LECTURE 4: BENCHMARKS OF CRUDE OILS
Hassan Z. Harraz
[email protected] 2015- 2016
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation
Outline of Lecture • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
INTRODUCTION DENSITY AND API GRAVITY OF CRUDE OIL SWEET AND SOUR CRUDE OIL; BENCHMARK OF CRUDE OIL; West Texas Intermediate (WTI) Brent Blend; Dated Brent What is Dated Brent? Dubai; OPEC Basket (ORB) Bonny Light; Tapis Crude; Mexico's Isthmus; Maya; CONTRACTS; FUTURE TRENDS ON CRUDE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
© Hassan Harraz 2016
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INTRODUCTION Crude oil is not a single, indistinguishably homogenous substance without any unique differentiation, but this is actually not the case at all…………….! In fact, there are many different kinds of oil. Unrefined crude oil ranges in density and consistency… from …very thin, light weight and volatile fluidity to an extremely thick, semi-solid heavy weight oil. the color ….. from ….a light, golden yellow to the very deepest, darkest black imaginable. The petroleum industry often uses references to “Geographical Locations” in order to descriptively classify crude oils. This is due to the fact that oil from different geographical locations will naturally have its own very unique properties. These oils vary dramatically from one another when it comes to their viscosity, volatility and toxicity. The term “Viscosity” relates to the oil's resistance to flow. Higher viscosity crude oil is much more difficult to pump from the ground, transport and refine. “Volatility” describes how quickly the oil evaporates into the air. Oils that are naturally highly volatile need additional effort to ensure that temperature regulation and sealing procedures loose as little oil as possible. “Toxicity” refers to how dangerously poisonous the oil & its refining processes are to local life, from humans, to flora and fauna as well as other environmentally fragile living entities and organisms.
© Hassan Harraz 2016
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PETROLEUM Asphaltics
Saturates n-alkanes C5 - C44 branched alkanes cycloalkanes (napthenes)
nitrogen oxygen sulfur
Aromatics single ring condensed ring
containing compounds
Uses of Crude Oil
Uses of Crude Oil
The Uses of Crude Oil Gasoline
Distillate Fuel Oil
Kerosene Jet Fuel Liquefied Refinery Gases
Residual Fuel Oil Still Gas
Coke PETROCHEM ICAL FEEDSTOCKS
Asphalt and Road Oil Lubricants
Kerosene Gasoline Distillate Fuel Oil Other Kerosene Jet Fuel Residual Fuel Oil Liquefied Refinery Gases Still Gas Coke Asphalt and Road Oil PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKS Lubricants Kerosene Other
© Hassan Harraz 2016
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CRUDE OIL HYDROCARBONS ALIPHATICS 25%
C1 - C60
AROMATICS 17%
(C6H5)n
NON-HYDROCARBONS NAPHTHENES 50% CYCLOALKANES
SULFURS
NITROGENS
