao policiisa da operatiul-samZebro samsaxuris muSakebisaTvis) 250-500 aSS dolaramde gaizardos. es niSnavs, rom sagzao policielTa ricxvi Semcirdeba 2000-2200 muSakamde, romelTa marto xelfasiT uzrunvelyofas dasWirdeba saSualod Semdegi Tanxa: 2200 muSaki

.

375 $ . 12Tve = 9 900 000 $

amdenad, marto xelfasiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiro iqneba daaxloebiT 10 mln dolari, sxva danaxarjebisaTvis ki am Tanxis aranakleb 50%, e.i. saerTo jamSi dafinanseba unda gaizardos aranakleb 5-jer da miaRwios 15 mln dolars. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, korufciasTan brZolis upirvelesi saSualebaa muSakTa materialuri uzrunvelyofa. aucilebelia mTlianad Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da maT Soris sagzao policiis dafinansebis axali wyaroebis gamonaxva. am amocanis warmatebiT Sesruleba SesaZlebelia sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad, rogoricaa Sesabamisi normatiuli bazis SemuSaveba, samsaxuris kvalificiuri muSakebiT dakompleqteba, Tanamedrove meTodebisa da teqnologiebis danergva da a.S. yovelive es saSualebas mogvcems, korufcia minimumamde Semcirdes da mniSvnelovnad amaRldes sagzao policiis efeqturoba.

3. avtomobilTa saregistracio nomrebis ranJireba prestiJulobis niSniT 3.1. ZiriTadi mosazrebebi qarTuli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis prestiJulobas didwilad gansazRvravs avtomanqanis gamorCeuli nomeri. 1996 wlidan farTod gavrcelda avtomobilebze sakuTari saxelis, gavleniani sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebisa da sxva amgvaris aRmniSvneli sami laTinuri asos kombinacia, erTiani an simetriulad ganlagebuli cifrebi. amgvari tendencia met-naklebad SeimCneva msoflioSi 5. evropis, amerikisa da aziis ganviTarebul qveynebSi didi xania moqmedebs sistema, romlis mixedviT prestiJuli nomrebis fasi mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs Cveulebrivis Rirebulebas. mosaxleobis nawilis survils, hqondes prestiJuli nomeri, ucxoeTSi warmatebiT iyeneben qveynis biujetis Sesavsebad da sagzao moZraobis gaumjobesebis dasafinanseblad. 3

saqarTvelos Sss-s safinanso da materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis sammarTvelos monacemebi. saqarTvelos Ss ministris, g. baramiZis gancxadebebi qarTul masmediaSi, 2004 w. ianvar-aprili 5 POL íà PAL íå íàåçæàåò, ,,Êîìñîìîëüñêàÿ ïðàâäà” 30, 07,1999. 4

129

saqarTvelos saavtomobilo gzebze me-8 welia, aTasobiT e.w. prestiJuli saregistracio niSniT aRWurvili avtomobili moZraobs, maTma mflobelebma amisaTvis oficialur gadasaxadze bevrad meti Tanxa gadauxades sagzao policiis saregistracio samsaxuris muSakebs. amiT aTeuli milionobiT lariT Seivso Crdilovani ekonomika. garda amisa, esaa erT-erTi umZlavresi stimuli iolad gamdidrebis msurveli sagzao policielebisaTvis. Sedegad, SeuZlebelia jansaRi sakadro politikis gatareba. raki aseTi moTxovnileba arsebobs, aucilebelia, uaxloes xanSi Seicvalos Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtebi, es miswrafeba gamoyenebuli iqnas mTeli sazogadoebis sakeTildReod da ara misi mcire nawilis daumsaxureblad gasamdidreblad. 3.2. prestiJuli nomrebis klasifikacia pirobiTad SeiZleba saregistracio nomrebis klasifikacia 3 jgufad: prestiJulad, Cveulebrivad da arasasurvelad. prestiJuli jgufi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa sam qvejgufad: Zalze prestiJuli, maRalprestiJuli, saSualodprestiJuli. arasasurvel nomrebSi xvdeba arakeTilxmovani asoTSexameba an sazogadoebisaTvis kargad cnobili, romelime salanZRavi sityva (ix. cxr. #3.1.). Zalze prestiJulia erTnairi asoebisa da cifrebis kombinacia, simetriulad ganlagebuli asoebi da cifrebi, mag.AAA-111, ABA-101. maRalprestiJulad iTvleba sakuTari saxelis warmomqmneli kombinacia Semdegi cifrebiT: EKA-222, LIA-323, gansakuTrebuli moTxovniT sargeblobs nomrebi: NIN-100, COL-100 da a.S., romlebic warmoiTqmeba rogorc “ninasi”, “kolasi” da a.S. maRalprestiJulad iTvleba agreTve romelime qveynis, qalaqis dasaxeleba, cnobil uwyebaTa abreviatura an sityvebi cifrebis erTnairi an simetriuli kombinaciiT, mag.: USA, GEO, FBI, POL, MSS, ACE, TOP da a.S. saSualo prestiJulad iTvleba sanomre niSnebi cifrebis nebismieri kombinaciiT, erTnairi da simetriulad ganlagebuli cifrebiT. asoTa da cifrebis arafrismTqmeli Sexameba iTvleba prestiJulobas moklebul Cveulebriv nomrebad. arasasurvel nomrebad iTvleba cudi JReradobis, dasacini an salanZRavi sityvebi da asoTSexamebani qarTul, rusul, somxur, inglisur da amerikul Jargonebze: CAC, KLE, FUC, APE, BAG, ASS. 3.3. saregistracio nomerTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi avtomobilTa saregistracio nomrebi warmodgenilia 26 laTinuri asoTi da 10 arabuli cifriT. maTi kombinaciebis saerTo raodenoba SeiZleba gamoviangariSoT Semdegi formuliT:

∑

t t

sadac

∑

t t

= Mt . Nt = Mm . Nn

sanomre niSnebis saerTo raodenobaa;

Mt _ asoebis kombinaciaTa saerTo raodenoba; Nt _ cifrebis kombinaciaTa raodenoba; M _ gamoyenebuli laTinuri asoebis raodenoba; m _ asoebis raodenoba saregistracio nomerSi; N _ arabuli cifrebis saerTo raodenoba; 130

cxrili #3.2

asoTSeTanxmebaTa ranJireba prestiJulobis niSniT

ANA, GIA, IVA, ILO, ALE, OTO, EKA, GIO, LIA, NEA, NIA, ETO, ZUR, PAV.

qalaqebi, dasaxlebuli punqtebi, kuTxeebi, qveynebi m4

salanZRavi

sakuTari saxelebi

araprestiJuli arakeTilxmovani

prestiJuli

OAK, DUB, TOY, TOE, TOP, ACE, ALL, CAB, CAN, GUN, AGE, AIR, XLL, XXL, FOX, BOY, BIG, BED...

APE, BUG, ASS, FAT, SHY, SLY, FLY, FOL, FUL, FUC...

abreviaturebi, aRniSvnebi, m 5

qalaqebi: KUT, POT, SEN, ABA, XOB, TSA, ZES, TER, XAR, OZU, LON . . . igive xmovnebis amogdebiT: VIP, MSS, FBI, TBL, GRD, RST, DMN, ZST, FBR, POL, PAL, TKB, TRJ, XR9, SMT, BRJ, MER, SAK, BMW, AXL, AXG . . . BBC, OOH, ABC, kuTxeebi: APX, GUR, SMG, ONU... SAM, KAX, KXT, ADJ, ACH, MTI, XEV. . . qveynebi: GEO, USA, RUS, GBR, DFR, GFR, FRA, NID, ENG, UKR, KAZ. . .

n _ saregistracio nomerSi gamoyenebuli cifrebis raodenoba; vinaidan sami nulisagan Sedgenili nomeri ar gamoiyeneba, cifrebis kombinaciaTa saerTo raodenoba Nt =103 -1, anu 999-s. asoebis kombinaciaTa saerTo raodenoba Mt =263 , anu 17576-s. saregistracio nomrebis saerTo raodenoba Seadgens: 999 . 17 576, anu 17 558 424-s miRebuli cifriT irkveva, rom CvenSi arsebuli sanomre niSnebis am formas gaaCnia uzarmazari rezervi. mas SeuZlia daakmayofilos 30 milioni macxovrebeli 600 avtomobiliT 1000 mosaxleze, xolo Tu davuSvebT arsebuli nomrebis rotacias garkveuli Tanxis fasad, es forma ganusazRvreli vadiT gamogvadgeba. Zalze prestiJuli (indeqsi v.p.) nomrebis raodenobis gamoTvlas vaxdenT jufTebadobis Teoriis gamoyenebiT. asoTSeTanxmebaTa raodenoba erTnair an simetriul AAA

M v. p

1

= A 26 = 26

2 M ABA v.p = A 26 = 26•25 = 650 ,

e.i. saerTo raodenobaa 676 erTnairi an simetriuli cifrebis SexamebaTa raodenoba `111 ~

Nv. p

1

= A9 = 9

121

2

N v . p = A10 10 • 9 = 90 , sul 99

Zalze prestiJuli nomrebis saerTo raodenoba 132

∑

t

=

v. p

t

t

M v. p • N v. p = 676 • 99 = 66.924

maRali prestiJuli nomrebis (indeqsi h.p) saerTo raodenoba iangariSeba formuliT

∑

t

= (m3 + m4 + m5 )(9+90)

h. p

sadac m3 - sakuTari saxelebis aRmniSvneli asoebis prestiJuli kombinaciebis raodenobaa (m3 ≅20); m4 - qalaqebis, kuTxeTa, qveynebis saxelebis aRmniSvneli asoebis analogiuri raodenoba (m4 ≅100); m5 - prestiJuli abreviaturebis, sityvebisa da a.S. raodenoba ( m5 ≅10); Tu vigulisxmebT, rom amgvari asoTSeTanxmebisa da sityvebis raodenoba

∑m

h. p

=130 (ix. cxr. 3.1),

maSin maRali prestiJuli nomrebis saerTo raodenoba

∑

t h. p

= 130

.

99 = 12 870

∑

mh. p raodenobaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba cvlileba naTelia, rom moxdes prestiJulobis kriteriumebis cvalebadobis gamo. pirveli miaxloebiTi

∑m

h. p

Seadgens 130-s.

saSualod prestiJuli nomrebis saerTo raodenoba SeiZleba viangariSoT formuliT:

∑

t m. p

10

=∑ 6

MN mp

naTelia, rom erTnairi asoebis kombinacia M M6 =26, cifrebis nebismieri kombinacia utoldeba 999-s. Sesabamisad,

M6 x N6 = 26 x 999 = 25 974 M7 warmoadgens simetriul asoTa kombinacias (M7 =650), N7 nebismieri cifrebis kombinaciaa, anu 999. e.i. meSvide rangis nomrebis raodenoba

M7x. N7 = 650 x 999 = 649 350 naTelia isic, rom M8=m4 , M9 =m5, maTi miaxloebiTi raodenobaa 100 da10. Sesabamisad, me-8 da me-9 rangis nomerTa saerTo raodenobaa 109 000 (110 x 999). M10 asoebis nebismieri kombinaciaa prestiJulebis gamoklebiT, e.i.

M10 = 263 - 26 - 650 = 17 576 - 676 = 16 900 133

N10 cifrebis prestiJul kombinaciaTa raodenobaa da udris 99-s. Sesabamisad, meaTe rangis nomerTa raodenoba

M10 N10 =16 900 .99=1.673.100 Cveulebriv nomerTa, anu me-11 rangSi saerTo raodenoba SegviZlia viangariSoT, rogorc sxvaoba nomerTa absolutur raodenobasa da prestiJulobis sxvadasxva saxis (araprestiJulis CaTvliT) jams Soris, e.i.

∑ ∑

t o

= ∑ t − ∑v . p − ∑h. p − ∑m. p − ∑ n. p t

t

t

t

t

t

sadac

∑

o

Cveulebriv nomerTa saerTo raodenobaa;

t n. p

_ araprestiJul nomerTa saerTo raodenoba;

∑

t

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

n. p

warmoadgens asoebis araprestiJul, arakeTilxmovan

asoTSeTanxmebisa da salanZRavi sityvebis erTobliobas. maTi saerTo raodenoba (m12 ≅15 da m13 ≅20) Seadgens aranakleb 35-s da droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvleba kriteriumebis cvalebadobis Sesabamisad, magram maTi savaraudo raodenoba ar gadaaWarbebs ramdenime aTass. ase rom, maTi ricxvi praqtikulad umniSvneloa Cveulebriv nomerTa 15 milionze met raodenobasTan SedarebiT.

∑

t

amrigad,

n. p

= (m12 + m13 ) . 99 = 35 . 99 = 3 465

Cveulebriv nomerTa saerTo raodenoba iqneba

∑

t o

= 17 558 424 - 2 458 450 = 15 059 974

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vinmem moindoma araprestiJuli nomris SeZena, mas SeiZleba daedos Cveulebrivi an ufro naklebi fasi. 3.4. Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculoba, korufciasTan brZolis RonisZiebebi amJamad saregistracio samsaxuris mier yvelanair nomerze formalurad erTnairi fasia dawesebuli. sinamdvileSi prestiJuli nomrebis fasi 100-1500 aSS dolaris farglebSi meryeobs. aseTi nomrebis garkveuli nawili ufasod gaicema nacnobebsa da gavlenian pirebze. Tu davuSvebT, rom 8 wlis manZilze yvelaze prestiJuli nomrebis aranakleb 60% ukve gacemulia saSualod 1000 laris fasad, maSin miRebuli Crdilovani Semosavali Seadgens: 66924 . 0,60 . 700 = 40 159 400 lars rogorc Cans, saqme gvaqvs aTeulobiT milion larTan, romlis legalizacias SeuZlia mTlianad dafaros sagzao policiis Sesanaxad gamoyofili Tanxa, romlis yovelwliuri odenoba bolo wlebSi 3 mln dolars ar aWarbebs. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, saregistracio nomris fasi ganisazRvros 134

prestiJulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Semosuli Tanxebi moxmardes sagzao policiis dafinansebas, danarCeni ki Cairicxos sagzao fondSi sagzao moZraobis gasaumjobeseblad. fasis gamosaangariSeblad SeiZleba visargebloT gamosaxulebiT:

Pn =12 Kn P0 sadac P n saregistracio nomris fasia prestiJulobis “n~ rangis mixedviT; Kn – fasis zrdis maCvenebeli icvleba prestiJulobis rangis mixedviT (ix. cx. #3.1); P 0 – amosavali sidide, Cveulebrivi nomris fasi. saregistracio nomrebis fasis ranJirebas prestiJulobis mixedviT SeuZlia mkveTrad gazardos sagzao policiis Semosavali saregistracio saqmianobidan, rac amJamad wliur 2 milionamde lars Seadgens. amisaTvis saWiroa Setanili iqnas cvlilebebi administraciul kodeqsSi da gatardes Semdegi RonisZiebebi: SemoRebuli iqnas saregistracio nomerTa ranJireba, dawesdes Sesabamisi fasebi SemoTavazebuli meTodikis mixedviT; gauqmdes yvela e.w. prestiJuli nomeri. msurvelebma gadaixadon xelmeored axali nixriT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT ufasod gadaeceT Cveulebrivi nomrebi. SemoRebuli iqnas prestiJuli nomrebis rotacia. avtomobilis yofil an axal mflobels Sesabamisi Tanxis gadaxdis Semdeg gadaeces igive nomeri an gaiyidos is xelaxla, sxva pirze. miRebuli damatebiTi Semosavlebi gadaeces sagzao policias. darCenili Tanxa gadairicxos sagzao fondSi. dasaxuli amocanebis warmatebiT Sesasruleblad gamoinaxos saxsrebi (Tundac sesxis saxiT) saqarTveloSi moqmedi yvela saregistracio ganyofilebis kompiuterizaciisa da operatiuli eleqtronuli kavSirisTvis. aSkaraa, rom dasaxuli RonisZiebebi mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs sagzao policiis finansur mdgomareobas, dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens sakadro politikaze, mkveTrad Seamcirebs korufcias da Seavsebs sagzao fondis deficits.

4. korufciasTan brZola sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxurSi 4.1. sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris miznebi da amocanebi sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuri Sedis saqarTvelos Sss-s administraciuli policiis departamentis sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. misi mTavari amocanaa zedamxedveloba sagzao moZraobaze da moZraobis monawileTa usafrTxoeba (rogorc kompleqsuri amocana), agreTve avtosatransporto infrastruqturis efeqtiani gamoyeneba6. sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris piradi Semadgenloba dasaqmebulia calkeul samwyobro qvedanayofebSi: aseulebSi, oceulebsa da jgufebSi. operatiuli 6

k. mWedliSvili, ,,saqarTvelos avtoinspeqcia dros sul cota, 20 wliT CamorCa”, gazeTi “Svidi dRe”, #90.

135

viTarebis garTulebisas calkeul qvedanayofTa dasaxmareblad mTavar sammarTvelosTan iqmneba sapatrulo oceuli. sagzao moZraobaze uSualo zedamxedvelobas axorcieleben sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris inspeqtorebi (serJantebi da zemdegebi) da ufrosi inspeqtorebi (umcrosi oficrebi). zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebaSi SeiZleba damatebiT CaerTos sagzao policiis ufros oficerTa Semadgenloba, agreTve Sss-s sxva qvedanayofebi7. 4.2. sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi upirveles yovlisa, esaa moZraobis monawileTa kontroli sagzao moZraobis wesebis Sesabamisad, darRvevebis gamovlena da aRkveTa, amave mimarTulebiT prevenciuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba da moZraobis wesebis propaganda, damrRvevTa mimarT represiuli RonisZiebebis gatareba. sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris uSualo movaleobaa sagzao-satransporto SemTxvevis (ssS) adgilze8 gadaudebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba, rac, upirvelesad, gulisxmobs dazaralebulTaTvis pirvelad samedicino daxmarebas, konkretul faqtze winaswari mokvlevis Catareba, agreTve ssS-s adgilidan mimaluli mZRolebis, moparuli da gatacebuli satranporto saSualebebis Zebna. sagzaosapatrulo samsaxuri uzrunvelyofs specialuri daniSnulebis avtomobilebis (saswrafo samedicino daxmareba, samaSvelo samsaxuri da a.S.) daubrkolebel moZraobasac. sagzao sapatrulo samsaxuris movaleobaTa Sorisaa gadaudebeli zomebis miReba sagzao pirobebis gauaresebisas, rogoricaa: xelovnuri nagebobebis, gvirabebis dazianeba, barierebis, ganaTebis mowyobilobis mwyobridan gamosvla, sagzao samosisa da mxedvelobis mkveTri gauareseba, zvavi, mewyeri, namqeri da a.S. sagzao-saremonto samuSaoebis Sesrulebisas moZraobis monawileTa usafrTxoebis kontroli. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aucilebelia sss-s daevalos antiteroristuli RonisZiebebi, xelovnuri nagebobebis _ xidebis, gvirabebis da a.S. patrulireba. am funqcias amJamad dacvis policia asrulebs. amJamad sagzao zedamxedvelobis teritoriuli da saxazo qvedanayofebi aRricxaven maT samoqmedo arealSi momxdar ssS-sa da moZraobis wesebis darRvevebs, awarmoeben maTi xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seswavlasa da gamomwvevi mizezebis analizs. Cveni azriT, debulebis es nawili Sesacvlelia. sss-sTvis informaciis Segroveba ufro prioritetulia, informaciis analizi ki Stabis prerogativaa. dResdReobiT Stabis analitikuri saqmianoba statistikuri aRricxviT Semoifargleba, analizi ki unda moicavdes movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris gamovlenas da ara mxolod monacemebs daRupulTa da dasaxiCrebulTa kleba-matebis Sesaxeb. sss, sagzao policiis sxva samsaxurebTan da saxelmwifoebriv Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan erTad, gansazRvravs kanondarRvevaTa aRmofxvris RonisZiebebs prevenciuli zomebis CaTvliT, eweva sagzao moZraobis wesebis propagandas, gzebze Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informacias awvdis dainteresebul organizaciebsa da mosaxleobas. unda aRiniSnos, rom informaciis miwodeba da propaganda umniSvnelovanesi saqmianobaa, romelsac sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSakebi specialur ganyofilebasTan erTad unda eweodnen. am ukanasknelis Seqmnis aucilebloba mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli. 7

debuleba Sss sagzao policiis sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris Sesaxeb, gazeTi ,,kriminaluri qronika”, damateba #1(133), ianvari, 1999 w. 8 instruqcia, damtkicebuli Ss ministris mier 2002 wlis 2 maisis #238 brZanebiT.

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Sss-s sxva qvedanayofebTan erTad sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSakebi monawileoben yvela sapolicio RonisZiebaSi, romelic tardeba maT samoqmedo teritoriaze, esenia: danaSaulis gaxsna da misi aRkveTa-acileba, borotmoqmedTa Zebna, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva, narkomaniasTan brZola da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, sss-s gaerTianeba saguSago-sapatrulo samsaxurTan, rogorc amas moiTxovs Sss-s zogierTi reformatori, Cvens pirobebSi mizanSewonili ar aris. CvenSi sagzao qseli arasakmarisadaa ganviTarebuli, patruli ki naklebad mobiluria transportis ukmarisobis gamo9. rogorc vxedavT, sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxurs akisria movaleobaTa mTeli speqtri, romlis ganxorcielebaze uSualod pasuxismgebelni arian administraciuli policiisa da sagzao policiis sammarTveloebis, saqalaqo, raionuli da saxazo ganyofilebebis ufrosi oficrebi. naTelia, rom am amocanebis warmatebiT Sesruleba SeuZliaT mxolod specialuri ganaTlebis mqone pirebs, moralurad da fizikurad mtkice, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs. oficerTa korpusis aseTi pirebiT dakompleqtebis gareSe SeuZlebelia zemoT aRniSnul movaleobaTa Sesruleba, miT ufro, korufciis aRmofxvra. moxda sapirispiro: korufciasTan brZolis sababiT 2004 wlis 31 maisidan samuSaodan masobrivad daiTxoves sagzao policiis gamocdili muSakebi. Sss-s xelmZRvanelobam sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuri daakompleqta orkvirian kursebze momzadebuli kontigentiT. Sss-s akademiis axali reqtori, l. izoria, mravalricxovan interviuebSi acxadebs, rom pirvel etapze orkviriani momzadeba, xolo SemdgomSi 6-Tviani gadamzadeba sruliad sakmarisia. ismis kiTxva _ rogor SeZlebs axladCamoyalibebuli samsaxuri saStato erTeulebis mkveTri Semcirebis pirobebSi, moumzadebeli axalbeda kadrebiT mniSvnelovnad gazrdili movaleobebis Sesrulebas. mxolod patiosneba da maRali xelfasi sruliadac ar aris sakmarisi. amas unda sdevdes profesionalizmi. 4.3. sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSaobis formebi da meTodebi sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSaobis ZiriTadi formebia gzebis patrulireba, moZrav da stacionarul saguSagoebze samsaxuri, saxifaTo, mZime da aragabarituli tvirTebis, sapatio mgzavrebisa Tu bavSvTa gadayvanisas satransporto saSualebaTa gacileba. patrulireba xorcieldeba rogorc qveiTad, ise avtomobilebisa da motocikletebis gamoyenebiT. satransporto saSualebebiT patrulireba SeiZleba iyos Cveulebrivi (Ria), agreTve faruli da Sereuli. Ria kontroli xorcieldeba specialuri Seferilobis satransporto saSualebebiT, faruli _ Cveulebrivi Seferilobis avtomobilebiT, xolo Sereuli xorcieldeba ori avtomobiliT, romelTagan erTi specialuri, meore Cveulebrivi Seferilobisaa. patrulireba xdeba saavtomobilo gzis im monakveTebze, sadac arsebobs avariuli situaciebis mometebuli safrTxe da amis gamo aucilebelia avtosatransporto saSualebebisa da qveiTebis perioduli kontroli, sadac regularulad, drodadro ferxdeba moZraoba. sapatrulo samsaxuri xorcieldeba moZravi saguSagoebis meSveobiT. mag. quCebSi pikis saaTebSi, masobriv RonisZiebebze, roca situacia mudmiv zedamxedvelobas saWiroebs mniSvnelovani satransporto kvanZebis 9

Ss ministris brZanebiT a.w. ivlisidan sagzao policia gauqmda da Camoyalibda sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuri. faqtobrivad, yofil sagzao policias daemata yofili saguSago-sapatrulo samsaxuris funqciebi. ramdenad gamarTlebulia es gadawyvetileba, gviCvenebs 2004 wlis sagzao-satransporto SemTxvevaTa da administraciuli praqtikis statistika.

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misasvlelebTan (aeroportebi, sarkinigzo sadgurebi, sazRvao portebi), agreTve saerTaSoriso da Sida saxelmwifoebrivi avtomagistralebis gadakveTaze, ganStoebebze, sawyis da saboloo punqtebSi ewyoba stacionaruli saguSagoebi. patrulirebis meTodebia: satransporto nakadebSi gadaadgileba moZraobis wesebis darRvevaTa Tavidan asacileblad da damrRvevTa gamosavlenad; nakadis win moZraoba siCqaris gadaWarbebis aRsakveTad; saSiS adgilebSi yofna mZRolebisa da qveiTebis mier wesebis darRvevaTa aRsakveTad; intensiuri moZraobis adgilebSi specSeferilobis avtomobilis gaCereba darRvevaTa profilaqtikis mizniT da a.S. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos CvenSi adre arsebuli patrulirebis iseTi maRalefeqturi formebis kvlav danergvis aucilebloba, rogorebicaa vertmfrenebiT da cxenebiT patrulireba. vertmfrenebi gansakuTrebiT efeqturia did qalaqebsa da avtomagistralebze intensiuri moZraobis pirobebSi. cxenosani patruli gansakuTrebul efeqts axdens qveiTTa Tavmoyris adgilebSi. ekonomikuri krizisidan gamosvlis Semdeg aucilebelia am ori formis aRdgena. rogorc wesi, qveiTi patrulireba xorcieldeba Ria wesiT, gamyof zolze, trotuarze an bordiuris gaswvriv. inspeqtorsa da moZraobis monawileTa Soris uzrunvelyofili unda iyos vizualuri kontaqti, raTa aRikveTos wesebis darRvevis mcdeloba, xolo darRveva ar darCes reagirebis gareSe. stacionaruli saguSagoebi Cveulebriv sadReRamiso reJimSi muSaoben. isini aRWurvilni arian specialuri teqnikiT, samedicino xelsawyoebiTa da medikamentebiT. saguSagoze gatacebul saSualebaTa aRricxva, dakavebuli satransporto saSualebebis miReba-gacema warmoebs specialur JurnalebSi. stacionarul saguSagoebze saqmianoben Sss-s sapatrulo-saguSago samsaxuris, sisxlis samarTlis samZebrosa da sxva samsaxurebis muSakebi. 4.4. Zalebisa da saSualebebis ganawileba sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxurisaTvis (sss) saWiro saStato erTeulebis gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi normativebiT: sss-s erTi inspeqtori _ saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis gzebis yovel 20 km-ze. sss-s erTi inspeqtori _ samxareo da adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gzebis yovel 150 km-ze. sss-s erTi inspeqtori _ aRricxvaze myof yovel 3000 erTeul satransporto saSualebaze. sss-s sami inspeqtori _ yovel stacionarul saguSagoze. sss-s yovel 8 inspeqtorze daSvebulia ufrosi inspeqtoris erTi Stati. normativebi iTvaliswinebs 1 cvlas da 8-saaTian morigeobas. sadReRamiso morigeoba gulisxmobs samcvlian muSaobas, Sesabamisad, koeficienti Seadgens 2.1 erTeuls. es niSnavs yoveli 8-saaTiani muSaobis Semdeg 16-saaTian dasvenebas. sapatrulo avtomobilebisa da motociklebis samorigeod gamosvlis normebi ganisazRvreba Sss-Si miRebuli gamoyenebis normebiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom es normativebi mudmivad irRveva. Cveulebrivi ambavia patrulirebis 12-14 sT-is ganmavlobaSi an 8 sT-iani dasvenebis Semdeg kvlav gamoZaxeba. dasvenebisa da sadReRamiso dReebis xarjze patrulirebis kompensacia mxolod qaRaldzea gaTvaliswinebuli, mas aravin asrulebs. zemoxsenebuli normativebiT, sagzao qselisa da registrirebuli avtoparkis raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos sagzao policiaSi ssp inspeqtoris 2020 saStato 138

erTeulia, aqedan avtomagistralebze modis 800-mde, danarCen sagzao qselze _ 1220, magistralebzea 9 saxazo ganyofileba da 31 stacionaruli saguSago. erTdroulad gzebsa da quCebze patrulirebas eweva 1000-mde sss-s muSaki. sss-s inspeqtorTa aRWurvilobaSi Sedis tabeluri iaraRi _ “makarovis” 9 mm-iani pistoleti, kverTxi, sastveni, sifxizlis sakontrolo milaki, siCqaris sazomi xelsawyo, racia da ,,sagzao policielis CanTa”. rogorc vxedavT, sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris movaleobaTa nusxa Zalze vrcelia da misi ganxorcieleba xdeba Ria cis qveS, klimaturi pirobebis, sezonis miuxedavad, dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi, avtomobilTa da qveiTTa intensiuri moZraobisas, xmauris, gamonabolqvisa da vibraciiis uSualo zemoqmedebis qveS. amis garda, sss-s inspeqtorebi monawileoben Sss-s sxva samsaxurebis mier maT samoqmedo teritoriaze ganxorcielebul yvela operaciaSi. aSkaraa zemoxsenebul faqtorTa uaryofiTi gavlena sss-s inspeqtorTa fizikursa da nervul-fsiqologiur mdgomareobaze. es kompensirebuli unda iyos maRali anazRaurebiTa da reabilitaciis specialuri RonisZiebebiT, magram es moTxovnebi ugulebelyofilia.

4.5. korufciis mizezebi, Crdilovani Semosavlebi 4.5.1. korufciis ZiriTadi mizezebi sss-s inspeqtoris dRevandeli anazRaureba absoluturad Seusabamoa energiisa da drois danaxarjebTan. sss-s inspeqtoris yovelTviuri xelfasi 60-100 laria. amasTan, maT TavianTi xarjiT uxdebaT sawvavis yidva, formis SeZena. 1998 wlidan gauqmda SeRavaTebi komunalur momsaxurebaze, sazogadoebriv transportze, aRar moqmedebs kvartaluri da wliuri saxelfaso danamatebis sistema, aRar gaicema SeRavaTiani sagzurebi da a.S. aseT pirobebSi korufcia sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris ganuyofeli nawilia. yovelive es umZimesad aisaxeba Sss-s organoebis TanamSromelTa reputaciaze, iwvevs sazogadoebaSi samarTlebriv nihilizms, ubiZgebs maT moZraobis wesebis uxeSi darRvevebisa da wesrigis damcvelTa samarTliani moTxovnebis ignorirebisaken. am uaryofiT movlenebTan warmatebuli brZolisaTvis aucilebelia gamomwvevi mizezebisa da Crdilovani Semosavlebis saxeebisa da odenobis dadgena. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom 2003 wlis noembridan Sss-s axali xelmZRvanelobis mosvlis Semdeg mkveTrad iklo korufciam. es gamowveulia Sss-s muSakTa enTuziazmiTa da umkacresi represiuli RonisZiebebiT. magram Tu uaxloes xanSi ar gamoiZebna Crdilovani Semosavlebis sakompensacio finansuri wyaroebi, mosalodnelia Sss-s muSaobis mkveTri gauareseba an korufciis axali talRa. sagzao policiaSi, kerZod sss-Si, amis niSnebi ukve SeigrZnoba10. 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi gasuli wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT SeiniSneba ssS-is saerTo ricxvisa da dazaralebulTa raodenobis mkveTri zrda. avtomagistralebze iyo faqtebi, roca sss-is xelmZRvanelebi urigdebodnen gadamzidavebs da inspeqtorebs aiZulebdnen komerciul gadazidvebs gasamrjelos fasad11.

10

sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos Stabis monacemebi. sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSakebisagan miRebuli konfidencialuri informacia, 2004 wlis dasawyisis monacemebi. 11

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4.5.2. korufciis saxeebi da korufciuli fasdebebi sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxurSi korufciis ramdenime saxe gvxvdeba: jarimis magier qrTamis aReba wesebis darRvevisTvis, fulis gamoZalva komerciuli gadazidvisTvis, qrTamis aReba ssS-is gamomwvev mizezTa gayalbebisa da miCqmalvisTvis; sss-Si inspeqtorad miRebaze, dawinaurebaze, atestaciaze qrTamis aReba. yvelaze xSiria fulis gamoZalva moZraobis wesebis damrRvevi mZRolebisgan. sss-s inspeqtorebi qrTams iReben siCqaris gadametebisaTvis, aseve saxifaTo manevrirebis, gaCerebis wesebis darRvevis, nasvam mdgomareobaSi marTvisa da teqdaTvalierebis gareSe moZraobisaTvis. msubuqi saxis darRvevebze mZRolebi ixdian 2-dan 5 laramde, saSualo simZimis darRvevaze (ormagi RerZula xazis gadakveTa, wiTel Suqze gavla) _ 10-15 lars, xolo mZime darRvevebze (magaliTad, nasvam mdgomareobaSi yofna) qrTami 40-50 lars aRwevs. qalaqTaSoris gzebze yvelaze gavrcelebulia siCqaris gadaWarbeba, araswori gaswreba, vadagasuli teqdaTvalierebis sabuTiT moZraoba da a.S. fasebi daaxloebiT igivea, rac qalaqSi. mZRolebi avtobusebiTa da satvirTo avtomobilebiT moZraobisTvis yovel reisze mgzavrTa tevadobisa da tvirTamweobis mixedviT sss-s muSakebs uxdian garkveul Tanxas. saguSagosTan yovel gavlaze mikroavtobusebis mflobelebi ixdian 1-2 lars, saSualo da didi tevadobis avtobusebis mZRolebi ki _ 3-5 lars. satvirTo avtomobilis gatarebis fasi tvirTamweobis mixedviT 5-20 laramde meryeobs. rTul klimatur pirobebSi datvirTuli traileris uReltexilze gadayvanisTvis, gzis gawmendis CaTvliT, SeiZleba 100 aSS dolari gadagaxdevinon. sagzao-satransporto SemTxvevis miCqmalva Rirs ramdenime aTeuli laridan 100 laramde. romelime mxaris interesebis dasacavad ssS-is mokvlevis Sedegebis tendenciuri gaformeba simZimis mixedviT ramdenime aseuli laridan ramdenime aTas laramdea. yvelaze didi Tanxaa dawesebuli sss-is inspeqtorad miRebaze, dawinaurebaze, atestaciis Sedegebis gayalbebaze. yvelaze iafia sss-s inspeqtorad daniSvna Tbilisis prestiJul raionebSi, vinaidan moZraobis monawileebi efeqturad iyeneben Sss-sa da sxva uwyebebis xelmZRvanelebTan Tu sxva gavlenian pirebTan nacnobobas da Semosavalic naklebia. yvelaze Zviria inspeqtorad daniSvna qalaqgareT intensiuri satvirTo moZraobis magistralebze, mag: Tbilisi-wiTeli xidi, nataxtari-xaSuri. Sss-s axali xelmZRvanelobis mosvlamde rigiT inspeqtorad daniSvna araprestiJul ubanSi an monakveTze 2000 aSS dolari Rirda, prestiJul monakveTze ki, Semosavlidan gamomdinare _ 3-5 aTasi dolari. oceulisa da divizionis meTaurobas monakveTis an teritoriis prestiJulobis mixedviT yvelaze Zviri _ 5- 20 aTasi dolari sWirdeboda. avtomagistralze sagzao policiis ganyofilebis, e.w. ,,trasis” ufrosoba magistralis prestiJulobis mixedviT 50 - 120 aTas dolaramde jdeboda. Sss-s amJamindeli xelmZRvanelobis mosvlamde sss-s inspeqtorebis nawils niSnavda saministros kadrebis ganyofileba, xolo oceulis meTaurisa da ufro maRali donis Tanamdebobebze gamweseba uSualod ministris mier xdeboda. administraciuli policiis departamenti da sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelo am saqmeSi faqtobrivad ignorirebuli iyo, maSin, roca, debulebis Tanaxmad, kadrebis SerCevaze swored is aris uSualo pasuxismgebeli. 4.5.3. Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculoba Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculobis miaxloebiT gamoangariSebisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT Semdeg xerxs: raki viciT saxeebis mixedviT dafiqsirebuli darRvevebis raodenoba, garkveuli gadaWarbebiT viRebT realur darRvevaTa raodenobasac da vamravlebT Sesabamis fasebze. am SemTxvevaSi Sedegi axloa realur 140

maCvenebelTan. Cveni azriT, Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculobis dasadgenad ufro mizanSewonilia, gaviTvaliswinoT rigiTi inspeqtorebidan fulis akrefis meqanizmi, romlis maCveneblebic sakmaodaa cnobili. sss-is debulebiT12, saqarTvelos gzebze mudmivad morigeobs aTasamde inspeqtori, romlebic morigeobis damTavrebis Semdeg oceulis meTaurs abareben 15-30 lars, yoveli Tvis bolos ki _ damatebiT 100-120 lars. Tu inspeqtorma ver SeZlo Tanxis akrefa an mas aRaraferi rCeba, dauwereli kanonis Tanaxmad, igi valdebulia, mainc gadaixados, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, dakargavs samsaxurs, magram ase iSviaTad xdeba: Cveulebriv, inspeqtorebs misacem Tanxaze orjer-samjer meti rCebaT. xSirad Semosavlian trasebze rigiTi inspeqtorebi TiTo morigeobaze 100 laramde Soulobdnen. TveSi TiTo inspeqtori daaxloebiT 30 cvlaSi morigeobs. cvlaSi saSualo Semosavlis odenobad SegviZlia aviRoT 60 lari. avtomobilis moZraobis sadReRamiso intensivobis 90%-ze meti 16 sT-is ganmavlobaSi modis, amitom ssss inspeqtorebis mier gamoZaluli Tanxis wliuri savaraudo moculobaa: 1000 inspeqtori _ .60 l

.

30 cvl

.

2

.

12 Tve = 43,2 mln lari

am Tanxidan daaxloebiT 14-15 mln lari gadaecema xelmZRvanelebs, romelTa raodenoba sss-s kontigentis 7-8%-s ar aRemateba. 30 milionamde lari rCeba piradi moxmarebisaTvis, rac yovelTviurad erT rigiT inspeqtorze 600 aSS dolars Seadgens. rogorc aRvniSneT, sss-s inspeqtori praqtikulad TviTon afinansebs muSaobisas gaweul yvela xarjs (sawvavi, maragnawilebi, aRWurviloba da a.S.). mas ojaxis Sesanaxad rCeba TveSi daaxloebiT 500 aSS dolaris ekvivalenti. Cveulebriv, samsaxurSi miRebisas xelmZRvanelebi qrTamis saxiT iReben naxevari wlis Semosavals, ris Semdeg muSaks ori wlis ganmavlobaSi praqtikulad garantirebuli aqvs Tanamdeboba. aqedan gamomdinare, Crdilovani Semosavlisa da qrTamis moculobebi adasturebs Cveni gaangariSebis siswores. mgzavrebisa da tvirTebis komerciuli gadaadgilebisas gamoZaluli Tanxis raodenobis dasadgenad unda gaviTvaliswinoT sss-s stacionaluri saguSagoebTan moZravi sxvadasxva tipis avtobusebisa da satvirTo avtomobilebis saSualo dReRamuri raodenoba13. angariSi SegviZlia ganvaxorcieloT Cven mier SemoTavazebuli formuliT. n

Q = m ∑ N i ⋅ K i, i =1

sadac Q saguSagoze komerciuli ass-dan gamoZaluli Tanxis raodenobaa dReRameSi; Ni – i tipis ass-s saSualo dReRamuri intensivoba; Ki – i tipis ass-s mZRolidan gamoZaluli Tanxa erT gavlaze; m _ gamoZalvaTa raodenobis wili gavlili ass-s saerTo raodenobidan. Cveni monacemebiT, Cveulebriv pirobebSi m=0,25÷0,33. specialuri reidebis Catarebisas m=0,6÷0,80. 12

debuleba Sss-s sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris Sesaxeb, gazeTi ,,kriminaluri qronika, #1(133), ianvari, 1999 w. 13 sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelosa da gzebis saxelmwifo departamentis saeqspluatacio sammarTvelos angariSebi, 2000-20003 ww.

141

sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos Stabis monacemebiT, marto Tbilisizugdidis trasaze arsebul 9 stacionarul saguSagoze 2003 wels dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi moZraobda: mikroavtobusi (15 adgilamde) _ 9300, mcire tvirTamweobis satvirTo _ 948, avtobusi (15 adgilze meti) _ 3170, saSualo tvirTamweobis satvirTo _ 3110, traileri _ 1270. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT TiTo saguSagoze14 gamoZaluli Tanxis saSualo odenobas da vigulisxmebT, rom gadaixada yovelma meoTxe avtomobilma, anu m=0,25, miviRebT wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoZalul savaraudo Tanxas:

Q=

(9300.1+3170.4+948.5+3110.12+1270.20) . 365

.

0,25 = 32.645.600

.

0.25H” 8,162 mln lari

aRniSnuli mimarTuleba saqarTveloSi yvelaze gadatvirTulia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi mTliani moZraobis 30-33 procents Seadgens. Sesabamisad, komerciuli gadazidvebis dros gamoZaluli Tanxa wliurad 20-25 mln laris tolfasia. amave meTodiT SesaZlebelia gamoZaluli Tanxis dadgena yvela mimarTulebaze. inspeqtorTa samsaxurSi miReba-dawinaurebis dros gamoZaluli Tanxis miaxloebiTi raodenoba SeiZleba davadginoT Semdegnairad: sakadro politika Sss-s sagzao policiis mTavar sammarTveloSi yovelTvis gaurkveveli iyo, statistikuri monacemebiT ki Znelia kanonzomierebebis dadgena. ase magaliTad,15 1996-2000 ww. centralur aparatSi xelmZRvaneli muSakebis Secvlis 20 SemTxveva aRiricxa, avtomagistralebis ganyofilebis ufrosebis Secvlis _ 26, samxareo sagzao policiis ufrosebis _ 7, testirebisas miRebuli uaryofiTi Sedegis gamo gaTavisuflda 192, sxvadasxva motiviT _ 486, diciplin uri wesiT daisaja 2375. inspeqtorTa samsaxurSi miRebisa da dawinaurebisTvis bolo periodSi wliurad gamoZaluli Tanxis miaxloebiTi raodenoba SeiZleba davadginoT Semdegnairad: kadrebis wliuri cvalebadoba rigiTi inspeqtorebis doneze aris 10%, e.i. 180; saSualo rangis xelmZRvanelebis (oceulis, divizionis meTauri da a.S.) _ 20%, e.i. 40, maRali rangis xelmZRvanelebis (anu ganyofilebis ufrosi an moadgile) _ 30%, e.i. 4-5. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aRniSnul Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis minimalur Rirebulebas (aq Tanxa aSS dolarebiT aris mocemuli), miviRebT Semdeg suraTs: 180

.

2000 + 40

.

5000 + 5 . 50.000 = 810.000 aSS dolari

e.i. miaxloebiTi gaangariSebiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom am sferoSi wliurad 1,5-2 mln laris gamoZalva xdeba. rac Seexeba ssS-is miCqmalvasa da Sedegebis gayalbebas, am gziT aRebuli qrTamis raodenobis dadgena sakmaod rTulia monacemTa simciris gamo. yovelwliurad saqarTveloSi 2200-2300 ssS registrirdeba. unda vivaraudoT, rom, sul cota, amdenive ar aRiricxeba. ssS-s mizezTa gayalbebis faqti, romlis drosac SeiZleba adgili hqonoda fulis gamoZalvas, savaraudod, aranakleb 5 000-ia. Tu vigulisxmebT TiTo SemTxvevaze saSualod 50 lars, wliurad miviRebT: 5.000

.

50 = 250.000 lari

unda aRvniSnoT, rom es monacemi yvelaze saTuoa.

14

sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSakebisagan miRebuli konfidencialuri informacia, 2003-2004 ww. sagzao policiis yofili ufrosis, k. kobiaSvilis interviu,. gazeTi ,,axali Taoba”, 02.11.2000 w. #302. 15

142

4.5.4. daskvna zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba daaxloebiT davadginoT Tanxa, romelic sss-s muSakebma qrTamad aiRes bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi. es Seadgens wliurad daaxloebiT 60-65 milion lars, aqedan: sagzao moZraobis wesebis darRvevisTvis aRebuli Tanxa Seadgens 43 mln lars; mgzavrTa da tvirTvebis komerciuli gadaadgilebebidan _ 20 mln-s, samsaxurSi miRebadawinaurebisTvis _ 1,5 mln-s; ssS-is miCqmalvisa da Sedegebis gayalbebisTvis _ 0,5 mln-s. miuxedavad cifrebis arasandoobisa, aSkarad ikveTeba antikorufciuli brZolis prioritetebi. 4.6. antikorufciuli RonisZiebebi 4.6.1. yovelTviuri xelfasis saWiro odenoba antikorufciuli RonisZiebebis dagegmvisas upirvelesad unda gaviTvaliswinoT sss-s muSakTa materialuri mdgomareobis mkveTri gaumjobeseba. amJamindeli 4050 aSS dolaris ekvivalenti saxelfaso ganakveTi ver uzrunvelyofs adamianis saarsebo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasac. aucilebelia, reformaTa pirvelive etapze Sss-s TanamSromlis garkveuli kategoriis minimaluri xelfasi uzrunvelyofdes TviT muSakis, meuRlisa da 2 arasrulwlovani Svilis saarsebo moTxovnilebas. am kategoriaSi eqcevian kriminaluri policiis operatiuli samsaxuris muSakebi da administraciuli policiis sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxurisa da saguSago-sapatrulo samsaxuris inspeqtorebi. maT aqvT yvelaze saxifaTo da mZime samuSao, amave dros, yvelaze mWidro kontaqti mosaxleobasTan. es ki mZime materialur pirobebSi maT TavisTavad ubiZgebs korufciisaken. unda gaviTvaliswinoT raionis sirTule, kriminogenuli, ekologiuri, klimaturi da a.S. faqtorebi. mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT sss-s muSakis ojaxSi arasrulwlovani Svilebis raodenoba, muSaobis staJi da wodeba. yvela es faqtori unda iZleodes ara simbolur matebas 10-15%-is farglebSi, aramed 3-5-jer unda zrdides ZiriTad saxelfaso ganakveTs. aSkaraa, rom materialuri uzrunvelyofa Znelad misaRwevia, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT dabalxelfasiani policielis muSaobis uaryofiT Sedegebs, korufciisagan sazogadoebisaTvis miyenebul udides materialur da moralur zarals, es nabiji ubralod aucilebelia. 4.6.2. materialuri stimulirebis sxva formebi aucilebelia muSaobis Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba da amoRebuli sajarimo Tanxebis nawilis gamoyofa materialuri stimulirebisaTvis. am mxriv unda gaviziaroT mowinave qveynebis dadebiTi gamocdileba, kerZod, avtosatransporto saqmianobaSi, savaldebulo dazRvevaSi bonus-malusis (dasja-waxalisebis) principis gavrceleba moZraobis yvela monawilesa da am saqmianobaSi CarTul organizaciebze. sagzao policiis kargi muSaobis uSualo indikatoria ssS-iT gamowveuli zaralis Semcireba da nameti Tanxebis warmoqmna sadazRvevo sistemaSi, rac unda gadanawildes mTel sagzao policiaze, pirvel rigSi, sss-s muSakebze. Tu zaralis gamomwvev mizezebs Sorisaa sss-s muSakis araadekvaturi qmedeba, zaralis nawilic man unda aanazRauros. amJamad es procedura regresuli sarCelebis wayenebiTa da sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT sruldeba, arada, saWiroa saTanado kanonsa da kanonqvemdebare aqtebSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis Setana da am meqanizmis gamartiveba. imavdroulad, savaldebulo dazRvevis, rogorc garantirebuli Semosavlis mqone saqmianobis, saxelmwifo an arakomerciuli struqturisaTvis gadacema16. 16

saqarTvelos prezidentis 1997 wlis 19.05 brZanebuleba #258, p.4.

143

4.6.3. moraluri stimulireba da sakadro politika materialuri stimulirebis garda, sasurvelia meti mniSvneloba mieniWos moralur stimulirebasac, rac gulisxmobs: vadaze adre wodebis miniWebas; saxelmwifo jildoebis gadacemas, danamatebs staJze, pensiaze, samsaxurebriv dawinaurebas. 4.6.4. sagzao zedamxedvelobis Tanamedrove meTodebi da saSualebebi aucilebelia sss-Si muSaobis Tanamedrove meTodebisa da aRWurvilobis danergva: sagzao qselis saxifaTo monakveTebze telekamerebis dayeneba, sadispetCero punqtebsa Tu stacionarul saguSagoebSi informaciis telemonitorebze gamotana mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs sss-s muSakTa raodenobas, aamaRlebs maTi muSaobis efeqturobas. moxdeba yvelaze gavrcelebuli darRvevebis _ uwyveti RerZuli xazis gadaWris, siCqaris gadaWarbebis, parkingis wesebis darRvevis avtomaturi dafiqsireba, fotomasalis safuZvelze damrRvevTa mimarT ganxorcieldeba administraciuli zomebi. es mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs korufciis faqtebs, gazrdis Semosavlebs da sss-s muSakTa materialuri stimulirebis SesaZleblobebs. aucilebelia sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris moZravi saguSagoebis aRWurva avtosatransporto saSualebebis teqnikuri mdgomareobis Sesamowmebeli portatuli xelsawyoebiT: gamonabolqvis gamWvirvalobisa da Semadgenlobis dasadgeni gaz-analizatorebiT, saWis meqanizmis luftis da saburavze proteqtoris sazomebiT, siCqaris dasafiqsirebeli xelsawyoebiT, romlebic ramdenime aTeuli metriT adre aRmoaCens nakadSi gadaWarbebuli siCqariT moZrav avtomobils da sapatrulo avtomobilSi arsebuli kompiuteris ekranze daafiqsirebs mis saidentifikacio monacemebs. am SemTxvevaSi damrRvev mZRolze administraciul zemoqmedebas uzrunvelyofs pirdapiri eleqtruli kavSiri centralur sainformacio bankTan. es avtomaturad gamoricxavs garigebas damrRvev mZRolsa da sapatrulo samsaxuris inspeqtors Soris. korufciis aRmofxvrasTan erTad aseTi sistema mZRolis mxridan daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofs operatiuli informaciis miRebas da mkveTrad gaaumjobesebs operatiul-samZebro saqmianobas. sagzao policiisa da misi sapatrulo samsaxuris efeqtianobis gazrda sruliad SesaZlebelia, Tu gamoinaxa dafinansebis damatebiTi wyaroebi da Seiqmna ufro srulyofili sakanonmdeblo da teqnikuri baza. am bazis srulyofis safuZveli unda gaxdes msoflios mowinave qveynebis gamocdileba da teqnikuri saSualebebi. aucilebelia administraciuli kodeqsis gamkacreba, bonus-malusis sistemis gavrceleba moZraobis yvela monawile pirze. aucilebelia komerciuli avtosatransporto saSualebebisTvis moZraobis parametrebis gansazRvra, rac Sesabamisi kanonis amoqmedebis Semdeg minimumamde daiyvans korufcias da gadazidvebis TviTRirebulebas 17, am sistemis SemoRebisaTvis saWiroa Cveni sagzao qselis, avtoparkisa da sagzao zedamxedvelobis specifikis gaTvaliswineba. zemoxsenebuli RonisZiebis warmatebiT Sesrulebis aucilebeli pirobaa sagzao policiaSi qmediTi sainformacio-propagandistuli ganyofilebis Seqmna, romelic informaciiT uzrunvelyofs moZraobis monawileebs da ganumartavs iseTi arapopularuli zomebis daniSnulebas, rogoricaa fiskaluri politikis gamkacreba, administraciuli gadasaxadebis zrda da a.S. amJamad moqmedi debulebiT, am mimarTulebiT muSaobs sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuri, rac arasworia, vinaidan sss-s uamravi ram evaleba da misi am funqciiT damZimeba araa mizanSewonili. saWiroa specialuri ganyofileba, romelic pozitiur rols Seasrulebda korufciasTan brZolaSi. 17

k. mWedliSvili, l. imnaiSvili. saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi avtosatarnsporto saSualebaTa moZraobis parametrebis uwyveti registraciis savaldebulo sistemis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, Sss akademiis Sromebi, Tbilisi, 2001 w., II nawili.

144

4.7. avtomobilTa moZraobis parametrebis uwyveti registracia da sagzao moZraobis Tanamedrove eleqtronuli aparaturiT kontroli 4.7.1. problemis aqtualoba mowinave qveynebis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom sagzao moZraobis gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa siCqarisa da marSrutis uwyveti kontroli. evrokavSiris qveynebSi komerciuli gadazidvebisaTvis igi savaldebuloa 1995 wlidan, analogiuri kanoni moqmedebs ruseTSi 1998 wlidan. am qveynebis dadebiTi gamocdilebis gaziareba da saerTaSoriso standartebTan adgilobrivi sakanonmdeblo bazis harmonizacia gadaudebeli amocanaa. dRes sagzao sfero subieqturi faqtorebis gamo zaraldeba. amas ganapirobebs sagzaosapatrulo samsaxuris muSakebis dabali anazRaureba, muSaobis mZime pirobebi da moZraobis monawileTa absoluturi umravlesobis mier usafrTxoebis elementaruli moTxovnebis ugulebelyofa. samxreT kavkasiis satransporto derefnis yvelaze datvirTul, saqarTvelos monakveTze, moZraobis intensivobam miaRwia 7000 avtomobils dRe-RameSi. uaxloes 3-4 weliwadSi 18 mosalodnelia misi gazrda 12-13 aTas erTeulamde, pikis dros ki 14-15 aTass gadaaWarbebs. moZraobis optimaluri pirobebis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia am monakveTze orzoliani moZraobidan oTxzolianze gadasvla, ramdenime weliwadSi satransporto koridoris mTel sigrZeze 4-zoliani moZraobis uzrunvelyofa, xolo gansakuTrebiT datvirTuli monakveTebis 6zolianze gadayvana. am moTxovnebis Sesrulebas aranakleb miliardi dolaris investicia da ramdenime weli sWirdeba, rac yvelaze optimisturi prognoziTac uaxloes wlebSi ver ganxorcieldeba. aseT pirobebSi aucilebelia gzebis gamtarunarianobis, moZraobis usafrTxoebis arsebuli rezervebis srulad gamoyeneba da kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba. maT Soris upiratesi roli eniWeba sagzao moZraobis zedamxedvelobis Tanamedrove efeqturi meTodebis SemuSavebas da mis safuZvelze moZraobis optimaluri pirobebis Seqmnas. saqarTvelos ZiriTadi magistralebis calkeul monakveTebze gzis safari maRali siCqaris ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva da amiT mniSvnelovnad zrdis gzis geometriuli elementebisa da arasakmarisi mxedvelobiT gamowveul sagzaosatransporto SemTxvevebis albaTobasa da simZimes. amas emateba arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza, Sss-s sagzao policiis sapatrulo samsaxuris korumpirebuloba, romelic adgilobriv Tu ucxoel mZRolebs moZraobis wesebis ugulebelyofisaken ubiZgebs.

nax. 4.1. moZraobis reJimebis Sefaseba siCqareTa gadaWarbebis xarisxis mixedviT 18

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi saqalaqTaSoriso an dasaxlebuli punqtebis farglebSi xdeba siCqaris calmxrivi saerTo SezRudva,

sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelosa da gzebis saxelmwifo departamentis saeqspluatacio sammarTvelos wliuri angariSebi, 2000-2003 ww.

145

Sesabamisad, 90 da 60 km/sT-mde. saxifaTo monakveTebze ki arsebobs siCqareTa ufro mkacri SezRudva konkretuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. moZraobis siCqares akontroleben sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris moZravi da stacionaruli saguSagoebi. maTi TvalTaxedvis miRma, rac derefnis mTeli sigrZis 95%-s aRemateba, araviTari kontroli ar xdeba da, Sesabamisad, mZRolebis umravlesoba aWarbebs dasaSveb zRvars. Sedegad, sagzao-satransporto SemTxvevaTa raodenobisa da simZimis maCveneblebi 8-10-jer uaresia dasavleTis mowinave qveynebis monacemebTan SedarebiT. 4.7.2. moZraobis parametrebis Sefasebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi evrokavSiris qveynebis kanonmdebloba moiTxovs, rom 3,5t. tvirTamweobisa da 9 da meti mgzavris (mZRolis CaTvliT) tevadobis avtomobili aRWurvili iyos moZraobis parametrebis dasafiqsirebeli xelsawyoTi, romelic aRricxavs siCqares, manZils, mZRolis Sromisa da dasvenebis periodebs. aseTi moTxovnebi gamowveulia saerTaSoriso marSrutebze usafrTxo moZraobis erTiani standartebis, agreTve mZRolebis Sromisa da dasvenebis erTiani reglamentis aucileblobiT. moZraobis nakadebis uwyveti registracia amcirebs sagzao-satransporto SemTxvevaTa safrTxes, mZRolebs aiZulebs, daicvan muSaobisa da dasvenebis dawesebuli reJimi, amcirebs garemoze uaryofiT zemoqmedebas, saSualebas iZleva, droulad gamovlindes darRvevebi da moxdes maTze saTanado reagireba, obieqturi monacemebis safuZvelze Catardes ssS-s mokvleva da eqspertiza. am amocanebis gadasaWrelad aucilebelia uwyvetad dafiqsirdes avtomobilis moZraobis siCqare, rac universaluri parametria da didi xania gamoiyeneba moZraobis usafrTxoebis, ekonomiurobisa da komfortis Sesafaseblad. misi meSveobiT SegviZlia SevafasoT ekologiuri usafrTxoebis maCveneblebi, ramdenad uxifaTod gaiara marSruti mZRolma, rogor daicva moZraobis wesebi. siCqaris SezRudvis moTxovnebi SegviZlia SevafasoT siCqaris gadaWarbebis xarisxis kumulaciuri mrudiT.

KK=Vf / VS sadac Vf gzis konkretul ubanze ganviTarebuli siCqarea; VS – amave ubanze siCqaris SezRudvis erTeuli. saqarTvelos sagzao qselis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia gamoviyenoT 95%-iani uzrunvelyofis Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebi: Tu gadaWarbebis koeficienti K = 0 , 7 5 ÷1 , 0 , m o Z r a o b a S e i Z l e b a SevafasoT, rogorc usafrTxo; 1d”Kd”1,25 – moZraoba naklebad saxifaToa, 1d” Kd”1,25 _ saxifaTo, K >1,5 – Zalian saxifaTo (nax. 4.1). mgzavrobis komfortuloba mZRolis profesionalizmisa da mis mier moZraobis wesebis sruli dacvis obieqturi maxasiaTebelia, Tu mas raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT

nax. 4.2. moZraobis reJimebis Sefaseba fardobiTi grZivi aCqarebebis mixedviT

146

SevafasebT. amgvari Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva mZRolis mier realizebuli grZivi da ganivi aCqarebebis kumulaciuri mrudebi. nax. 4.2-ze mocemuli grZivi aCqarebis kumulaciuri mrudebi naTlad gviCvenebs, moZraobis periodSi ra xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo aCqareba komfortulobis, anu +0,25 g-s farglebSi, dasaSvebi diskomfortis diapazonSi +(0,25÷0,5) g da komfortuli da usafrTxo moZraobisaTvis miuRebel diapazonSi > 0,5 g. ..• •

mniSvnelovani informaciis matarebelia vertikaluri aCqarebebis X ganawilebac, magram igi ufro metad gzis zedapiris sisworisa da avtomobilis dakidebis efeqturobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba, vidre mZRolis mier moZraobis wesebis dacvis Sesafaseblad. avtomobilis moZraobis reJimebis Sefasebis, obieqturi saxazo kontrolis, konkretul sagzao satransporto SemTxvevaTa mokvlevisa da analizisaTvis 0

00

00

mizanSewonilia ganvlili manZilis X, xazovani siCqaris X , grZivi X , ganivi Y 00

da vertikaluri Z aCqarebebis uwyveti registracia. zemoxsenebuli miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis ki aucilebelia specialuri eleqtronuli aparatura, romelic maqsimalurad moergeba Cveni regionis qveynebis sagzao qsels, saavtomobilo parks da sxva Taviseburebebs.

4.7.3. moTxovnebi sagzao zedamxedvelobis eleqtronuli saSualebebisadmi dasavleTis mowinave qveynebis, maT Soris evrokavSiris, praqtikaSi amJamad gavrcelebulia19 meqanikuri mowyobilobebi, romlebic avtosatransporto saSualebis moZraobis parametrebs afiqsirebs taxogramebis saxiT. isini iZleva pirvelad informacias ganvlili manZilis, siCqaris, dgomisa da gadaadgilebis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb. rogorc wesi, am informacias iyenebs gadamzidveli, misi damuSaveba da ganzogadeba sagzao policias praqtikulad ar SeuZlia, radgan es did dros moiTxovs da Sromatevadia. meqanikuri mowyobilobebi martivia, magram dabalia maTi daculoba, ris gamoc arakeTilsindisieri mZRolebi ayalbeben monacemebs sakuTari miznebis Sesabamisad. amitom mowinave qveynebSi mimdinareobs muSaoba ufro daculi eleqtronuli sistemebis Sesaqmnelad. samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis sagzao qseli, avtoparki, mZRolebis, sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSakebis profesionalizmi da mentaliteti mkveTrad gansxvavdeba dasavleTis qveynebis analogiuri maCveneblebisagan, amitomac moZraobis pirobebis Sefasebis meTodebi da aparatura unda iTvaliswinebdes am gansxvavebas. Cveni azriT, samxreT kavkasiis regionisTvis gamiznuli xelsawyoebi unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: • maRali daculoba; mdgradoba temperaturisa da tenianobis mkveTri cvlilebisadmi; agreTve maRali dartymamedegoba da cecxlgamZleoba; • garantirebuli energodamoukidebeli mexsiereba, aranakleb 30 dRe-Ramisa; • moZraobis parametrebis Senaxvis unari, aranakleb 24 saaTisa. 19

k. mWedliSvili, l. imnaiSvili, moTxovnebi sagzao zedamxedvelobis Tanamedrove eleqtronuli aparaturisadmi saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiis regionis sxva qveynebSi, saerTaSoriso konferencia ,,uaxlesi teqnologiebi saqarTveloSi~, Sromebis krebuli, Jurnali ,,transporti~, Tbilisi, 2001 w.

147

xelsawyom unda daafiqsiros moZraobis Semdegi parametrebi: • satransporto saSualebis moZraobisa da dgomis xangrZlivoba; • ganvlili manZili da siCqare; grZivi, ganivi da vertikaluri aCqarebebi. xelsawyo unda moTavsdes uSualod satransporto saSualebaSi da unda gaaCndes sakuTari saidentifikacio nomeri. man moZraobis parametrebi unda Seinaxos daSifruli saxiT, aucilebelia kompiuteruli sistemis saTanado programuli paketiT uzrunvelyofa. xelsawyodan monacemebis wakiTxva da kompiuterul sistemaSi gadawera unda moxdes transportis moZraobisas radiomodemis saSualebiT. sagzao kontrolis kompiuteruli sistema unda moTavsdes sagzao policiis moZrav an stacionarul saguSagoze. sistemis efeqtianobis sailustraciod SegviZlia aviRoT erT-erTi yvelaze mZime darRveva _ siCqaris gadaWarbeba. kompiuterul sistemaSi winaswar Caideba siCqaris SezRudva mTeli marSrutis ganmavlobaSi. amasTan, eleqtronuli xelsawyos mier dafiqsirdeba siCqaris lokaluri SezRudvebi. am ukanasknelis Sesaxeb xelsawyos informacias gadascems eleqtronuli sistemiT aRWurvili sagzao niSnebi, romlebic ganlagdeba konkretuli monakveTis orive mxares. monacemebi mocemul marSrutze gadaWarbebuli siCqaris Sesaxeb dagrovdeba eleqtronuli sistemis mexsierebaSi da aisaxeba displeize kumulaciuri mrudis saxiT. misi Sedareba ekranze gamosaxul etalonur mrudebTan (nax. 4.1 da 4.2) saSualebas miscems sagzaosapatrulo samsaxuris muSaks, Seafasos mis win Cavlili avtomobilis mier mTel marSrutze realizebuli reJimebi da moaxdinos saTanado reagireba. reagirebas moaxdens agreTve gadamzidavi firmis moZraobis usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, romelic reisis damTavrebis Semdeg gaaanalizebs mZRolis namuSevars da saTanadod Seafasebs mis profesionalizms. ssS-is dros eqsperts saSualeba eqneba, SemTxvevis konkretuli adgilis mixedviT daadginos moZraobis zusti parametrebi da maTi cvlileba. dafiqsirebuli parametrebis Sss-s sainformacio bankSi gadacema da Senaxva saSualebas iZleva, gamoiricxos sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSakTa araadekvaturi qmedeba an umoqmedoba moZraobis wesebis darRvevisas. dReisTvis naSromis avtoris monawileobiT Seqmnilia sistemis eskizuri proeqti da satransporto saSualebaSi mosaTavsebeli xelsawyos maketi. laboratoriuli gamocdis Sedegebi damaimedebelia rogorc teqnikuri, ise ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. amJamad samuSaoebi SeCerebulia daufinanseblobis gamo. garda amisa, sistemis amoqmedebisaTvis saWiroa Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza. zemoaRniSnuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisi eleqtronuli aparatura saSualebas mogvcems, obieqturad Sefasdes mZRolis mier moZraobis wesebis dacva, gamoiricxos subieqturi faqtori wesrigis damrRvev mZRolebze administraciuli zemoqmedebisas, ssS-is dros mniSvnelovnad Semcirdes korufcia, amaRldes sagzao policiis moZravi da stacionaruli saguSagoebis efeqtianoba, Semcirdes gadazidvebisa da sagzao policiis Senaxvis xarjebi.

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4.8. sagzao policiasa da saavtomobilo transportTan dakavSirebuli sxva organizaciebis urTierTqmedeba, dafinansebis damatebiTi wyaroebi 4.8.1. sagzao moZraobasTan dakavSirebul organizaciaTa urTierToba saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobis analizi da mowinave qveynebis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom sagzao policias, sagzao da avtotransportis departamentebs, sadazRvevo firmebs da sabaJos aqvT saerTo mizani – moZraobis usafrTxoeba da sxva aucilebel moTxovnaTa uzrunvelyofa. am organizaciebis kavSirs aucilebelsa da ekonomikurad mizanSewonils xdis saqmianobis finansuri regulirebis saerTo meqanizmi, dasjisa da waxalisebis berketebis gamoyeneba, anu “bonus-malusis~ sistema, romlis danergvasac SeuZlia uzrunvelyos sagzao moZraobis optimaluri pirobebi. sayuradReboa aSS-is magaliTi 20. qveynis sagzao policia finansdeba sagzao fondidan. moZraobis usafrTxoebis prevenciuli RonisZiebebis (romelTa ganxorcieleba sapatrulo samsaxuris upirvelesi movaleobaa) da sagzao policiis yvela xarji yovelwliurad gamoiyofa aSS-is sagzao fondidan. asevea sxva mowinave qveynebSic, sadac ki moqmedebs sagzao fondi. es gza misaRebia saqarTvelosTvis. amdenad, gasagebia dasavleTis mowinave qveynebis kanonmdeblobasTan Cveni sakanonmdeblo bazis harmonizaciis moTxovnac. 4.8.2. sagzao zedamxedvelobis dafinansebis damatebiTi wyaroebi rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dReisaTvis saqarTvelos sagzao policia 3000-mde TanamSromlisagan Sedgeba. misi struqtura, aRWurviloba, muSaobis meTodebi ver upasuxebs dRevandel moTxovnebs. struqturis Sesanaxad Sss-s biujetidan gamoiyofa 5-6 mln lari, romelic moTxovnilebis mxolod 30-33%-s akmayofilebs. sagzao policias Tavisi saqmianobiT yovelwliurad 5-6 mln lari Seaqvs qveynis biujetSi 21 . aqedan 2 mln sagzao moZraobis wesebis darRvevidan amoRebuli Tanxaa, 4 mln ki _ avtomobilTa registraciidan da marTvis uflebaTa gacemidan (ix. cxrili 2.1.). am Tanxis 40% ubrundeba Sss-s specsaxsrebis saxiT. sagzao policia ki finansdeba Sss-s saerTo biujetidan. mdgomareobis analizi gviCvenebs, rom mizanSewonilia saqarTveloSi, ise, rogorc aSS-sa da sxva mowinave qveynebSi, sagzao policiis saxsrebis dagroveba xdebodes sagzao fondSi da igi finansdebodes misive Segrovebuli TanxiT. vinaidan sagzao moZraobis wesebis darRveva xifaTs uqmnis ara marto moZraobis monawileebsa da avtomobilebs, aramed sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSakebsac, aucilebelia, es garemoeba aisaxos saqarTvelos administraciul samarTldarRvevaTa kodeqsSi. Seqmnili situacia moiTxovs sajarimo sanqciebis gamkacrebasa da sagzao policiisaTvis zaralis anazRaurebis meqanizmTa srulyofas. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, darRvevebis Sesaxeb sruli informacia unda Sevides specialur sainformacio bankSi, romelic uzrunvelyofs dRevandeli kanonmdeblobiT mxolod deklarirebuli “bonus-malusis~ principis erT mxares: wesebis damrRvev mZRolebs uuqmdebaT ufleba, SeRavaTiani tarifiT miiRon savaldebulo dazRvevis polisi, romelic iTvaliswinebs yovelwliurad wesebis daurRveveli moZraobisaTvis gadasaxadis Semcirebas (mis ganaxevrebamde). amave «Òðàíñïîðò ÑØÀ, òåõíèêî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé àíàëèç», Ìîñêâà, «Òðàíñïîðò», 1986 ã. sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos Stabis monacemebi 2000-2003 ww. statistikuri masalebis analizis mixedviT. 20 21

149

cxrili 4.1

saqarTvelo

germania

safrangeTi

niderlandebi

italia

espaneTi

administraciuli gadasaxadi sxvadasxva qveynebSi

5_10

=75

25_70

> 80

> 60

< 175

5-10

-

-

-

-

-

-

60-75

180

100

240

>175

15-20

-

-

-

-

-

gaswreba akrZalul monakveTze

15_20

> 80

> 180

160

120

> 175

4

tareba arafxizel mdgomareobaSi

70_80

200_500

< 900

> 360

=2400

> 525

5

wiTel Suqze gavla

15_20

100_400

180

160

> 120

> 175

#

darRvevis saxeoba

araswori 1 piki parkingi

2

3

siCqaris gadaWarbeba 15 km/sT 20 km/sT 30 km/sT

SeniSvna: gadasaxdelebi naCvenebia larebSi,

2001-2003 ww. 1l=0,5 aSS dolars

sainformacio bankSi aisaxeba sadazRvevo SemTxvevac, romliTac uqmdeba polisi da miyenebuli zaralis mniSvnelobis mixedviT Semdgomi polisis SeZena 50250%-mde gaZvirdeba, rac mniSvnelovnad gazrdis Semosavlebs administraciuli saqmianobidan. rogorc Cans, Tu sagzao policiis administraciuli saqmianobidan Semosul saxsrebs sagzao fondSi CavricxavT, amiT mWidrod davakavSirebT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis or rgols, romelTa saerTo mizania avtotransportis efeqtianoba. aucilebelia dainergos marTvis avtomatizebuli sistema. paralelurad “bonusmalusis~ principis ganxorcielebiT mkveTrad gaumjobesdeba orive uwyebis saqmianoba da gaizrdeba maTi Semosavlebi. sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos xelmZRvanelTa gancxadebiT22, Tu Semosuli Tanxis nawili moxmardeba muSakTa materialur stimulirebas, isini dRevandeli normatiuli bazis pirobebSic ki SeZleben, 2-3-jer gazardon jarimebiT Semosuli Tanxa. uaxloes 8-10 weliwadSi avtoparkisa da gadaadgilebebis zrdasTan erTad es Semosavlebi mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba, sagzao policiis struqturis optimizacia ki Seamcirebs misi Senaxvis xarjebs. sabolood, miviRebT mniSvnelovan ekonomikur efeqts, rac gulisxmobs ZviradRirebuli sagzao qselis maqsimalur gamoyenebas ramdenime aTeuljer iafi moZraobis kontrolis xarjze. sagzao policia Seavsebs sagzao fondsac. moZraobis monawileTa mier wesebis darRvevis gamo uaresdeba sagzao moZraobis pirobebi, matulobs Seferxebebi, mcirdeba savali nawilis gamtarunarianoba, 22

sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos avtomagistralebis ganyofilebis ufrosi, policiis polkovniki d. kvirikaSvili, Stabis ufrosi, policiis polkovniki e. qareliSvili.

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ziandeba sagzao nagebobebi. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, rom Semosavlebi gadaxdili jarimebidan pirdapir Sediodes sagzao fondSi. amJamad dawesebuli gadasaxadebi unda gaizardos, vinaidan maTi moculoba ar Seesabameba sagzao moZraobis fiskaluri datvirTvis moTxovnebs. cxrilSi 4.1 naCvenebia administraciuli kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli saxdelebi sagzao moZraobis zogierTi wesebis darRvevisaTvis saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris qveynebSi (2003 wlis monacemebi). rogorc vxedavT, gansxvaveba Zalze didia. miuxedavad saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa mwiri SesaZleblobebisa, mizanSewonilia gadasaxdelebis sul cota, orjer gazrda. paralelurad, gasaTvaliswinebelia sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSakTa materialuri stimulireba Semosuli Tanxebidan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, inspeqtorebi da mZRolebi garigdebian da Semcirdeba administraciuli saqmianobis am nawilidan miRebuli Tanxebi.

5. korufciasTan brZola _ teqnikuri zedamxedveloba avtosatransporto saSualebebze 5.1. teqnikuri zedamxedvelobis miznebi da amocanebi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sagzao policiis mier avtosatransporto saSualebebze (ass) teqnikuri zedamxedveloba xorcieldeba sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebisaTvis, “sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebisa” da “policiis Sesaxeb” kanonebis Sesabamisad.23 es kanonebi gansazRvravs saqarTvelos teritoriaze avtomototransportis teqnikuri zedamxedvelobis wesebs, am procesSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sagzao policiis sapatrulo samsaxuris danayofebis movaleobebs, saministroebTan, uwyebebTan, fizikur da iuridiul pirebTan urTierTobis formebs. am mimarTulebiT sagzao policiis ZiriTadi amocanebia: a) gaakontrolos qveynis teritoriaze yvela ass-s teqnikuri mdgomareoba; b) ass-s teqnikuri mdgomareobis gansazRvris mizniT Caataros perioduli saxelmwifo teqnikuri daTvaliereba. 5.2. sagzao zedamxedvelobis muSakTa movaleobebi sagzao policiis muSakebi teqnikuri zedamxedvelobisas: • amowmeben ass-s konstruqciebis Sesabamisobas moZraobis usafrTxoebis moTxovnebTan; • axdenen avtomobilebis, misabmelebisa da motociklebis periodul teqnikur daTvalierebas24; • akontroleben warmoeba-dawesebulebebisa da organizaciebis mier ass-s gamarTuli muSaobisaTvis Catarebul RonisZiebebs; • amowmeben ass-s da tramvai-troleibusebis teqnikur mdgomareobas _ aris Tu ara maTze saqarxno konstruqciiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxvadasxva mowyobilobebi. 23

saqarTvelos kanoni sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 1999 w. sagzao policiis mier avtosatransporto saSualebebze teqnikuri zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis wesi, Tbilisi, 18.04.2000w. 24

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moZraobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad da gauxsneli avtosagzao SemTxvevebis gamosavlenad akontroleben teqnikuri momsaxurebis obieqtebis mier SekeTebul satransporto saSualebebs. es ukanaskneli metad mniSvnelovania korufciis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT. xelosans ara aqvs ufleba, Caataros saTunuqe da samRebro samuSaoebi, Tu sagzao policiidan ar miiRo sabuTi, rom ziani miyenebulia registrirebuli sagzao satransporto SemTxvevis dros. 5.3. avtosatransporto saSualebaTa da maTi misabmelebis teqnikuri daTvalierebis Catarebis wesi saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze moZravi ass-s teqnikuri daTvalierebis ganmsazRvrel normatiul aqts warmoadgens teqnikuri daTvalierebis wesi, romelic SemuSavda”sagzao usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad. saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli, eqspluataciaSi da dadgenili wesiT registrirebuli yvela ass-s teqnikuri mdgomareobis gansazRvris mizniT savaldebuloa perioduli saxelmwifo teqnikuri daTvalierebis gavla. ass-s da maTi misabmelebis teqnikuri daTvaliereba tardeba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. am dros xdeba avtosatransporto saSualebaTa teqnikuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba, maTi raodenobis, kuTvnilebis, sxva saregistracio monacemebis dazusteba, tardeba ass-s da maTi nomriani agregatebis xelyofis SemTxvevaTa aRkveTa-acilebis RonisZiebebi. avtotransportis teqnikur daTvalierebas axdens Sss-s saqalaqo da raionuli organoebis sagzao policiis Sesabamisi samsaxurebi mTavari sammarTvelos mier licenzirebul diagnostikur centrSi. iuridiuli piris kuTvnili ass-s teqnikuri daTvaliereba dasaSvebia individualuri wardgeniT. kerZo mflobelobaSi arsebuli ass-s morig teqnikur daTva-liere-baze wardgenis TariRi ganisazRvreba individualurad, wina daTvalierebis safuZvelze. es wesi xSirad irRveva. avtomflobelTa umravlesoba vadagasuli firniSiT moZraobs da amjobinebs, sagzao policiels qrTami gadauxados (5 lari). pirebi, romelTa ass konkretul wels ar aris eqspluataciaSi, valdebulni arian, werilobiT acnobon sagzao policias, raTa misma TanamSromlebma teqnikuri daTvalierebis vadaSi moaxdinon drouli reagireba konkretul SemTxvevaze. am moTxovnebs individualuri mflobelebi ar asruleben. administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsSi 25,26 jarima ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. am darRvevaze unda dawesdes mkacri sanqcia, vinaidan saqarTveloSi bevri mitovebuli avtomobili dabinZurebisa da kriminalis wyaros warmoadgens. sagzao policiis saqalaqo da raionul danayofebs evalebaT, teqnikuri daTvalierebis dawyebamde aranakleb oci dRiT adre presis, televiziis, radios saSualebiT Seatyobinon individualur mflobelebs daTvalierebaze wardgenis adgili da teqnikuri daTvalierebis siaxleebi. es moTxovna formaluria. rogorc araerTxel aRvniSneT, sagzao policiaSi saWiroa informaciisa da propagandis ganyofileba, romelic mflobelebs ganumartavs am aqciis aucileblobas. ass-s teqnikuri mdgomareobis efeqturi SemowmebisaTvis es procedura xorcieldeba licenzirebul diagnostikur centrebSi, sagzao policiis mTavari 25

saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi sagzao moZraobis wesebis administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeTa warmoebis instruqcia (damtkicebulia saqarTvelos Ss ministris #210 brZanebiT, 1993 wlis 15 marti). 26

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sammarTvelos mier damtkicebuli “ass teqnikuri daTvalierebis Catarebisas sakontrolo sazomi xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT diagnostikur centrebSi Sesamowmebeli parametrebis nusxis” mixedviT. diagnostikuri centrebi Tavis saqmianobas warmarTaven saqarTvelos prezidentis mier damtkicebuli “ass-s teqnikuri daTvalierebis aucilebeli diagnostikuri centrebis licenzirebis pirobebisa da muSaobis Sesaxeb” debulebis Sesabamisad.27 teqnikurad gamarTulad iTvleba ass, romlis teqnikuri mdgomareobac Seesabameba sagzao moZraobis wesebisa da moqmed saxelmwifo standarts28. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi satransporto saSualeba CaiTvleba gaumarTavad. sagzao policiis inspeqtori teqnikurad gamarTul transportze gascems: avtomobilis teqnikuri daTvalierebis damadasturebel firniSans, romelzec miTiTebulia momdevno daTvalierebaze wardgenis TariRi. firniSani ZalaSia gacemidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi da mas sagzao policiis inspeqtori amagrebs avtomanqanis wina saqare minis marjvena zeda kuTxeSi, xolo teqnikur pasportze ikvreba klifsi. saqare minaze da teqnikur pasportze dasaSvebia mxolod erTi moqmedi firniSnisa da klifsis arseboba. 5.4. avtosatransporto sawarmoebis kontroli avtosatransporto sawarmoebSi ass-s teqnikuri kontroli xorcieldeba sagzao policiis danayofis mier. mowmdeba iuridiuli pirebis kuTvnili transportis teqnikuri eqspluataciisa da remontis pirobebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens satransporto saSualebebis gamarTulobaze. avtosatransporto sawarmoebis kompleqsuri Semowmeba xdeba weliwadSi erTxel mainc. amas iTvaliswinebs sagzao policiis samuSao gegma, masSi miTiTebulia sawarmos dasaxeleba da Semowmebis TariRi. antikorufciuli RonisZiebebis Catareba aucilebelia damatebiTi teqnikuri Semowmebis dros, romelic exeba taqsebs, avtobusebs, satvirTo avtomobilebsa da furgonebs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mgzavrTa gadasayvanad dasaqmebul avtotransportze yoveldRiuri winaswari samedicino da teqnikuri Semowmeba sawarmoebSi, avtosadgurebSi, gamSveb sakontrolo punqtebSi, sadac korufcia farTodaa gavrcelebuli. avtosatransporto sawarmoebis Semowmeba xdeba sagzao policiis TanamSromlebisa da maTive xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili komisiis mier. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi teqnikuri mdgomareobis Semmowmebeli komisiis SemadgenlobaSi SesaZlebelia Seiyvanon sxva specialistebic. Tu avtosatransporto sawarmoebSi ar aris saremonto baza da teqnikuri samsaxuri, ass-s teqnikuri mdgomareobis yoveldRiuri kontroli evaleba mZRolebs. es ukanasknelni, rogorc wesi, zereled asruleben am moTxovnas. xSiria teqnikurad gaumarTavi avtomobilebis eqspluatacia da am mizeziT gamowveuli sagzaosatransporto SemTxvevebi. 27

saxelmwifo standarti 25 478-91, moTxovnebi avtosatransporto saSualebaTa teqnikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gamomdinare moZraobis usafrTxoebis pirobebidan. 28 saxelmwifo standarti 5727-99; moTxovnebi avtosatransporto saSualebaTa teqnikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gamomdinare moZraobis usafrTxoebis pirobebidan.

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5.5. sagzao kontroli satransporto saSualebaTa teqnikuri mdgomareobis kontroli sagzao zedamxedvelobis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, igi avlens da krZalavs teqnikurad gaumarTav ass-s eqspluatacias, rac saSiSroebas uqmnis moZraobis usafrTxoebas. Semowmeba gzebze xorcieldeba SerCeviT: Tu aSkaradaa gamokveTili uwesrigoba; Tu avtomobilma droulad ar gaiara teqnikuri daTvaliereba; roca avtomobilebi sagzao policiasTan SeuTanxmeblad aris dakompleqtebuli sxva modelis elementebiT. quCaSi Semowmebas ar eqvemdebareba saswrafo daxmarebis, saxanZro, safosto, sainkasatoro, avariul-teqnikuri samsaxuris, uSiSroebis, Sss-s, Tavdacvis saministros, radioaqtiuri tvirTis gadasatani da sxva operatiuli daniSnulebis avtomanqanebi; aseve diplomatiuri _ saerTaSoriso organizaciebis kuTvnili turistuli manqanebi, taqsebi (mgzavrebiT), avtobusebi da mosavlis aRebaze momuSave kolonaSi myofi avtomanqanebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom aucilebelia debulebis Sesabamisi muxlis29 koreqtireba, raTa nebadarTuli iyos saerTaSoriso organizaciebis kuTvnili taqsebis, avtobusebis da a.S. SeCereba, Tu amis saWiroeba arsebobs. gzebze ass-s teqnikuri mdgomareobis kontroli gaTvaliswinebulia sagzao policiis gegmaSi, romelSic miTiTebulia miznobrivi reidebis Catarebis adgili da dro. sagzao policiis muSaki valdebulia, akrZalos teqnikurad gaumarTavi ass-s eqspluatacia da gaataros kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli zomebi. 5.6. arsebuli fiskaluri politika, mosakrebelTa moculoba da diagnostikuri momsaxurebis fasebi saqarTvelos kanonis30 Tanaxmad, avtomobils weliwadSi erTxel unda Cautardes teqnikuri daTvaliereba. avtomflobelma sakuTari an misi marTvis qveS myofi satransporto saSualeba teqnikur daTvalierebaze unda waradginos gamarTul mdgomareobaSi. amasTan, avtomobilSi aucileblad unda iyos cecxlsaqrobi da wamlebis nakrebi, e.w. ,,afTiaqi”. satransporto saSualebis teqnikuri daTvaliereba iwyeba diagnostikuri centridan, sadac xdeba avtomobilis Semowmeba yvela parametriT: ra mdgomareobaSia samuxruWe sistema, saWis meqanizmi, kvebis sistema, rogoria saburavebi, saqare mina da sxv. Tu diagnostikuri Semowmebisas gamovlinda raime defeqti da misi adgilze SekeTeba SesaZlebelia, amisaTvis avtomflobeli ixdis damatebiT Tanxas, xolo Tu defeqtis adgilze SekeTeba ver xerxdeba, mis aRmosafxvrelad mflobels eZleva vada. Tu avtomflobelma xarvezi xuT dReSi ver gamoaswora, diagnostikuri Semowmebisas gadaxdili Tanxa Zaladakargulad iTvleba. TbilisSi registrirebuli ass SeiZleba Semowmdes dedaqalaqis nebismier diagnostikur centrSi, firniSnis misaRebad ki mflobelma unda miakiTxos raionis sagzao policias, sadac avtomobilia registrirebuli. 29

muxli7.3. debuleba sagzao policiis mier avtosatransporto saSualebebze teqnikuri zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis wesi, Tbilisi, 2000 wlis 18 aprili. 30 saqarTvelos kanoni sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 1999 w.

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sagzao fondis mosakreblebis odenoba damokidebulia satransporto saSualebaTa tvirTamweobaze. avtosatransporto saSualebis gamonabolqvis, anTebisa da kvebis sistemis SemowmebisaTvis gadasaxadi Seadgens 5 lars. Tu gamonabolqvSi mavne airebis raodenoba normaze metia, avtomflobelTan SeTanxmebiT ekolog-operatoris mier xdeba misi daregulireba, risTvisac damatebiTi gadasaxadia 3 lari. diagnostikuri Semowmebis fasebi: msubuqi avtomobilebisaTvis _ 7 lari avtobusebisaTvis 25-mde adgiliT _ 10 lari avtobusebisaTvis 25 da meti adgiliT _ 13 lari satvirTo avtomobilebisaTvis: 2 tonamde tvirTamweobis _ 10 lari 2 tonaze meti tvirTamweobis _ 13 lari avtosatransporto saSualebis teqnikuri daTvalierebis damadasturebeli saqare minaze dasakravi firniSisa da teqnikur pasportSi Casakravi klifsis saerTo Rirebuleba 1 laria. maT gascems im raionis avtoinspeqciis warmomadgeneli, sadac teqdaTvalierebagavlili satransporto saSualebaa aRricxuli. TbilisSi 16 sadiagnostiko centria, maT garda analogiuri centrebi muSaobs saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, yvela raionul centrsa da qalaqSi. maTi saerTo raodenobaa 32. am dawesebulebebis muSaobis gaumjobesebisa da korufciis aRmofxvris erTerTi pirobaa maTi gaerTianeba 2-3 msxvili mflobelis xelSi. es saSualebas mogvcems, Tanxebis racionaluri ganawilebiT amaRldes momsaxurebis kultura, gaumjobesdes sadiagnostiko mowyobilobebi, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT minimumamde davides avtomflobelis (mZRolis) da sadiagnostiko centris operatorebis uSualo kontaqtis xangrZlivoba, uzrunveliyos diagnostikis Sedegebis Senaxva centralur sainformacio bankSi da monacemebi dauyovnebliv gaices dainteresebul iuridiul da fizikur pirebze. 5.7. mosakreblebis arsebuli sistema, korufciuli fasdebebi da Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculoba 1996 wlamde teqdaTvalierebebs sagzao policia formalurad atarebda. yuradReba eqceoda mxolod vizualur suraTs. didi iyo korufciuli garigebis albaToba. teqnikuri daTvalierebis Catareba StampiT aRiniSneboda Zveli nimuSis teqnikur pasportSi. Tanxis odenoba damokidebuli iyo avtomobilis t ipze, bankSi asaRebi qviTris fasi meryeobda 3-5 laramde. maSindeli avtoinspeqciis muSakis safuZvliani Tu usafuZvlo pretenziebis dasakmayofileblad avtomflobeli qrTamis saxiT ixdida aranakleb 5 dolars. gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos avtoparki 600 aTas erTeuls aWarbebda. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia gamoviangariSoT maSindeli avtoinspeqciis Crdilovani Semosavlis minimaluri odenoba. 600 000 × 5 $ = 3 800 000 aSS dolari weliwadSi

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im wlebSi teqnikuri daTvalierebidan miRebuli Semosavali 3-4 mln aSS dolars aRwevda da amisTvis ar iyo saWiro specialuri mowyobiloba, inteleqtualuri Tu fizikuri Zalebis daZabva. amdenad, saaRricxvo-teqnikur ganyofilebaSi muSaoba sarfianad iTvleboda. rigiT muSakad dasaniSnad ixdidnen 1 000 $-mde, xolo raionuli da saqalaqo samsaxuris xelmZRvanelad daniSvna ramdenime aTasidan ramdenime aTeul aTas dolaramde Rirda. qrTamis moculobas gansazRvravda teritoriaze registrirebuli avtomobilebis raodenoba. magaliTad, im periodSi mestiis raionSi registrirebuli iyo 800-mde avtomobili, cagerSi – 1400, ambrolaurSi – 2500, zugdidSi – 21000, zestafonSi – 15000, gorSi, mcxeTasa da TelavSi _ 16000-mde, quTaisSi _ 30000, TbilisSi – 140000. gansakuTrebiT Semosavliani iyo qvemo qarTli (marneuli, bolnisi, dmanisi). aq 20 aTasamde avtomobils iTvlidnen. regionSi ZiriTadad araqarTvelebi cxovroben, romelTac qarTulad dawerili instruqciisa araferi gaegebodaT. 1992-93 wlebSi avtoparkma mkveTrad iwyo Semcireba. es ZiriTadad satvirTo avtomobilebis xarjze xdeboda. paralelurad dasavleT evropidan daiwyo naxmari, 10-15 wlis avtomobilebis, ZiriTadad, msubuqi avtomanqanebisa da mikroavtobusebis Semotana. avtoparkis teqnikuri mdgomareobis realuri kontrolisTvis da gaumarTavi avtomobilebis moZraobiT gamowveuli safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad saWiro gaxda, mowinave qveynebis msgavsad saqarTveloSic danergiliyo savaldebulo, perioduli, instrumentuli kontroli. am mizniT respublikis mTavrobam 1995 wels miiRo Sesabamisi dadgenileba31, romlis Tanaxmad teqnikuri mdgomareobis kontroli da diagnostika daevala kerZo seqtors, xolo am saqmianobaze licenziebs gascemda da teqnikur zedamxedvelobas warmarTavda sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelo. zemoxsenebulma sistemam funqcionireba daiwyo 1996 wels. fasdebebi dadginda avtomobilis tipis mixedviT. teqnikuri daTvalierebis firniSis misaRebad dawesda sagzao fondisa da savaldebulo dazRvevis gadasaxadi.

5.8. korufciis mizezebi, meqanizmi da Crdilovani Semosavlebi 5.8.1. korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebi teqdaTvalierebis sferoSi korufciis mTavari mizezia muSakTa dabali xelfasi da avtomobilebis arasaxarbielo teqnikuri mdgomareoba. teqdaTvalierebis moTxovnaTa sruli dacvis SemTxvevaSi avtoparkis sami meoTxedi ver miiRebda moZraobis uflebas. xelmZRvanelTa mxridan Zaldataneba da meqrTameobis xelSewyoba, umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa Careva da maTi interesebis lobireba Segnebulad xdeboda. arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo bazac amiT SeiZleba aixsnas. debuleba Sedgenili iyo ise, rom avtomobilTa diferenciacia da sagzao fondis, savaldebulo dazRvevisa da teqnikuri daTvalierebis mosakreblebi gaurkveveli iyo. es iwvevda avtomflobelTa dezorientacias da maTi umravlesoba ixdida winaswar dasaxelebul jamur Tanxas, romelic, rogorc wesi, orjer aWarbebda oficialur mosakrebels. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ass ver iRebda dadebiT Sefasebas. sadiagnostiko momsaxurebis fasebi gavlenian pirTa lobirebis gamo araTanabrad iyo ganawilebuli. avtomobilis Semowmeba toqsikurobaze, faqtobrivad, korufciis 31

saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis dadgenileba #601, Tbilisi, 28 seqtemberi, 1995 weli.

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wyaros warmoadgenda. daaxloebiT 40 aTas dolarad Rirebuli instrumentebiT 4 parametris Semowmebas 25-30 wT sWirdeboda da Rirda imdenive, rac 200-300dolariani xelsawyoTi 5-wuTiani kontroli. debulebiT dRemde dasaSvebia airgamanawilebeli sistemis iqve daregulireba damatebiT 3 larad. saWiroebis miuxedavad, debuleba ar iTvaliswinebs teqdaTvalierebis zust TariRs. yvela amjobinebs, miakiTxos wlis bolos, teqdaTvalierebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, rac iwvevs rigebs da xels uwyobs qrTamis fasad teqdaTvalierebis sabuTis ukontrolod miRebas. 5.8.3. Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculoba 1996-99 ww. sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos monacemebiT, Catarda milionamde teqdaTvaliereba. gamarTuli aRmoCnda avtoparkis daaxloebiT 70%. aqedan 75%-s Seadgenda msubuqi avtomobilebi, 15%-s _ satvirTo manqanebi, xolo 10%-s _ avtobusebi. sadiagnostiko sadgurebSi Catarebulma dakvirvebam da avtomflobelTa gamokiTxvam gviCvena, rom msubuq manqanaze ukanono gadasaxadi Seadgenda saSualod 50 lars, satvirToze – 100 lars. avtobusebs daTvaliereba orjer utardeboda, saerTo jamSi mflobelebi zedmetad ixdidnen 100 lars. Sesabamisad, am periodSi Crdilovanma Semosavlebma Seadgina: (0,75 ⋅ 50 + 0,15 ⋅ 100 + 0,10 ⋅ 100) ⋅ 1 000 000 0,70 = 43,75 mln lari, anu daaxloebiT 25 mln dolari maSindeli kursiT. sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos monacemebiT, 2000-2003 wlebis teqnikuri daTvalierebis statistika aseTia: Cautarda diagnostika

aRmoCnda gamarTuli

procenti

raodenoba

diagnostirebulidan

parkidan

2000

318.223

244.376

76.8

137.288

56.20

43.14

2001

323.584

279.196

86.3

195.192

70.0

60.32

2002

327.134

271.831

83.09

187.471

68.97

57.30

2003

326.111

236.755

72.60

190.346

80.40

58.37

wlebi

aRricxuli ass, aTasi

raodenoba

procenti

am periodSi sul Catarda 1 032 200 Semowmeba, gamarTuli aRmoCnda saSualod 69%. 2000 wlis 11 oqtombridan 32 amoqmedda kanoni, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos parlamentma gaanaxevra mosakrebelTa odenoba da servisuli momsaxurebis fasdebebi. saTanadod, Seicvala avtoparkis struqturac: msubuqi avtomobili gaxda 80%, satvirTo _ 12%, avtobusi _ 8%. Sesabamisad, 2000-2003 wlebSi Crdilovani Semosavlebis savaraudo raodenobam miaRwia: [(0,75×0,50+0,15×100+0,10×100)×250000+(0,80×25+0,12×0,50+0,08×50)×782200]×0,69= =36,8186 milion lars, anu imdroindeli kursiT 18,4 milion aSS dolars _ saSualod 4,6 milion dolars weliwadSi. 32

saqarTvelos zogierTi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 2000 wlis 11 oqtomberi.

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5.8.3. daskvna cifrebi gviCvenebs, rom am sferoSi korufciasTan brZolas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. naTelia, rom mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam, Seemcirebina mosakreblebi, Seamcira Crdilovani Semosavlebic. Tu maTi saSualo moculoba 1996-1999 ww. Seadgenda 6,25 mln aSS dolars weliwadSi, 2000-2003 wlebSi igi 4,5 mln dolaramde Semcirda. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove sadiagnostiko, sakontrolo instrumentebis kompleqtis Rirebuleba 50 aTas aSS dolaramdea. misi gamoyeneba ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli rom iyos, saWiroa am teqnologiurma xazma Caataros 10 000-mde diagnostika saSualod 10-12 dolarad. 1996-1999 ww. fasdebebi korufciul danamatebTan erTad uzrunvelyofda sadiagnostiko centrebis funqcionirebas. 2000 wlidan ki fasebis ganaxevrebis gamo instrumentulma diagnostikam saqarTveloSi formaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. am sferoSi mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad aucilebelia mTeli rigi faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba da Sedegebis prognozireba. aucilebelia, agreTve, Sedegebis Rrma analizi da kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa dasaxva, riTac moxerxdeba am sferos yvela maCveneblis gaumjobeseba da ara erTi romelime nawilisa meoris gauaresebis xarjze. aqedan gamomdinare, unda aRiniSnos, rom parlamentis zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba ufro Sedegiani iqneboda, konkretuli parametrebi saTanadod argumentirebuli rom yofiliyo. 2003 wlis noembris cnobili movlenebis Semdeg korufciasTan Seurigebelma brZolam Tavisi Sedegebi gamoiRo. Catarebulma gamokiTxvebma gviCvena, rom amJamad sadiagnostiko centrebSi korufciuli danamati 2-3 lars ar aWarbebs da igi warmoadgens qviTrebSi fiqsirebuli Tanxis damrgvalebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amJamad am sferoSi korufcia minimumamdea dasuli, magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom xelovnurad, populisturi mosazrebebiT Semcirebulma tarifma faqtobrivad Sewyvita instrumentuli diagnostika. amave dros, yofili prezidentis klanis mier monopolizebuli 33 ekologiuri Semowmebis fasebi dausabuTebladaa gazrdili, sul cota, samjer. saWiroa rigi RonisZiebebis Catareba, romlebic maqsimalurad Seamcirebs korufcias, SemogvTavazebs sadiagnostiko momsaxurebis realur fasebs da uzrunvelyofs instrumentuli kontrolis maRal doneze Catarebas. 5.9. avtosatransporto saSualebebis teqnikuri kontrolisa da korufciasTan brZolis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi 5.9.1.

sakiTxis aqtualoba

avtomobilis teqnikuri mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs moZraobis usafrTxoebas, saavtomobilo transportis ekonomikur efeqturobas da ekologiurobas. amitomac teqnikuri kontrolis organizeba, misi miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvra, teqnikuri da sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa, teqnikuri kontrolis procesebis marTva da masSi korufciis aRmofxvra sagzao zedamxedvelobis saxelmwifo organos muSaobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa. 5.9.2.

kontrolis centrebis daniSnuleba, damatebiTi kontrolis aucilebloba

teqnikuri kontrolis centrebis mizania, daadginos moZraobis usafrTxoebis, ekonomiurobisa da ekologiurobis uzrunvelmyofi kvanZebis, agregatebisa da sistemebis teqnologiuri mdgomareoba, Seafasos isini da dasaxos maTi gaumjobesebis gzebi. 33

“raki prezidentis disSvili var, saqme ar unda vakeTo?”, “kviris palitra”, 22-28 seqtemberi, 2003 w.

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msoflio gamocdilebis, saqarTvelos saavtomobilo parkisa da sagzao qselis arsebuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, agreTve maTi ganviTarebisaTvis mizanSewonilia, instrumentuli kontrolis centrebSi periodulad Catardes Semdegi samuSaoebi: 1. samuxruWe sistemebis gamocda; 2. saWis meqanizmis jamuri folxvis dadgena; 3. gare ganaTebis saSualebebis, maT Soris saTavo farebis Semowmeba; 4. gamonabolqvis toqsikologiuri analizi; 5. Tvlebis geometriis Semowmeba; 6. Zravis Semowmeba kompresiisa da sawvavis xarjvis mxriv; 7. avtomobilis darCenili resursis Sefaseba (utardeba 15 da meti wlis avtomobilebs). avtomobilis pirveli 6 saxeobis kontrolis win vizualurad mowmdeba amweze dayenebuli avtomobilis Zara, dakidebis, saWis da muxruWebis meqanizmebi. xdeba maTi Sedareba savaldebulo servis-baraTis monacemebTan (avariul an sxva eqstremalur pirobebSi miRebuli dazianebebis SekeTebis xarisxi, SekeTebis adgili da dro). mocemul modelze qarxnis mier rekomendebuli perioduli servisis Sesruleba _ Semowmebis Sedegebi fasdeba amowuruli resursiT procentebSi. avtomobilis Semdgomi eqspluataciisTvis gaicema rekomendaciebi da Sesabamisad dgindeba savaldebulo dazRvevisa da avtomobilis flobaze mosakreblis gazrdis xarisxi. kompresiis Semowmeba – iZleva Zravis samuxruWe da dinamikuri Tvisebebis Sefasebas, rac aucilebelia samTo da daserili reliefis pirobebSi. sawvavis xarjis Semowmeba – iZleva Zravis ekonomiuri da ekologiuri maxasiaTeblebis Sefasebis saSualebas, rac aucilebelia Cveni moZvelebuli avtoparkisaTvis. 5.9.3. kontrolis centrebisaTvis saWiro Tanamedrove aRWurviloba kontrolis centrebi aucileblad unda aRiWurvos Tanamedrove sakontrolo xelsawyoebiT (sasurvelia, evropuli warmoebisa) dakompleqtebuli sadiagnostiko xazebiT. yoveli xazi unda iyos specializebuli _ emsaxurebodes msubuq avtomobilebsa da mikroavtobusebs an satvirToebsa da avtobusebs. dasaSvebia universaluri daniSnulebis xazebic. korufciis Tavidan asacileblad yovel diagnostikur xazs unda emsaxurebodes Tavisi kompiuteri, romelsac sazomi mowyobiloba avtomaturad gadascems Sedegebs. yovel sakontrolo xelsawyoze aucilebelia Sesabamisi danadgari displeiT, romelzedac gamoisaxeba kontrolis Sedegi. avtomobilis teqnikuri mdgomareobis kontrolis Sedegebi, mflobelisa da avtomobilis rekvizitebiT, kontrolis TariRiT Sedis kontrolis centris kompiuterul mexsierebaSi, romelic gadaecema sagzao zedamxedvelobis saxelmwifo organos sainformacio banks. garkveuli monacemebi gadaecema Sss-s sapatrulo samsaxuris sainformacio centrs ssS-ze an avtomobilis gatacebis faqtze operatiuli reagirebisTvis. sadiagnostiko-sakontrolo specialuri xazebis mwarmoeblebi 34 erTi avtomobilis kontrolisaTvis saWiro drod miiCneven 8-12 wuTs. magram sazRvargareTuli 34

Objectif securite. Le contrôle technique des vehicules. Ministere de l’industrie et du Commerce Exterieur, Paris 2000

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praqtikisa da Cveni SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilia, xazebis gamtarunarianobis Sesafaseblad gamoviyenoT 20-25 wuTi. Sesabamisad, erTi xazis wliuri gamtaroba iqneba arau metes 12000, weliwadSi 300 samuSao dRisa da orcvliani muSaobis pirobebSi. kontrolis centrebis Seuferxebeli muSaobisaTvis aucilebelia aranakleb 20 kvt simZlavris dizel-generatori, romelic uzrunvelyofs eleqtroenergias arastabiluri Zabvisa da sixSiris, agreTve denis sruli gamorTvis SemTxvevaSi. mizanSewonilia, sakontrolo-sadiagnostiko xazebi damontaJdes maTTvis specialurad gankuTvnil SenobebSi (modulebSi). Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia savaldebulo teqnikuri kontrolis sadguris mTliani kompleqtis SeZena, rac uzrunvelyofs rTuli eleqtronuli aparaturis gamarTul muSaobas, Seqmnis optimalur pirobebs personalisaTvis, uzrunvelyofs komforts avtomflobelebisaTvis. zemoxsenebuli kompleqtis fasi (Camotanis, montaJis, personalis swavlebis CaTvliT) da kapitaldabandebaTa amoRebis realuri vadebi moiTxovs, dawesdes erTi kontrolisTvis 10-12 aSS dolari. dRevandeli fasebiT instrumentuli kontroli SeuZlebelia, igi formaluria da korufciis wyaros warmoadgens. mizanSewonilia, kontrolis centrs hqondes saamqro servisuli ubnebiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs gamovlenili dazianebebis operatiul aRmofxvras, Tuki mflobels amisi survili eqna. eleqtronul aparaturaze sakontrolod daiSveba mxolod sufTa avtomobili. amdenad, yvela centrisaTvis aucilebelia specialuri mowyobilobebiT aRWurvili avtomobilebis samrecxao. aucilebelia avtosadgomi aranakleb aTi didgabaritiani avtomobilisaTvis, agreTve avtomflobelTa mosacdeli oTaxi da saTanado sanitaruli kvanZi. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sadiagnostiko centris saerTo farTobi unda Seadgendes aranakleb 1200 m2, aqedan ezo _ 600 m2, Senoba _ 600 m2, 6 m simaRlis, romelic aRWurvili unda iyos gamwovi ventilaciiT. 5.9.4.

sakontrolo centrebis qseli da misi organizaciuli struqtura

kontrolis procesSi korufciasTan sabrZolvelad, agreTve sakontrolo aparaturis Rirebulebisa da kapitaldabandebaTa efeqturi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia regionuli sakontrolo centrebis Seqmna, romelTa gamtarunarianoba erTi sakontrolo xazis pirobebSi iqneba daaxloebiT 15000 avtomobili weliwadSi. mizanSewonilia, erTi xazi daitvirTos ara umetes 13000 manqaniT weliwadSi. yvela sakontrolo centri iqneba kerZo mflobelobaSi da saqmianobis uflebas miiRebs konkursis wesiT. am uflebas gascems sagzao zedamxedvelobis saxelmwifo organosTan arsebuli sertifikaciisa da licenzirebis samsaxuri, romelic unda Seiqmnas standartebis saxelmwifo komitetTan da Sss-Tan SeTanxmebiT. yvela sakontrolo centri unda iZleodes etapobrivi ganviTarebisa da axali sakontrolo xazis (xazebis) damatebis garantias. amisaTvis aucilebelia, konkursSi monawile firmis yovelwliuri kapitali 5 aSS dolars aRwevdes. uxarisxod Sesrulebuli samuSaos, fasdebebis darRvevis an korufciuli da sxva qmedebis gamovlenisas licenzia gauqmdeba da sagarantio kapitali Cairicxeba sagzao fondis angariSze. mizanSewonilia, saamortizacio xarji Seadgendes sakontrolo mowyobilebis Rirebulebis 20%-s, raTa yovel 5 weliwadSi moxdes misi ganaxleba. Senoba160

nagebobebisa da sxva aRWurvilobis saamortizacio xarji sasurvelia Seadgendes 10%-s, riTac moxerxdeba maTi ganaxleba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi. firmas eZleva kontrolis 5-wliani ufleba. avtomobilebis savaldebulo teqnikur kontrols axorcielebs mxolod sagzao zedamxedvelobis saxelmwifo organos mier uflebamosili firmebi. igive saxelmwifo organo gascems kontrolis gavlis damadasturebel niSans saqare minaze misakravad. saxelmwifo departamentis licenzirebisa da sertificirebis samsaxuri perioduli da SerCeviTi kontrolis safuZvelze gadawyvets 5-wliani vadis gagrZelebas an mis vadamdel Sewyvetas. vadamdeli Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi sagarantio Tanxa jarimis saxiT gadairicxeba sagzao fondSi. 5.9.5. avtomobilebis kontrolis grafiki korufciasTan efeqtianad brZolisaTvis ZviradRirebuli aparaturis sworad gamoyenebisa da kerZo kapitalis racionaluri dabandebisaTvis aucilebelia, mkacrad iqnes daculi savaldebulo kontrolze misvlis grafiki. grafiki uzrunvelyofs diagnostikuri centrebis Tanabar datvirTvas da gamoricxavs rigebis warmoqmnas.

13-14-15

16-17-18

19-20-21

22-23-24

8

9

noemberi

dekemberi

10-11-12

7

oqtomberi

7-8-9

6

seqtemberi

4-5-6

5

agvisto

ivnisi

1-2-3

4

ivlisi

maisi

3

aprili

2

marti

1

misvlis Tve

0

misvlis dRe

cifri

grafikis safuZvelia avtomobilis saregistracio nomris sami cifri. pirveli cifri miuTiTebs kontrolze misvlis Tves, meore cifri _ avtomflobelis gankargulebaSi arsebul sam dRes. mesame cifri miuTiTebs, dRis romel naxevarSi unda mivides klienti. kenti ricxvi Seesabameba pirvel cvlas, luwi ricxvi – meores.

25-26-27 28-29-30-31

magaliTad: ABD 123-nomriani avtomanqanisOMmflobeli yovelwliurad miva sakontrolo centrSi aprilis 7-8-9 ricxvebSi, pirvel cvlaSi. vinc ver SeZlebs xsenebuli grafikis dacvas, ufleba aqvs, mivides sarezervo TveebSi, ianvar-TebervalSi nomris mixedviT SerCeul dResa da cvlaSi. zemoxsenebuli grafikis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi klients SeuZlia sasurvel dros misvla kontrolis Casatareblad, magram am SemTxvevaSi kontrolis Rirebuleba gaizrdeba ramdenjerme da damatebiTi Tanxa gadairicxeba sagzao fondis angariSze.

161

5.9.6. kontrolis perioduloba

2-5 wlamde

5-10 wlamde

10-15 wlamde

15 welze meti

satvirTo, msubuqi, mopedi, motocikli taqsi, mikroavtobusi, avtobusi, operatiuli daniSnulebisa da sxva specavtomobilebi savaldebulo gadasaxadebis tarifebis zrda,%

2 wlamde

avtomobilis asaki, daniSnuleba

1 wlamde

avtomobilebis savaldebulo instrumentuli kontrolis periodulobas gansazRvravs avtomobilis daniSnuleba da eqspluataciis vada.

_

_

1

1

2

speckomisiis gavlis Semdeg 2

1

1

2

3

3

speckomisiis gavlis Semdeg 3

_

_

20

30

50

15 da meti wlis avtomobilebi yoveli wlis dasawyisSi pirvel teqnikur kontrols specialur komisiaze gadian, romelic afasebs avtomobilis resurss da iZleva rekomendacias eqspluataciaSi misi datovebis mizanSewonilobaze. komisia yalibdeba sagzao transportis departamentis, sagzao zedamxedvelobis saxelmwifo organosa da Sss-s sapatrulo samsaxuris warmomadgenlebisgan. 5.9.7. damatebiTi kontrolis aucilebloba saqarTvelos saavtomobilo parki Sedgeba moZvelebuli, yofili ssrk-s an dasavluri warmoebis avtomobilebisagan. aseT viTarebaSi marto gamonabolqvis kvamlianobisa da toqsikurobis gazomva araa sakmarisi. garemos dabinZurebis Tavidan asacileblad aucilebelia SemoviRoT damatebiTi sakontrolo parametri: mocemuli avtomobilis Zravis mier sawvavis xarjva ramdenad aWarbebs nominalur sidides. angariSis safuZvlad viRebT sawvavis kuTri xarjis sidides g/cx.Z.sT, romlis transformirebas vaxdenT gazomvis operatiulad da droulad Catarebis mizniT Semdeg pirobebSi: gazomvis xangrZlivoba _ 1 wuTi sadrosele faris 100%-iani gaxsnis pirobebSi. gasazomi xelsawyo _ menzura. Sesabamisad, Zravis mier 1 wuTSi daxarjuli sawvavis moculobis nominaluri sidide iqneba: g = k ⋅ ge ⋅ Ne ml/wT-Si sadac: ge Zravis nominaluri kuTri xarjia g/cx.Z.sT-Si Ne

_

Sesabamisi simZlavre cx.Z.-Si

k koeficienti damokidebulia sawvavis saxeobaze 162

kontrolis stacionaruli centrebis Cven mier rekomendebuli ganlageba saqarTvelos teritoriaze

#

centrebis adgilsamyofeli, raodenoba xobsa da senaks Soris, 1 mobiluri centri ozurgeTi, 1 mobiluri centri, qobuleTi, 1 baTumi, 1

sakontrolo xazebis raodenoba

3 000

mobiluri centri

1

20 000

quTaisi, 1

2

10 000

samtredia, 1

1

17 000

Terjola, 1

2

20 000

gori, 1

2

10 000

TeTriwyaro, 1

1

20 000 15 000

rusTavi, 1 bolnisi, 1

2 1

12 000

axalcixe, 1

1

11 000

axalqalaqi, 1

1

14 000

duSeTi, 1

1

15 000

kaWreTi, 1

1

14 000

Telavi, 1

1

13 000

wnori, 1

1

40 000

kaxeTis gzatkecili, 1

3

centraluri nawili

40 000

saburTalo-vake, 1

3

dasavleT nawili

40 000

gldani, 1 mobiluri centri gagra, 1 gulrifSi, 1 oCamCiere, 1 mobiluri centri, 1

3 1 1 1 1 1 1

regioni

raionebi

avtomobilTa raodenoba

samegrelo

yvela raioni

20 000

2

svaneTi guria

_ _

800 13 000

3

aWara

Suaxevi da xulo, sxva raionebi

38 000

4

raWaleCxumi

1

5

imereTi

6

Sida qarTli

7

qvemo qarTli

8

samcxejavaxeTi

9

10

11

mcxeTamTianeTi

kaxeTi

Tbilisi

cageri, lentexi oni, ambrolauri quTaisi, wyaltubo, xoni baRdaTi, samtredia, vani tyibuli, Terjola, zestafoni, WiaTura, saCxere, xaragauli xaSuri, qareli, kaspi, gori TeTriwyaro, walka, dmanisi rusTavi, gardabani bolnisi, marneuli axalcixe, adigeni, aspinZa axalqalaqi, ninowminda mcxeTa, duSeTi, TianeTi, yazbegi, axalgori gurjaani, sagarejo axmeta, Telavi, yvareli siRnaRi, lagodexi, dedofliswyaro teritoriis aRmosavleT nawili

12

afxazeTi

kodoris xeoba, sxva raionebi:

_

13

cxinvali

java, kvaisa, cxinvali

_

163

2 1 1 1 2 2

(k = 0,020 benzinisaTvis, k = 0,022 solaris zeTisaTvis). nominaluri xarjidan gadaWarbeba fasdeba Semdegnairad: gfaqt ≤ 1,15g

gfaqt ≤ 1,15 ÷ 1,30g

gfaqt > 1,3 g

avtomobili gamarTulia

saWiroa sawvavis aparaturis regulireba

avtomobili gaumarTavia, saWiroa sawvavi aparaturis remonti

saqarTvelos sagzao qselSi gzis aradamakmayofilebeli mdgomareobis gamo aucilebelia avtomobilis moWidebis efeqturobis instrumentuli Sefaseba. uamisod SeuZlebelia amonaburcebsa da ormoebze gavlisas mdgradi kursis SenarCuneba, Sesabamisad, usafrTxo moZraoba. 5.9.8. avtomobilebis teqnikuri mdgomareobis saxazo kontroli Sss-s sapatrulo samsaxurisa da sagzao zedamxedvelobis saxelmwifo organos egidiT arsebuli savaldebulo kontrolis centrebs Soris funqciebis gadanawilebisaTvis mizanSewonilia, kontrolis stacionarulma da mobilurma centrma Caataros mxolod debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebi. amasTan, kontrolze ar dauSvas avtomobilebi, romelTa Zaris, saqare minis, maSuqebisa da a.S. mdgomareoba vizualuri kontroliT ar Seesabameba moTxovnebs. aqsesuarebi da damatebiTi mowyobiloba, romelTa Secvla iolia (mag; saburavebi), sakontrolo punqtebSi ar isinjeba. Sss-s sapatrulo policia axorcielebs saxazo kontrols. mis funqciebSi Sedis avtomobilis rekvizitebisa da mZRolis sabuTebis, savaldebulo dazRvevis polisis da servisuli wignakis identifikacia, agreTve mowmdeba avtomobilis damcavi mowyobilobis muSaoba, saburavebis mdgomareoba: cveTis xarisxi, zoma, konstruqciis gamarTuloba, spidometris an taqografis mdgomareoba, usafrTxoebis Rvedebi, borblis diskebisa da WanWikebis mdgomareoba, maSuqebis, Suqis arekvlis, saSxefarebis, sarkeebis mdgomareoba, minis Camwevebi, Camrecxi, gamaTbobeli da mberavi xelsawyoebis muSaoba, afTiaqis, cecxlsaqrobisa da saavario niSani: saWis folxva, xmovani signali, xelisa da fexis muxruWebis muSaoba. moZraobis usafrTxoebis gamauaresebeli damatebiTi aqsesuarebi; fardebi da tonirebuli minebi.35 dagorebis sawinaaRmdego sabjenebi 3,5 t-ze meti saerTo wonis satvirToebsa da 5 t-ze meti wonis avtobusebze. saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi myof teritoriaze saWiroa sul 20 stacionaruli centri 33 xaziT. yvela centrs unda hqondes 1-2 damatebiTi xazis resursi. svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis, yazbegis da a.S. mTiani adgilebis momsaxureba mizanSewonilia mobiluri centriT, romelic stacionarebis sarezervo funqciasac Seasrulebs.

tonirebuli minebis Suqgamtaroba mowmdeba saxelmwifo standartis ÃÎÑÒ 5727-99 moTxovnebis mixedviT. 35

164

6. korufcia da masTan brZola satransporto saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis registraciisas 6.1. registraciis wesebi da daniSnuleba satransporto saSualebebis, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis (Sasi, Zara, Zravi da a.S.) savaldebulo registraciis mizania sag-zao sferoSi saxelmwifoebrivi aRricxvis mwyobri sistemis Seqmna “sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad. am kanonis36 me-9 muxli adgens im ass-s registraciis wess37, romlis Zravis moculoba 50sm3-ze metia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos da ucxoeTis moqalaqeebs, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs, rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs. ass-s savaldebulo registracias awarmoebs Sss-s sagzao policiis mTa-vari sammarTvelos registraciis ganyofileba, sagzao policiis saqalaqo da raionuli qvedanayofebis saregistracio samsaxurebi. sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos registraciis ganyofilebam unda uzrunvelyos mTeli qveynis masStabiT am samsaxurebis funqcionireba: igi SeimuSavebs maTi saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebas da wess: akontrolebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisa da iuridiuli pirebis mier SeZenili ass-s registraciis sakiTxebs; gascems daskvnebs TviTnakeTi da gadakeTebuli ass-s Sss-s samecniero-kvleviT centrSi gamosacdelad da Sedegebis mixedviT iRebs gadawyvetilebas. axdens meqanikur satransporto saSualebaTaA registracias da aRricxvidan moxsnas; yovelTviurad ajamebs registraciis Sedegebs. ganixilavs registraciis xaziT Sesul gancxadeba-saCivrebs. 6.2. satransporto saSualebaTa registraciis wesebSi arsebuli darRvevebisa da danaSaulebriv qmedebaTa aRkveTis RonisZiebebi 6.2.1. registraciis vadebi da warsadgeni dokumentebi ass-s mesakuTreebi maTi SeZenis, sabaJo gaformebis, maTze nomriani agregatebis Secvlisa da sxva procedurebis Semdeg valdebulni arian, kuTvnili ass registraciaSi gaataron 30 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi. masalebi, romlebic warmoadgens ass-s registraciis aRricxvidan moxsnis an registraciaSi cvlilebaTa Setanis safuZvels, tardeba re-gis-traciis JurnalSi da aRiricxeba kompiuterSi. registraciis safuZvlad miRebuli pirveladi masalebi ikinZeba JurnalSi, inomreba da komisiuri wesiT nadgurdeba sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos mier, dokumenturi Semowmebidan erTi wlis Semdeg. danomrili da daluquli saregistracio Jurnalebi inaxeba 75 weli. fizikuri pirebis kuTvnili ass-s registracia xdeba sacxovrebeli adgilis, xolo iuridiul pirebze ricxulis _ iuridiuli misamarTis mixedviT. mesakuTreebis vinaobas da maT sacxovrebel adgils sagzao policiis TanamSromlebi adgenen moqalaqis piradobis damadasturebeli dokumentis safuZvelze.

36

saqarTvelos kanoni sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 1999 w. saqarTvelos ASss ministris brZaneba #59, 2001 w., 28 Tebervali, satransporto saSualebaTa, maTi misabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis savaldebulo registraciis wesebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb. 37

165

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi Caweris institutis gauqmebis Semdeg da piradobis mowmobiT moqalaqeTa registraciis zogadi, faqtobrivad, arasavaldebulo wesis SemoRebam Zalze gaarTula satransporto saSualebebisa da nomriani agregatebis iuridiuli mflobelis dadgena. xSirad saregistracio mowmobaSi aRniSnuli mflobeli mowmobaSi fiqsirebul misamarTze aRar cxovrobs an iq saerTod ar uc-xov-ria. faqtobriv mflobelTa umravlesobas ki e.w. generaluri mindobiloba aqvs, sadac Setanilia iuridiuli mflobelis rekvizitebi. mindobilobis registracias sagzao policiaSi formaluri xasiaTi aqvs da igi mxolod beWdis dartymiT, 5-lariani mosakreblisa da 5-10 laris qrTamis aRebiT Semoifargleba. faqtobrivi mflobelis rekvizitebi Sss-s sainformacio bankSi ar gadaicema an es xdeba 1-2 Tvis Semdeg. Tu danaSaulis adgilidan mZRoli miimala, misi moZebna praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. warmodgenili dokumentebis an saxelmwifo saregistracio niSnebis uzustobisas (saqarxno markebis Secvla, dokumentebSi agregatis nomris an saregistracio nomris Seusabamoba, cnoba ass-s an warmodgenili dokumentis dakargvis Sesaxeb) dokumenti eqvemdebareba Semowmebas. kanonmdeblobiT,38 Semowmebis dasrulebis Semdeg registraciaze dawesebuli SezRudvebi ixsneba. 6.2.2. saregistracio samsaxuris movaleobebi sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos registraciis ganyofileba, qalaqebisa da raionebis Sesabamisi qveganyofilebebi axorcieleben Semdeg qmedebebs: saregistracio JurnalSi da kompiuterul sistemaSi SeaqvT ass-s, misabmelis, naxevarmisabmelebisa da nomriani agregatebis rekvizitebi. mesakuTris gancxadebis safuZvelze cvlian saregistracio monacemebs, Camoweren, aRricxvidan xsnian da gascemen satransporto niSnebs. gadaformeba xdeba mflobelis, misi sacxovrebeli adgilis an avtomobilis sadgomis Secvlisas. ass-s mesakuTris an mflobelis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi axal mesakuTreze an mflobelze gadaformeba xdeba notariusis an sasamarTlos mi-er gacemuli dokumentis safuZvelze. mesakuTris an mflobelis gvar-saxelis Secvlisas saWiroa mflobelis gancxadeba, ass-s saregistracio mowmoba, pasporti an misi Semcvleli dokumenti da gvarsaxelis Secvlis damadasturebeli sabuTi. 6.2.3. aRricxvidan moxsnisa da gasxvisebis wesi da misi xarvezebi ass-s aRricxvidan moxsnisas saaRricxvo baraTSi keTdeba Sesabamisi Canaweri. moxsnis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos: • mflobelis sacxovrebeli adgilis an registraciis adgilis Secvla; • sxva mesakuTreze gadaformeba; • saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT meqanikuri satransporto saSualebis gatana; • satransporto saSualebis gasxviseba an gacvla; • sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze satransporto saSualebis sxva piris sakuTrebaSi gadacema;

38

debuleba sagzao policiis mier avtotransportze teqnikuri zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 2000 w., 18 aprili.

166

• sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze ass-s saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadacema. kanonmdeblobiT yadaRadadebuli an sakuTrebis uflebis Secvlaze arsebuli SezRudvebis mqone ass-s aRricxvidan moxsna SeiZleba yadaRisagan gaTavisuflebis an SezRudvebis moxsnis damadasturebeli dokumentis wardgenis Semdeg. dagiravebuli satransporto saSualebis aRricxvidan moxsna xdeba damgiraveblis moTxovnisa da mogiravnis werilobiTi TanxmobiT. ass-s dasayadaReblad an yadaRis mosaxsnelad mflobelma werilobiT unda mimarTos sagzao policias registraciis adgilis mixedviT. dayadaRebuli Tu yadaRamoxsnili saaRricxvo baraTi dauyovnebliv unda gaigzavnos Sss-s informaciis sammarTveloSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom es moTxovna ar sruldeba. sagzao policiis mTavar sammarTveloSi xdeba saregistracio cvlilebaTa monacemebis dagroveba da maTi, sul cota, erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi Senaxva. amis Semdeg isini igzavneba Sss-s informaciis sammarTveloSi. am periodSi Sss-s centraluri sainformacio samsaxuri yvela dainteresebul fizikursa Tu iuridiul pirs faqtobrivad dezinformacias awvdis avtomobilis mflobelTa Sesaxeb. es praqtika mniSvnelovnad aferxebs samarTaldamcavi struqturebis muSaobas. aseT pirobebSi operatiuloba gamoricxulia. am xarvezis gamosworeba iolad SeiZleba sagzao policiis saregistracio ganyofilebis sainformacio bankisa da Sss-s informaciis sammarTvelos Soris pirdapiri, uwyveti eleqtronuli kavSiris damyarebiT. saregistracio samsaxurebi gasxvisebis registracias axdenen mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. am SeTanxmebaSi SesaZlebelia, gasxviseba Seicvalos mindobiT. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba iyos marTvis ufleba an gasxvisebis ufleba e.w. “generaluri mindobilobiT”. sayuradReboa, rom marTvis uflebiT mindobilobis gacema umravles SemTxvevaSi gasxvisebis faqtis dafarvisa da amiT saxelmwifo biujetis dazaralebis legaluri formaa. saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 2004 wlis ivnisSi pirveli mosmeniT miRebuli Sesworeba gulisxmobs aseTi mindobilobis saerTod gauqmebas. es ki auaresebs situacias. danaSaulisa Tu samarTaldarRvevis faqtebze operatiuli reagirebis dabrkolebis garda, aSkaraa mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi fiskaluri efeqti. naTelia, rom avtomobilis, misi misabmelis an nomriani agregatis gasxvisebis mizania axali mflobelis mier misi ufro intensiurad gamoyeneba. Sesabamisad, avtomobilis gasxvisebis mosakreblis aReba aucilebelia, vinaidan damatebiT itvirTeba sagzao qseli, izrdeba moZraobis intensivoba, cvdeba sagzao samosi. amitom mosakreblidan Semosuli Tanxa unda Sevides sagzao fondSi da gamoyenebuli iqnas avtosagzao infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa da sagzao zedamxedvelobis dasafinanseblad. apelireba am mosakreblis gauqmebisas evrokavSiris qveynebisa da amerikis magaliTze araa marTebuli, vinaidan am qveynebSi sagzao fondis biujeti ivseba sawvavis, sacxi masalebisa da maragnawilebis mniSvnelovani aqcizebiT. CvenSi es meqanizmi Zalze sustad moqmedebs da am gziT saWiro Tanxis 10% Zlivs grovdeba. rodesac ganviTarebuli qveynebis msgavsad saqarTveloSic amoqmeddeba samarTlianobasa da logikaze damyarebuli fiskaluri meqanizmi, maSin SeiZleba moixsnas mosakrebeli mindobaze. am viTarebaSi misi amgvari saxiT gauqmeba populizmia da iniciatorebis arakompetenturobaze miuTiTebs.

167

6.2.4. ucxoeTidan Semotanili da ucxoelTa kuTvnili avtosatransporto saSualebebis registraciis Taviseburebebi Tu ucxo qveynidan Semotanil satransporto saSualebaze sabaJos mier gacemul deklaraciaSi miTiTebulia: “gasxvisebis uflebis gareSe”, amis Sesabamisi Canaweri keTdeba saregistracio mowmobasa da saaRricxvo baraTSi. ucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi ukan gatanis pirobiT da gasxvisebis uflebis gareSe Semotanili ass SeiZleba gasxvisdes mxolod dawesebuli baJis gadaxdis Semdeg gacemuli xelaxali sabaJo deklaraciiT. registracias eqvemdebareba satransporto saSualebis mflobeli saqarTvelos moqalaqe an adgilobrivi iuridiuli piri, romelic registraciis momentisaTvis imyofeba saqarTvelos farglebs gareT. amisaTvis saWiroa am piris mier Sedgenili da beWdiT damowmebuli ass-s rekvizitebis Semcveli dokumenti da saregistracio baraTi. aRniSnuli wesi xels uwyobs aralegaluri biznesis ganviTarebas da axdens korufciuli qmedebebis provocirebas. 2001 wels interpolis mier gamovlinda qarTuli gadamzidveli firma, romelic kuTvnili didi tvirTamweobis satvirTo avtomobilebiT warmatebiT eweoda satransporto saqmianobas evrokavSiris qveynebSi. savaraudoa, rom firmis mflobelebma korufciuli garigebis Sedegad miiRes avtomobilis yalbi saregistracio sabuTebi. Sesabamisad, isini aRar ixdidnen gadasaxadebs arc evropaSi, arc saqarTveloSi. skandalSi CarTulni aRmoCndnen transportis saministrosa da sagzao transportis departamentis maRalCinosnebi, romelTac SeZles pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acileba. sagzao policiis mxridan daisajnen saregistracio ganyofilebis rigiTi TanamSromlebi, romlebic Sss-s rigebidan daiTxoves. saWiroa wesebis am nawilis gamkacreba da masSi korufciisagan damcavi meqanizmebis gaTvaliswineba. ucxoeTSi aRricxvidan moxsnil da saqarTveloSi registraciisTvis gankuTvnil ass-s mflobels sagzao policiis sasazRvro saguSagoze CamoerTmeva ucxo qveynis satranzito nomeri, sanacvlod gaicema sazRvris gadakveTidan 30-dRiani vadis mqone saqarTvelos satranzito sanomre niSani. satranzito nomeri aRiricxeba specialur JurnalSi. ucxo qveynis satranzito nomrebi nadgurdeba da dgeba oqmi. unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi feradi aslis gadamRebi xelsawyoebi imdenad xelmisawvdomia, rom TviT mflobelis an sagzao policiis arakeTilsindisieri muSakis mier SeiZleba moxdes maTi kopireba da asli gamoyenebuli iqnas gatacebuli avtomobilis gadasaadgileblad. damnaSaveebTan korufciuli garigebis Sedegad tranzituli nomeri SeiZleba arc ganadgurdes, amas praqtikac adasturebs. zemoaRniSnuli uaryofiTi movlenis asacileblad saWiroa, tranzituli nomris anulirebis faqti operatiulad moTavsdes sagzaosapatrulo samsaxurisa da Sss-s centralur sainformacio bankSi, paralelurad es informacia xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvela sagzao-sapatrulo jgufisaTvis. am moTxovnis ganxorcieleba sruliad martivadaa SesaZlebeli sagzao policiis stacionaruli da moZravi sapatrulo saguSagoebisa da Sss-s sainformacio bankTan eleqtrokavSiris uzrunvelyofiT. 6.2.5. saqarTveloSi arsebuli saregistracio nomrebis saxeebi registraciaSi gatarebul satransporto saSualebebze gaicema wyvili saregistracio nomeri da erTi saregistracio mowmoba. saqarTveloSi sami laTinuri asosa da sami arabuli cifris gamoyenebam saregistracio nomrebSi farTo gasaqani misca korufcias e.w. prestiJuli nomrebis 168

misaRebad (ix. zemoT). aq mxolod aRvniSnavT korufciis sruliad samarcxvino faqts39, romelmac sagrZnoblad imoqmeda Cveni qveynis saerTaSoriso prestiJze. saqarTvelos saelCom ruseTSi aSkarad korufciuli garigebis Sedegad moskovSi mcxovreb saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis garkveul kontigents, diplomatiur da sakonsulo samsaxuridan Sors mdgar pirebs misca d iplomatiuri saregistracio nomrebiT sargeblobis ufleba. skandali moxda mas Semdeg, rac sagzao moZraobis wesebis mravalgzis darRvevis Semdeg moskovis avtoinspeqciam saregistracio ganyofilebaSi aRmoaCina saqarTvelos saelCos 10-kacian koleqtivze fiqsirebuli diplomatiuri nomris mqone asze meti avtomobili. 6.3. satransporto saSualebaTa saregistracio tarifebi, mosakrebelTa struqtura, arsebuli fiskaluri politikis naklovanebebi 6.3.1. saregistracio tarifebi da mosakrebelTa struqtura ass-s saregistracio tarifebi da mosakrebelTa struqtura bolo 7 wlis manZilze ramdenjerme Seicvala. samwuxarod, cvlilebebiT ar gaumjobesebula sagzao moZraoba, isini ar iTvaliswinebs qveynis biujetisa da sagzao fondis Sevsebis moTxovnebs. cvlilebebi ufro mimarTulia avtomflobelTa, rogorc eleqtoratis didi nawilis gulis mosagebad da populistur xasiaTs atarebs. saqarTvelos prezidentis 1996 wlis gankargulebiT,40 registraciisa da momsaxurebis tarifebi ganisazRvra aSS dolaris Sesabamisi ekvivalentiT larebSi. am gankargulebis mixedviT dawesebuli tarifebi mocemulia cxrilis pirvel svetSi, 2001 wlidan moqmedi tarifebi ki _ meore svetSi. satransporto saSualebaTa saregistracio tarifebi a) b) g) d)

saregistracio mowmoba (teqpasporti) saxelmwifo sanomre niSani satranzito sanomre niSani

v)

z)

26 lari

27,2 lari

28 lari

18,2 lari

18 lari

80$ 55$ 40$ 25$

40 lari

msubuqi avtomobilis Zaris gadaformeba 2 wlamde xniT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-dan 5 wlamde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-dan 10 wlamde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 welze meti xniT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e)

26,3 lari

satvirTo avtomobilis kabinis an CarCos gadaformeba 40$

32 lari

Zravis gadaformeba, simZlavre < 100 cx.Z. an moculoba < 2000sm 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meti 100 cx.Z. an 2000sm3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . misabmelTa gadaformeba: naklebi 720kg woniT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5t. tvirTamweobisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-dan 10t-mde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-dan 20-mde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 tonaze meti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40$ 5$ 24$ 70$ 100$ 150$ 200$

38 lari 19 lari

100 lari

POL íà PAL íå íàåçæàåò, ,,Êîìñîìîëüñêàÿ ïðàâäà”, 30, 07,1999. saqarTvelos prezidentis gankarguleba #139, satransporto saSualebaTa registraciamomsaxurebis tarifebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 1996 w. 39 40

169

6.3.2. fiskaluri politikis naklovanebebi aSkaraa, rom mosakreblebis Semcireba da maTi gamartiveba xels uwyobs korufciuli garigebebis klebas, magram saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisTvis avtosatransporto dargSi korufciis aRmofxvris garda mniSvnelovania avtosagzao infrastruqturis ganviTareba, avtoparkis raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, sagzao zedamxedvelobis procesis srulyofa. amitom fiskaluri politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, tarifebisa da mosakreblebis struqtura da odenoba unda Seesabamebodes zemoxsenebul moTxovnebs. tarifebi da mosakreblebi unda izrdebodes avtomobilis saerTo wonis, tvirTamweobis, Zravis moculobis proporciulad. mosakrebeli unda iTvaliswinebdes avtomobilis aqtiur, pasiur da ekologiur usafrTxoebas. ukeTesi maCveneblebisaTvis tarifebi da mosakreblebi Semcirdeba, uaresi maCveneblebisaTvis gaizrdeba. unda arsebobdes maCvenebelTa gadaWarbebis zRvruli mniSvnelobebi. Sesabamisad, aseTi avtomobilebis Semotana akrZales. aseTi midgoma ganamtkicebs fiskalur politikas, gazrdis qveynis biujetisa da sagzao fondis Semosavlebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, gaaumjobesebs avtosagzao infrastruqturisa da sagzao zedamxedvelobis finansur mxares. 6.4. saregistracio qmedebebi da Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculoba 6.4.1. saregistracio qmedebaTa saxeebi avtosatransporto saSualebaTa registraciis procesi moicavs Semdeg qmedebebs: avtomobilis, motociklis, misabmelis an nomriani agregatis axal mflobelze gaformebas; saxelmwifo saregistracio wyvili nomris gacemas; saregistracio mowmobis, anu teqnikuri pasportis gacemas; es procedurebi vrceldeba qveynis garedan Semotanil satransporto saSualebebze, misabmelebze Tu nomrian agregatebzec. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi qarTul sazogadoebaSi, masmediasa da politikur wreebSi sakmaod didi aJiotaJi iyo saregistracio nomrebisa da teqnikuri pasportebis damamzadebeli firmebisa da maTi licenziebis irgvliv. yalibdeboda axali aRmasrulebeli struqturebi da am procesSi bevrma moiTbo xeli. es ambebi detalurad gaSuqda presis furclebze41 . am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa Sss-s prescentris publikaciebi.

wlebi

gaformda ass

gaica wyvili saregistracio nomeri

gaica saregistracio mowmoba

sazRvargareTidan Semotanili ass

am operaciebidan miRebuli Tanxa / aTasi lari

2000-2003 wlebSi saqarTvelos sagzao policiis saregistracio ganyofilebis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao warmodgenilia cxrilSi:

2000 2001 2002 2003 jami

14.332 27.812 33.009 37.375 122.528

26.979 33.145 35.985 46.949 143.058

42.184 49.774 52.696 58.604 203.258

8.363 11.667 12.246 15.533 47.809

1.883 2.295 2.317 2.573 9.058

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, Sesrulebulia didi moculobis samuSao, romelmac qveynis biujets milionobiT lari Semata. 41

“amjerad ukve mafiis karnaxiT”, Sss-s prescentris mimoxilva, “saqarTvelos respublika”, #25, 31.01.1998 w.

170

6.4.2. korufciuli fasdebebi da Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi Catarebulma dakvirvebam, avtomflobelTa gamokiTxvam da masmediis masalebis42 analizma gviCvena, rom saregistracio saqmianoba metad sarfiani iyo am samsaxuris TanamSromlebisTvis. isini kargad iyenebdnen oficialuri mosakreblebisa da tarifebis rTul sistemas. igi avtomflobelTaTvis bundovani iyo, avtomobilis RirebulebasTan SedarebiT registraciis Rirebuleba mcirea, mflobeli ki axali SenaZenis gamo eiforiul mdgomareobaSia. aqedan gamomdinare, registraciis samsaxuris muSakebi avtomobilis gadaformebisas zedmetad umateben 20-50 lars, saregistracio mowmobis gacemisas _ 8-20 lars, dasavluri warmoebis kargi avtomobilis gaformebisas _ 100-300 lars. qveda cxrilSi mocemulia Crdilovani Semosavlebis savaraudo moculoba, romelic miRebulia qmedebaTa raodenobis Sesabamis korufciul fasdebaze gadamravlebiT. Crdilovani Semosavlebi, lari min max

saregistracio qmedebaTa saxeoba saregistracio importirebuli ass-s mowmobaTa ass-s gadaformeba gacema gaformeba 2.250.560 1.626.064 4.780.900 5.626.400 4.065.160 14.342.700

jamuri Crdilovani Semosavali, aTasi lari 8.658 24.034

6.5. sabaJo da saregistracio samsaxurebis korufciuli aliansi da misi Sedegebi 6.5.1. sabaJo politika, tarifebi da importis moculoba saqarTvelos avtoparki mTlianad importuli avtomobilebiTaa dakompleqtebuli. aseT pirobebSi sabaJo politika xels unda uwyobdes parkis maRali saeqspluatacio Tvisebebis mqone avtomobilebiT Sevsebas da misi struqturis gaumjobesebas. 1996 wlidan Seiqmna avtomobilebis importze mosakreblebis axali sistema, romlis mixedviT ganbaJebis Rirebulebis gamoTvla garkveul sirTules uqmnida avtomflobelebs da farTo gzas uxsnida korufcias. ucxoeTidan Semotanili avtomobilis ganbaJebas safuZvlad adgilze (ucxoeTSive) avtomobilis Sesyidvis fasi edo. am Tanxas emateboda mgzavrobis Rirebuleba da jami Seadgenda e.w. sabaJo Rirebulebas, romlidanac sabaJo iRebda: a) 0,15%-s sabaJo Rirebulebidan; b) Zravis moculobis yovel sm3-ze 5 TeTrs + miRebuli Tanxis 5%-s, gamravlebuls avtomobilis asakze; g) aqcizs _ Zravis moculobis yovel sm3-ze 10 TeTrs; g) damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxads _ 20%-s Sesyidvisa da mgzavrobis Rirebulebis jamidan. am tarifebiT adgilze 2500$ Rirebulebis, 10 wlis msubuqi avtomobilis, 2000 sm3 moculobis ZraviT (roca mgzavrobis Rirebuleba 500$-s aRwevda), mflobeli baJis saxiT ixdida 1560 lars, anu 780$-s. am Tanxas Cveulebriv emateboda sabaJos “wili” _ 100-300 dolari. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, iwyeboda avtomflobelis mimarT dasabuTebuli Tu dausabuTebeli pretenziebi. 42

“am SenobaSi dolarebis uxilavi “stanoki” muSaobda”, interviu sagzao policiis ufrosTan, v. margalitaZesTan, “kviris palitra”, 3-9 maisi, 2004 w.

171

2001 wlidan saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo axali kanonproeqti, romlis mixedviT ganbaJeba gaiafda,moixsna damateb ul i Rirebul ebis gadasaxadi. es tarifi amJamadac moqmedebs.sabaJo gadasaxads gansazRvravs Zravis mocul o ba da avtomobil is wl o vaneba. wlovaneba Tanxa

1,

2,

3,

4,

5,

6,

1,0

0,90

0,80

0,7

0,6

0,5

7÷12 0,4

13

14

0,5

0,6

≥15 0,7

weli lari

axali mosakreblebiT igive maxasiaTeblebis mqone msubuqi avtomobilis ganbaJebis Rirebuleba Seadgens 800 lars, anu winandelis naxevars. unda aRiniSnos, rom 2001 wlamde ruseTis federaciidan da ukrainidan Semotanili avtomobilebi sabaJo gadasaxadiT ar ibegreboda, rac araswori ekonomikuri politikis Sedegi iyo. 2001 wlidan 2003 wlis noembramde moqmedebda ganbaJebis wesi, romlis mixedviT rusul da ukrainul avtomobilebze baJi avtomobilis wlovanebis mixedviT izrdeboda. Zravis yovel sm3-ze gadasaxadi aseTi iyo: wlovaneba Tanxa larebSi

6 welze naklebi 0,50

6-dan 11 wlamde 0,60

11 wlis da meti 1,00

sabaJo mosakreblis zrda avtomobilis wlovanebis proporciulad logikuri iyo, vinaidan emsaxureboda avtoparkis Tvisebriv gaumjobesebas da upiratesobas aniWebda dasavluri warmoebis avtomobilebs, romelTa saeqspluatacio Tvisebebi, gansakuTrebiT ekologiurobis, usafrTxoebisa da komfortulobis parametrebi, Seudareblad sjobda rusul-ukrainuls. amJamad moqmed tarifebSi es kanonzomiereba darRveulia. igi gamoiyeneba mxolod 13 da meti wlis avtomobilebze. aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom am xnis avtomobilebis Semotana kanoniT unda aikrZalos. mosaxleoba, romlis msyidvelobiTi unari dabalia, avtomobili ki misTvis saqmianobis saSualebaa, masobrivad daiwyebs moZvelebuli avtomobilebis aRdgenas. zemoTqmulidan Cans, rom fiskaluri politika metad saTuTi sferoa da misdami diletanturi midgoma, rac ase axasiaTebs saqarTvelos adrindelsa Tu dRevandel xelisuflebas, qveynis interesebisaTvis sazianoa.43 2000-2003 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Semotanili avtomobilebis raodenoba stabilurad izrdeboda, avtoparkis aRricxva ki arazusti iyo. wlebi

2000

2001

2002

2003

jami

Semotanili avtomobilebi

8.363

11.667

12.246

15.533

47.809

318.223

323.548

327.134

326.111

_

sul aRricxulia

ganvlil 4 weliwadSi, oficialuri statistikis Tanaxmad, Semovida 47.809 avtomobili, aRricxuli avtoparkis raodenobam ki mxolod 8000-mde erTeuliT moimata. es SeiZleba aixsnas satvirTo avtomobilebisa da Zveli, sabWouri warmoebis msubuqi avtomobilebis raodenobis SemcirebiT. importuli, SedarebiT axali da maRali klasis avtomobilebis umravlesoba TbilisSia Tavmoyrili, sadac ekonomikuri aqtiuroba maRalia. 43

tarifebSi diletanturi Carevis savalalo Sedegia teqnikur daTvalierebaSi instrumentuli kontrolis gaubraloeba. es faqti kidev erTxel adasturebs Cveni mosazrebis samarTlianobas.

172

6.5.2.

sabaJo da saregistracio samsaxurebis danaSaulebrivi aliansi. Crdilovani Semosavlebis sidide

Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi registrirebulia qveynis avtoparkis 65%. rac Seexeba evropidan importirebul, SedarebiT axali da maRali klasis avtomobilebs, TbilisSi koncentrirebulia maTi 90%. es aixsneba dedaqalaqSi ekonomikuri aqtiurobis gacilebiT maRali doniT. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos sagzao policiis mTavar sammarTveloSi warmodgenilia sabaJos TanamSromeli. udavoa, rom ganbaJebisa da registraciis erT adgilze Tavmoyra avtomflobelTaTvis metad xelsayrelia drois dazogvis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc movlenaTa ganviTarebam gviCvena, sabaJosa da saregistracio ganyofilebis zogierTma muSakma es siaxle gamoiyena danaSaulebrivi, korufciuli qmedebebis farTod gasaSlelad. avtomflobelebis garkveul nawilze mebaJeebi gascemdnen yalb deklaraciebs, romlis mixedviT maTTan kavSirSi myofi registraciis muSakebi uproblemod aformebdnen avtomobils.44 savaraudoa, rom bolo 4 weliwadSi aseTi ukanono faqtebis ricxvma imata da 2003 wlisaTvis saerTo raodenobis mesameds gadaaWarba. gansakuTrebiT maxinji saxe miiRo am movlenam 2003 wlis meore naxevarSi, rodesac saregistracio ganyofilebas saTaveSi Caudga m. barbaqaZe, romelic mimalulia da 2003 wlidan TanamzraxvelebTan erTad iZebneba. sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos axali xelmZRvaneli, v. margalitaZe, mis qmedebas ase aRwers: “kabinetSi iketeboda da dReSi daaxloebiT 100-120 manqanis “lev” registracias akeTebda. ar vici, saidan mohqonda yalbi deklaraciebi, TiToeuli manqanis registraciisaTvis 500 dolars iRebda. dReSi 50 aTass dolars ijibavda. 4 Tve imuSava im kacma. amboben, erT-erTi maRalCinosnis naTesavi iyoo. TviTon Turme gaiZaxoda _ zemoT didi fuli maqvs gadaxdili da xelsac veravin maxlebso”. es citata metad emociuria da cifrebi, SeiZleba, gadaWarbebulic iyos. miuxedavad amisa, korufciis did masStabze qvemoT mocemuli cxrilic metyvelebs. igi Sedgenilia oficialur statistikur monacemebsa45 da korufciuli qmedebebis savaraudo maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic davadgineT avtomflobelebisa da sagzao policiis muSakebis gamokiTxviT da masmediaSi gavrcelebuli informaciis gamoyenebiT.

yalbad ganbaJebuli ass-s saerTo raodenoba

savaraudo faqtobrivi importi

Crdilovani Semosavlis savaraudo sidide

oficialurad ganbaJebuli ass-s saerTo raodenoba

2000 2001 2002 2003 jami

korufciuli fasdebebi aSS dolari

yalbad ganbaJebul ass-s savaraudo procenti

wlebi

yalbi ganbaJebisa da Crdilovani Semosavlebis savaraudo maCveneblebi

17 22 27 33

8.363 11.667 12.246 15.553

1.713 3.291 4.529 7.649

10.076 14.958 16.775 23.182

100 125 150 200

300 350 400 500

171.300 411.375 679.350 1.529.800

513.900 1.151.850 1.811.600 3.824.500

_

47.809

17.162

64.971

_

_

2.180.405

7.301.850

44

min

max

min

max

interviu Sss-s sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosTan, v. margalitaZesTan, “kviris palitra”, 3-9 maisi, 2004 w. 45 sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos Stabis gansakuTrebul saqmeTa inspeqtoris, policiis vice-polkovnik g. abulaZis informacia.

173

6.5.3. daskvna cxrili gviCvenebs, rom ganvlil 4 weliwadSi yalbi ganbaJebiTa da registraciiT Crdilovani Semosavlebi savaraudod minimum 2 mln, xolo maqsimum 7 mln aSS dolaria. miuxedavad imisa, rom cifrebi savaraudoa, isini naTlad gviCvenebs: am sferoSi korufciul qmedebaTa aRkveTa aucilebelia. saregistracio samsaxuris Sss-s sistemidan sxva uwyebaSi gadataniT an kerZo biznesis warmomadgenlebze ijariT gadacemiT korufcia am sferoSi ar Semcirdeba. aucilebelia Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba: • maRalanazRaurebadi, kvalificiuri, zneobrivi kadrebis mozidva; • saregistracio saqmianobis debulebis srulyofa; • kompiuteruli teqnikisa da eleqtronuli saSualebebis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba; • registraciis procesis avtomatizeba; • sruli gamWvirvaloba.

7. korufcia marTvis mowmobis gacemisas, RonisZiebebi

misi aRkveTis

7.1. mZRolTa momzadebasa da marTvis uflebis gacemaze pasuxismgebeli saxelmwifo organoebi da sakanonmdeblo baza saqarTveloSi meqanikuri avtosatransporto saSualebebis mZRolTa momzadebas da marTvis uflebis gacemas warmarTavs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ori rgoli: ganaTlebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebi. mZRolTa momzadebas zedamxedvelobas uwevs Sss-s sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelo, romelic ganaTlebis saministros dawyebiTi profesiuli ganaTlebis sammarTvelosTan erTad gascems licenziebs avtoskolebze. sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb moqmedi qarTuli da saerTaSoriso kanonebis46,47 Sesabamisad, gansazRvrulia satransporto saSualebaTa saxeebi, mZRolis kategoriebi, maTi Teoriuli momzadebis programebi, TvalsaCinoebaTa CamonaTvali, praqtikuli mecadineobebis moTxovnebi da a.S. gamocdebis miRebasa da marTvis uflebis gacemas, agreTve marTvis uflebasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs _ CamorTmeva, gamocvla, aRdgena da a.S. axdens sagzao policia masTan arsebuli sagamocdo samsaxuris saxiT. 7.2. marTvis uflebis saxeebi, maTi miRebisa da Secvlis wesebi, sagadasaxado tarifebi venis saerTaSoriso konvenciis48 mixedviT, yvela ass, ganurCevlad tipisa da daniSnulebisa, iyofa kategoriebad “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, “E”, “tramvai”, troleibusi”, “motocikli”, “xeliT samarTavi avtomobili”. arsebobs mZRolis erTiani nimuSis erovnuli an saerTaSoriso mowmoba, sadac aRiniSneba nebadarTuli kategoria. 46

“saqarTvelos kanoni sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb”, Tbilisi, 1999 w. venis saerTaSoriso konvencia sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, vena, 2002 w. (bolo redaqcia). 48 venis saerTaSoriso konvencia sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, danarTi 6 da 7. 47

174

nebismieri kategoriis marTvis uflebis misaRebad aucilebelia mZRolTa momzadebisa da gadamzadebis kursebi, Sesabamisi janmrTelobis cnoba da asaki. A, B, C, BC kategoriaze _ aranakleb 18 weli, tramvais marTvaze _ 20 weli, D, E, troleibusisaze – 21 weli. mZRolis qarTuli mowmobebi mzaddeba da ivseba kompiuteruli wesiT, qarTuli da laTinuri SriftebiT da gaicema uvadod sagzao policiis Sesabamis ganyofilebaSi. saerTaSoriso mowmoba, romelic moqmedebs sazRvargareTis nebismier qveyanaSi, gaicema erovnulis safuZvelze 3 wlis vadiT. igi ivseba frangul, inglisur, espanur, germanul da rusul enebze. Zveli nimuSis marTvis mowmobis ugamocdod Secvla xdeba piradobis mowmobis, gancxadebis, avtomobilis teqnikuri pasportis wardgenisa da sauravis gadaxdis Semdeg. visac pirad mflobelobaSi an mindobiT ara aqvs avtomobili, abarebs Teoriul gamocdas. C, D, E kategoriis mowmobis Sesacvlelad aucilebelia janmrTelobis cnoba. marTvis mowmobis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa, avtomflobelma mimarTos sagzao policiis adgilobriv ganyofilebas. Tu mowmoba 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar iqna napovni, Teoriuli gamocdis Semdeg gaicema axali mowmoba. Tu marTvis mowmoba CamorTmeulia vadis gasvlis gamo, 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi samsaxurisTvis mimarTva mis dasabruneblad. 1 wlis Semdeg igi uqmdeba da axlis misaRebad bardeba Teoriuli gamocda. marTvis uflebis asaRebad saWiro dokumentebi da maTi Rirebuleba Semdegia: cnoba saswavlo kursebis gavlis Sesaxeb _ 20 lari; cnoba janmrTelobis Sesaxeb _ 20 lari; saxelmwifo sauravis gadaxdis qviTari marTvis uflebis Rirebulebis dasafarad _ 28 lari; piradobis mowmoba an pasporti. 7.3. marTvis uflebis gacemis arsebuli sistemis naklovanebebi da korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebi mZRolTa momzadebis arsebuli sistemis erT-erTi yvelaze didi naklia axalbeda mZRolebisaTvis marTvis praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebis sruli ignorireba. praqtikuli mecadineobis raodenoba arasakmarisia qalaqSi maRali intensivobis nakadebSi moZraobisa da eqstremalur situaciebSi avtomobilis marTvis unaris SesaZenad. mZRol instruqtorebTan damatebiT mecadineobas bevri ver axerxebs maRali gadasaxadis gamo. 1 sT-is swavlis fasi aranakleb 12 laria. mZRolebs mxolod quCebSi, satransporto nakadSi gadaadgilebas aswavlian. gzis zedapirTan borblis arasakmao moWidebis pirobebSi avtomobilis maRali an cvalebadi siCqariT marTvas, rogorc wesi, ar euflebian. janmrTelobis cnobis gacema praqtikulad mxolod vizualuri SemowmebiT xdeba. Tu adamiani garegnulad invalidi araa, mas Seuferxeblad aZleven janmrTelobis cnobas, vinaidan samedicino dawesebuleba mwiri dafinansebis pirobebSi 20-larian gadasaxadze uars ver ambobs. dasaxvewia janmrTelobis Semowmebis meTodikac. profesionali mZRoli iseve unda akmayofilebdes mkacr moTxovnebs, rogorc mfrinavi, myvinTavi da a.S. aucilebelia periodulad janmrTelobis cnobis ganaxleba, maT Soris, moyvaruli mZRolebisTvisac. asakis matebasTan erTad SemowmebaTa Soris intervali unda Semcirdes. Cvens sazogadoebaSi marTvis uflebis perioduli gamocvlisa da janmrTelobis cnobis ganaxlebis mimarT mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebaa da Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi did siZneleebs ukavSirdeba. zogierTi politikuri moRvawe korufciasTan brZolis sababiT eleqtoratis keTilganwyobis 175

mosapoveblad, faqtobrivad, sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb erovnuli kanonis srulyofas ebrZvis49. rogorc Semdeg qveTavSi mocemuli cifrebic mowmobs, marTvis uflebis aReba erT-erTi yvelaze korufciuli procesia, mosaxleobis udides nawils miaCnia, rom avtomobilis marTvis Teoriisa da praqtikis daufleba metad iolia, swavlebisa da gamocdis procesi ki mxolod biurokratiuli winaaRmdegobebia da yvelanairad cdilobs mis gverdis avlas. SeiZleba sruli pasuxismgeblobiT iTqvas: sagzao policiis muSakTa mxridan fulis gamoZalva am procesSi ar xdeba. visac aqvs elementaruli Teoriuli codna da praqtikuli unari, daubrkoleblad iRebs marTvis mowmobas. udides nawils ki miaCnia, rom swavla da gamocdebi zedmeti proceduraa da mzadaa oficialuri Tanxis, 70-80 laris garda, sul cota, amdenive gadaixados Sesabamisi dokumentis misaRebad. bunebrivia, 70-90-lariani xelfasis mqone sagzao policiis muSakebs am uaryofiT tendenciebTan brZolis survili ar gaaCniaT. amas emateba zemdgomi pirebisagan maTTvis “wilebis” mitanis moTxovna. aqedan gamomdinare, korufciis ZiriTadi mizezi sazogadoebis did nawilis sakiTxisadmi araswori damokidebulebaa, romlis Secvliskenac unda iyos mimarTuli mTeli Zalisxmeva. am miznis miRwevis yvelaze qmediTi saSualebaa efeqturi sainformacio da propagandistuli muSaoba, romelic daasabuTebs arapopularuli RonisZiebebis aucileblobas. 7.4. korufciuli Ffasdebebi da Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculoba 7.4.1. korufciuli fasdebebi da Crdilovani Semosavlebi moyvaruli da profesionali mZRolebis, sagzao policiis TanamSromlebis gamokiTxvebma da bolo wlebis qarTul masmediaSi gamoqveynebuli masalebis analizma gviCvena, rom marTvis uflebis korufciuli fasdebebi damokidebulia kategoriasa da vadaze (ix. cxrili). mZRolis momzadebis oficialuri vada kategoriis mixedviT meryeobs 1,5-3 Tvis farglebSi, gadamzadebis vada ki 1 Tvea. marTvis uflebis aRebis vadebi kategoria

SeniSvna

1 dRe

20 dRe

30 dRe

_

B, D

150$

100$

140-180 lari

_

B+C

300$

200$

150 lari

B+C, umoklesi vada 2-3 dRe

fasdebebi exeba Tbilisis sagzao policiasa da Tbiliselebs. raionSi registraciis gadasaxads emateboda 50 lari. samwuxarod, sagzao policiis mTavar sammarTveloSi ar aRmoCnda diferencirebuli monacemebi marTvis mowmobaTa aslis gacemis, aRdgenis, Secvlis mixedviT. statistika gviCvenebs mxolod marTvis uflebaTa gacemul raodenobas da Semosul oficialur Tanxas. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom gacemuli mowmobebis yvela saxeobidan rCeboda aranakleb 20 lari. wlebi gacemuli marTvis ufleba Semosuli Tanxa, lari

2000

2001

2002

2003

jami

42.987

44.775

43.285

46.809

177.856

1.130.558

1.239.719

1.292.930

1.323.722

5.070.785

49

ix. i. sariSvilis gancxadebebi masmediaSi marTvis uflebebisa da saregistracio dokumentebis srulyofis winaaRmdeg, 1998-2001 ww.

176

Sesuli Tanxa Sedgeba uSualod marTvis uflebis Rirebulebisagan, romelic sagzao policiis saxeliT Sedioda Sss-s sameurneo-safinanso ganyofilebaSi. Tu vivaraudebT, rom saSualod yovel gacemul mowmobaze rCeboda 20-50 lari, maSin Crdilovani Semosavlebi iqneba: wlebi Crdilovani Semosavlebi, milioni lari

MIN MAX

2000

2001

2002

2003

jami

0,860

0,896

0,866

0,936

3,558

2.149

2.239

2.164

2.341

8.895

7.4.2. korufciis aRmkveTi RonisZiebebi sagzao policiis mier 1997-2003 ww. sul gacemulia 443 187 marTvis mowmoba, Semosulia 11.052.807 lari. aqedan bolo 4 weliwadSi gacemulia 177 856 marTvis mowmoba, Semosulia 5 070 785 lari. amave periodSi Crdilovani Semosavlebis savaraudo moculoba Seadgens 3,6-8,9 mlnlars. rogorc vxedavT, savaraudo Tanxis minimaluri sididec naTlad gviCvenebs moqalaqeebis mier nebayoflobiT gaRebul Tanxas marTvis uflebis misaRebad. am mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad aucilebelia sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb sainformacio da propagandistuli muSaobis ufro efeqturad warmarTva. am saqmianobas saTaveSi unda Caudges informaciisa da propagandis ganyofileba. misi Camoyalibeba mizanSewonilia sagzao policiis mTavar sammarTvelosTan an sagzao transportis departamentTan. saWiroa misi kvalificiuri kadrebiT dakompleqteba da Sesabamisi materialuri da finansuri saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa. Cven mier es sakiTxi araerTxel daisva Sss-sa da uSualod sagzao policiis xelmZRvanelTa winaSe. sxvagvarad avtosagzao infrastruqturisa da avtoparkis ganviTarebisTvis gaRebuli aseuli milionobiT laric umniSvnelo Sedegs moitans, vinaidan mosaxleoba ar icavs moZraobis elementarul wesebs.

8. d a s k v n a korufciasTan brZola rTuli da kompleqsuri amocanaa. misi ganxorcielebisaTvis da mTlianad sagzao zedamxedvelobis efeqturobisaTvis mizanSewonilia, Catardes RonisZiebaTa mTeli kompleqsi. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier a.w. zafxulis dasawyisSi gamocxadebuli sagzao policiis gauqmeba gaumarTlebeli iyo. 2003 wlis noembris movlenebis Semdeg mosuli axalgazrda xelmZRvanelebi sawyis etapze radikaluri gancxadebebiTa da Sesabamisi gauazrebeli qmedebebiT apirebdnen problemaTa gadaWras. mogvianebiT maT dainaxes, rom ar SeiZleba qveynis sagzao qselisa da avtoparkis uyuradRebod datoveba da marto sagzao moZraobis zedamxedvelobiT Semofargvla. amitomac sagzao policias mxolod saxeli Seecvala. mas darCa Zveli da daemata yofili saguSago-sapatrulo samsaxuris movaleobebi. Sedegad, miviReT “sagzaosapatrulo samsaxuri~, romlis movaleobebi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, saStato erTeulebi ki Semcirda. korufciasTan brZolis sababiT gaTavisuflda profesionalTa nawilic. axali kadrebis umravlesobas ara aqvs sakmarisi 177

Teoriuli codna da praqtikuli gamocdileba. maTi profesiuli momzadeba orkviriani kursebiT Semoifargleba. amitom, Tu cota xnis win korufciasTan brZolisas pirveli amocana iyo muSakTa finansuri da materialuri uzrunvelyofa, axla mas profesionalizmi unda daematos. imedia, uaxloes xanSi xelisufleba miva daskvnamde, rom nebismier sferoSi korufciasTan da sxva uaryofiT movlenebTan brZolas marto axalgazrdoba, patiosneba da materialuri uzrunvelyofa ar hyofnis. sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris mravalmxrivi funqciebis warmatebiT Sesasruleblad aucilebelia umcros meTaurTa da oficerTa kadrebis momzadebis mwyobri sistemis Camoyalibeba. am sistemaSi ar unda xdebodes moufiqrebeli, naCqarevi gadawyvetilebebis miReba, romelTac SeuZlia, didi xniT Seaferxos sagzao zedamxedvelobisaTvis aucilebeli kadrebis momzadeba. garda zemoaRniSnuli problemebis gadawyvetisa, saWiroa sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa, finansuri da materialuri uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi wyaroebis gamoZebna. sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa, upirvelesad, gulisxmobs “bonusmalusis” principis realur xorcSesxmas, es mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs movaleobebis Sesrulebas da gazrdis sajarimo sanqciebidan miRebul Semosavlebs, Sesabamisad, sagzao zedamxedvelobis materialur uzrunvelyofas. aucilebelia administraciuli kodeqsis srulyofa da fiskaluri politikis gamkacreba, raTa administraciuli saxdelebi da sagadasaxado mosakreblebis done Seesabamebodes sagzao infrastruqturisa da avtoparkis, sagzao zedamxedvelobis finansur moTxovnilebebs. aucilebelia avtoparkis, sagzao infrastruqturasa da moZraobaze zedamxedvelobis Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis farTod danergva – am procesSi gamoyenebuli unda iyos qveynis samecnieroteqnikuri potenciali. korufciasTan brZolis arapirdapiri, magram umniSvnelovanesi saSualebaa sainformacio da propagandistuli muSaoba masobrivi informaciis yvela saSualebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia maRalefeqturi specialuri sainformacio samsaxuri. igi saSualebas mogvcems, mosaxleobis farTo fenebs mudmivad miewodoT informacia sagzao sferoSi arsebuli aqtualuri problemebis Sesaxeb da maT damajereblad auxsnan, rom aucilebelia sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva, dawesebuli administraciuli saxdelebi da sagadasaxado mosakreblebi, upirveles yovlisa, maTive sicocxlisa da qonebis dacvis garantiaa. cxril 8.1-Si naCvenebia saqarTvelos sagzao policiisa da masTan dakavSirebuli organizaciebis (teqnikuri daTvalierebis licenzirebuli firmebi, sabaJo) Crdilovani Semosavlebis moculoba movaleobaTa Sesrulebis mixedviT. rogorc Cans, 2000-2003 ww. Crdilovanma Semosavlebma 342-348 milioni lari Seadgina. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs am sferoSi korufciasTan brZolis udides mniSvnelobasa da SemoTavazebuli rekomendaciebis ganxorcielebis aucileblobaze.

179

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2.

saqarTvelos kanoni policiis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 1993 w.

3.

saqarTvelos sagadasaxo kodeqsi.

4.

sagzao moZraobis wesebis administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeTa warmoebis instruqcia (damtkicebulia saqarTvelos Ss ministris #210 brZanebiT, 1993 wlis 15 marti).

5.

saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba “avtosatransporto saSualebebis teqnikuri daTvalierebisaTvis aucilebeli diagnostikuri centrebis licenziebis pirobebisa da muSaobis wesis Sesaxeb, brZaneba #40 6.02.2000w.

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saxelmwifo standarti 25 478-91, moTxovnebi avtosatransporto saSualebaTa teqnikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gamomdinare moZraobis usafrTxoebis pirobebidan.

7.

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8.

saxelmwifo standarti 5727-99, moTxovnebi avtomobilis minebis gamWvirvalobis mimarT.

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POL íà PAL íå íàåçæàåò,

,,Êîìñîìîëüñêàÿ ïðàâäà”, 30, 07,1999.

10. saqarTvelos prezidentis gankarguleba #139, satransporto saSualebebis registracia-momsaxurebis tarifebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 1996w. 11. i. Todua, “SabaTis molodinSi”, “asaval-dasavali”, 1997 w., 5 maisi. 12. “amjerad ukve mafiis karnaxiT”, Sss-s prescentris mimoxilva, “saqarTvelos respublika”, #25, 31.01.1998w. 13. “fulis aRebis axali meqanizmi sagzao policiaSi”, interviu sagzao policiis inkognito oficerTan, gazeTi “kviris palitra”, 8-14 marti, 2004w. 14. saerTaSoriso konferencia sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, vena, 2002 wlis redaqcia. 15. Objectif securite. Le contrôle technique des vehicules. Ministere de l’industrie et du Commerce Exterieur, Paris 2000. 16. k. mWedliSvili, ,,saqarTvelos avtoinspeqcia dros, sul cot,a 20 wliT CamorCa”, ,,7 dRe” #90, 4-5 agvisto, 1999 w. 17.

debuleba Sss-s sagzao policiis sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris Sesaxeb, gazeTi ,,kriminaluri qronika”, damateba #1(133), ianvari, 1999 w.

18. sagzao policiis mTavari sammarTvelos Stabisa da gzebis saxelmwifo departamentis saeqspluatacio sammarTvelos 2000-2003 ww. angariSebi. 19. konfidencialuri informacia sagzao-sapatrulo samsaxuris muSakebisagan, 2003-2004 ww. 20. sagzao policiis ufrosis, k. kobiaSvilis interviu gazeT ,,axali Taobis” korespondent d. mefariSvilTan, 2000 w. 2.11. #302.

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21. k. mWedliSvili, “avtotransportis savaldebulo dazRvevis SemoReba _ didi erovnuli mniSvnelobis saqme”, ,,dazRveva da cxovreba”, Tbilisi, 31 ivlisi, 1997 w. 22. k. mWedliSvili, l. imnaiSvili. saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi satransporto saSualebaTa moZraobis parametrebis uwyveti registraciis savaldebulo sistemis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, Sss-s akademiis Sromebi, Tbilisi, 2001 w., II nawili. 23. k. mWedliSvili, l. imnaiSvili, “moTxovnebi sagzao zedamxedvelobis Tanamedrove eleqtronuli aparaturisadmi saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiis regionis sxva qveynebSi”, saerTaSoriso konferencia ,,uaxloesi teqnologiebi saqarTvelos” Sromebis krebuli, Jurnali ,,transporti”, Tbilisi, 2001 w.

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givi lobJaniZe

Trefiqingis kriminologiuri aspeqtebi

Sesavali Trefiqingi, anu adamianiT vaWroba saerTaSoriso organizebuli danaSaulis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli saxea. miuxedavad problemis mzardi aqtualobisa, Trefiqingi dRemde ar gamxdara mecnieruli kvlevis sagani.1 winamdebare gamokvlevis pirvel TavSi gansazRvrulia Trefiqingis cneba da niSnebi. meore Tavi eZRvneba Trefiqingis formebsa da principebs. mesame TavSi ganxilulia msoflio sxvadasxva qveynebis (mimwodebeli, momxmarebeli, satranzitomomxmarebeli) kanonmdeblobebi da praqtika. meoTxe TavSi gaanalizebulia Trefiqingis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi da sakiTxis samarTlebrivi gadawyvetis problematika. mexuTe Tavi exeba zogad rekomendaciebs saqarTvelos antiTrefiqinguli kanonmdeblobis srulyofisaTvis2.

meTodologia kvlevis meTodologiis gansazRvrisas gavecaniT msoflios mravali qveynis sakanonmdeblo bazas, saxelisuflebo struqturebis oficialur informacias, am problemis irgvliv gamoqveynebul ucxoeli avtorebis Sromebs da internetSi arsebul masalebs. aseve SeviswavleT saqarTveloSi adamianiT vaWrobis istoria. Trefiqingis faqtebze aRZruli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa gacnobis Sedegad Sefasda administraciuli organoebis mier gaweuli muSaoba. Catarda mosaxleobis anketuri gamokiTxva. am gziT SevecadeT, gagverkvia, rogor icnoben am problemas Cveni qveynis moqalaqeebi. garda amisa, aviReT interviu Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departamentis TanamSromelTagan, gavesaubreT samSobloSi dabrunebul Trefiqingis ramdenime msxverpls, aseve saqarTveloSi e.w. “seqsbiznesSi” CarTul ucxoel moqalaqeebs. oficialuri werilebiT mivmarTeT TurqeTis, moldovisa da ukrainis Sesabamis samsaxurebs, romelTac mogvawodes CvenTvis saintereso informacia da Sesabamisi literatura. SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebiT gavaanalizeT sakanonmdeblo normebi da Cvens rekomendaciebs Sesabamisi komitetis meSveobiT mivawvdiT saqarTvelos parlaments, raTa gamoswordes is xarvezebi, rac am mxriv saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi SeimCneva. aRsaniSnavia g. Rlontis monografia «Òîðãîâëÿ ëþäüìè ñ öåëüþ ñåêñóàëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè: Ðåàëèè è ïåðñïåêòèâû», Òá., 2004 ã. ñòð. 92-149. 2 ibeWdeba naSromis Semoklebuli varianti. 1

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Tavi I Trefiqingis cneba da niSnebi 1. Trefiqingis cneba XX saukunis bolos msoflioSi seriozuli cvlilebebi moxda. upirvelesad, igulisxmeba socialisturi sistemis daSla, ramac araerTgvarovani gavlena iqonia yofil postsabWour sivrceze (maT Soris, saqarTvelozec). pozitiuri Zvrebis kvalad Tavi iCina negatiurma procesebmac _ gamoikveTa danaSaulis axali saxeebi, xelaxla wamotivtivda damnaSaveobis TiTqosda samudamod miviwyebuli formebi _ mekobreoba, tyveTa syidva da sxv. naSromSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso danaSaulis erT-erTi saxe _ `adamianiT vaWroba da misi eqspluatacia~. msoflio literaturaSi es danaSauli aRniSulia terminiT `Trefiqingi~ (human trafficking). termini gvxvdeba XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan. kriminologTa azriT, Trefiqingi msoflioSi sididiT mesame3 (iaraRiT da narkotikebiT vaWrobis Semdeg), Tanac yvelaze mzardi da momgebiani kriminaluri saqmianobaa4. samecniero literaturaSi `Trefiqingis~ mraval ganmartebas vxvdebiT: `esaa yvela qmedeba, romelic sruldeba ZaladobiT, muqariT, valiT dakabalebiT, motyuebiT, iZulebis sxvadasxva xerxebis gamoyenebiT, adamianebis gadmobirebiT qveynis SigniT an sazRvargareT muSaobisa da sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebis gasawevad~. mkvlevarTa azriT, `adamianis kontrabanda~ da `ukanono migracia~ ganixileba, rogorc `monobis Tanamedrove saxesxvaoba~. 5 2000 wels miRebuli monobis sawinaaRmdego konvenciis damatebiTi protokoliT, adamianiT vaWroba (Trefiqingi) niSnavs eqspluataciis mizniT pirovnebis gadabirebas, gadayvanas, gadamalvas daSinebiT Tu sxva saxis ZaladobiT _ gatacebiT, TaRliTobiT, motyuebiT, situaciis borotad gamoyenebiT, mosyidviT, pirovnebisagan Tanxmobis miRebiT _ moeqces sxvis kontrolqveS. eqspluataciis forma SeiZleba iyos: prostitucia an seqsualuri eqspluataciis sxva forma, iZulebiTi muSaoba an momsaxureba, monoba an monuri saxis Sepyroba, dabeCaveba, sxeulis organoebis amokveTa da a.S. monobis sawinaaRmdego gaeros konvenciis pirveli muxlis Sesabamisad, monoba ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: `im adamianebis statusi an mdgomareoba, romelTa mimarT gamoiyeneba kerZo sakuTrebaze dayrdnobili nebismieri qmedeba~.6 saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, monoba da monebiT vaWroba saerTaSoriso saxis danaSaulia, romelic gamoixateba monebiT vaWrobaSi maTi eqspluataciis mizniT. jer kidev 1890 wels briuselis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze miiRes aqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda monobasTan brZolis konkretul RonisZiebebs. 1926 wlis 25 seqtembers amoqmedda saerTaSoriso konvencia monobis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-4 muxliT aikrZala yovelgvari saxis monoba. monebiT vaWroba niSnavs monebis gadayvanas an maTi gadayvanis mcdelobas erTi qveynidan meoreSi, maT gayidvas materialuri an sxvagvari mogebis miRebis mizniT.7 3

kriminologTa bolo monacemebiT, Trefiqingma meore adgilze gadainacvla. Ñ. Ñòîêåð. Òîðãîâëÿ ëþäüìè, êàê îäíà èç ôîðì îðãàíèçîâàííîé ïðåñòóïíîñòè. Ñáîðíèê Òîðãîâëÿ ëþäüìè. Ì., 2002, ñ. 28-29. 5 ix. Ïðîáëåìà êîíòðàáàíäû ëþäåé; Çàäà÷è ÎÁÑÅ. Ñïðàâî÷íûé äîêóìåíò ÃÄÈ, 1999, ñ. 3. 6 ix. adamianis uflebaTa standartebi, ianvari, 1999 w. 7 ix. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2003 w. gv. 186. 4

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Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg brZolis TvalsazrisiT win gadadgmuli nabijia adamianis uflebaTa standartuli principebis Seqmna Trefiqingis msxverplTaTvis. amis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso dokumentebis damuSaveba, romlebic oficialurad aris asaxuli saerTaSoriso iuridiul normebSi. es standartebi moicavs adamianiT vaWrobis gansazRvras da xelmomweri saxelmwifoebisagan (da ara marto maTTan) moiTxovs Trefiqingis msxverplTa mimarT Sesabamisi valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. adamianiT vaWroba gulisxmobs yvela qmedebas an ganzraxvas, romelic ukavSirdeba piris an pirTa jgufis yidvas, gatacebas, amgvari qmedebebiT mogebis miRebas an, ubralod, aseTi piris Senaxvas, mis motyuebas, iZulebas, SantaJis gziT gamoyenebas. msxverplad miiCneva piri, romelic warmoadgens Zaladobis, motyuebis an damonebis obieqts da romelsac dakarguli aqvs sakuTari Sromisa da sxeulis gakontrolebis saSualeba. rac Seexeba TviTon vaWrobis aqts, romlis ZiriTad elementad miiCneva motyueba, msxverpli SeiZleba Tanaxma iyos, Caebas seqsualur industriaSi, magram uars acxadebs monur pirobebze, minimalur anazRaurebaze da a.S. eqspluatacia niSnavs prostitucias an seqsualuri eqspluataciis sxva formas, iZulebiT muSaobas an momsaxurebas, monobas an monobasTan gaigivebul mdgomareobas, dabeCavebas an sxeulidan organoebis, organos nawilis an qsovilis amokveTas gayidvis an gadanergvis mizniT. savalo kabala _ mdgomareoba, sadac valis gadauxdelobis sanacvlod Sesrulebuli samuSaos anazRaureba ar iTvleba valis dafarvad da samuSaos xangrZlivoba da forma gansazRvruli ar aris. monobasTan gaigivebuli mdgomareoba ewodeba muSaobas an momsaxurebas, rasac pirovneba iZulebiT asrulebs. daniSnulebis qveyana _ bolo saxelmwifo, romlis teritoriazec xdeba adamianiT vaWrobis msxverplTa sxvadasxva saxis eqspluatacia. mimwodebeli qveyana _ saxelmwifo, romlis teritoriidanac gahyavT adamianebi. tranzituli qveyana _ qveyana, romlis teritoriis gavliT xdeba msxverplTa gayvana. SantaJi gulisxmobs, aiZulo adamianiT vaWrobis msxverpli, Caidinos raime moqmedeba iZulebiT, msxverplis ojaxis wevris, axlo naTesavebis qonebis dazianebis an ganadgurebis muqariT an maTze makomprometirebeli informaciis gavrcelebis SiSiT. adamianiT movaWre, Trefiqeri _ piri an organizacia (fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, pirTa jgufi), romelic sCadis, monawileobs an usityvod eTanxmeba (egueba) nebismier im qmedebas, rasac moicavs Trefiqingis cneba.8 surogati deda _ qali, romelic xelovnuri ganayofierebis meTodiT an embrionis implantaciiT aCens bavSvs.9 zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT Trefiqingis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, dakavSirebuli: a) adamianebis transportirebasTan, b) samuSaos Sesrulebis an sxva saqmianobis iZulebis meTodebTan, g) materialur gamorCenasTan. 8

ix. venis 10-11 ivnisis (1996 w.) konferenciis masalebi `qalTa Trefiqingi seqsualuri eqspluataciis mizniT~. 9 ix. “Ïðåâåíöèÿ íåëåãàëüíîé òðóäîâîé ìèãðàöèè è òðåôèêèíãà”, Òá., 2003 ã. ñòð. 8.

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2. Trefiqingis niSnebi Trefiqingis cnebas axasiaTebs Sedmdegi niSnebi: a) qmedeba, rodesac erTi piri arRvevs meoris uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs materialuri an sxva saxis mogebis misaRebad; b) msxverplisTvis piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTis CamorTmeva; g) dakabaleba; d) iZulebiTi Sroma; e) Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisa da informaciis SezRudva; v) motyueba an ndobis borotad gamoyeneba. Trefiqingis procesi SeiZleba daiyos sam ZiriTad stadiad: gadmobireba, transportireba, eqspluatacia. masSi monawileoben danaSaulebrivi organizaciis Semdegi wevrebi: organizatori, gadmombirebeli, gamcilebeli, momxmarebeli (eqspluatatori), Suamavali, damxmare, mfarveli (e.w. `kriSa~). am kargad organizebul sqemaSi TiToeul maTgans garkveuli funqcia da pasuxismgebloba akisria: organizatori aris e.w. `avtoriteti~, romelic akontrolebs sistemas, anawilebs Semosavlebs da ideologiurad uzrunvelyofs damnaSaveTa jgufs. gadmombirebelia piri, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba msxverpls da sxvadasxva meTodebiT aRwevs mizans. gamcileblis funqciaSi Sedis sazRvarze xalxis gadayvana. Suamavali aris piri, romelic amyarebs kavSirs gadmombirebels, gamcilebelsa da gamomyenebels Soris. damxmare piris funqciaSi Sedis sxvadasxva momsaxureba, magaliTad, msxverplis dacva, yalbi dokumentis damzadeba, danaSaulebrivi kvalis dafarva-mospoba da a.S. gamomyenebeli (eqspluatatori) aris piri, romelic ukanonod iyenebs adamianis fizikur SesaZleblobebs. rac Seexeba mfarvels, igi umetes SemTxvevaSi saxelisuflebo struqturis warmomadgenelia, romelic uzrunvelyofs mTel am saqmianobas.

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Tavi II Trefiqingis saxeebi da principebi 1. Trefiqingis saxeebi Trefiqingis formebi uSualod ukavSirdeba kriminaluri eqspluataciis saxeebs. kriminaluri zewola iyofa Semdeg saxeebad: a) fizikuri iZuleba; b) ekonomikuri Zaladoba; g) fsiqikuri Zaladoba; d) ukanono damokidebuleba; e) monoba da masTan gaigivebul mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba. msxverpli ganicdis Semdegi saxis kriminalur eqspluatacias: a) Sromis eqspluatacias momsaxurebis sferoSi; b) Sromis eqspluatacias warmoebisa da soflis meurneobis sferoSi; g) Sromis eqspluatacias kriminaluri biznesis sferoSi; d) piris eqspluatacias seqsindustriaSi; e) adamianis fiziologiuri parametrebis eqspluatacias organoebis an qsovilebis transplantaciisaTvis; v) surogat dedebad qalebis gamoyenebas. Trefiqers adamianebi, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda qalebi da bavSvebi motyuebiT mihyavs sxvadasxva qveynebSi an qveynis SigniT romelime teritoriaze da yidis maT. saqarTveloSi arsebobs erTi SexedviT oficialurad registrirebuli da legaluri sxvadasxva dasaxelebis organizaciebi: modelebis saagento, samogzauro biuro, sazRvargareT SromiTi mowyobis samsaxuri, bavSvTa momvlelebis ` au-pair~ samsaxuri, studentebis gacvlis saagento, adamianTa gacnobis adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso samsaxuri. ukanasknel xans sainformacio saSualebebSi gaCnda gancxadebebi, TiTqos niu-iorkSi teroristuli aqtebis Sedegad dangreuli msoflio savaWro centrebis mSeneblobaze muSebsa da specialistebs iwveven _ es axali msxverplis xelSi Casagdebad gamiznuli adamianiT movaWreebis morigi xrikia.10 kriminaluri dajgufebebi amgvari TaRliTobiT axerxeben adamianTa ndobis mopovebas da saamisod iyeneben naTesavebs, mezoblebs, TanamSromlebs, nacnob-megobrebs. Sedegad motyuebulebi aralegalur `monur~ pirobebSi xvdebian. qalebs da bavSvebs (xSirad mamakacebsac) e.w. `damqiraveblebi~ aiZuleben, xeli mihyon prostitucias, dabalanazRaurebad (SeiZleba saerTodac ufaso) Sav samuSaos, risTvisac damnaSaveebs aprobirebuli meTodebi gaaCniaT: dokumentebis CamorTmeva, savalo kabala, fizikuri Seuracxyofa, fsiqologiuri Zaldataneba, izolacia, fiqtiuri xelmowera (daqorwineba), yalbi vizebis gaformeba da a.S. ama Tu im qveyanaSi CayvanisTanave aseT adamianebs arTmeven sabuTebs. bunebrivia, usabuTo, enis, qveynis ucodinari pirovneba mijaWvuli xdeba e.w. `patronze~ da usityvod emorCileba mis nebismier moTxovnas. garda amisa, uformeben xelSekrulebas, romlis ZaliTac xelfasidan xangrZlivad eqviTeba is gaweuli xarjebi, romelic e.w. `damqiravebelma~ gaiRo. es SeiZleba iyos vizis Rirebuleba, gzis xarji. garda amisa, specialuri teqnikis saSualebiT afiqsireben masalas, romelsac SeuZlia piris kompromentireba, emuqrebian am masalebis gamoaSkaravebiT, xSirad mimarTaven maT mimarT fizikur Zaladobas da a.S. (gasaTvaliswinebelia 10

ix. gaz. `metropoli~, 2001 w. #5, gv. 1.

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isic, rom germaniisa da Sveicariis kanonmdebloba ar krZalavs ucxo qveynis moqalaqis prostituciaSi Cabmas).11 damnaSaveTa am jgufebs kargad aqvT damuSavebuli fsiqologiuri Zaldatanebis meTodebi. isini TiToeul pirze amomwurav informacias floben. amitom dasaSineblad aqtiurad iyeneben muqaras, SantaJs (mag., bavSvis gatacebis, ojaxis ganadgurebis muqara) da a.S. amas xels uwyobs saelCoebTan imedgacruebuli adamianebis rigebi, rac uiolebs Trefiqerebs, advilad SearCion potenciuri `mona~. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianiT vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis zrdis tendencia gasagebia, mizezi ki _ martivi. msoflio bazarze monur eqspluataciaze mudmivi moTxovnilebaa da didi mogebac moaqvs. yovelwliurad msoflio masStabiT milionobiT adamiani xdeba aralegaluri vaWrobis msxverpli. amas danaSaulebrivi sindikatisaTvis 17 miliardamde aSS dolaris Semosavali moaqvs. daaxloebiT aseT sargebels iZleva migrantTa aralegaluri gadayvanac sazRvarze, rac `Tanamedrove monobis~ formad ganixileba.12 `adamianiT vaWrobis biznesi damnaSaveTa samyarosaTvis erT-erTi `mimzidveli~ saqmianoba gaxda. zogierTi saerTaSoriso danaSaulebrivi dajgufeba mas narkotikebiT vaWrobasTan SedarebiTac ki upiratesobas aniWebs, radganac igi nakleb energias moiTxovs, naklebriskiani da maRalSemosavliania.13 garda amisa, narkotikis gayidva erTjeradi aqtia, adamianis Semosavlis wyarod gamoyeneba ki xangrZlivad aris SesaZlebeli. amasTan, es procesi xasiaTdeba maqsimaluri latenturobiT _ dazaralebuls an fizikurad ar SeuZlia mimarTos policias, an eSinia am nabijis gadadgmis, radgan igi aralegaluri emigrantia. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianiT vaWroba msoflios mraval saxelmwifoSia gavrcelebuli, rasac xels uwyobs rig qveynebSi arsebuli mZime socialurekonomikuri pirobebi. iuridiul literaturaSi am qmedebis zusti definicia ar arsebobs. saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi mas ewodeba: `adamianiT kontrabanda~, `adamianiT vaWroba~14, `ukanono gadaadgileba da eqspluatacia~, `ukanono migracia~15 da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, kriminologTa umetesoba amjobinebs definicias `adamianiT vaWroba~. danaSaulis pirvel etaps warmoadgens msxverplis gadmobireba da misi gadaadgileba eqspluataciis an gayidvis mizniT. adamianis damorCilebis sxvadasxva xerxi arsebobs. is SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes an ar ukavSirdebodes yidva-gayidvas. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs adamianis yidva sxva pirisagan SemdgomSi misi gadayidvis mizniT da adamianis damorCileba motacebiT, motyuebiT da sxva saSualebiT. ufro xSirad mimarTaven motyuebas. amisaTvis Trefiqerebi iyeneben masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs da adamianebs hirdebian sazRvargareT dasaqmebas. rac Seexeba adamianTa gatacebas, es ufro xSiria iseT regionebSi, sadac politikuri arastabilurobaa an saomari moqmedebebi mimdinareobs. 11

ix. Shelly L., Criminal Kaleidoscope. The Diversification and Adaptation of Criminal activities in the Soviet Successor states // European Journal of Crime. Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. Vol. 3. 1996. P. 248-252. 12 ix. Widgeon J. Multilateral Cooperation to Combat Trafficking in Migrants and the Role of International Organization. Paper presented at the 11th IOM Seminar on International Response to Trafficking in Migrants and the Migration and Organized Crime // Trends in Organized Crime. 1996. Vol. 2, N. 2, p. 58. Safeguarding of Migrant Rights. Geneva. 1994. Oct., p. 5-6; US migration: passport smuggles earn billions for their wares. Inter press Service English News Wire. New York. Dec. 16. 1996. 13 ix. Smith P. Chinese migrant trafficking; a global challenge // Human Smuggling: Chinese Migrant Trafficking and he Challenge to America’s Immigrant Tradition. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies. 1997. Stocker S. Organized Crime as a Growth Factor for Cases of Trade in Persons // Organized Crime and Corruption #1. 2000. p. 58. 14 ix. e.g.: Trafficking of Migrants. IOM Policy and Responses. March. 1999. p. 4-5; Draft Protocol to Prevent. Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. united Nations. Vienna. October 1999 p. 4, etc. 15 ix. Trafficking in Human Beings: Implications for the OSCE, ODIHR Background Paper, 1999/3.

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adamianTa dauflebas maTi Semdgomi gamoyenebisaTvis interesebis mixedviT yofen: 1) Semdgom gasayidad; 2) uSualo eqspluataciisaTvis. gasayidad adamianis gadmobireba, daufleba xdeba Trefiqeris mier cocxali saqonliT bazris momaragebisaTvis, maTi mizani aralegalur eqspluataciaSi adamianTa Cabma da garkveuli fuladi Semosavalia. Trefiqeri erT qalze daaxloebiT 200-dan 500 dolaramde oRebs, safasuri damokidebulia imaze, pirdapir mieyideba msxverpli momxmarebels Tu Suamavlis meSveobiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi gadmombirebeli Tu Suamavali TviTon ar eweva uSualod adamianebis eqspluatacias, is gasamrjelos iRebs mxolod maTi gayidvis Semdeg. xSirad axali `patroni~ adamians xelaxla yidis da sxva qveyanaSi gadayvanili pirovneba sxvadasxva `patronis~ xelSi xvdeba. Suamavlebi da gadmombireblebi msxverpls hpirdebian sabuTebis gakeTebas, bileTis safasuris, gzis xarjebis avansad gadaxdas. uformeben xelSekrulebebs, rom es Tanxebi daifareba misi dasaqmebis Semdeg, roca maTi gamomuSaveba saSualod 1500-3000 aSS dolari iqneba. adgilze Cayvanis Semdeg msxverpli xvdeba umZimes pirobebSi da xSirad asrulebs gauTvaliswinebel samuSaos umciresi anazRaurebiT an sulac ufasod. qalTa umravlesobas ZiriTadad asaqmeben seqsindustriaSi. rac Seexeba adamianTa gadaadgilebas, arsebobs ori ZiriTadi xerxi: pirveli: piri nebayoflobiT Tanxmdeba, aformebs sabuTebs da sazRvarze gadadis legalurad, meore: piri Tanaxmaa, aralegalurad gadaiyvanon sazRvarze. aralegaluri emigrantebis eqspluatacia globalur biznesad gadaiqca, romelsac kriminaluri organizaciebisaTvis (sindikati) yovelwliurad uzarmazari Semosavali moaqvs16. xdeba Sida gadaadgilebac _ erTi regionidan meore regionSi. sazRvris kanonieri gadakveTisas daculia kanonis yvela moTxovna, sabuTebis gaformebis wesi. firmebi da organizaciebi, romlebic ewevian `cocxali saqonlis~ gadabirebas, TviTon aformeben sazRvarze gadasasvlelad saWiro yvela dokuments. umetesad formdeba samTviani turistuli sagzuri. ase magaliTad, 1994 wels Sveicariam gasca 1074 viza e.w. `msaxiob qalebze~. maTi umravlesoba aRmosavleT evropidan da ruseTis federaciidan iyo.17 TurqeTis saelCos monacemebiT, vizis msurvelTa 80% qalia, maTi didi nawili dakavebulia wvrili vaWrobiT, magram sakmao raodenoba gasarTob seqtorSi muSaobs. interpolis 1997 wlis monacemebiT, prostituciisaTvis TurqeTSi daakaves saqarTvelos 98 qali moqalaqe. 2000 wlis ivlisSi trapizonidan TurqeTis policiis mier deportirebuli iqna dsT-s qveynebis 126 moqalaqe, romlebic prostituciiT iyvnen dakavebulni. evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciam (euTo) gamoaqveyna moxseneba sazRvrebis ukanono gadakveTis Sesaxeb, sadac saqarTvelo moxseniebulia, rogorc ukanono imigrantebis erT-erTi potenciuri wyaro. sakiTxi exeba belgiaSi qalebis gayvanas. ufro seriozuli simptomebi ikveTeba israelSi wasvlasTan da ukanono gadayvanasTan dakavSirebiT. SeiniSneba fiqtiur qorwinebaTa ricxvis zrda ebrael mamakacebTan. `qorwinebebi~ xdeboda kviprosSi, romlis Semdegac qalebis kvali 16

ix.: Widgeon J. Multilateral Cooperation to Combat Trafficking in Migrants and the Role of International Organization. Paper presented at the 11th IOM Seminar on International Response to Trafficking in Migrants and the Migration and Organized Crime // Trends in Organized Crime. 1996. Vol. 2, N. 2, p. 58. Safeguarding of Migrant Rights. Geneva. 1994. Oct., p. 5-6; US migration: passport smuggles earn billions for their wares. Inter press Service English News Wire. New York. Dec. 16. 1996. 17 ix. MOM Budapest, Hungary, May 1995.

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ikargeboda. ramdenime wlis win israelis bordelebSi dakavebuli saqarTvelos 5 moqalaqe qveynidan gaaZeves.18 adamianTa sazRvarze aralegalur gadayvanas mimarTaven iseT dros, rodesac ar arsebobs maTi legalurad gadayvanis SesaZlebloba. aralegaluri transportirebis gansazRvreba Cadebulia monobis sawinaaRmdego konvenciis damatebiTi protokolis teqstSi, iqve mocemulia amomwuravi sia im meTodebisa, romelTa gamoyenebiTac xdeba adamianebis kriminaluri eqspluatacia.19 es umetesad xdeba yalbi sabuTebiT. am gziT gadayvanili piri bolomde mijaWvulia `patronze~. eqspluatirebulTa Soris gvxvdebian orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi. 20 kriminologebis mier Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT, mamakacebi procentulad ufro naklebad arian Cabmuli `eqspluataciaSi~, vidre qalebi _ isini saerTo raodenobis mxolod 2%-s Seadgenen. motyuebulebis mimarT xSirad gamoiyeneba fizikuri iZuleba, iqneba es sxeulis sxvadasxva saxis dazianeba Tu wamebis sxva saSualebani. aseT SemTxvevaSi msxverpls sTavazoben garkveuli cxovrebis wess, romelsac unda daemorCilos usityvod. niderlandebSi 250 gamokiTxul am kategoriis qalTa Soris 177 fizikuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad aRmoCnda Cabmuli seqsindustriaSi. fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas axdenen TviT msxverplze an mis axloblebze, ewevian SantaJs ojaxis wevrebis ganadgurebis an daSinebis meTodebiT. aseT adamianebs arwmuneben, rom is qveyanaSi aralegalurad imyofeba da amis gamoaSkaravebis SemTxvevaSi dasja ar ascdeba. ekonomikuri zemoqmedeba gulisxmobs mdgomareobas, rodesac `eqspluatatorsa~ da `msxverpls~ Soris arsebobs materialuri xasiaTis urTierToba, romlis gawyvetac msxverpls ar ZaluZs. ase magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom qali moxvdes germaniaSi, mas esaWiroeba 5500-7700 aSS dolari, raSic Sedis pasportis damzadeba, vizis gaformeba da bileTebis yidva. aseTi Tanxa sazRvargareT wamsvlelTa umetesobas ar aqvs, riTac sargebloben `patronebi~, zogierT SemTxvevaSi msxverpls valTan erTad yidian da mas valad daaxloebiT 35000 dolari uwesdeba. samarTlebrivi damokidebuleba gulisxmobs fiqtiur an iZulebiT qorwinebas, Svilad ayvanas, meurveobis an mzrunvelobis formebs, rac ar iTvaliswinebs ojaxis Seqmnas. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT: a) samarTlebrivi damokidebuleba qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT da b) samarTlebrivi damokidebuleba Svilad ayvanasTan dakavSirebiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs qorwinebis gziT erT-erTis eqspluatacias, magaliTad, roca “qmari” ama Tu im qveynis moqalaqea, qali eqceva izolaciaSi da, unda ar unda, akmayofilebs e.w. qmris nebismier moTxovnas. qmari mas emuqreba deportaciiT, radgan moqalaqeobis miRebas didi dro sWirdeba. meore SemTxvevaSi gavlenis qveS eqcevian bavSvebi, romelTa gamoyeneba da eqspluatacia xdeba `mSoblis~ mier. bavSvTa (pirobiTad vgulisxmobT 18 wlamde asakis nebismier pirovnebas) 21 bizness didi mogeba moaqvs damnaSaveTa samyarosaTvis, samwuxarod, saqarTveloSic gaxSirda sazRvargareT gasayvanad da gasayidad Svilad ayvanis SemTxvevebi, ase magaliTad:

18

migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis angariSi, Tb., 2000 w. seqtemberi. Ibid. Article 2, paragraph 2. 20 Ðûíîê íåíóæíûõ äåòåé // Èòîãè. 1997 ¹20 ñ. 60-66. Äîõîäíûå äåòè // Êîìåðñàíò-Daily. 1997, 15 àïðåëÿ, ¹52, ñ. 14. 21 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. 19

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1. 2003 wlis 26 marts imereTis saolqo prokuraturaSi aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme arasrulwlovniT vaWrobis faqtebze saqarTvelos ssk-is 172-e muxlis pirveli, meore da mesame nawilebiT. gamoZiebiT dadginda, rom 2001-2002 wlebSi arasrulwlovanTa yidva-gayidvis da sazRvargareT gayvanis mizniT saqarTveloSi ucxoel moqalaqeTa mier Camoyalibda danaSaulebrivi jgufi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi, sxvebTan erTad, iyvnen imereTis mxarisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionis samSobiaro saxlebis TanamSromlebi. aRniSnuli jgufi moqmedebda Semdegi sqemiT: ucxouri saSuamavlo organizaciis warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi avrcelebda informacias bavSvis ayvanis survilis Sesaxeb, rasac masTan daaxloebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis meSveobiT atyobinebda imereTis mxaris teritoriaze ganlagebuli samSobiaro saxlebis TanamSromlebs. saavadmyofos muSakebi, mZime ekonomikursocialuri pirobebiT daTrgunul im mSobelTa aRmoCenisTanave, romlebic Tanxmobas acxadebdnen bavSvis gaSvilebis an gayidvis Sesaxeb, ukavSirdebodnen ucxouri saSuamavlo organizaciis warmomadgenels, gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis ki gasamrjelos iRebdnen. ucxoeli Suamavali zogjer TviTon naxulobda bavSvs da amowmebda mis janmrTelobas. mas Semdeg, rac darwmundeboda bavSvis janmrTelobaSi, acxadebda Tanxmobas mis SeZenaze da ukavSirdeboda sazRvargareT bavSvis ayvanis mosurne ojaxs. saqarTveloSi bavSvis SeZenis msurvelTa Camosvlamde da Sesabamisi dokumentaciis gaformebamde bavSvebs droebiT, garkveuli anazRaurebis safasurad, uvlidnen garkveuli pirebi. saqmeSi arsebuli masalebis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli jgufis wevrebi sargeblobdnen sakanonmdeblo xarveziT: TiTqosda, samoqalaqo kodeqsiT maT SesaZlebloba eZleodaT, pirdapir mieSvilebinaT bavSvi ucxoeli moqalaqisaTvis. amisaTvis isini adgendnen yalb sabuTebs, romlebSic bavSvis mSoblebad miuTiTebdnen maT mier moZebnil arabiologiur mSoblebs. am dokumentebze fiqtiuri mSoblebis xelmoweras adasturebda notariusi, romelic ar interesdeboda, dokumentSi miTiTebuli pirebi namdvilad iyvnen Tu ara bavSvis mSoblebi; icnobdnen Tu ara realuri gamSvileblebi axal mSoblebs da Tanaxma iyo Tu ara mSobeli, bavSvi konkretuli pirisaTvis mieSvilebina. realurad arc erTi gamSvilebeli ar icnobda da ar Sexvedria misi Svilis axal mSobels. maTi mxridan bavSvis movla-patronobaze uaris Tqma xsenebul bavSvebs mzrunvelobis gareSe tovebda, ris Semdgom maTi gaSvilebis procedura unda ganxorcielebuliyo ara samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirdapiri gaSvilebis wesiT, aramed `Svilad ayvanis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis moTxovnis Sesabamisad. ase daculia rogorc bavSvis, ise saxelmwifos interesebi da gaSvilebisaTvis dawesebulia eqvsTviani vada. am xnis ganmavlobaSi ganaTlebis saministros centraluri da regionuli organoebi valdebulni arian, uzrunvelyon bavSvis miSvileba saqarTvelos teritoriaze mudmivad mcxovrebi ojaxebisaTvis. bavSvis sazRvargareT, sxva saxelmwifoSi gaSvileba dasaSvebia mxolod mzrunvelobis gareSe darCenili bavSvis Sesabamis sainformacio bankSi registraciidan 6 Tvis Semdeg da Tu arsebobs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis mier misi Svilad ayvanis SeuZleblobis damadasturebeli dokumentacia. zemoT miTiTebuli meqanizmis arakanonierebaze metyvelebs isic, rom bavSvis gaSvilebis rogorc pirdapiri, ise `Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb~ kanonis moTxovnis safuZvelze ganaTlebis saministros Sesabamisi organoebis garda, yvela sxva fizikur da iuridiul pirs ekrZaleba am procesSi monawileoba. amave dros, pirdapiri gaSvilebis SemTxvevaSic ki, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1243-e muxlis Tanaxmad, 190

akrZalulia Svilad ayvana warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, Tumca am muxlis moTxovna realurad ar sruldeba. mocemul saqmeze gamoZiebiT dadginda arasrulwlovanTa sazRvargareT ukanono gaSvilebisa da arasrulwlovnebiT vaWrobis 20 faqti. mokvlevisa da gamoZiebis procesSi sazRvargareT ukanono gaSvilebas gadaurCa 2 Cvili bavSvi, romelic amJamad izrdeba qarTul ojaxebSi. arasrulwlovnebiT vaWrobasa da yalbi dokumentebis SedgenaSi mxilebulia 12 piri. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 2003 wlis 6 ivniss Setanili cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sedegad, 172-e muxlidan (romliTac isjeboda arasrulwlovniT vaWroba) amoiRes me-2, me-3, me-4 nawilebi da muxli Camoyalibda Semdegi saxiT: `arasrulwlovnis mimarT ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba Svilad ayvanis mizniT~. imavdroulad, ssk-s daemata 143 2 muxli _ arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (Trefiqingi), romelSic gadajgufda saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 172-e muxlis me-2, me-3, me-4 nawilebis debulebebi, kerZod: arasrulwlovnis yidvagayidva, mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve misi gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT. amdenad, aRniSnuli muxliT dasjadia qmedeba, romelic miznad isaxavs eqspluatacias. rogorc vxedavT, kanonmdebelma erTmaneTisagan gamijna arasrulwlovnis yidva misi Svilad ayvanis mizniT da arasrulwlovnis yidva eqspluataciis mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare, 2003 wlis 6 ivniss saqarTvelos ssk-Si Setanili cvlilebebis Sedegad, 172-e muxlma (1999 wlis 22 ivlisis redaqcia) meore, mesame da meoTxe nawilebis amoRebiT ganicada dekriminalizacia, kerZod, Tu pirma arasrulwlovani iyida Svilad asayvanad, misi qmedeba unda dakvalificirdes saqarTvelos ssk-is 172-e muxliT (2003 wlis 6 ivnisis redaqciiT). aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo novaciidan gamomdinare, konkretuli sisxlis samarTlis saqme ssk-is 172-e muxlis mesame nawilidan gadavida amave muxlis pirvel nawilSi. amasTan, calke warmoebad gamoiyo sisxlis samarTlis saqme samtrediis samSobiaro saxlis direqtor T. gabiCvaZis, amave samSobiaros ganyofilebis gamge i. maCitiZis da ufrosi eqTnis, n. koxreiZe-foCxuas mimarT arasrulwlovniT ukanono vaWrobis faqtze. orive saqmeze (sul 12 piris mimarT) amJamad gamotanilia gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni. 2. 2003 wlis 16 ivliss Sida qarTlis saolqo prokuraturaSi aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme saqarTvelos ssk-is 172-e muxlis mesame nawilis `a~ da `g~ qvepunqtebiT. gamoZiebiT dadginda, rom daaxloebiT 2002 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTveloSi ukrainidan Camovida n. kuduxaSvili-aleqseeva, romelic daqorwinebuli iyo vinme v. aleqseevze da masTan erTad sxvadasxva periodSi cxovrobda jer germaniaSi, xolo Semdeg ukrainaSi. 20-25 wlis ganmavlobaSi igi saqarTveloSi ar yofila. 2002 wlis noemberSi n. kuduxaSvili-aleqseeva daukavSirda Tavis naTesavebs _ n. eSmakuraSvils da n. oTiaSvils, romelTac SesTavaza, daxmarebodnen Cvili bavSvebis yidvaSi garkveuli gasamrjelos safasurad. amasTan, maT movaleobaSi Sedioda Cvili bavSvebis droebiT movla-patronoba, raSic damatebiT miiRebdnen Tanxas. n. eSmakuraSvilma Seigula goris raionis sofel maranSi mcxovrebi qvrivi, ekonomikurad gaWirvebuli, 26 wlis S. batkuaSvili, romelic im droisaTvis 7-8 Tvis fexmZime iyo. n. eSmakuraSvilma igi daiyolia, gaeyida bavSvi. 2002 wlis 28 dekembers goris raionis samSobiaroSi S. batkuaSvils SeeZina gogona – sofiko, romelic 2003 wlis 5 ianvars n. eSmakuraSvilma waiyvana Tavis saxlSi, gorSi, erTi Tvis Semdeg gadaiyvana kaspis raionis sofel xovleSi, saidanac winaswari SeTanxmebisamebr n. kuduxaSvili-aleqseevam gamoZiebis am etapze daudgenel 191

Tanxad mihyida savaraudod espaneTis moqalaqes. gamoZiebiT aseve dadgenilia 5 Cvili bavSvis yidva-gayidvis faqti. n. kuduxaSvilis mimarT sasamarTlos mier gaica dapatimrebis brZaneba da gamocxadda Zebna. 3. 2003 wlis 18 agvistos saqarTvelos generaluri prokuraturis sagamoZiebo nawilSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 172-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT, amave muxlis me-3 nawilis `a~, `b~, `g~, `e~ punqtebiTa da 362-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `a~ qvepunqtiT aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme pirTa jgufis mimarT maT mier 2002-2003 wlebSi arasrulwlovnebiT vaWrobisa da arasrulwlovnebTan dakavSirebiT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcielebis faqtebze: 2002 wels (zusti TariRi daudgenelia) arasrulwlovnebis yidva-gayidvis da maTi sazRvargareT ukanonod gayvanis mizniT m. wifuriam gurjaanis raionis sofel kolagis mkvidris, l. xositaSvilis, sofel axaSenis mkvidris, saaqcio sazogadoeba gurjaanis samSobiaro saxlis bavSvTa ganyofilebis sanitris, e. utiaSvilis, amave samSobiaro saxlis mimRebi ganyofilebis meddis, m. napirelis SemadgenlobiT Seqmna jgufi. man l. xositaSvils, e. utiaSvils da m. napirels daunawila funqciebi. am ukanasknelT unda moeZebnaT mSoblebi, romlebic apirebdnen arasrulwlovani Svilebis gayidvas, raSic TiToeuls gadauxdida 100-100 aSS dolars, xolo mSoblebs _ maT mier moTxovnil Tanxas. 2002 wlis ivlisSi l. xositaSvilma da e. utiaSvilma moZebnes dedofliswyaros raionis mcxovrebi, vinme lela, romelsac SeuTanxmdnen, rom misi ori Tvis vaJs SeiZendnen 350 aSS dolarad. amis Semdeg l. xositaSvili Camovida TbilisSi, Sexvda m. wifurias da acnoba, rom misi davaleba Sesrulebuli iyo. l. xositaSvilma da e. utiaSvilma bavSvi dedofliswyarodan Camoiyvanes TbilisSi da gadasces m. wifurias, romelmac SeTanxmebisamebr gadauxada gasamrjelo. ase gaiyida 10 bavSvi (dadgenilia mxolod 6 maTganis vinaoba), romelic ukanonod gaiyvanes, ZiriTadad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. saqarTvelos ssk-is 172-e muxlSi Setanili zemomiTiTebuli cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, mocemuli sisxlis samarTlis saqme dakvalificirda 172-e muxlis I nawiliT da 2003 wlis 30 dekembers sisxlis ssamarTlis saqme 9 piris mimarT warimarTa gurjaanis raionul sasamarTloSi. m o n o b a d a m a s T a n g a T a n a b r e b u l i m d g o m a r e o b a . monoba adamianis eqspluataciis yvelaze saSiSi da damamcirebeli formaa. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam Tavis droze miiRo konvencia monobis akrZalvis Taobaze, SemdgomSi konvenciis protokolic xazs usvams Tanamedrove civilizebuli msoflios sircxvils, uwodebs monobas da masTan gaTanabrebul adamianis mdgomareobas.22 verc saqarTvelo gadaurCa am mankierebas, saqarTvelos araerTi moqalaqe iqna gadayvanili CeCneTSi, romlebic aRmoCndnen monur mdgomareobaSi. rac Seexeba monobasTan gaTanabrebul mdgomareobas, aq igulisxmeba monur SromaSi Cabmuli adamiani umciresi anazRaurebiT. adamianis Sromis gamoyeneba xdeba fizikur da inteleqtualur sferoebSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia adamianis fizikuri SesaZleblobani, inteleqtualuri Sroma ki gulisxmobs maTi ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis gamoyenebas sawarmoo Tu sxva Sesabamis sferoSi. seqsualur sferoSi adamianis Cabma gulisxmobs misi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas, rac kanoniT akrZaluli ar aris. ase magagaliTad. axalgazrda, mimzidveli qalebis gamoyeneba im qveynebis striptizbarebsa da bordelebSi, sadac es nebadarTulia. ix. Ïðèëîæåíèå II ïðîòîêîë î ïðåäóïðåæäåíèè ïðåñå÷åíèÿ òîðãîâëè îñîáåííî æåíùèíàìè, è íàêàçàíèè çà íåå, äîïîëíÿþùàÿ êîíâåíöèþ ÎÎÍ ïðîòèâ òðàíñíàöèîíàëüíîé îðãàíèçîâàííîé ïðåñòóïíîñòè. 22

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fizikur SromaSi Cabmuli msxverpli SeiZleba `patronis~ ojaxs emsaxurebodes an dasaqmebuli iyos sayofacxovrebo sferoSi da a.S. arsebobs adamianis eqspluatacia danaSaulebrivi biznesis sferoSi. es niSnavs piris Cabmas iseT saqmianobaSi, romelic kanoniTaa akrZaluli, mag., SeiaraRebul dajgufebebSi CarTva, pornobiznesis warmoeba, prostituciaSi Cabma an akrZaluli sagnebis, falsificirebuli produqciis, narkotikebis warmoeba da a.S. adamianiT vaWrobis sferoSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs qalebiT vaWrobas da seqsualur industriaSi maT CarTvas, rasac, eqspertTa monacemebiT, yovelwliurad 7-12 miliard amerikul dolaramde Semosavali moaqvs. am xnis manZilze seqsindustriaSi monawileobs 2 milionamde qali da bavSvi.23 samarTlebrivi bazis arasrulyofilebis gamo Zneldeboda am saxis danaSaulTa gamovlena da Trefiqerebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema, radgan aseTi danaSauli atarebs latentur xasiaTs. amasTan, msoflios mraval qveyanas dRemde ar gaaCnia srulyofili kanonmdebloba, romelic gamoricxavda adamianiT vaWrobas. saubaria iseT qveynebze, romlebic esazRvreba saqarTvelos, maT Soris, ruseTis federacia, somxeTi, azerbaijani da a.S. saqarTvelo dRemde ganixileboda, rogorc satranzito qveyana (Tumca mimwodebelic aris). ZiriTadad, Trefiqirebulebi gahyavT TurqeTSi, saberZneTSi, israelSi, germaniaSi, evropis, CrdiloeT amerikis, aziisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT TbilisSi, gaxSirda adamianebis gauCinarebisa da amoucnobi gvamebis povnis faqtebi. am ukanasknelT sxvadasxva organoebi aqvT amoRebuli. es badebs eWvs, rom saqme gvaqvs adamianis organoebiT aralegalur vaWrobasTan.24 msoflios jandacvis organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo principebis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia adamianis (rogorc cocxali, ise gardacvlilis) sxeulis nawilebiT vaWroba, maTi komerciuli garigebis sagnad qceva. saxelmZRvanelo principebi da erovnuli kanonmdebloba krZalavs organoTa yidva-gayidvas im mosazrebiT, rom es amoraluri saqcieli gamoiwvevs socialurad daucveli fenebis kriminalur biznesSi CarTvas. miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdeblobiT akrZalulia adamianis organoebisTvis raime anazRaurebis miReba, iuridiul literaturaSi ar wydeba polemika anazRaurebadi donorobis Taobaze.25 transplantaciis sferos legaluri warmarTva saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo doneze gadawyvetas moiTxovs. am mimarTulebiT ukve gadaidga konkretuli nabijebi, moxerxda saqarTvelos axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi donoris uflebebis damcavi meqanizmebis gaTvaliswineba. kerZod, kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebulia damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenili mkvleloba, sxeulis mZime dazianeba, arasrulwlovniT vaWroba da a.S organoebisa da qsovilebis gadanergvis mizniT. adamianiT vaWrobis, aralegaluri migraciisa da migrantTa ukanono gadayvanis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli xarvezebis gamo samarTaldamcavi organoebi ver axorcieleben im qmediT RonisZiebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofda amgvari saqmianobis aRkveTas da maT prevencias. 23

budapeStSi 2001 wlis 14-21 Tebervals Catarebuli seminaris masalebi. problemebis mosagvareblad qveyanaSi seriozuli muSaoba mimdinareobs: am kuTxiT aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos prezidentis 2001 wlis 23 martis brZanebuleba adamianis organoTa eqsport-importis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb (ix. saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 26 marti, 2001 weli, #27, III naw.). 25 ix. m. kvaWaZe, avtoreferati, Tb., 1999 w. gv. 18-19. 24

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biosamedicino eqsperimentebs aregulirebs Semdegi saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi aqtebi: niunbergis kodeqsi (1947 w.), romelmac dasabami misca medicinaSi axali saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi aqtebis SemuSavebas; Jenevis deklaracia (1948 w.); Jenevis konvenciebi (1949 w.) da 1977 wlis damatebiT oqmebi; helsinkis (1981 w.), veneciis (1964, 1975, 1989 ww. redaqciebi), tokios (1975 w.), lisabonis deklaraciebi (1981 w.); evrosabWos konvencia (1996 w.); iuneskos deklaracia (1997 w.) da sxv.26 mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo adamianebi xSirad iZulebulni arian, gayidon sakuTari organoebi. vaWrebi kargad iyeneben maT gaWirvebas da am saqmianobiT did sargebelsac naxuloben. donorebis gadabireba sxvadasxva saSualebebiT xdeba: maT hpirdebian sazRvargareT samuSaos da Semdeg aiZuleben, nisiad gayidon TavianTi organoebi (maT uxdian daaxloebiT im Rirebulebis 3%-s, romelsac ixdis momxmarebeli) an pirdapir sTavazoben romelime organos gayidvas. RaribebisaTvis es xSirad ojaxis rCenis erTaderTi saSualebaa. adamianis organoebiT vaWroba transnacionaluri danaSaulis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli saxea. kanonieri gziT miRebuli adamianis organoebi ver akmayofilebs mosaxleobis mzard moTxovnilebas, rac xels uwyobs am procesis ukanono gziT warmarTvas. kriminologebis mier Catarebuli analizi iZleva imis Tqmis uflebas, rom adamianis organoebisa da donorebis aralegaluri gadaadgilebis marSrutebi emTxveva adamianTa gadaadgilebis marSrutebs. ase rom, adamianis organoebiT aralegalur vaWrobas saerTaSoriso damnaSaveobis arealSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. surogati 27 dedebis eqspluatacia warmodgens qalis organizmis gamoyenebas fexmZimobisa da mSobiarobisaTvis. amis Semdeg bavSvi gasxvisdeba im pirze, romelsac SeuZlia bavSvi gayidos gasaSvileblad an sxva daniSnulebiT, maT Soris transplantaciisaTvis. es SesaZlebelia, rodesac qali gahyavT sazRvargareT da is izolaciaSi atarebs fexmZimobis periods. cnobilia SemTxveva, rodesac ruseTidan amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi samSobiarod gaiyvanes fexmZime qalebi da bavSvebi gaaSviles. am dros erTad gvardeba ramdenime problema: bavSvi ibadeba aSS-s moqalaqed da aRaraa saWiro formaluri procedurebiSvilad ayvanisTvis. dedas momsaxurebisaTvis uxdian mcire safasurs, ZiriTad Tanxas ki eufleba `Suamavali~, romelmac monaxa es qali, gaaforma misi sabuTebi, Camoiyvana konkretul qveyanaSi, akontrolebda mas mSobiarobamde da a.S. analogiuri situacia dafiqsirda ungreTSi, sadac policiam gamoavlina mTeli qseli, romelic bavSvebs dabadebamde yidda. dagegmili iyo maTi gayvana aSS-sa da kanadaSi. momavali dedebis sazRvargareT gadayvanis meqanizmi moqmedebda sam weliwadze met xans. haagis deklaraciis protokoliT saerTaSoriso saemigracio organizacia valdebuli da uflebamosilia, xeli SeuSalos danaSauls, dasajos qalebisa da bavSvebis TrefiqingiT dakavebuli adamianebi.28 26

ix. saerTaSoriso aqtebis krebuli, Tb., 2003 w. surogati dedebis gamoyeneba amerikaSi mxolod ramdenime StatSia nebadarTuli, kaliforniaSi 1987 wlidan dakanonda surogati dedebis gamoyeneba. arizonis, miCiganis, niu-iorkis, vaSingtonis da kidev ramdenime StatSi surogati dedebis gamoyeneba jerjerobiT akrZalulia 28 See: The Hague Ministerial Declaration on European Guidelines for Effective Measures to Prevent and Combat Trafficking in Women for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation. April 24-26 1997; See: e.g. Trafficking of Migrants. IOM policy and Responses. March. 1999. p. 4-5; See: Revised Draft Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. 7th Session. Vienna. 17-28 Jan 2000. 27

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2. antiTrefiqinguli princi pebi kriminologebi da TrefiqingiT dainteresebuli mkvlevrebi ayalibeben Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg brZolis Semdeg principebs: a) adamianiT movaWreTa (Trefiqerebis) dasjas imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am procesSi CarTulia rogorc damnaSaveTa samyaros, ise zogierTi qveynis politikuri elitis nawilic; b) adamianiT vaWrobis msxverplis (Trefiqirebulis) mdgomareoba ar unda damZimdes, e.i. is ar unda iqces SemdgomSi socialuri da moraluri diskriminaciis obieqtad; g) saxelmwifos mxridan adamianiT vaWrobis msxverplis (Trefiqirebulis) usafrTxoebisa da iuridiuli momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa; d) TrefiqirebulisaTvis marTlmsajulebaze xelmisawvdomoba; e) mWidro TanamSromloba monawile saxelmwifoebis Sesabamis struqturebTan; v) adamianiT vaWrobis (Trefiqingis) problemis saxelmwifo politikis rangSi ayvana da misi ganxilva, rogorc adamianis bunebiTi da ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Selaxva; z) msxverplTa (TrefiqirebulTa) mimarT profilaqtikuri samarTlebrivi, ekologiuri, socialur-politikuri da informaciuli kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba; i) sazogadoebis TanamSromloba saerTaSoriso samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan.. aseTia adamianiT vaWrobis (Trefiqingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis ZiriTadi principebi, ramac unda uzrunvelyos am mZime saerTaSoriso danaSaulis aRkveTa da msxverplTa socialuri reintegracia.

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Tavi III ucxo qveynebis antiTrefiqinguli kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikis analizi 1. mimwodebeli qveynebi organizebuli damnaSaveobis saerTaSoriso masStabi aiZulebs msoflio civilizebul qveynebs, ifiqron kanonmdeblobis srulyofaze. adamianiT vaWrobaSi (TrefiqingSi) mravali qveyana monawileobs, maTgan erTni momxmareblebi arian, meoreni _ mimwodeblebi, mesameni ki _ satranzito qveynebi. aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeuli met-naklebad cdilobs, miiRos antiTrefiqinguli kanonebi. samwuxarod, ver vityviT, rom yvela qveynis kanonmdebloba srulyofilia, amdenad, Wirs am movlenis winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZola. Cveni mizania, mokled mimovixiloT im qveynebis Sesabamisi kanonebi, romlebic Cabmuli aRmoCndnen adamianiT vaWrobaSi: magaliTad, ruseTis federaciis kanonmdeblobis srulyofa organuladaa dakavSirebuli regionSi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebasTan. sadReisod ruseTis kanonmdeblobaSi am mxriv yvelaferi rigze veraa: sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 127-e muxli iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas adamianTa Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTisaTvis, 126-e muxli _ adamianTa gatacebisaTvis, 152-e muxli _ arasrulwlovniT vaWrobisaTvis da sxv. (120, 123, 133, 134, 135, 150, 153, 154, 240, 242 muxlebi), magram srulyofilad isini mainc ver agvarebs adamianiT vaWrobis problemas. ase magaliTad, Tu ganvixilavT ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 126-e muxls, vnaxavT, rom subieqts ekisreba pasuxismgebloba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is saidumlod, Riad an motyuebiT daeufla pirs. magram adamianiT vaWrobis cnebaSi Sedis SemTxvevebic, rodesac piris motaceba ar xdeba. piriqiT, xSirad momavali msxverpli Tanaxmaa qveynidan gasvlaze, Tundac icodes, rom SesaZlebelia, mis mimarT ganxorcieldes kriminaluri eqspluatacia. zogjer qali miemgzavreba sazRvargareT samuSaod damlageblad, oficiantad, Sinamosamsaxured da mxolod iq Seityobs, rom mas evaleba prostitucia. qalebiT vaWroba araviTar finansur Semosavals ar aZlevs im qveynebs, romlebic gvevlinebian mimwodeblis rolSi, samagierod, ikargeba genofondi. garda amisa, transnacionaluri damnaSaveobis es saxe mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli korufciasTan da danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis legalizaciasTan. yvelaze meti moTxovnileba msoflio bazarze aris slavuri warmoSobis, aRmosavleT evropisa da Tanamegobrobis sxva qveynebis susti sqesis warmomadgenlebze. iuridiul literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom ruseTSi arc erTi sisxlis samarTlis saqme ar aRZrula Trefiqingis motivaciiT, vinaidan ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 126-e da 127-e muxlebi ar iTvaliswinebs danaSaulis aseT Semadgenlobas. arsebobs mxolod operatiuli monacemebi garkveuli firmebis Sesaxeb, romlebic eWvmitanili arian adamianebis gadabirebasa da gadaadgilebaSi Semdgomi eqspluataciis mizniT. zemoxsenebuli mizezebis gamo adamianiT vaWroba ar SeiZleba dakvalificirdes arc ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis 240-e muxliT, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas prostituciaSi ZaladobiT CaTrevis an muqarisa da SantaJis gziT. Trefiqeris qmedeba yovelTvis ar aris msxverplis mimarT Zaladoba da misi gamoyenebis muqara. ufro xSirad mimarTaven sxva meTodebs, raTa morCilebaSi iyolion igi da aiZulon, Seasrulos maTTvis sasurveli qmedebebi, magaliTad: fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas, sabuTebis warTmevas, muqaras, Caabaron msxverpli 196

policias. amisi qalebs Zalian eSiniaT, vinaidan Tvlian, rom policia maTi suteniorebis mxarezea. ZiriTadi dabrkoleba, ris gamoc ver xerxdeba adamianis ukanonod gadamyvani da eqspluatatori pirebis pasuxisgebaSi micema, aris is, rom am pirTa danaSauli umetesad Tavs iCens ama Tu im qveynis sazRvrebs miRma, e.i. damnaSavis qmedebis Sedegi, magaliTad, saqarTveloSi dawyebuli, mJRavndeba qveynis iurisdiqciis gareT. gasagebia, ratom cdiloben samarTaldamcavebi, gverdi auaron am problemas, vinaidan qveynis kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas arc adamianTa gadmobirebaze eqspluataciis mizniT da arc maT gayidvaze. miuxedavad dasaxelebuli procesebis transerovnuli xasiaTisa, Tu erovnuli kanonmdebloba ar moawesrigebs am movlenis calkeul etapebs, masTan brZola SeuZlebeli iqneba. amasTan, saxelmwifosTvis prioritetulia adamianis ufleba sicocxleze, Tavisufal gadaadgilebaze, pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevlobaze, Tavisuflebaze, pativsa da Rirsebaze, romlebic ar SeiZleba Seilaxos usamarTlod, rasac Trefikerebi borotad iyeneben. miuxedavad amisa, yvela saxelmwifos movaleobaa, daicvas adamianebi, romlebic eqspluatacias ganicdian, Tavis mxriv, moqalaqeebs aqvT ufleba, moiTxovon TavianTi konstituciuri uflebebis dacva. situacias amZimebs isic, rom xSirad vaWrobis msxverpli ama Tu im qveyanaSi aralegalurad imyofeba. isini Tavad gaurbian xelisuflebas da uars amboben masTan TanamSromlobaze (xSirad adamianiT movaWreebi maT aSineben da dazaralebulebic damnaSaveebs ar asaxeleben), ris gamoc am saqmeebze mtkicebulebis mopoveba gaZnelebulia. vaWrobis msxverplad xSirad gvevlinebian arasrulwlovnebic. magaliTad viRebT ruseTis federaciis kanonmdeblobas, radganac es qveyana yvelaze didi mimwodebelia. ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 152-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulia pasuxismgebloba arasrulwlovnebis yidva-gayidvasa da maT mimarT Cadenil sxva garigebaze. erTi SexedviT, arasrulwlovnebi, ufrosebisagan gansxvavebiT, daculni arian gayidvisagan eqspluataciis mizniT, vinaidan damnaSave pirebs SeiZleba daakisro pasuxismgebloba aRniSnuli muxliT. magram am muxlis moqmedeba metad SezRudulia. magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis komentarSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadod am saSiS danaSaulSi damnaSavea piri, romlis kontrolis qveS imyofeba arasrulwlovani. aseTebi SeiZleba iyvnen: mSoblebi, pirebi, vinc iSvila, meurveebi, samedicino da sabavSvo dawesebulebebis muSakebi. amrigad, subieqtis gansazRvra, vinc SeiZleba agos pasuxi sxvadasxva garigebebiT arasrulwlovnis sxvisTvis gadacemaze, Zneldeba. am SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedebaTa rigi, rodesac arasrulwlovani SeiZleba gaiyidos Suamavlis an iseTi piris mier, romelsac araferi akavSirebs masTan. amgvarad, ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 152-e muxlis arseboba sruliadac ver agvarebs arasrulwlovanTa gayidvis problemas. am muxlis analizi gvaZlevs saSualebas, arsebiTi naklovanebebi SevniSnoT sxva qveynebis kanonmdeblobebSi. danaSaulis Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom aq erT cnebaSi kanonmdebelma gaaerTiana adamianiT vaWrobis sxvadasxva formebi, magaliTad, adamianis eqspluataciis formebi savalo kabala, danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi Cabma, Svileba komerciuli mizniT, gamoyeneba SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi; arsebobs eqspluataciis sxva saxeebic: Sromis, seqsualuri an orive erTad. amis garda, mravali qveyana iTvaliswinebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas adamianebis gadmobirebaze seqsualuri da sxva saxis eqspluataciis mizniT, magaliTad, belorusiis (2.187), holandiis (2.250) da germaniis (2.181 naw. 2) sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebi. 197

Tu gavaanalizebT monacemebs, romlebic axasiaTebs adamianiT vaWrobas, maT ukanono eqspluatacias, eqspluataciis meTodebs, SeuZleblad gvesaxeba, am etapze SevimuSaoT adamianiT vaWrobis universaluri daxasiaTeba. saWiroa, ganvsazRvroT da pasuxismgebloba davawesoT danaSaulis yvela etapze, rasac mosdevs adamianebis kriminaluri eqspluatacia. rusi samarTalmcodneebi miiCneven, rom ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis or muxlSi unda Sevides iseTi cvlilebebi, romlebic gaiTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas uSualod adamianebis gadmobirebasa da vaWrobaze, e.i. adamianebis gadacemaze maTi yidva-gayidvis mizniT.29 SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareobaa ukrainis kanonmdeblobaSi , sadac am problemas saxelmwifoebriv doneze ganixilaven. ukrainis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi jer kidev 1998 wels Sevida 149-150-e muxlebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas adamianiT vaWrobisaTvis da romlebSic gansazRvrulia sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba angarebiT adamianis dauflebisaTvis: seqsualur eqspluataciaSi, danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi, savalo kabalaSi CabmiT, Sviloba komerciuli sargeblobis, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi Cabmis da `monuri~ SromiTi eqspluataciis gawevis mizniT. kanoni iTvaliswinebs danaSauls rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis sazRvrebs gareT:30 `adamianTa Ria an motyuebiT daufleba, romelic dakavSirebulia mis kanonier an ukanono gadaadgilebasTan (SeTanxmebiT an SeuTanxmeblad) ukrainis saxelmwifo sazRvris miRma an aseTis gareSe Semdgomi gayidvisaTvis an misi momdevno gadacemis mizniT (rac anazRaurdeba), seqsualuri eqspluataciis, danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi (savalo kabalaSi misi Cabmis, Svileba komerciuli sargeblobis mizniT, monawileobis miReba SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi, SromiT eqspluataciaSi)~. 31 belorusis sisxlis samarTlis axalma kodeqsma, romelic 1999 wels miiRes, ganacalkeva adamianiT vaWroba, gataceba da gadmobireba eqspluataciis mizniT. 181-e muxlis Sesabamisad, vaWrobis qveS moiazreba yovelgvari qmedeba: yidvagayidva, daufleba Tu sxva pirisTvis gadacema. xolo 187-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulia gadmobireba, seqsualuri Tu sxva saxis eqspluataciaSi Cabma motyuebiT, fuladi mogebisa da gamorCenis mizniT.32 kriminaluri eqspluataciis arsebuli formebis analizis safuZvelze sasurvelia Tanamegobrobis qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaTa daaxloeba dasaxelebuli problemis sabolood da efeqturad gadasawyvetad. moldova erT-erTi mimwodebeli qveyanaa, romlis moqalaqeebi evropul qveynebSi (ZiriTadad, germaniaSi), israelsa da aSS-Si gahyavT. moldovis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs TrefiqingTan brZolas, Tumca sxva postsabWouri qveynebis msgavsad, arc moldaveTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsia srulyofili. kerZod, arsebobs xarvezebi Trefiqerebisa da im struqturebis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb debulebebSi, romlebic ewevian gadmobirebasa da qveynis farglebs gareT msxverplTa gayvanas monur da masTan gaTanabrebul SromaSi Casabmelad. qveyanaSi prostitucia kanoniT ar isjeba, magram akrZalulia misi organizeba da masSi arasrulwlovanTa Cabma. amJamad kanonmdeblobis srulyofisaTvis momzadebulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Sesatani cvlilebebis proeqti, romelic gacilebiT efeqturs gaxdis TrefiqingTan brZolas.

ix. Ðåïåöêàÿ À.Ë. das. naSr. ix. Óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî Óêðàèíû, Êèåâ, 2003 ã. ñòð. 86-92. 31 Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ ìèãðàöèè, Èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ êàìïàíèÿ ïðîòèâ òîðãîâëè æåíùèíàìè. Èç èññëåäîâàíèé ïî Óêðàèíå. Æåíåâà ÌÎÌ 1998 ã. Èþëü. 32 ix. Óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî Áåëîðóññèè. Ìèíñê. 2000 ã. 29 30

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CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi adamianiT vaWrobis problema ufro didi xania arsebobs, vidre aRmosavleT evropisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi. Cinelebi TavianT moqalaqeebs yidian rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT. Cineli gogonebiT maragdeba iaponiis, koreis da avstraliis bordelebi. samxreT CineTSi arsebobs bazrebi, sadac Riad vaWroben adamianiT. CineTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 240-e muxli iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas adamianis gatacebisaTvis gayidvis mizniT, aseve motyuebis, gadabirebisa da SuamavlobisaTvis. rac Seexeba 241-e muxls, igi iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas gatacebuli bavSvisa da qalis yidvisaTvis gadayidvis mizniT. arc CineTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsia srulyofili qveyanaSi Seyvanil Tu gayvanil pirTa maqsimaluri dacvis TvalsazrisiT.33 bangladeSSi 1995 wels qalTa da bavSvTa Seviwroebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli aqtis Tanaxmad, akrZalulia adamianis gadayvana prostituciis an ukanono, amoraluri miznebiT; akrZalulia qalTa gataceba prostituciis, naZaladevi qorwinebisa Tu iZulebiTi seqsualuri kavSiris dasamyareblad. bavSvTa gatacebisaTvis isjebian patimrobiT an sikvdiliT, aseve sastikad isjebian danaSaulis Tanamonawileni. kambojaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs antiTrefiqinguli samarTlebrivi normebi, policia cdilobs, sasamarTlomde ar miiyvanos gavleniani adamianebi. rogorc wesi, saqmis mogvareba sasamarTlos gareT xdeba (SeiZleba msxverpls gadauxadon kompensacia), amdenad, zusti statistika ar arsebobs. indoeTis 1980 wlis aqts moralurad gaumarTlebeli gayvanis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb minimumamde dahyavs Trefiqingis faqtebi. igi krZalavs msgavsi saxis komerciul saqmianobas. am aqtiT meZavi qali ufro mkacrad isjeba, vidre mamakaci, vinc masTan sqesobrivi kontaqti daamyara. taivanSi ar arsebobs specialuri kanoni Trefiqingis Sesaxeb. msxverpl qalebs apatimreben da brals sdeben sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevasa da sisxlis samarTlis normebis SeusruleblobaSi. filipinebis respublikis aqti 8042 miznad isaxavs `Tavdacvis ufro maRali standartebis Camoyalibebas da zRvis iqiT myofi gaWirvebuli filipinelebis keTildReobas~. magram kanonma ver daaregulira sabuTebis armqone migrantebisa da Trefiqingis msxverpli qalebis problema. TumcaRa aqti sjis aralegalurad xalxis Semoyvanas, gansakuTrebuli sasjeli ki Seexeba maT, vinc sam an met adamians Semoiyvans. rac Seexeba respublikis aqts 6955, `es aris kanoni, romelic krZalavs filipineli qalis garigebas ucxo erovnebis mamakacTan eleqtronuli, safosto gzavniliT an msgavsi saSualebiT~. b i r m e l i qalebi itanjebian siRaribis, Cagvris, iZulebiTi samuSaosa da SezRudvebis gamo, rasac saTanadod ar ebrZvis saxelmwifo kanoni da wesrigis ganaxlebis sabWo. kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, qalebma unda miuTiTon, Tu romel qveyanaSi apireben vizits. Tu isini tailandSi, malaiziaSi an singapurSi miemgzavrebian, maT uars eubnebian. msgavsi akrZalvebi xels uwyobs aralegalur migracias. qalebis umetesobas, vinc erTxel mainc moaxerxa birmis datoveba, dabruneba aRar surs. avstraliaSi moqmedebs antiTrefiqinguli samarTlis normebi, iqauri sisxlis samarTlis kanonis damateba iTvaliswinebs pirdapiri tele CarTvis meSveobiT 33

ix. Ã. Ãëîíòè, Òîðãîâëÿ ëþäüìè ñ öåëüþ ñåêñóàëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè: Ðåàëèè è Ïåðñïåêòèâû., Òá. 2004 ã. ñòð. 131.

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mowmis dakiTxvas, Tu es ukanaskneli imyofeba avstraliis sazRvrebs gareT da Tavad ar aris braldebuli am saqmeSi. nepalis kanonmdebloba TrefiqingisTvis iTvaliswinebs 20 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTas, adamianiT vaWrobas da prostitucias masobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, magram korufciis gamo TrefiqingisaTvis Znelad Tu isjeba vinme. nepalidan adamianebi ZiriTadad indoeTSi gahyavT. nawilis eqspluatacia iq xdeba, nawili ki mesame qveyanaSi gadis.34 salvadorSi masobrivi xasiaTi aqvs adamianiTY vaWrobasa da prostitucias. igi bevrisaTvis Semosavlis wyaroa. qveyanaSi 10 milionamde meZavia, aqedan naxevari milioni arasrulwlovania. salvadorSi xSiria mSoblis mier Svilis gayidva 100 frankad an sayofacxovrebo nivTSi (mag. televizorSi, macivarSi da a.S.) gacvla.

2. momxmarebeli (mimRebi) qveynebi antiTrefiqinguli TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze ukeTesi mdgomareobaa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi , sadac SemuSavebulia adamianiT vaWrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul normaTa sistema. masSi gaTvaliswinebulia sxvadasxva saxis sasjeli zemoaRniSnul danaSaulebriv qmedebaTa gamo. ZiriTadi aSS-is kanonmdeblobaSi aris federaluri `kanoni TeTri monobis Sesaxeb (“Man Act White Shave act” 19 U.S. Code 2421), romelic sxva dokumentebTan erTad awesrigebs seqsualuri eqspluataciis problemebs, xolo 2000 wels miRebuli kanoni `Trefiqingisa da Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvis aqti~ (“Trafficking Victims Protection Act”) krZalavs adamianiT vaWrobas. gaTvaliswinebulia damnaSaveTa mimarT 20 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa an uvado patimroba, Tu eqspluatacias mohyva msxverplis gardacvaleba an mkvlelobis mcdeloba. msxverpli, romelic samarTaldamcavebTan iTanamSromlebs, iRebs droebiTi cxovrebis uflebas, xolo 3 wlis Semdeg SeuZlia, moiTxovos mudmivi macxovreblis statusi.35 prostitucia akrZalulia aSS-is yvela StatSi, garda nevadis Statisa. garda amisa, zemoxsenebuli aqtis mixedviT, amerikis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi unda Sevides Semdegi saxis cvlilebebi: _ Seiqmnas specialuri fondi, romlis wyaro iqneba Trefiqingis muxliT gasamarTlebul pirTa qonebis konfiskacia da romelic moxmardeba msxverplTa reabilitacias; _ dawesdes im pirTa pasuxismgebloba, romlebmac qveynis teritoriaze Seyvanili adamianebi monur da masTan gaTanabrebul mdgomareobaSi Caayenes, seqs-biznesSi CarTes bavSvebi, specialurad gaanadgures sabuTebi da a.S. _ Trefiqingis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gamkacrdes sanqciebi lobizmisa da korufciis kanonSi, agreTve aqtis mixedviT meti pasuxismgebloba daekisros iusticiisa da janmrTelobis dacvis saministroebs. saWirod migvaCnia, ganvixiloT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelisuflebis mier dadgenili zomebi im saxelmwifoebis mimarT, 34

qvelmoqmedma da mecenatma karmen igbertma nepalSi fondi da sazogadoeba daaarsa msxverplTa dasaxmareblad. 35 ix. Ñ. Ñòîêåð. Òîðãîâëÿ ëþäüìè êàê îäíà èç ôîðì îðãàíèçîâàííîé ïðåñòóïíîñòè. Ñáîðíèê òîðãîâëÿ ëþäüìè. Ì. 2002. ñòð. 28-30.

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romlebic ar akmayofileben TrefiqingTan brZolis minimalur standartebs. aSS-is politika ar iTvaliswinebs daxmarebas (garda humanitarulisa) qveynebisTvis, romlebic ar akmayofileben TrefiqingTan brZolis minimalur standartebs. saxelmwifo samdivno kongresis Sesabamis komitets awvdis ramdenime tipis angariSs TrefiqingTan dakavSirebuli situaciis Sesaxeb, esenia: 1. wliuri angariSi. yovelwliuri (ara ugvianes 30 aprilis) angariSi unda Seicavdes im qveynebis sias, romlebic ar akmayofileben minimalur antiTrefiqingul standartebs. es angariSi SeiZleba Seicavdes informaciasac Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebisa da im qveynebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac miiRes Sesabamisi zomebi. 2. perioduli angariSi. perioduli angariSi Seicavs informacias Trefiqingis gansakuTrebulad mZime formebisa da im qveynebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ar akmayofileben TrefiqingTan brZolis minimalur standartebs36. 1. arahumanitaruli daxmarebis Sewyveta: aSS ar daexmareba im qveynis mTavrobas, romelic ar daakmayofilebs minimalur moTxovnebs momdevno wlamde. 2. Tu saxelmwifos mTavrobas es daxmareba ukve miRebuli aqvs, aSS aRar daafinansebs am mTavrobis oficialur pirTa monawileobas kulturul Tu saganmanaTleblo gacvliT programebSi da Seuwyvets dafinansebas iqamde, vidre ar dakmayofildeba minimaluri standartebi. 3. prezidenti mimarTavs ganviTarebis bankebis aRmasrulebel direqtorebsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, mxari ar dauWiron am qveynisaTvis raime sesxis an sxva saxis daxmarebis gacemas iqamde, vidre es saxelmwifo ar miiRebs Sesabamis zomebs (garda humanitaruli daxmarebisa, ganviTarebisTvis xelSewyobisa, romelic konkretulad exeba am qveynis mosaxleobis ZiriTad moTxovnilebebs da ar aris administrirebuli mTavrobis mier). 4. prezidents aseve SeuZlia, gamoiyenos Tavisi ufleba sxva saerTaSoriso arahumanitarul daxmarebebzec. 37 federaluri kanonmdebloba saSualebas aZlevs Trefiqingis msxverpl qalebs, `aralegaluri imigrantebis~ statusiT darCnen saxelmwifoSi, raTa monawileoba miiRon saqmis gamoZiebasa da ganxilvaSi. miuxedavad amisa, sakiTxi samarTlebrivad arc am qveyanaSia srulyofili. amdenad, aucilebeli xdeba transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis sferoSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi politikis strategiul mimarTulebaTa kompleqsis SemuSaveba, sxvadasxva qveynebis samarTaldamcavi organoebis TanamSromloba am danaSaulis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. avstriis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 217-e muxliT, adamianiT vaWroba iTvleba danaSaulad da is moicavs: qalis dezinformirebas avstriaSi arsebuli samuSaosa da anazRaurebis Taobaze, misTvis dokumentaciis an anazRaurebis warTmevas, SantaJs, Seuracxyofas, cemas, Zaladobas da iZulebiT dakavebas. avstriis kanonmdeblobiT, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, moatyues qali avstriaSi muSaobis sferos Sesaxeb Tu man icoda, rom prostituciis sferoSi mouwevda muSaoba. 36

aSS-is prezidenti, 2002 wlidan moyolebuli, valdebulia, kongresis Sesabamis komisiebs warudginos angariSi calkeuli qveynebis Sesaxeb, romlebic am moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebs. 37 ix. cnobari cxeli xazis operatorebisaTvis. Tb., 2004 w. gv. 93-94.

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avstriaSi Trefiqingis msxverpl qalebs SeuZliaT miiRon droebiTi cxovrebis ufleba, rac garkveuli periodiT uzrunvelyofs maT legalur statuss, Tumca es ufleba maT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi eZlevaT, Tu Tanxmobas ganacxadeben Cvenebis micemaze. Sesabamisad, qali, romelic uars ityvis Cvenebis micemaze, iZulebulia, qveyana saswrafod datovos. organizacia “Amnesty for Women”-is monacemebiT, qalebs Zalize iSviaTad aZleven darCenis uflebas. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis informaciiT, avstriaSi ufro xSirad aRmosavleT evropidan Casuli da prostituciiT dakavebuli qalebis deportacias mimarTaven. Tu Trefiqingis msxverplma miiRo avstriaSi droebiTi cxovrebis ufleba, mas uzrunvelyofen sacxovrebliT, sakvebiT da sxva socialuri pirobebiT, magram ar aZleven muSaobis uflebas. qals droebiTi TavSesafris ufleba eZleva maSinac, roca samSobloSi dabrunebisas mis sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba. zogadad, am statusis miReba Znelia. magaliTad, arasamTavrobo organizacia “Lefo”-s monacemebiT, mxolod 2 SemTxvevaSi Trefiqingis msxverpl qals mianiWes es statusi da, sabolood, muSaobis uflebac. avstriis policia efuZneba mowmeTa dacvis sistemas, Tumca Trefiqingis msxverpli qalebi iSviaTad sargebloben am sistemiT. prostitucia avstriaSi moralur danaSaulad iTvleba. sasjeli am saqmianobisTvis SeiZleba iyos jarima an Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. danaSaulad ganixileba prostituciisTvis xelSewyobac. avstriis kanonmdeblobiT, oficialur `seqs-biznesSi~ CarTuli qalebi valdebuli arian, gaiaron registracia. amisaTvis imigrantebs sWirdebaT sacxovrebeli saxli da samuSao. isini valdebuli arian, yovel kviras seqsualuri kavSiris Sedegad gadamdeb daavadebaTa Tavidan asacileblad gaiaron samedicino Semowmeba. belgiaSi adamianiT vaWrobisa da bavSvTa pornografiis akrZalvis Sesaxeb kanoni 1995 wels miiRes. is gansazRvravs sasjels ucxoelebis motyuebiT, iZulebiT an daSinebiT belgiaSi Semoyvanisa da maTi mdgomareobiT (Tu fexmZime, invalidi an avadmyofi aralegalurad imyofeba qveyanaSi) sargeblobisTvis. amave kanonis Tanaxmad, danaSaulia prostituciaSi iZulebiT CaTreva, eqspluatacia da bordelis Senaxva. Trefiqingis msxverpls belgiaSi aZleven 45 dRiT cxovrebis uflebas. Tu qali gadawyvets, aRZras saqme Trefiqerebis winaaRmdeg, maSin es vada SeiZleba 3 Tvemde gagrZeldes. sasamarTlo procesis dasrulebis Semdeg qals SeiZleba gaugrZelon cxovrebis vada, Tuki man gaiara integraciis programa (specialur centrebSi), flobs qveynis enas da aqvs samuSao. belgiaSi Seqmnilia msxverplTa daxmarebis specialuri centrebi, romlebsac saxelmwifo afinansebs. 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi Trefiqingis msxverpls SeuZlia am TavSesafarSi cxovreba. is iRebs socialur da samedicino daxmarebas, aseve SeuZlia miiRos droebiT muSaobis uflebac. prostitucia belgiaSi aralegalurad ar iTvleba, Tumca aralegaluria sutenioroba da meZavebis eqspluatacia. qveynis kanonmdebloba saSualebas aZlevs Trefiqingis msxverpl qalebs, darCnen saxelmwifoSi da monawileoba miiRon saqmis gamoZiebasa Tu sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi. did britaneTSi dRemde ar arsebobs konkretuli antiTrefiqinguli kanoni. cota xnis win momzadda kanonproeqti `adamianTa Trefiqingi prostituciaSi 202

maTi CaTrevis mizniT~, romelic male unda Sevides ZalaSi. dReisaTvis inglisSi moqmedebs rigi kanonebisa, romlebic iTvaliswinebs sasjels suteniorobis, motacebisa da ZaladobisaTvis, qveyanaSi aralegalurad Semosvlisa da darCenis xelSewyobisTvis. 1956 wels did britaneTSi miRebuli iqna kanoni seqsualur danaSaulTa Sesaxeb, romliTac isjeba prostituciiT Semosavlis miReba da meZavebis kontroli maTi daSinebis gziT. es kanoni gamoiyeneba Trefiqerebis winaaRmdeg, Tumca igi Tavisuflebis aRkveTas mxolod 18 TviT iTvaliswinebs. did britaneTSi aralegalurad myofi qalebis didi nawilis deportacia xdeba 48 saaTSi. Tu, sasamarTlos interesebidan gamomdinare, maTi darCena aucilebelia, SeiZleba maT mieniWoT `cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli ufleba~. Tumca Trefiqingis msxverplTa umetesobis deportacia ise xdeba, rom isini arc icnoben kanoniT miniWebul uflebebs. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis $180b, 181-s mixedviT, Trefiqingi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia da iTvaliswinebs 10 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTas. germaniaSi arsebobs specialuri samsaxuri Trefiqingis msxverplTa dasaxmareblad. dazaralebuls SeuZlia, miiRos qveyanaSi 4 kviriT darCenis ufleba, raTa gadawyvitos, misces Tu ara Cveneba. es vada SeiZleba 3 Tvemdec gaizardos. Tu am periodis Semdeg qali gadawyvets, misces Cveneba, maSin mas eZleva qveyanaSi darCenis ufleba saqmis mosmenis dasrulebamde. is qalebi, romlebmac miiRes darCenis ufleba, SeiZleba CaerTon daxmarebisa da dacvis programebSi, romelsac germaniis policia axorcielebs. orive programa uzrunvelyofs usafrTxo sacxovrebels da socialur daxmarebas. am programebSi monawile qalebs xSirad aTavseben izolirebul adgilebSi da maT ekrZalebaT gareT gasvla an nacnobebTan kontaqti. qalebs uzrunvelyofen saWmliTa da tansacmliT, magram maT ara aqvT muSaobis ufleba. Tu arsebobs safrTxe, rom samSobloSi dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi qalis sicocxles, janmrTelobas an Tavisuflebas safrTxe emuqreba, maSin mas SeuZlia, miiRos ufro xangrZlivad darCenis ufleba. adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis monacemebiT, ase iSviaTad xdeba, radgan zemoaxsenebulis dasabuTeba rTulia. qveynis kanonmdebloba Trefiqingis msxverpls, rogorc `aralegalur imigrants~, saSualebas aZlevs, darCes saxelmwifoSi da monawileoba miiRos gamoZiebaSi an saqmis ganxilvaSi. saberZneTSi kanonproeqti seqsualuri danaSaulebebisa da Trefiqingis Sesaxeb sakanonmdeblo organoSi Sevida 2001 wlis dekemberSi. Tumca igi jer kidev ar miuRiaT. am kanonproeqtis mixedviT, isjeba adamianiT vaWroba da sabavSvo pornografia. is iTvaliswinebs msxverplTa daxmarebasac. antiTrefiqinguli kanonebi moicavs Suamavlobisa da monobis aRmkveT RonisZiebebs. Teoriulad, qalma, romelic sarCels aRZravs Tavisi Trefiqeris winaaRmdeg, SeiZleba miiRos droebiTi TavSesafari. magram arasamTavrobo organizaciebis monacemebiT, prostituciis sferoSi aralegalurad momuSave qalebis absoluturi umravlesoba deportirebulia. saberZneTSi prostitucia daSvebulia kanoniT. am sferoSi “legaluri muSaobisaTvis~ qali unda iyos 21 wlis zeviT. daniaSi ar arsebobs specialuri kanoni Trefiqingis Sesaxeb. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 125-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sazRvarze xalxis ukanono gadayvana danaSaulad iTvleba. prostitucia ar isjeba, Tumca arc legalizebulia.

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sutenioroba da prostituciaSi iZulebiT Cabma akrZalulia. aseve isjeba organizebuli prostitucia. danaSaulad iTvleba 18 wlamde asakis piris seqsualuri momsaxurebiT sargebloba. israelis 1977 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi da misi 2000 wlis damatebebi krZalavs adamianiT vaWrobas, me-6 nawilSi `kanoni qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb~ (2000 w.) aRniSnulia, rom qalebs aqvT ufleba, daculni iyvnen Zaladobis, seqsualuri eqspluataciisa da Trefiqingisgan. Human Rights Watch-is mixedviT, xelisufleba icavs qalebs, raTa maT Cveneba miscen Trefiqerebis winaaRmdeg. qveyanaSi ar arsebobs arc erTi TavSesafari. rogorc wesi, Trefiqingis msxverpli dakavebis Semdeg deportacias eqvemdebareba. espaneTi, mkvlevarTa azriT, aris rogorc mimwodebeli, ise tranzituli da mimRebi qveyana, am qveynis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 318-e muxliT ikrZaleba Trefiqingi an msxverplTa tranziti. sasjeli mZimdeba, Tu es danaSauli mogebis misaRebad an ZaladobiT da SantaJiT aris Cadenili. 188-e muxlis mixedviT, danaSaulia TrefiqingisaTvis pirdapiri Tu iribi xelSewyobac, xolo 515-e muxli organizebuli danaSaulis Sesaxeb Seicavs Trefiqingis niSnebs. imigraciis kanonebiT regulirdeba TviT Trefiqingis msxverplis statusi. 2001 wlis agvistoSi miRebuli kanoniT, msxverpli, romelic Tanxmdeba saxelmwifo struqturebTan TanamSromlobaze, iRebs 1 wliT cxovrebisa da muSaobis uflebas. espaneTSi 18 wlamde asakis yvela emigrantisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia ufaso samedicino daxmareba. emigranti qalebi aseT daxmarebas iReben statusis miuxedavad. prostitucia espaneTSi arc ukanonod iTvleba, arc legalizebulad. iZulebiTi prostitucia kanonsawinaaRmdegoa. espaneTis meZavTa umravlesoba dRes emigranti an adgilobrivi axalgazrda qalia. italiis kanonebi krZalavs adamianiT vaWrobas, qalebis Cabmas iZulebiT prostituciaSi da meZavis eqspluatacias qveyanaSi an iZulebiT transportirebas erTi qveynidan meoreSi seqsualuri eqspluataciis mizniT. Trefiqingis msxverpl qalebs ar eZlevaT mofiqrebis dro, miscen Tu ara Cveneba Trefiqeris winaaRmdeg. Tu qali gadawyvets, aRZras saqme da SeZlebs Trefiqeris identificirebas, maSin is iRebs droebiT cxovrebis uflebas da gadis integraciis specialur programas. maT aZleven sacxovrebel farTs da sakvebs. qalebs SeuZliaT enis Seswavla, muSaoba an swavla. droebiT cxovrebis ufleba SeiZleba mudmiviT Seicvalos: Tu qali gaivlis integraciis programas, 1 wlis Semdeg aqvs samsaxuri da SeuZlia, TviTon uzrunvelyos sacxovrebeli farTi da sakvebi. programa avtomaturad wydeba, Tu qali isev xels mihyofs prostitucias. Tu qalis sicocxles Trefiqerebis mxridan safrTxe daemuqreba, maSin sasamarTlo procesze misi Cvenebebi SeiZleba wardgenili iyos werilobiT an videoCanaweris saxiT, sadac misi xma da garegnoba Secvlilia. italiis mTavrobam aseve Seqmna nacionaluri organo, sadac TrefiqingTan mebrZol organizaciebs SeuZliaT, miiRon finansuri daxmareba. italiaSi prostitucia da seqsbiznesis sxva formebi legaluria. ikrZaleba prostituciaSi CaTreva, klientebis aqtiuri mozidva da prostituciis faruli organizeba.

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n i d e r l a n d e b i s sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 250-e muxliT, adamianiT vaWrobisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia sasjelis maqsimaluri vada _ 6 weli. mcirewlovan pirTa CaTreva, Zaladoba da organizebuli vaWroba iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas 10 wlamde vadiT, samarTaldamcavebi xelmZRvaneloben 1993 wlis aqtiT seqsualuri danaSaulis Sesaxeb. niderlandebSi adamianiT vaWrobis msxverpli sargeblobs gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT da SeuZlia miiRos garkveuli daxmareba. aralegaluri emigrantebis deportacia akrZalulia gamoZiebis dasrulebamde da imis garkvevamde, hqondaT Tu ara maT raime kavSiri TrefiqingTan. qveynis kanonmdebloba Trefiqingis msxverpl qalebs saSualebas aZlevs, `aralegaluri imigrantis~ statusiT darCnen saxelmwifoSi, raTa monawileoba miiRon gamoZiebasa da saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi. niderlandebis kanonmdebloba Trefiqingis msxverpl imigrantebs saSualebas aZlevs, darCnen qveyanaSi sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi monawileobis misaRebad: Tu qali iyo Trefiqingis msxverpli, mas eZleva am qveyanaSi 3 TviT cxovrebis ufleba. am xnis manZilze man unda gadawyvitos, aRZravs Tu ara saqmes Trefiqerebis winaaRmdeg da miiRebs Tu ara monawileobas sasamarTlos msvlelobaSi. Tu qali am gadawyvetilebas miiRebs, mas SeuZlia 1 wliT darCena vadis Semdgomi gagrZelebis uflebiT. es kategoria iRebs specialur socialur, finansur, samedicino da fsiqologiur daxmarebas, uzrunvelyofilia usafrTxo sacxovrebeli adgiliT, zog regionSi SeuZlia ganaTlebis miRebac. portugaliis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, qalTa Trefiqingi dasjadia da karga xans iTvaliswinebda mxolod iZulebiT muSaobas. 1998 wels Setanili Sesworebis Sesabamisad, sasjeli gamkacrda da iTvaliswinebs 2-dan 10 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTas. portugaliis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT prostitucia ar isjeba, magram dasjadia prostituciis mizniT eqspluatacia, misi organizeba da prostituciaSi CaTreva. quCis meZavebi SeiZleba daisajon sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis. emigranti qalebisaTvis specialuri kanoni ar arsebobs. safrangeTSi antiTrefiqinguli kanoni ar moqmedebs. prostitucia daSvebulia, Tumca misi organizeba ikrZaleba da isjeba jarimiT. dReisaTvis safrangeTSi ganixileba axali kanonproeqti, romlis miRebis SemTxvevaSi TrefiqerisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia 7 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. safrangeTSi arsebobs ramdenime TavSesafari, romelsac SeiZleba msxverplma mimarTos. maTze zrunaven socialuri muSakebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca msxverpli arasrulwlovania. Sveicariis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT, qalTa Trefiqingi seqsualuri eqspluataciis mizniT danaSauladaa aRiarebuli. prostituciaSi CaTreva isjeba 10 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. miuxedavad amisa, nebayoflobiTi `muSaoba~, daqorwinebis gziT seqsbiznesSi CarTva da sxva tipis saqmianoba kanondarRvevad ar iTvleba. klients SeuZlia, sxva qveynidan katalogiT SearCios gogona da erTi kviris manZilze SveicariaSi miiwvios, xolo Tuki qali moewona, 30-35 aTas dolarad iyidos da Tan waiyvanos. SveicariaSi Trefiqingis msxverpl qals ufleba aqvs, miiRos daxmareba da TavSesafari, Tu daTanxmdeba Trefiqeris winaaRmdeg Cvenebis micemaze. miuxedavad amisa, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis monacemebiT, qalTa umravlesoba, romelic SveicariaSi aralegalurad imyofeboda, 205

deportirebuli iqna.38 specialistebi xazs usvamen Sveicariis policiis korumpirebulobas TrefiqingTan dakavSirebiT.39 SvedeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi krZalavs fizikur Seuracxyofas, bavSvis motacebas, Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTas, adamianis iseT mdgomareobaSi Cayenebas, roca mas `SeiZleba emuqrebodes safrTxe... moxdes masze seqsualuri Zaladoba~, aseve isjeba iZuleba an iaraRis muqara. kodeqsi krZalavs Zaladobas, muqaras da iZulebiT seqsualur kavSirs `piris uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SelaxviT~. aseve akrZalulia saxelmwifoSi aralegaluri Sesvlis organizeba an dagegmva da aralegaluri imigrantis daxmareba. iaponiaSi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi krZalavs iaponel qalTa Trefiqings iaponiis sazRvrebs gareT. Tumca igi iTvaliswinebs danaSaulsac, romelic daiwyo sxva saxelmwifoSi. 1956 wels iaponiaSi miRebuli kanoni krZalavs meZaobas da meZavTan dakavSirebul mamakacsac iseve sjis, rogorc meZavs. kanoni meZavTa reabilitaciaSi gulisxmobs `msubuqi yofaqcevis qalebis moTavsebas 6-Tviani meTvalyureobis qveS~. aseve xdeba im qalTa dacva da reabilitacia, `visac aqvs midrekileba meZaobisaken an sWirdeba dacva~.

3. Sereuli (satranzito-momxmarebeli) qveynebi gaeros protokolSi mocemuli rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, bulgareTma 2002 wels miiRo antiTrefiqinguli kanoni. Seiqmna uwyebaTaSorisi da regionuli komisiebi Trefiqingis problemebis Sesaswavlad. bulgareTis kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs Trefiqingis msxverplTa dacvas da reabilitacias, maT Soris maT dacvas deportaciisgan da droebiTi cxovrebis uflebis miRebas, Tu isini sasamarTlo gamoZiebisTvis xelSewyobaze daTanxmdebian. msxverpls, romelmac es ufleba miiRo, ar ukrZalaven muSaobas. bulgareTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebiT gaTvaliswinebulia Trefiqerebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema. prostitucia bulgareTSi legalizebuli ar aris, Tumca misi aralegaluri reklamireba xdeba masobrivi informaciis zogierTi saSualebiT. bulgareTSi prostitucias akontroleben organizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebi. bulgaruli arasamTavrobo organizacia “Health and Socail Environment Foundation”-is monacemebis mixedviT, am `biznesSi~ urTierTobebi ZiriTadad ZaladobiT regulirdeba. is, vinc qalebis usafrTxoebas unda uzrunvelyofdes, korufciul garigebebs ar Takilobs da xels uwyobs maT eqspluatacias. germaneli kriminologebis monacemebiT, poloneTi adamianiT vaWrobis TvalsazrisiT meore adgilzea msoflioSi yofili sabWoTa qveynebis Semdeg. germaniis `seqsindustriaSi~ Cabmul qalTa Soris yvelaze meti polonelia. poloneTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 204-e muxli iTvaliswinebs sasjels TrefiqingisaTvis. am qveynis kanonmdeblobas axasiaTebs metad saWiro niuansi: sasjeli ekisreba ara marto uSualo Semsrulebels, vinc eqspluataciis mizniT qveynidan gaiyvana pirovneba, aramed maTac, vinc am operaciiT materialuri sargebeli naxa. TurqeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi am danaSaulisaTvis kerZo muxlebs ar iTvaliswinebs, magram Trefiqerebis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba gamoiyenon Semdegi 38 39

ix. Ïðåâåíöèÿ íåëåãàëüíîé òðóäîâîé ìèãðàöèè è òðåôèêèíãà, Òá., 2003 ã. ñòð. 70-82. saqarTvelos televiziis informacia.

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muxlebi: prostituciaSi CaTreva (435-e muxli), Zaladoba (436-e muxli), seqsualuri iZuleba da a.S. garda amisa, TurqeTis sapasporto kodeqsis Tanaxmad, qveyanaSi Sesvla ekrZalebaT pirebs, romlebic adre mxilebuli iyvnen prostituciasa da TrefiqingSi. prostitucia TurqeTSi legaluria. qali an mamakaci, romelic apirebs amgvari kavSiris damyarebas, registraciasa da samedicino Semowmebas gadis. policias ufleba aqvs, nebismier dros moiTxovos Sesabamisi dokumenti, daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi _ iZulebis wesiTac. CexeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, ikrZaleba qalebiT vaWroba `seqsualur urTierTobebSi maTi CaTrevis mizniT~ (muxli 246). Trefiqingis faqtis dros gamoiyeneba sisxlis samarTlis sxva muxlebic: qalis yidva da SantaJi (muxli 235), Zaladoba (muxli 241). aseve SemuSavebulia axali kanoni, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2002 wlis 1 ivliss. prostitucia CexeTis respublikaSi danaSaulad ar iTvleba, magram organizebuli prostitucia ganixileba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevad. prostituciis xelSewyoba da am saqmianobiT mogebis miReba danaSaulia. CexeTis respublikaSi amJamad ganixilaven kanons prostituciis, rogorc seqsualuri samuSaos legalizaciis Sesaxeb. es kanoni ewinaaRmdegeba 1959 wels miRweul SeTanxmebas. ase rom, misi miReba sakmaod rTulia. kanonis mixedviT, ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi, romlebic Trefiqingis msxverplni gaxdnen CexeTSi, aseve Trefiqingis msxverpli Cexebic daculebi ar arian da maT socialur daxmarebas ar uweven. ucxoeTis moqalaqeebi SeiZleba droebiT darCnen qveyanaSi, Tu isini sasamarTloze mowmis an dazaralebulis saxiT gamovlen.

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Tavi IV Trefiqingis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi da problemis samarTlebrivi gadawyveta 1. Trefiqingis gavrcelebis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi Tavis droze aSkarad gaizarda Trefiqingis safrTxe. 2003 wels prezidentis aparatSi momzadda am danaSaulTan brZolis nacionaluri programa, romelic saqarTvelos prezidentma daamtkica. is ZiriTadad profilaqtikur RonisZiebebs iTvaliswinebs. garda amisa, saqarTveloSi moRvaweoben sxvadasxva organizaciebi, romlebic dainteresebuli arian adamianiT vaWrobis problemebiT. maTi muSaobis koordinirebis mizniT saxalxo damcvelis aparatSi Seiqmna samuSao jgufi, romelsac evaleba, iTanamSromlos adamianiT vaWrobis sferoSi arsebuli problemebiT dainteresebul arasamTavrobo seqtorTan. dRemde arsebuli informaciiT, saqarTvelo aris satranzito da mimwodebeli qveyana, saidanac qalebi seqsualuri eqspluataciis, saSinao saqmeebis Sesrulebis, xolo mamakacebi iZulebiTi Sromis mizniT gahyavT TurqeTSi, israelSi, saberZneTSi, espaneTSi, aSS-isa da aziis qveynebSi. samwuxarod, saqarTvelom jer kidev ver gaatara saWiro RonisZiebebi Trefiqingis aRmosafxvrelad, metic, problemis Rrma Seswavlam dagvanaxva, rom saqarTvelo ara marto tranzituli da mimwodebeli qveyanaa, aramed nawilobriv mimRebi da momxmarebelic. adgilobriv prostituciasa da seqsbiznesSi 40 Cabmulia rogorc saqarTvelos, ise sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebic. erTi SexedviT arcTu ise mravalricxovan saunebSi mamakacebisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia garkveuli “momsaxureba”, aq SexvdebiT rus, ukrainel, somex da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs. maTi nawili stabilurad `moRvaweobs~ saqarTveloSi, nawili ki qveyanaSi droebiT imyofeba, Tumca Trefiqerebi mainc axerxeben maT eqspluatacias. ukrainis moqalaqe, doneckSi mcxovrebi 25 wlis qmarSviliani valentina ukve ori welia, saqarTveloSi `muSaobs~, hyavs `mfarveli~, romelmac aq Camoiyvana. is sxvadasxva erovnebis moqalaqeebTan erTad Cabmulia prostituciaSi, erTi kacis momsaxurebaSi iRebs 80-100 lars, dRis ganmavlobaSi ki 5-10 mamakacs emsaxureba. man am ori wlis ganmavlobaSi 5000 dolarad SeiZina bina doneckSi, “Jigulis” markis avtomanqana da Semnaxvel salaroSic garkveuli Tanxa daagrova. misi TqmiT, igi moralurad daiRala da apirebs, uaxloes dReebSi datovos saqarTvelo, samagierod, Camoiyvana sakuTari da nataSa, romelic mis nacvlad garkveul periods `imuSavebs~. qalis gancxadebiT, masTan erTad muSaoben qarTvelebi, somxebi da rusebi. jgufSi 10-mde gogonaa gaerTianebuli, romlebic uzrunvelyofili arian mobiluri telefonebiTa da transportiT. erTi gogonasagan `suteniori~ dReSi saSualod 300 lars iRebs, rac TveSi 9000 laria. Tu am Tanxas 10-ze gavamravlebT, mogeba yovelTviurad 90000 lars aRwevs, xolo weliwadSi _ 900000 lars (ori Tve Svebuleba). ase rom, Semosavali didia. misive TqmiT, `suteniors~ hyavs `kriSa~, mfarveli xelisuflebaSi, Tu romel StoSi, amas ver akonkretebs. gasul wlebSi Trefiqingis saxiT gamovlenil danaSaulze saqmes aRZravdnen TaRliTobis muxliT mxolod im pirTa da jgufTa mimarT, vinc eweoda saqarTvelos teritoriaze adamianiT vaWrobas, magram ganaCenis gamotana rTuli iyo, radganac sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebda `adamianiT vaWrobas~. 40

saqarTveloSi am process ver vuwodebT `seqsindustrias~, `seqsbiznesi~.

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SesaZlebelia, vixmaroT termini

kriminologebs miaCniaT, rom postsocialistur qveynebSi gardamaval periods axlavs ukanono SromiTi migraciis zrda. samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi warmoadgens iafi muSaxelis ZiriTad mimwodebels. am problemiT dainteresebuli organizaciebis mier tardeba mTeli rigi gamokvlevebi, romelTa monacemebic gvexmareba CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis garkvevaSi. wyaroTa monacemebiT, marto TurqeTSi saqarTvelodan da azerbaijanidan wlis ganmavlobaSi 3000-3500 adamiani Cadis. Turquli mxaris informaciiT, Zalian bevri qorwindeba TurqeTis moqalaqeze, radganac TurqeTis kanonmdebloba qorwinebis sakiTxs advilad wyvets. am gziT 1995-2001 wlebSi TurqeTis moqalaqeoba miiRo azerbaijanis 3876-ma da saqarTvelos 979-ma moqalaqem. sakmaod maRalia sazRvris ukanonod gadakveTis SemTxvevebi. araoficialuri monacemebiT, 1995-2002 wlebSi sazRvari aralegalurad gadalaxa azerbaijanis 6352-ma da saqarTvelos 8113-ma moqalaqem. marto TurqeTis teritoriidan 2002 wlis pirvel naxevarSi deportirebuli iqna 752 kaci, maT Soris trapizonidan _ 107, antaliidan _ 77, stambulidan _ 91, sxva qalaqebidan _ 275.41 bunebrivia, SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, ramdenia maT Soris Trefiqingis msxverpli an potenciuri msxverpli, raki ar arsebobs specialuri aRricxva.42 Tavis droze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamentis mier Catarebuli monitoringis SedegebiT, saqarTvelo Seyvanili iqna me-3 samyaros qveynebSi, romlebic nihilisturad uyureben Seqmnil mdgomareobas. Tumca 2003 wlis 23 noembris `vardebis revoluciis~ Sedegad mosuli xelisuflebis damokidebuleba radikalurad gansxvavdeba wina xelisuflebis damokidebulebisagan Trefiqingis problemis mimarT. SesamCnevad gaaqtiurda saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi arsebuli Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofileba, romelic moqmedebs 2003 wlis ianvridan. mas aqvs mokvlevis ufleba da am xaziT farTomasStabian saqmianobas warmarTavs43. am RonisZiebaTa Sedegad aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentma saqarTvelo amoiRo me-3 jgufis saxelmwifoTa siidan da amiT qveyanam aicila sajarimo sanqciebi. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi Setanilma cvlilebebma Sesabamis samsaxurebs saSualeba misca, aRZruliyo 10-mde sisxlis samarTlis saqme Trefiqingis braldebiT. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofileba amJamad atarebs oTx saerTaSoriso gamoZiebas mimReb qveynebTan erTad, rac garkveul dros da seriozuli problemebis daZlevas gulisxmobs. am ganyofilebam sakmao masala daagrova, axla saWiroa moqmedeba am masalis safuZvelze. 2004 wlis 16 aprils operatiuli informaciis safuZvelze Trefiqingis ganyofilebisa da rusTavis Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa mier dadginda, rom rusTavSi mcxovrebi z. yaraSvili 2003 wels TurqeTSi eweoda prostitucias. man iqorwina vinme ismedaze da am gziT miiRo TurqeTis moqalaqeoba. z. yaraSvilma 2003-2004 wlebSi motyuebiT, TaRliTobiT, yalbi dokumentebiT TurqeTSi, kerZod, qalaq kuSadasSi, restornebsa da diskobarebSi samuSaoze mowyobis pirobiT gadaibira da gadaiyvana rusTavSi mcxovrebi 41

ix. cnobari cxeli xazis operatorebisaTvis, Tb., 2003 w., gv. 126. ix. azerbaijanidan evropis daniSnulebis adgilze, migraciis motivebis marSrutebisa da meTodebis Seswavla, migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2001 w. gv. 40-43. 43 dReisaTvis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sistemaSi Zireuli cvlilebebi moxda. 42

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16 wlis x. biganiSvili, x. zedelaSvili, vinme diana da mamidamisi naTia. mokvleviT dadginda, rom arasrulwlovan x. biganiSvils pasporti misi 19 wlis dis dabadebis mowmobiT daumzades Tbilisis erT-erT sapasporto ganyofilebaSi, yalbi piradobis mowmobis safuZvelze Sss-s sapasporto-savizo da mosaxleobis registraciis erovnulma biurom gasca erovnuli pasporti. TurqeTSi gayvanil x. biganiSvils aiZulebdnen, yoveldRiurad 5-15 mamakacs momsaxureboda saaTSi 50 dolarad. amJamad z. yaraSvili ZebnaSia. 2003 wlis 23 ivniss vake-saburTalos Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTveloSi miiRes moqalaqis gancxadeba, rom wyneTis quCaze cxovroben sazRvargareTidan Camosuli axalgazrda qalebi. damatebiTi informaciis mosapoveblad adgilze gavida sammarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba da operatiuli jgufi. daakaves saqarTvelos moqalaqe, somexi erovnebis mamakaci da 12 qali. mokvleviT dadginda, rom qalebi iyvnen uzbekeTis moqalaqeebi, 18-40 wlamde, romlebic TbilisSi 13 da 16 ivniss vinme aSotam Camoiyvana. is maT Sehpirda sazRvargareT, kerZod, dubaiSi maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurs da motyuebiT upirebda sazRvarze gadayvanas. qalebi prostituciaSi unda CaebaT iqve an romelime sxva arabul qveyanaSi da saTanado anazRaurebiT kriminalebisaTvis CaebarebinaT. qalebs TbilisSi CamosvlisTanave CamoarTves piradobis damadasturebeli dokumentebi da Seasaxles erT-erT mitovebul saxlSi. binis Cxrekis Sedegad amoRebuli iqna uzbekeTis moqalaqis 5 pasporti da didi raodenobiT qalebis piradi nivTebi. savaraudoa, rom es qalebi adrec prostitucias eweodnen. erT-erT maTgans pasportSi sxvadasxva qveynebis vizebi hqonda dafiqsirebuli. Cxrekisas qalTa kuTvnil nivTebSi aRmoCnda erotikuli aqsesuarebi, rac migvaniSnebs, rom qalebi prostitucias eweodnen. maT aRmoaCndaT rusi qalebis fotosuraTebi, romelTa Camoyvanas, SesaZloa, mogvianebiT apirebdnen.44 gamoZiebas awarmoebs vake-saburTalos prokuratura. qalebi amJamad gadayvanilni arian `kaTarzisis~ saqvelmoqmedo centrSi. gamoZieba mimdinareobs somxuri warmoSobis qalbatonis mier adamianiT vaWrobis faqtze, romelsac saqarTvelodan TurqeTSi gahyavda qalebi da gogonebi da iafad hyidda saroskipoebis mepatroneebze. adgilze maT arTmevdnen pasportebs da aiZulebdnen, dRis ganmavlobaSi momsaxurebodnen 10-12 klients. savizo vadis gasvlisTanave maT aZlevdnen ukan dasabrunebel Tanxas, nawili dabrunda, ramdenimem Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mimarTa da maT mier micemuli Cvenebis safuZvelze daiwyo gamoZieba. arcTu ise didi xnis win baTumis prokuraturam aRZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme Trefiqingis muxliT aWaraSi mcxovreb m. miqelaZis mimarT, romelmac mezobeli 24 wlis inga, TiTqosda samkurnalod, gaiyvana TurqeTSi da 2000 dolarad gayida. amis Semdeg gogona samjer gaiyida sxvadasxva `patronze~, sabolood ki Caabes prostituciaSi da 35 dRis ganmavlobaSi aiZulebdnen, momsaxureboda 10-12 mamakacs, TiToeuli maTganisagan iRebdnen 80-100 dolars. ingas arafers uxdidnen. gogonam gaparva moaxerxa da qurTi erovnebis invalidis daxmarebiT samSobloSi dabrunda. man Cveneba misca prokuraturas. aWaris Sinagan saqmeTa saministros xelvaCauris raiganyofilebis operatiuli samsaxuris muSakebis mier gamovlindnen yalbi sabuTebis damzadebaSi eWvmitanili pirebi _ b. kuxaleiSvili da l. abulaZe. maT axlobel qalbatonebs daumzades 44

operatiuli samsaxuris informacia, 2004 wlis 24 ivnisi.

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yalbi qarTuli pasportebi TurqeTSi wasasvlelad, orive saqmeze aRZrulia sisxlis samarTlis saqme da mimdinareobs gamoZieba.45 rogorc aRiniSna, 2003 wlis 6 ivniss miiRes adamianiT vaWrobis _ Trefiqingis (ssk-is 143 1) da arasrulwlovniT vaWrobis _ Trefiqingis (ssk-is 143 2) Sesaxeb kanoni. ssk-is zemoaRniSnuli muxlebiT ukve dasrulda sisxlis samarTlis 2 saqme, kerZod: 1. 2003 wlis 12 agvistos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofilebaSi m. aruTinovas mimarT aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme ssk 143 1-e muxlis I da II nawilebiT, 344-e muxlis I nawiliT da 362 muxlis I-II nawilebiT, romelic Semdgom gadaeca Tbilisis didube-CuRureTis raionul prokuraturas. dadgenilia, rom m. aruTinovam 2003 wlis 24 ivniss yalbi pasportiT gadalaxa saqarTvelos saxmeleTo sazRvari da motyuebiT, viTomda samuSaoze mosawyobad, ankaraSi waiyvana Terjolis raionSi mcxovrebi m. SveliZe da gorSi mcxovrebi l. kobaxiZe, romlebic ankaraSi Caabara vinme sevdas. m. aruTinovam l. kobaxiZes da m. SveliZes waarTva pasportebi da SantaJiT, fizikuri da moraluri zewoliT aiZulebda maT, seqsualuri momsaxureba gaewiaT maTTan misuli mamakacebisaTvis. m. aruTinovas sasamarTlom aRmkveT RonisZiebad Seufarda sami TviT patimroba. saqme gansaxilvelad gadaegzavna didube-CuRureTis raionul sasamarTlos. 2. 2003 wlis 8 seqtembers samcxe-javaxeTis saolqo prokuraturaSi aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme yvarelSi mcxovreb c. baRoSvilis mimarT ssk 143 1-e muxlis meore nawilis `a~, `b~ da `e~ punqtebiT. gamoZiebiT dadgenilia, rom c. baRoSvilma prostituciaSi Casabmelad, motyuebiT, TurqeTis respublikaSi gadaiyvana saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi: qarelSi mcxovrebi m. emanuliZe da xaSurSi mcxovrebi T. gordulaZe. c. baRoSvilma sazRvris gadakveTisTanave CamoarTva maT pasportebi da SantaJis gziT aiZulebda meZaobas. c. baRoSvils aRmkveT RonisZiebad Seefarda samTviani patimroba. 2004 wlis 9 Tebervals saqme gansaxilvelad gadaegzavna axalcixis raionul sasamarTlos.46 adamianiT vaWrobis erT-erTi mcdeloba tragikulad dasrulda: siduxWireSi Cavardnili vinme nino mezoblad mcxovreb naTelas daTanxmda, TurqeTis erTerTi qalaqis kazinoSi samuSaod gahyoloda, risTvisac vizis gasakeTeblad saWiro TanxasTan erTad sabuTebic Caabara. ninos gadawyvetileba SemTxveviT cnobili gaxda naTelas binaSi mcxovrebi marinasaTvis, romelic naTelas “wyalobiT” ukve namyofi iyo TurqeTSi. man ninos auxsna, sad SeiZleboda moxvedriliyo. nino gons moego da naTelas sabuTebisa da fulis dabruneba mosTxova, razedac araerTgzis miiRo uari. maT Soris atexil Cxubs naTelas mkvleloba mohyva. 19 wlis ninos sasamarTlom 9 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja. msgavsi magaliTebis motana mravlad SeiZleba, magram aq mTavaria `yinulis galxoba~, anu realuri brZolis dawyeba adamianiT vaWrobis (Trefiqingis) winaaRmdeg da saWiro gzebis Zieba, raTa qveyanaSi aRmoifxvras am saxis transnacionaluri danaSaulis zrdis tendenciebi.

45

aWaris Sinagan saqmeTa saministros informacia. saqarTvelos generalur prokuraturasa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi aRZruli da gamoZiebuli saqmeebis analizi (oficialuri masalebi). 46

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2. Trefiqingis samarTlebrivi gadawyveta saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi Trefiqings mxolod 171-e da 172-e muxlebiT aregulirebda, rac iTvaliswinebs sasjels antisazogadoebriv qmedebaSi arasrulwlovnebis Cabmisa da arasrulwlovnebiT vaWrobisaTvis. 171-e muxlis pirveli nawili danaSaulad miiCnevda arasrulwlovnis Cabmas prostituciaSi an sxva seqsualur garyvnilebaSi, dayoliebas maTxovrobasa da sxva antisazogadoebriv qmedebebze. prostituciaSi Cabma niSnavs mozardi gogonas dayoliebas, raTa man sqesobrivi kavSiri daamyaros nebismier mamakacTan. damnaSave iolad zemoqmedebs arasrulwlovanze dapirebebiT, saCuqrebiTa da sxva saSualebiT. s xva seqsualur garyvnilebaSi igulisxmeba arasrulwlovnis sqesobrivi kavSiri sapirispiro sqesis moqalaqesTan arabunebrivi gzebiT. maTxovrobaze dayolieba gulisxmobs damnaSavisagan arasrulwlovnis waqezebas ioli gziT fulis Sovnisaken. sxva antisazogadoebriv qmedebaSi CaTreva _ esaa arasrulwlovnis Cabma loTobaSi, gamabruebel an sxva saSualebaTa arasamedicino daniSnulebiT gamoyenebaSi. muxlis pirveli nawili pasuxismgeblobas awesebda im piris mimarT, romelic `yidulobs arasrulwlovans an axorcielebs sxva garigebas Svilad ayvanis mizniT~. kanonmdebeli yidvaSi gulisxmobda garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdas arasrulwlovnis mflobelisaTvis bavSvis sanacvlod. sxva garigebaSi igulisxmeba winaswar gansazRvruli raime samuSaos Sesruleba, samuSaoze mowyoba, dawinaureba da a.S. marTalia, muxlis pirveli nawilis dispoziciaSi myidvelis mizani arasrulwlovnis Svilad ayvana iyo, magram uxeSad irRveoda 1997 wlis 11 noembris kanoni `Svilad ayvanis wesebis Sesaxeb~. muxlis meore nawili ar gamokveTda arc myidvelis, arc gamyidvelis mizans, misi dispozicia zogadad krZalavda arasrulwlovnis yovelgvari motiviT yidvagayidvas an sxvagvar garigebas. samarTalmcodneni aRniSnavdnen, rom `arasrulwlovnis yidva an gayidva an sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba~ gulisxmobs, rom damnaSavem Tavisi nayidi, nanaxi Tu moparuli bavSvi gayida, kvalifikaciisaTvis mniSvneloba ar hqonda, ra mizniT iyida myidvelma arasrulwlovani (garda Svilad ayvanisa). muxlis mesame nawili Seicavda arasrulwlovnis yidva-gayidvis niSnebs: a) araerTgzis; b) roca yiduloben an yidian or an met arasrulwlovans, e.i. gamyidvelma erTsa da imave dros ori arasrulwlovani iyida; g) roca es danaSauli winaswar SeTanxmebiT Caidina jgufma, igulisxmeba arasrulwlovnis yidva-gayidvamde winaswari molaparakeba bavSvis SerCevaze, Tanxis Sovnaze yidvis mizniT; d) samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT _ aq nagulisxmevi iyo yidva-gayidvis iseTi SemTxveva, roca danaSaulSi Careulia samSobiaro an bavSvTa saxlis direqtori an ganyofilebis gamge, romelac, Tanamdebobis gamoyenebiT, SeeZlo Caedina msgavsi danaSauli; e) sazRvargareT ukanonod gasayvanad _ aq nagulisxmevi iyo, rom damnaSaves bavSvi sazRvargareT gahyavda gasayidad; v) danaSaulebriv an sxva antisazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi Cabmis mizniT: am moqmedebas damnaSave mimarTavda im ganzraxviT, rom arasrulwlovans misTvis materialuri sargebloba moetana; z) sxeulis organos nawilis an qsovilis gadanergva an sxvagvari gamoyeneba. samwuxarod, am procesma masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo da igi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs.47

47

ix. Jurnali `meoxi~, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tb., 2001 w. gv. 22-23.

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amis magaliTia gaxmaurebuli sisxlis samarTlis saqme o. gorelikis mimarT, romelsac bralad edeboda bavSvebiT vaWroba _ sasamarTlom is damnaSaved cno. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis srulyofisTvis SesaZleblad migvaCnda me-7 karSi (`danaSauli adamianis winaaRmdeg~ _ XXIII TavSi `danaSauli adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdeg~) axali muxlis _ `adamianiT vaWrobis~ Setana, romelic gaiTvaliswinebda pasuxismgeblobas eqspluataciis mizniT adamianiT vaWrobis sxvadasxva formebis Sesaxeb: _ cnobebis, Canawerebis falsifikacia; _ sazRvargareT sistematurad ukanono gayvana angarebis mizniT; _ adamianiT vaWroba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi; _ qmedeba, ramac gamoiwvia dazaralebulis sikvdili, ukurnebeli seni da sxva mZime Sedegi; _ adamianiT vaWroba mzrunvelobamoklebul bavSvTa, xandazmulTa da samSobiaro saxlebSi; _ fiqtiuri organizaciebis Seqmna adamianiT vaWrobis mizniT; _ nebismieri dasaxelebisa da formis organizaciebis Seqmna, romlis ZiriTadi an damatebiTi saqmianoba iqneba adamianiT vaWroba, maTi seqsualuri momsaxurebis sferoSi eqspluatacia, pornofilmebSi gamoyeneba, mZime da aralegalur samuSaoze dasaqmeba; _ adamianis organoebis gayidva transplantaciisaTvis rogorc qveyanaSi, ise mis farglebs gareT; _ damnaSaveTa organizebuli jgufis qmedebebi, dakavSirebuli sabuTebis falsifikaciasTan, saxelmwifo sazRvarze adamianebis kontrabandasTan, arasrulwlovnebTan. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia adamianebis daqiraveba eTnokonfliqtebSi monawileobis misaRebad da maTi aralegaluri migracia saomar operaciebSi Casabmelad. sanqciebSi damatebiT gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo mniSvnelovani sajarimo Tanxebi, romelic moxmardeboda dazaralebulTa reabilitaciasa da daxmarebas. garda amisa, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi unda Sevides normaTa specialuri Semadgenloba, romelic daaregulirebs damnaSaveTa jgufis pasuxismgeblobas da dagvexmareba, ara marto gamovavlinoT organizebuli jgufis liderebi, aramed mivceT isini sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi da realurad davSaloT kriminaluri Tanasazogadoebebi. problemisadmi aseTi midgoma mogvcemda saSualebas, gadagvewyvita adamianTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis xelyofis mTeli rigi sakiTxebi. Cveni winadadebiT, kanonmdeblobam unda gaiTvaliswinos garemoebani, romelic damaxasiaTebelia am danaSaulebebisaTvis, magaliTad: 1. adamianis yidva an gayidva, mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, prostituciaSi, monur SromaSi misi iZulebiT Cabma an donorTa Senaxva transplantaciisaTvis; 2. igive qmedebebi, romlebic Cadenili iqna dazaralebulis an misi axloblebis mimarT muqariT an ZaladobiT;

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3. damnaSaveTa jgufis Seqmna da mis saqmianobaSi aqtiuri monawileoba ukanono Semosavlebis misaRebad aralegaluri operaciebiT, korufciiT, ZaladobiT an Zalis gamoyenebis muqariT; 4. igive qmedebebi, romlebsac mohyva adamianebis daRupva, didi odenobiT materialuri zarali an sxva mZime Sedegi. am danaSaulis subieqtebi SeiZleba iyvnen pirebi, romlebic damnaSaveTa Tanasazogadoebebis xelmZRvanelebi an aqtiuri wevrebi arian. jgufis xelmZRvanelebi sisxlis samarTlis wesiT ageben pasuxs jgufis mier Cadenili yvela qmedebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, Tu reketis procesSi erT-erTi damnaSavis qmedebas mohyveba dazaralebulis sikvdili, maSin xelmZRvaneli pasuxs agebs TanamonawileobisaTvis im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac igi uSualod ar xelmZRvanelobda an mis gegmaSi ar Sedioda konkretuli danaSaulis Cadena. aseve gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo Semdegi ukanono qmedebani, Cadenili: • ganmeorebiT, xelobis saxiT an ramdenime piris mier; • arasrulwlovanTa, mcirewlovanTa da xandazmulTa mimarT; • organizebuli jgufis an damnaSaveTa Tanasazogadoebis mier; • samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyeneba. es uzrunvelyofda damnaSaveTa jgufebis mier aRniSnuli ukanono saqmianobis aRkveTas winaswar stadiaze, anu mis prevencias. aseTia adamianiT vaWrobis kriminologiuri da samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi. 2003 wlis 10 ivlisidan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi amoqmedda cvlilebebi da damatebebi, romelic exeba adamianiT vaWrobas. kerZod, kodeqss daemata 143 1 da 143 2 muxlebi `adamianTa vaWroba (Trefiqingi)~. maTi Sinaarsi aseTia: 1. adamianis yidva an gayidva, mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, iZulebiT, SantaJiT an motyuebiT adamianis gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT. sanqciiT gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa xuTidan Tormet wlamde. 2. igive qmedeba, Cadenili a) araerTgzis, b) ori an meti piris mimarT, g) damnaSavis mier winaswari SecnobiT orsuli qalis mimarT; d) samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT; e) dazaralebulis sazRvargareT gayvaniT; v) sicocxlis an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT anda aseTi Zalis gamoyenebis muqariT; z) winaswari SecnobiT umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an damnaSaveze materialurad anda sxvagvarad damokidebulis mimarT gaTvaliswinebulia sasjeli rvidan TxuTmet wlamde. 3. am muxlis pirveli an meore nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba, a) Cadenili organizebuli jgufis mier; b) ramac gamoiwvia dazaralebulis sikvdili an sxva mZime Sedegi, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT Tormetidan oc wlamde. rac Seexeba 143 2 muxls, igi exeba `arasrulwlovnebiT vaWrobas~ (Trefiqings), romlis SinaarsSic gaTvaliswinebulia: 1. arasrulwlovanTa yidva an gayidva, mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, misi gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva anda miReba eqsluataciis mizniT. sasjeli gacilebiT mkacria _ rvidan TxuTmet wlamde. 214

2. am muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba, Cadenili: a) araerTgzis; b) iZulebiT, SantaJiT an motyuebiT; g) ori an meti arasrulwlovnis mimarT; e) sicocxlis an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT anda aseTi Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqariT; v) samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT; z) damnaSavis mier winaswari SecnobiT umweo mdgomareobaSi myofis an damnaSaveze materialurad anda sxvagvarad damokidebulebis mimarT, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT Tormetidan Cvidmet wlamde. 3. am muxlis me-2 an me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba: a) Cadenili organizebuli jgufis mier; b) ramac gamoiwvia arasrulwlovnis sicocxlis mospoba an sxva mZime Sedegi, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT Tormetidan oc wlamde an uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT.48 rogorc vxedavT, Tavis droze Cven mier dasmul sakiTxTa garkveuli nawili gaTvaliswinebuli iqna kanonmdeblobaSi, Tumca kvlavac gagvaCnia garkveuli mosazrebebi, rac ufro naTels da mkafios gaxdis am Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg brZolas. 143 1 muxlis iuridiuli daxasiaTeba ufro naTel warmodgenas Seqmnis mis avkargianobaze: adamianis yidva an gayidva, mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, iZulebiT, SantaJiT an motyuebiT adamianis gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT. rogorc muxlis dispoziciidan Cans, kanoni danaSaulad miiCnevs moqalaqis: 1. yidvas; 2. gayidvas; 3. sxva ukanono garigebas; 4. gadabirebas; 5. sazRvargareT gadayvanas; 6. gadamalvas; 7. miRebas eqspluataciis mizniT. CamonaTval danaSaulebriv qmedebebs damnaSavem SeiZleba miaRwios dazaralebulTan: _ iZulebiT; _ SantaJiT; _ motyuebiT. kanonis moTxovnaTa ukeT warmosadgenad ganvixilavT TiToeul danaSauls da misi miRwevis xerxebs. _ yidva-gayidvaSi samoqalaqo samarTlis kanonmdebloba gulisxmobs mxareTa Soris urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze nivTebis an fulisa da nivTis gacvlas. aseTi urTierToba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc zepiri, ise werilobiTi SeTanxmebiT.

48

ix. saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, I naw. 1999 w., #41(48).

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gansaxilvel muxlSi kanonmdebeli yidva-gayidvis obieqtad gulisxmobs adamians. _ sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcielebaSi kanonmdebeli gulisxmobs damnaSavesa da dazaralebuls Soris raime ukanono morigeba-SeTanxmebas, raTa dazaralebuli Caebas danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi an damnaSavisaTvis sasargeblo sxva kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebaSi. magaliTad, damnaSave gaurigda adamians, Caebas prostituciaSi da sanacvlod solidur Tanxas dahpirda; _ damnaSavis mier adamianis iZulebaSi kanoni gulisxmobs fizikur da fsiqikur zewolas, gavlenas adamianze, raTa damnaSavem igi daimorCilos da CaiTrios sasurvel kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebaSi; _ SantaJSi igulisxmeba damnaSavis mier dazaralebulis daSineba saxelisa da Rirsebis gamtexi informaciis gavrcelebiT da misi amgvarad damorCilebadayolieba; _ gadayvanaSi nagulisxmevia samSoblodan sxva qveyanaSi gadaadgileba, raRa Tqma unda, esec SantaJiT, ZaladobiT an motyuebiT xorcieldeba; _ gadamalvaSi kanonmdebeli gulisxmobs damnaSavis mier dazaralebulis iseT adgilze moTavsebas, romlis mignebac ucxo pirs ar SeuZlia; _ adamianis eqspluataciisTvis miReba niSnavs, rom damnaSaves adamiani arc uyidia da arc piradad gadmoubirebia, Tumca miuyvanes da manac miiRo saeqspluataciod. es ukve danaSaulia, Tundac eqspluatacia ar iyos dawyebuli. eqspluataciaSi nagulisxmevia damnaSavis mier adamianis energiisa da SesaZleblobis usasyidlo an minimaluri anazRaurebiT dauzogavi xarjva misi pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvel pirobebSi. Tavisufali gadaadgilebis SezRudva, ojaxTan kavSiris gawyveta, kulturuli cxovrebisagan CamoSoreba. CamoTvlili qmedebebi (rogorc ukve iTqva) mimarTulia adamianis xelSi Cagdebisaken da misi SesaZleblobis sruli dauflebisaken, rac iTvaliswinebs adamianis sxvadasxva formiT gamoyenebas, kerZod: iZulebiT dasaqmebas, danaSaulebriv an sxva antisazogadoebriv qmedebaSi an prostituciaSi Cabmas, sxeulis organos, organos nawilis an qsovilis mokveTas da sxvisTvis gadanergvas da a. S. adamianiT vaWrobis kvalifikacia mocemulia muxlis meore da mesame nawilebSi. meore nawili moicavs qmedebis Semdeg saxeebs: a) araerTgzis _ danaSaulis Cadena orjer an metjer, Tanac aucilebeli ar aris Tundac erTi romelime pirisTvis nasamarTloba; b) ori an meti piris mimarT _ erTi ganzraxviT ori an meti adamianis yidvas an gayidvas, maTTan sxva ukanono garigebas, iZulebiT, SantaJiT an motyuebiT ramdenime adamianis gadabirebas danaSaulis Casadenad an prostituciaSi Casabmelad, maT sazRvargareT gadayvanas, gadamalvas da a.S.; g) damnaSavis mier winaswari SecnobiT orsuli qalis mimarT _ damnaSavem danaSaulis ganxorcielebamde (yidvamde, gayidvamde da sxv.) icoda qalis fexmZimobis ambavi. am qmedebis gansakuTrebuli saSiSroeba isaa, rom qals eqspluataciiT safrTxe emuqreba ara marto dedas, aramed mis Svilsac; d) samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT _ aseT viTarebaSi damnaSave iolad axerxebs dazaralebulis motyuebas, daSinebas da amiT danaSaulebrivi miznebis ganxorcielebas. magaliTad, warmoebis direqtorma mosTxova Tavis TanamSromel mravalSvilian dedas, rom erT-erTi Svili mieSvilebina misi naTesavisaTvis 216

ucxoeTSi. dedamac Seasrula direqtoris moTxovna samuSaodan moxsnis, daqveiTebis an sxva muqaris gamo, gadabirebiT Tu daSinebiT. direqtorma naSvilebi ucxoeTSi prostituciaSi an sxva raime kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobaSi Caaba; e) dazaralebulis sazRvargareT danaSaulebriv gadayvanaSi kanonmdebeli gulisxmobs adamianis gayvanas sazRvargareT iZulebiT an motyuebiT, sadac damnaSavem mis mimarT unda ganaxorcielos muxlis pirvel nawilSi CamoTvlil danaSaulTagan romelime (gayidva, eqspluatacia da sxv.); v) sicocxlisaTvis an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT anda aseTi Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqariT niSnavs, rom damnaSave dazaralebuls daSinebisa da damorCilebis mizniT xeliT, sagniT an sxva raime iaraRiT ayenebs sxeulis mZime, naklebad mZime an msubuq dazianebas, Zaladobis gamoyenebis momentSi qmnis misi sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis realur safrTxes. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos mizanmimarTuli dartymebi sxeulis sasicocxlo organoebze (Tavi, muceli), sasunTqi gzebis gadaketva, moZravi transportidan gadagdeba, daWra da a.S.; aqve aRvniSnavT, rom muxlSi araferia naTqvami fsiqikur Zaladobaze, romelic aranakleb saSiSia sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis. SesaZloa, `saSiS ZaladobaSi~ orive igulisxmeba, magram kanoni nebismier SemTxvevaSi dazustebas moiTxovs. rac Seexeba Zaladobis muqaras, masSi igulisxmeba dazaralebulis cemiT, mokvliT, daSineba da damorCileba. z) winaswari SecnobiT umweo mdgomareobis gamoyeneba. umweo mdgomareobaSi myofi dazaralebuli sxvadasxva niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. kerZod, rodesac mas, Tavisi fizikuri da sulieri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare (mcirewlovnobis periodi, fizikuri nakli, sulieri gauwonasworebloba, ugono mdgomareoba da a.S.), ar Seswevs unari, Seicnos mniSvneloba mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebisa an ar ZaluZs, winaaRmdegoba gauwios damnaSaves. kvalifikaciisaTvis aucilebelia, damnaSaves gacnobierebuli hqondes dazaralebulis umweo mdgomareoba. materialur damokidebulebaSi kanonmdebeli gulisxmobs damnaSavis mier dazaralebulis uzrunvelyofas biniT, sakvebiT, tansacmliT da a.S. rodesac dazaralebuls sxva saxsari ar gaaCnia. sxvagvar damokidebulebaSi ki igulisxmeba dazaralebulis daqvemdebareba damnaSavisadmi an pedagogisa da moswavlis urTierToba da sxv. muxlis mesame nawili iTvaliswinebs pirveli-meore nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas organizebuli jgufis mier, ramac gamoiwvia dazaralebulis sikvdili an sxva mZime Sedegi. organizebuli jgufi aris damnaSave TanamonawileTa erTianoba, romelic Seqmnilia qonebriv danaSaulTa Casadenad da uSromeli SemosavliT gasamdidreblad. misi ZiriTadi niSnebia: TanamosaqmeTa specialuri SerCeva fizikuri da gonebrivi Zalis, mWidro saqmiani kontaqtebis, gabedulebisa da nebisyofis gamorCeulobiT, sijiutisa da daumorCileblobis, uryeobisa da simtkicis paTosiT, uRalatobis ficiT, subordinaciis mWidro da ganuxreli dacviT, saqmianobis dagegmviTa da funqciebis zusti ganawilebiT, ufrosisadmi usityvo morCilebiT. damaxasiaTebelia isic, rom Tanamonawileni calkeuli gundebis saxiT moqmedeben sxvadasxva raionisa da qalaqis teritoriaze, emorCilebian `centrs~, anu xelmZRvanel birTvs.

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jgufis moqmedeba damamZimebel garemoebad iTvleba, vinaidan misi wevrebi winaswari momzadebis, molaparakebisa da gaazrebis, funqciaTa zustad ganawilebis safuZvelze moqmedeben. TiToeul maTgans danaSaulis msvlelobisas garkveuli funqcia akisria. es qmedeba moWarbebulad saSiSia, radgan erTianoba aqezebs, imedsa da Zalas aZlevs TiToeul maTgans dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. punqti `b~ gansakuTrebiT mZime saxea gansaxilveli danaSaulisa, radgan igi dazaralebulis sikvdils an sxva mZime Sedegs iTvaliswinebs. pirs rom es garemoeba davdoT bralad, aucileblad unda davadginoT, rom dazaralebulis sikvdili an sxva mZime Sedegi warmoiSva swored iZulebis da mwvave eqspluataciis Sedegad. cxadia, braldebuls ar hqonda ganzraxuli dazaralebulis sikvdili an sxva mZime Sedegi, magram ase moxda gaufrTxileblobiT (magaliTad, moWarbebuli eqspluatacia, sxeulis nawilis mokveTa samedicino wesebis darRveviT da sxv.). aseT dros braleulis moqmedeba zustad kvalificirdeba gansaxilveli muxliT ise, rom sxva muxlebis moSveliebas aRar saWiroebs. magram Tuki damnaSave eqspluataciis procesSi ganzrax moklavs dazaralebuls, maSin misi moqmedeba dakvalificirdeba ganzrax mkvlelobiT da gansazRvruli muxliT. sxva mZime SedegSi kanonmdebeli gulisxmobs dazaralebulis TviTmkvlelobas, fsiqikur daavadebas da a.S. rac Seexeba 143 2 muxls - arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (Trefiqingi), misi dispozicia Tavisi samive nawiliT identuria 143 1 muxlisa, garda imisa, rom 143 2 muxlis Sinaarsi exeba arasrulwlovans. amdenad, am muxls aRar ganvixilavT. gansaxilveli danaSaulis uSualo obieqtia adamianis pativi da Rirseba, damatebiT obieqtad arcTu iSviaTad gvevlineba adamianis sicocxle da janmrTeloba. obieqturi mxare SeiZleba gamoixatos adamianis yidvaSi, gayidvaSi, transplantaciis mizniT mZime an naklebad mZime dazianebaSi, eqspluataciaSi, dazaralebulis gaufrTxileblobiT daRupvaSi an sxva mZime SedegSi, aseve gadabirebaSi. zemoT CamoTvlil qmedebebze dazaralebulis realuri Tanxmoba gamoricxavs am danaSaulis Semadgenlobas (dazaralebuli Tavisi nebiT daeTanxma sxeulis nawilis mokveTas, prostituciaSi Cabmas da a.S.). danaSaulis subieqti SeiZleba iyos nebismieri srulwlovani moqalaqe. subieqtur mxares warmoadgens damnaSave. pirs Segnebuli aqvs, rom igi yidis, yidulobs, eqspluatacias uwevs adamians. danaSaulis motivi TiTqmis yovelTvis materialuri an sxva saxis gamorCenaa, magram ar aris gamoricxuli sxva motivic _ SurisZieba, siZulvili, dacinva da sxv. magaliTad, ruseT-CeCneTis omis dros rus tyveebs CeCnebi aulebSi mZimed amuSavebdnen ara maincdamainc materialuri sargeblobis misaRebad, aramed SurisZiebis, siZulvilis, damcirebis mizniT.

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saqarTvelos sazRvarze gasul da Semosul moqalaqeTa moZraobis dinamika 49 #

weli

gavida

Semovida

ar dabrunebula

SeniSvna %

1

1999

295000

290000

5000

1,7

2

2000

318000

294000

23000

7,2

3

2001

307000

268000

38000

12,4

4

2002

317000

277000

40000

12,6

5

2003 wlis I kvartali

1237000

68375

5000

7,8

sul

1999 weli 2003 wlis I kvartali

1300916

1197375

111000

8,5

49

cxrili Sedgenilia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvis departamentis informaciaze dayrdnobiT.

219

msxverplTa `dauflebis~ amsaxveli sqema

220

Tavi V rekomendaciebi antiTrefiqinguli kanonmdeblobis srulyofisaTvis saqarTveloSi 1. zogadi rekomendaciebi kvlevam gviCvena, rom saqarTveloSi garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg. es exeba xelisuflebis politikur nebasa da sakanonmdeblo bazas, magram problema sabolood mainc ver mogvarda. amis Tqmis safuZvels iZleva Catarebuli kvleva, oficialuri dokumentebi da statistikuri masala. Cveni azriT, am negatiur movlenas win unda aRvudgeT RonisZiebaTa kompleqsiT, romelic pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos zogad da specialur nawilebad. zogads miekuTvneba: 1. qveynis aRmSenebloba da ekonomikuri donis amaRleba; 2. axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna; 3. xelfasebisa da pensiebis zrda. specialuri RonisZiebebia: 1. qalTa uflebebis dasacavad saxelmwifo antiTrefiqinguli programis (gegmis) srulyofa da moqmedebis arealis gafarToeba; 2. Tanamedrove Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi axali normebis Setana genderuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT; 3. specialuri kompleqsuri kanonis Seqmna adamianiT vaWrobis winaaRmdeg, romelic axleburad moawesrigebs TrefiqingTan, prostituciasTan da pornobiznesTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. CamoTvlil winadadebaTa realizaciisaTvis aucilebelia erTiani koncefciis Seqmna, romelic SeiZleba Seicavdes specialur RonisZiebebs: a) qveyanaSi arsebuli `seqsbiznesis~ safuZvliani Seswavla da prostituciasTan sabrZolvelad saxelmwifo politikis SemuSaveba; b) naSvilebi bavSvebis sazRvargareT gayvanis mkacri kontroli da saTanado sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa, raTa Tavidan aviciloT ucxo qveynebSi maTi gayidva; g) gaeros transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis konvenciis ratificireba da konvenciis xelmomweri da sxva qveynebis Sesabamis struqturebTan informaciis operatiuli gacvla; d) qveynidan gasul da Semosul pirTa aRricxva, rac saSualebas mogvcems, gavaanalizoT, darCenilTa Soris ramdeni xdeba Trefiqingis msxverpli; e) sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli informaciis miwodeba, radgan Cven mier gamokiTxuli 100 respondentidan problemas icnobs mxolod 25%; v) umaRles saswavleblebSi, saSualo skolebis damamTavrebel klasebSi, sabavSvo saxlebSi, pedagogebSi, riskis jgufSi Semaval regionebSi am kuTxiT specialuri saganmanaTleblo programebis SemuSaveba; 221

z) saxelmwifo struqturebis TanamSromlebisaTvis, visac uSualod evaleba antiTrefiqinguli RonisZiebebis gatareba, specialuri treningebis Catareba; T) sapasporto samsaxurebisa da Sesabamisi uwyebebis urTierTTanamSromlobisa da kontrolis sistemis SemuSaveba, radganac aRZruli saqmeebidan naTlad Cans sabuTebis gayalbebaSi savizo, sapasporto da sakontrolo samsaxurebis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebani; i) saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Sesatani cvlilebebisa da damatebebis momzadeba; k) prostituciisa da Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg brZolis uwyebaTSorisi samsaxuris Seqmna; l) problemis Semdgomi kvlevisa da prognozirebis organizeba. saWirod migvaCnia, dawvrilebiT SevCerdeT adamianiT vaWrobis (Trefiqingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis ZiriTad debulebebze da calkeuli statiebis Sinaarsze saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Cveneuli winadadebebis Sesatanad. Cveni azriT, kanoni `adamianiT vaWrobis (Trefiqingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb~ aucileblad unda Seicavdes: 1. zogad debulebebs Trefiqingisa da misi Tanmxlebi movlenebis (prostitucia, narkomania da a.S.) winaaRmdeg brZolis aucileblobis Sesaxeb; 2. ZiriTad definiciebs gaeros konvenciebis, sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebis da Sida (saSinao) kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad; 3. im struqturebis CamonaTvals, romlebic pasuxs ageben Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg brZolaze maTi ierarqiis, koordinaciis aRweriT; 4. aRkveTis, acilebis, gamoZiebisa da damnaSaveTa dasjisaTvis aucilebeli RonisZiebebis amomwurav CamonaTvals, maT Soris: sisxlissamarTlebriv, procesualur, administraciul, samoqalaqo, operatiul-samZebro da sagamoZiebo zomebis dakonkretebas; 5. saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifo organizaciaTaA TanamSromlobis formebis aRweras; 6. antiTrefiqinguli RonisZiebebis dafinansebis wyaroTa CamonaTvals; 7. dazaralebulebTan urTierTobis sakiTxebs, maT Soris: xelSeuxeblobis uzrunvelyofas, ucxoeTSi uflebebis dacvas, xelyofisa da zewolisagan dacvas, reabilitacias, mkurnalobas, kompensacias; 8. mowmeebis mimarT damokidebulebas; 9. Trefiqingis msxverplTa reabilitaciis specialuri centrebis organizaciis sakiTxebs; 10. saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTSi sakonsuloebTan da warmomadgenlobebTan specialuri struqturebis (ganyofilebebis) Seqmnas dazaralebulTaTvis samarTlebrivi, materialuri, sakonsultacio daxmarebis aRmosaCenad, agreTve sazRvargareT dakargul moqalaqeTa Zebnis organizacias; 11. turistuli firmebisa da organizaciebis muSaobis mosawesrigeblad centralizebuli samsaxuris Seqmnas maTi kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad 222

(mowesrigeba gulisxmobs am dawesebulebaTa muSaobis licenzirebas, unificirebuli kontraqtebis, xelSekrulebebis, saWiro dokumentebis CamonaTvalis arsebobas, saqarTvelodan gamsvlel pirTa savaldebulo dazRvevas da sxva RonisZiebebs); 12. saxelmwifo samecniero centris Seqmna Trefiqingis kvlevisa da prevenciisaTvis, romelic pasuxismgebeli iqneba iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: _ antiTrefiqinguli RonisZiebebis mimdinareoba da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb moqalaqeTa informireba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT; _ saswavlo dawesebulebebsa da saxelmwifo organizaciebSi treningebis Catareba; _ aRmzrdelobiTi RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba; 13. TavSesafris Seqmna im msxverplTaTvis, romlebic ojaxma ar miiRo. es gaaadvilebs maTTan kontaqts, maT dacvas da TanamSromlobas samarTaldamcav organoebTan. kriminaluri eqspluataciis Sesabamisi muxlebis Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze SemoTavazebulia am muxlebis axali redaqcia, rac, Cveni azriT, srulyofs TrefiqingisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis reglamentirebas.

2. sakanonmdeblo winadadebani saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 137-e, 138-e, 139-e, 143-e, 253-e, 254-e da 362-e muxlebTan dakavSirebiT organizaciuli saqmianoba adamianTa gadabirebis, gadayvanis, gadacemis, mfarvelobisaTvis maTi TanxmobiT mesame qveynebSi eqspluataciis gansaxorcieleblad ukanono samuSaoze sxvadasxva legalur Tu aralegalur sferoSi. isjeba jarimiT, gansazRvruli saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeviT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 2 wlamde. igive qmedeba, Cadenili muqaris an Zaladobis gamoyenebiT, Zaldatanebis sxva formiT, gatacebiT, TaRliTobiT, motyuebiT an Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT, umweo mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT an mosyidvis gziT im piris Tanxmobis misaRebad, romelic meore pirs akontrolebs. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 3-dan 8 wlamde. igive qmedeba, Cadenili: a) ori an meti piris mimarT; b) arasrulwlovnis mimarT; g) araerTgzis an xelobis saxiT; d) fsiqikuri an fizikuri Zaladobis gamoyenebiT an misi gamoyenebis muqariT; e) pirTa an organizebul jgufTan erTad; danaSaulebriv TanasazogadoebasTan winaswari SeTanxmebiT; v) Tanamdebobis piris an xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis mier samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT; 223

z) dazaralebulis materialuri an sxvagvari damokidebulebis gamoyenebiT; T) sazRvargareT adamianTa ukanono gayvaniT an sazRvargareTidan ukanono SemoyvaniT; i) dazaralebulisagan organoebis an qsovilis amoRebiT transplantaciisaTvis; k) dazaralebulis gamoyenebiT surogat dedad; l) danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi CaTreva isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 5-dan 15 wlamde; m) qmedeba, gaTvaliswinebuli am muxlis pirveli-meore nawilebiT, romelmac gamoiwvia sikvdili, gaupatiureba an sxva mZime Sedegi _ isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 10-dan 20 wlamde. muxlis pirveli nawili moicavs mxolod nebayoflobiT damokidebulebas damnaSavesa da dazaralebuls Soris. sanqciebi am nawilSi ZiriTadad unda gulisxmobdes mkacr sasjels, gansazRvrul saqmianobaze licenziis CamorTmevas da Tavisuflebis aRkveTas jarimis gadauxdelobisa da danaSaulis ganmeorebiT CadenisaTvis (kontrabandis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba dgeba danaSaulTa erTobliobiT). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qmedeba Trefiqingis niSnebiT xorcieldeba `muqaris an Zaladobis gamoyenebiT, iZulebis, gatacebis, TaRliTobis, motyuebis, Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis, umweo mdgomareobis an mosyidvis gziT im piris Tanxmobis misaRebad, romelic sxva pirs akontrolebs~, saWiroa misi dakvalificireba me-2 nawiliT. mesame nawilSi mocemulia makvalificirebeli qmedeba, gaTvaliswinebuli meore nawiliT. meoTxe nawili iTvaliswinebs qmedebas, romelmac gamoiwvia ganukurnebeli seniT daavadeba, sikvdili da sxva mZime Sedegebi. aseTi danaSaulis obieqtad iTvleba moqalaqeTa sicocxle da janmrTeloba. obieqturi mxare mdgomareobs adamianTa gadabirebaSi, transportirebaSi, mfarvelobaSi, mesame qveyanaSi gadacemaSi eqspluataciisaTvis (prostitucia, pornografia, monuri samuSao, bavSvis gaCena an surogatuli dedis funqciis Sesruleba). danaSauli dasrulebulad iTvleba, Tu ganxorcielebulia zemodasaxelebuli nebismieri qmedeba. damnaSaved iTvleba 16 wels miRweuli Seracxadi piri.

subieqturi mxare, pirdapiri ganzraxva da angareba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom arasrulwlovnis (18 wlamde) Trefiqingi miCneulia makvalificirebel garemoebad (ssk-is muxli 143 2 - e , m u x l i 1 7 2 1 -e 50 , “arasrulwlovnebiT vaWroba”), kodeqsidan amoRebuli unda iqnas. am muxlis pirveli nawili `arasrulwlovnis yidva an mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebebis ganxorcieleba misi Svilad ayvanis mizniT~ SeiZleba gadavides saqarTvelos ssk-is 173-e muxlSi `Svilad an Svilobilad ayvanis wesis darRveva~, radgan 50

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1721-e muxli “Svilad ayvanis mizniT fexmZime qalebis winaswari SerCeva da mSobiarobisaTvis saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gayvanis SesaZleblobis Seqmna an aseT gaSvilebaSi xelSewyoba” (saqarTvelos 2003 wlis 26 agvistos kanoni)

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arsebiTad warmoadgens Cinovnikebis korufciul saqmianobas, romlebic aregulireben Svilad ayvanis process _ isini Svilad ayvanis msurvel ojaxebs sZalaven fuls bavSvis SerCevisa da gaformebisaTvis. proeqti: sssk-is 173-e muxls _ Svilad an Svilobilad ayvanis wesis darRveva _ emateba ori nawili. 1. g a s a m r j e l o s m i R e b a ganxorcielebisaTvis.

Svilad

ayvanis

kanonieri

proceduris

2. dedis mier bavSvis gayidva gaSvilebis mizniT. obieqtad iTvleba arasrulwlovnis interesebi. aRniSnuli danaSaulis obieqturi mxare pirveli da meore nawiliT mdgomareobs arasrulwlovanTa yidva-gayidvaSi, rac iTvleba saerTaSoriso konvenciebisa da saqarTvelos kanonebis darRvevad. am kanonebiT akrZalulia adamianiT vaWroba nebismieri formiT. subieqti pirveli nawilis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos mxolod Tanamdebobis piri, romelic pasuxismgebelia Svilad ayvanis proceduraze. meore nawilis mixedviT subieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc bavSvis biologiuri deda, ise mis mier uflebamosili piri, romelic bavSvis gayidvis garigebas debs. Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT efeqtur meqanizmad iTvleba iseTi samarTlebrivi normis Seqmna, romelic daaregulirebs pasuxismgeblobas eqspluataciis mizniT sxva qveynebSi adamianTa gadabirebisa da transportirebis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciebis SeqmnisaTvis. kodeqsSi arsebuli 192-e muxli51 aregulirebs ukanono samewarmeo saqmianobas, Tumca igi sakmaod bundovania da praqtikulad usargeblo. saWiroa kodeqsis Sevseba axali muxliT. proeqti: sssk-is 192′-e muxli _ organizaciuli saqmianoba, dakavSirebuli sazRvargareT ukanono SromiT mowyobasTan. saqmianoba, dakavSirebuli ulicenziod sazRvargareT SromiT mowyobasTan. sasjeli: jarima, gamasworebeli samuSaoebi 6 Tvemde. fiqtiuri organizaciebis Seqmna sxva qveynebSi adamianTa Trefiqingis gansaxorcieleblad eqspluataciis mizniT. sasjeli: jarima, gamasworebeli samuSaoebi 1 wlamde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTa amave vadiT. igive qmedeba, Cadenili fiqtiuri dokumentebis gamoyenebiT, kontrabandis an saxelmwifo moxeleTa moqrTamvis organizeba. sasjeli: Tavisuflebis aRkveTa xuT wlamde. am danaSaulis obieqtad iTvleba sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba da mosaxleobis janmrTeloba. obieqturi mxare mdgomareobs iseTi organizaciis SeqmnaSi, romelic eweoda Trefiqings. danaSauli dasrulebulad iTvleba, Tu aSkaraa Trefiqingis ganxorcielebis faqti qveynis farglebs gareT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu dazaralebuli ar daeqvemdebara eqspluatacias. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1721-e muxli “Svilad ayvanis mizniT fexmZime qalebis winaswari SerCeva da mSobiarobisaTvis saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gayvanis SesaZleblobis Seqmna an aseT gaSvilebaSi xelSewyoba” (saqarTvelos 2003 wlis 26 agvistos kanoni), gv. 81. 51

225

danaSaulis subieqtad iTvlebian organizaciis mesakuTre da xelmZRvanelebi. subieqturi mxare: pirdapiri ganzraxva da angareba.52 garda zemoaRniSnulisa, Trefiqingis irgvliv Catarebulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom adamianis vaWrobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis maregulirebel saqarTvelos ssk-is muxlebTan erTad arsebobs mTeli rigi muxlebi, romlebSic saWiroa cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana Trefiqingis xelSemwyobi saqmianobisa da am saqmianobis Sedegebis kriminalizaciisaTvis. XXII TavSi `danaSauli sqesobrivi Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis winaaRmdeg~ aucilebelia rig muxlebSi damatebis Setana, kerZod: muxlSi 137 _ `gaupatiureba~. Cveni monacemebiT, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebasa da warmoebis sferoebSi sazRvargareT gayvanil axalgazrda qalTa TiTqmis naxevari ZaldatanebiT moaxvedres garyvnilebis bunagSi, sadac xdeboda maTze Zaladoba da maTi gaupatiureba prostituciaSi Cabmis mizniT. magram am danaSaulisaTvis praqtikulad aravin isjeba, radgan amgvar Zaladobasa da gaupatiurebas sxva qveynebSi sCadian: ar arsebobs arc saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, romelic iTvaliswinebs msgavsi Zaladobis gamoZiebisas Cveni qveynis Tanamonawileobas. Sedegad, pasuxismgeblobas Tavidan icileben ara marto moZaladeebi ucxo qveynebidan, aramed Cveni Tanamemamuleebic, romlebmac gaagzavnes gogonebi. es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 137-e muxli ar iTvaliswinebs Trefiqingis msxverplis gaupatiurebas, rogorc makvalificirebel garemoebas. am damatebis Setana SesaZlebels gaxdida Trefiqeris, rogorc sxva qveyanaSi gaupatiurebis Cadenis Tanamonawilis, pasuxisgebaSi micemas saqarTvelos ssk-is 25-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela SedegiT. amasTan, mocemuli kriminaluri qmedebis subieqturi mxare unda iTvaliswinebdes rogorc pirdapir, ise irib ganzraxvasac. Cveulebriv, Trefiqerma icis an varaudobs, rom msxverpls sazRvargareT saeWvo dawesebulebaSi samuSaod gzavnis da ar iZleva misi uflebebis dacvis araviTar garantias, anu mas Zalismieri qmedebis an gaupatiurebisTvis swiravs. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT msxverplis umweo mdgomareobis gamoyenebaze, romelic ucxo qveyanaSi moklebulia Zaladobisagan dacvas, gansakuTrebiT Tu igi ar flobs adgilobriv enas, imyofeba an muSaobs aralegalurad. amitom 137-e muxlis (`gaupatiureba~) mesame nawils, sxva makvalificirebel niSnebTan erTad, unda daematos punqti `z~, e.i. Trefiqingis msxverplis gaupatiureba prostituciaSi Cabmis iZulebiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli danaSaulis subieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc mamakaci, ise qali, romelmac xeli Seuwyo gaupatiurebis Cadenas (magaliTad, qali-Trefiqeri, romelic sazRvargareT agzavnis gogonebs prostituciaSi Cabmis mizniT). mocemuli muxli kodeqsSi warmodgenili unda iyos Semdegi redaqciiT: muxli 137. gaupatiureba 1. gaupatiureba, e. i. sqesobrivi kavSiri ZaladobiT, Zaladobis muqariT an dazaralebulis umweobis gamoyenebiT, _ isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT samidan Svid wlamde. 52

sakanonmdeblo winadadebebi momzadebulia mkvlevar g. RlontTan erTad.

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2. igive qmedeba, Cadenili: a) araerTgzis; b) piris mier, visac adre Cadenili hqonda am kodeqsis 138-141-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli romelime danaSauli, _ isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT xuTidan aT wlamde. 3. gaupatiureba: a) jgufurad; b) damnaSavis mier fexmZime qalis an arasrulwlovnis winaswari SecnobiT; g) dazaralebulis an sxva piris mimarT gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT; d) samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT; v) ramac gamoiwvia dazaralebulisaTvis Sidsis Seyra, misi janmrTelobis dazianeba an sxva mZime Sedegi; z) Trefiqingis msxverplis prostituciaSi Cabmis mizniT, _ isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT xuTidan TxuTmet wlamde. 4. gaupatiureba imisa, visac ar Sesrulebia ToTxmeti weli, _ 5. isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT aTidan oc wlamde.53 analogiuri damateba da cvlileba unda Sevides 138-e muxlSi `seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiTi moqmedeba~. kerZod, muxlis mesame nawils unda daematos punqti `v~, e.i. qmedeba, Cadenili Trefiqingis aSkara msxverplis mimarT. mocemuli muxli warmodgenili unda iyos Semdegi redaqciiT: muxli 138. seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiTi moqmedeba 1. mamaTmavloba, lesboseloba an sxvagvari seqsualuri kontaqti gaukuRmarTebuli formiT, Cadenili ZaladobiT, Zaladobis muqariT an dazaralebulis umweobis gamoyenebiT, _ isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT samidan Svid wlamde. 2. igive qmedeba, Cadenili; a) araerTgzis; b) imis mier, visac adre Cadenili hqonda am kodeqsis 137-e, 139-e, 140-e da 141-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli romelime danaSauli; g) damnaSavis mier orsuli qalis an arasrulwlovnis winaswari SecnobiT, _ isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT xuTidan TxuTmet wlamde. 3. seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiTi moqmedeba, Cadenili: a) jgufurad; b) ramac gamoiwvia dazaralebulis sikvdili; g) ramac gamoiwvia dazaralebulisaTvis Sidsis Seyra, misi janmrTelobis dazianeba an sxva mZime Sedegi;

53

saqarTvelos 2000 wlis 30 ivnisis #458-IIs kanoni.

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d) gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT; e) samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT, _ v) Trefiqingis msxverplis mimarT, _ isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT xuTidan TxuTmet wlamde. 4. seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiTi moqmedeba imis mimarT, visac ar Sesrulebia ToTxmeti weli, _ isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT aTidan oc wlamde.54 aucilebelia ssk-is 139-e muxlSi `sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri xasiaTis sxvagvari moqmedebis iZuleba” cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana. rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, Trefiqeri xSirad mimarTavs SantaJs. SesaZloa, Trefiqeri dazaralebulze zemoqmedebisTvis iyenebdes muqaras, angariSi gausworos ojaxis wevrebs an sxva axlobel adamians. garda amisa, sasurvelia, am muxls daematos me-2 nawili da is Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: _ igive qmedeba, Cadenili Trefiqingis msxverplis mimarT prostituciaze an kriminaluri cxovrebis wesze misi dayoliebis mizniT. muxli 139 saqarTvelos ssk-Si SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnas Semdegi redaqciiT: muxli 139. sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri xasiaTis sxvagvari moqmedebis iZuleba 1. sqesobrivi kavSiris, mamaTmavlobis, lesboselobis an sxvagvari seqsualuri kontaqtis iZuleba SantaJiT, materialuri, samsaxurebrivi an sxvagvari damokidebulebis gamoyenebiT, _ isjeba jarimiT, erT wlamde gamasworebeli samuSaoTi anda or wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. 2. igive qmedeba, Cadenili Trefiqingis msxverplis mimarT prostituciaSi an kriminalur saqmianobaSi misi Cabmis mizniT isjeba jarimiT, erT wlamde gamasworebeli samuSaoTi an sam wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. 3. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba srulad ar iTvaliswinebs Semdeg faqtors: saqarTvelo ara marto mimwodebel, aramed mimReb qveyanasac warmoadgens, sadac aralegalur saroskipo saxlebSi, sastumroebSi, abanoebsa da a.S. prostituciaSi Cabmulni arian yofili sabWoTa kavSirisa da mravali sxva qveynis moqalaqeebi. saqarTveloSi Trefiqingis msxverpli eqspluataciis obieqtsac warmoadgens, rac adamianis uflebebis uxeSi darRvevaa. amdenad, gamarTlebulad migvaCnia ssk-is XXXII Tavis (`danaSauli mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da sazogadoebrivi zneobis winaaRmdeg~) zogierT muxlSi cvlilebebis Setana: ssk-is 253-e muxls `prostituciaSi Cabma~ saWiroa daematos me-3 nawili _ igive qmedeba, Cadenili sxva qveynis moqalaqis mimarT, Tu igi saqarTveloSi specialurad iyo Camoyvanili seqsualuri eqspluataciis mizniT. mocemuli qmedebis obieqtur mxares Seadgens sxva qveynis moqalaqis prostituciaSi Cabma motyuebiT, ZaladobiT an muqariT. mocemuli danaSaulis subieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc saqarTvelos, ise sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqe, subieqturi mxare _ pirdapiri ganzraxva da angareba. 54

saqarTvelos 2000 wlis 5 maisis #292-IIs kanoni; saqarTvelos 2000 wlis 30 ivnisis #458-IIs kanoni.

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mocemuli muxli saqarTvelos ssk-Si Setanili unda iqnas Semdegi redaqciiT: muxli 253. prostituciaSi Cabma 1. prostituciaSi Cabma ZaladobiT, Zaladobis an qonebis ganadgurebis muqariT, SantaJiT an motyuebiT, _ 2. igive qmedeba, Cadenili ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa mimarT, romlebic Camoyvanilni arian saqarTveloSi seqsualuri eqspluataciisaTvis, _ isjeba jarimiT an sam wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. ssk-is 254-e muxls `prostituciisTvis adgilis an sacxovreblis gadacema~ saWiroa daematos me-2 nawili _ seqsualuri eqspluataciis mizniT sxva qveynis moqalaqisTvis binis mowyoba. am debulebiT dazaralebuli ar SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos moqalaqe. am SemTxvevaSi Trefiqingis msxverlia piri, romelic seqsualuri eqspluataciis mizniT Camoiyvanes sxva qveynidan. saqarTvelos ssk-Si mocemuli muxli SeiZleba Setanili iqnas Semdegi redaqciiT: muxli 254. prostituciisaTvis binis mowyoba an Senaxva 1. prostituciisaTvis binis mowyoba an Senaxva, _ isjeba jarimiT an oTx wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. 2. prostituciisaTvis binis mowyoba an Senaxva ukanonod sazRvargareT gayvanisa da prostituciaSi Cabmis mizniT, _ isjeba jarimiT an xuT wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. 3. rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, Trefiqingis efeqturi prevenciisaTvis saWiroa zogierTi cvlilebis Setana ssk-is XL TavSi `danaSauli mmarTvelobis wesis winaaRmdeg~. kerZod, ssk-is 362-e muxlis (`yalbi dokumentis, beWdis, Stampis an blankis damzadeba, gasaReba an gamoyeneba~) me-2 nawils daematos punqti “g” _ Trefiqingis mizniT sazRvargareT ukanono gayvana. saqarTvelos ssk-Si mocemuli muxli SeiZleba Setanili iqnas Semdegi redaqciiT: muxli 362. yalbi dokumentis, beWdis, Stampis an blankis damzadeba, gasaReba an gamoyeneba 1. yalbi piradobis mowmobis an sxva oficialuri dokumentis, beWdis, Stampis an blankis damzadeba, gasaReba an gamoyeneba, _ isjeba jarimiT an eqvs Tvemde tusaRobiT. 2. igive qmedeba, Cadenili: a) araerTgzis; b) ramac gamoiwvia mniSvnelovani ziani; g) sazRvargareT gayvanisa da TrefikingSi Cabmis mizniT, _ isjeba sam wlamde Tavisuflebis SezRudviT an or wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. daskvna. Cveni azriT, naSromSi dasmuli sakiTxebi, sakanonmdeblo winadadebani ufro srulyofils gaxdis qarTul antiTrefiqingul kanonmdeblobas, saSualebas miscems Sesabamis samsaxurebs, ufro efeqturad da Sedegianad ebrZolon iseT mzard transnacionalur danaSauls, rogoricaa adamianiT vaWroba. 229

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adamianis uflebaTa standartebi, Tb., 1999 w.

2.

kvaWaZe m., avtoreferati, Tb., 1999 w.

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lobJaniZe g., saerTaSoriso organizebuli damnaSaveobis zogierTi problema, Tb., 2002.

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migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis angariSi, Tb., 2000 w.

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saerTaSoriso aqtebis krebuli, Tb., 2003 w.

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saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, I naw. 1999 w.

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saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tb., 2002 w.

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cnobari cxeli xazis operatorebisaTvis, Tb., 2004 w.

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gazeTi ‘metropoli~, 2001 w. #5.

10. Ãëîíòè Ã., Òîðãîâëÿ ëþäüìè ñ öåëüþ ñåêñóàëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè: Ðåàëèè è Ïåðñïåêòèâû., Òá. 2004 ã. 11. Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ Ìèãðàöèè. Èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ êîìïàíèÿ ïðîòèâ òîðãîâëè æåíùèíàìè. Èç èññëåäîâàíèé ïî Óêðàèíå. Æåíåâà. MOM. 1998. Èþëü. 12. Ïðåâåíöèÿ íåëåãàëüíîé òðóäîâîé ìèãðàöèè è òðåôèêèíãà, Òá., 2003. 13. Ïðîáëåìà êîíòðàáàíäû ëþäåé: çàäà÷è ÎÁÑÅ. Ñïðàâî÷íûé äîêóìåíò ÁÄÈÏ× 1999/3. 14. Ïðèëîæåíèå II ïðîòîêîë î ïðåäóïðåæäåíèè ïðåñå÷åíèè òîðãîâëû îñîáåííî æåíùèíàìè, è íàêàçàíèè çà íåå, äîïîëüíîþùàÿ êîíâåíöèÿ ÎÎÍ ïðîòèâ òðàíñíàöèîíàëüíîé îðãàíèçîâàííîé ïðåñòóïíîñòè. 15. Ðåïåöêàÿ À.Ë. «Òðàíñíàöèîíàëüíàÿ îðãàíèçîâàííàÿ ïðåñòóïíîñòü», Ì., 2001 ã. 16. Ðûíîê íåíóæíûõ äåòåé // Èòîãè. 1997. ¹20. Ñ.60-66; Äîõîäíûå äåòè // Êîììåðñàíò -Daily. 1997. 15 àïðåëÿ. ¹ 52. 17. Ñòîêåð Ñ. Òîðãîâëÿ ëþäüìè êàê îäíà èç ôîðì îðãàíèçîâàííîé ïðåñòóïíîñòè. Ñáîðíèê òîðãîâëÿ ëþäüìè. Ìîñêâà 2002. 18. Óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî Áåëîðóññèè, Ìèíñê, 2000. 19. Óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî Ðîññèéñêîé ôåäåðàöèè, Ì., 2004. 20. Óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî Óêðàèíû, Êèåâ, 2003. 21. Contemporary international law (Dictionary-reference book), Tbilisi, 2003. 22. MOM Budapest, Hungary, May, 1995. 23. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. 24. Revised Draft Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. 7th Session. Vienna. 17-28 Jan 2000. 25. Shelly L. Criminal Kaleidoscope: The Diversification and Adaptation of Criminal Activities in the Soviet Successor States// European Journal of Crime. Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. Vol. 3. 1996. 230

26. Smith P. Chinese migrant trafficking; a global challenge // Human Smuggling: Chinese Migrant Trafficking and he Challenge to America’s Immigrant Tradition. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies. 1997. 27. Stocker S. Organized Crime as a Growth Factor for Cases of Trade in Persons // Organized Crime and Corruption #1. 2000. p. 58. 28. The Hague Ministerial Declaration on European Guidelines for Effective Measures to Prevent and Combat Trafficking in Women for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation. April 24-26 1997; 29. Trafficking of Migrants. IOM Policy and Responses. March. 1999. p. 4-5. 30. Draft Protocol to Prevent. Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. united Nations. Vienna. October 1999 p. 4, etc. 31. Trafficking in Human Beings: Implications for the OSCE, ODIHR Background Paper, 1999/3. 32. Widgeon J. Multilateral Co-operation to Combat Trafficking in Migrants and the Role of International Organization. Paper presented at the 11 th IOM Seminar on International Response to Trafficking in Migrants and the Migration and Organized Crime // Trends in Organized Crime. 1996. Vol. 2, N. 2, p. 58. Safeguarding of Migrant Rights. Geneva. 1994. Oct., p. 5-6; US migration: passport smuggles earn billions for their wares. Inter press Service English News Wire. New York. Dec. 16. 1996.

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danarTi TrefiqingTan brZolis 2003-2005 wlebis samoqmedo gegma amocana 1. sakanonmdeblo zomebis miReba, raTa daculi iqnes Trefiqingis msxverplTa yvelaze mgrZnobiare da daucveli jgufebis _ qalebis, mozardebisa da bavSvebis uflebebi da interesebi

strategia

Semsrulebeli

vada

1. ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis eqspertiza TrefiqingTan brZolis saerTaSoriso standartebTan misi harmonizaciis mizniT.

saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro

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2. mxari daeWiros iusticiis saministros mier momzadebul proeqts `saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb~, romelic Trefiqingis kriminalizacias da am danaSaulisaTvis Sesabamis sanqciebs iTvaliswinebs.

parlamenti, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, qalTa ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebeli komisia

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3. momzaddes `turizmis reestris Sesaxeb~ kanonproeqti, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis im licenzirebuli Tu aralicenzirebuli saagentoebis gamovlenasa da akrZalvas, romlebic dakavebuli arian seqsturizmiTa da sxva danaSaulebrivi saqmianobiT.

turizmisa da kurortebis saxelmwifo departamenti, iusticiis saministrosTan SeTanxmebiT

2003

4. ganxiluli iqnes `reklamis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi saTanado cvlilebebisa da damatebebis momzadebis sakiTxi specialuri licenziis armqone dasaqmebis saagentoebis, saerTaSoriso gacnobis biuroebisa da saSuamavlo firmebis sareklamo gancxadebebis gamoqveynebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.

ekonomikis, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis saministro, saqarTvelos antimonopoliuri samsaxuri

2003

5. gaRrmavdes evrosabWos qveynebTan TanamSromloba kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciisa da misi aRsrulebis gasaZliereblad.

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2. Trefiqingis prevencia

1. moewyos sainformacio kampaniebi, raTa sazogadoeba gaTviTcnobierebuli iyos situaciebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac SeiZleba Trefiqings xeli Seuwyos. am kampaniebis dros xazi gaesvas imas, rom Trefiqingi gulisxmobs ara mxolod seqsualur eqspluatacias, aramed nebismieri saxis iZulebas, monobas an monobis msgavs mdgomareobas.

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, saxalxo damcvelis aparati, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, inteleqtualuri da humanitaruli sferoebis usafrTxoebis departamenti, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

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2. moewyos sainformacio kampaniebi seqsturizmis winaaRmdeg. aikrZalos samuSaos SemTavazebeli aralicenzirebuli saagentoebisa da saerTaSoriso gacnobaTa biuroebis reklamebi.

saqarTvelos antimonopoliuri samsaxuri, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, saxalxo damcvelis aparati, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, inteleqtualuri da humanitaruli sferoebis usafrTxoebis departamenti, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

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3. gavrceldes informacia seqsualuri eqspluataciis dros janmrTelobis riskTan dakavSirebiT

Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

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4. skolis moswavleebs miewodos informacia seqsualuri eqspluataciis, Zaladobisa da Trefiqingis Sesaxeb.

ganaTlebis saministro

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5. gamkacrdes mxatvruli koleqtivebisa da ansamblebis wevrTa ucxoeTSi gamgzavrebis kontroli aRniSnul jgufebSi SemTxveviTi pirebis moxvedris Tavidan asacileblad.

kulturis saministro

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6. gamocxaddes dramaturgTa da scenaristTa konkursi Trefiqingis Temisadmi miZRvnili nawarmoebebis Sesaqmnelad, romelTa mixedviT SesaZlebeli iqneba aRniSnuli problemis amsaxveli filmebis gadaReba da speqtaklebis dadgma.

kulturis saministro

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7. moewyos specialuri treningebi Trefiqingis sakiTxebze mosamarTleebis, socialuri muSakebis, samedicino personalis, pedagogebis, diplomatebis, sakonsulos TanamSromlebis, sabaJo samsaxuris da saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departamentis personalis, policielebisa da JurnalistebisaTvis.

3. Trefiqingis msxverplTa daxmareba

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8. SemuSavdes Trefiqingis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebis eTikuri normebi.

Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, prokuratura, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

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1. moZiebuli iqnas saerTaSoriso daxmareba Trefiqingis msxverplTaTvis mimRebi punqtebisa da TavSesafrebis Sesaqmnelad, SemuSavdes sakanonmdeblo winadadebebi TrefiqerTa qonebis konfiskaciidan miRebuli saxsrebiT specialuri fondis Seqmnis Sesaxeb Trefiqingis msxverplTa dasaxmareblad .

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, os sagareo saqmeTa saministro, iusticiis saministro, saqarTvelos prokuratura.

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2. Trefiqingis msxverplTaTvis SemuSavdes socialuri, fsiqologiuri, janmrTelobis dacvis reabilitaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis programebi.

Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, saxalxo damcvelis aparati

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3. moxdes Trefiqingis msxverplTaTvis daxmarebaze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qselis Seqmnis xelSewyoba da mxardaWera.

qalTa ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebeli komisia, saxalxo damcvelis aparati, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, inteleqtualuri da humanitaruli sferoebis usafrTxoebis departamenti

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4. TrefiqingSi damnaSave pirTa samarTlebrivi devna da maTi dasja

5. Sesrulebuli muSaobis sistematuri monitoringi

1. Seiqmnas TrefiqingTan brZolis struqturuli qvedanayofi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi.

Sinagan saqmeTa saministro

2003

2. moxdes TrefiqingSi damnaSave pirTa samarTlebrivi devna da maTi dasja, msxverplTa dacvis sistemis SemuSaveba winaswari gamoZiebis, sasamarTlos msvlelobisas da mis Semdeg.

Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, generaluri prokuratura, iusticiis saministro

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3. Seiqmnas im fizikur da iuridiul pirTa monacemebis sainformacio banki, romlebic operatiul-samZebro moqmedebebis Catarebis, winaswari gamoZiebis, sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sedegad interpolidan da sxva organizaciebidan Semosuli informaciiT, SemCneulni arian TrefiqingSi an mis mcdelobaSi.

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros interpolis erovnuli centraluri biuro, generaluri prokuratura

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1. ganxorcieldes qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciis, bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis, transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvenciis, Trefiqingis winaaRmdeg oqmisa da adamianis uflebaTa sxva dokumentebis moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis monitoringi.

qalTa ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebeli komisia, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, inteleqtualuri da humanitaruli sferoebis usafrTxoebis departamenti

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2. moxdes Trefiqingis SemTxvevebis aRricxva, Trefiqingis muxliT aRZruli saqmeebis monitoringi.

Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, generaluri prokuratura, iusticiis sabWo, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, inteleqtualuri da humanitaruli sferoebis usafrTxoebis departamenti, saxalxo damcvelis aparati, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

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3. Segrovdes informacia gaweuli muSaobis Sesaxeb da moxdes misi yovelwliuri analizi (aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi, romelTac evalebaT gegmis ganxorcielebaSi monawileoba, qalTa ganviTarebis politikis SemmuSavebel saxelmwifo komisias warudgenen wliur angariSs gegmis gansaxorcieleblad gaweuli muSaobis Sesaxeb).

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qalTa ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebeli komisia, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, inteleqtualuri da humanitaruli sferoebis usafrTxoebis departamenti

20032005