Lecture Slides (PDF - 3.2MB)

Welcome to 3.091

Lecture 15

October 14, 2009

Introduction to Crystallography

Images by Inductiveload at Wikipedia.

The Big Picture

electronic structure



Bohr atom Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum numbers Aufbau principle multielectron atoms Periodic Table patterns

octet stability

bonding

 state of aggregation

primary:  ionic  covalent  metallic  van der Waals

gas liquid solid  3.091 

secondary:  dipole-dipole  London dispersion  hydrogen

solid: that which is dimensionally stable, i.e., has a volume of its own

classifications of solids:  bonding type  atomic arrangement

classifications of solids:  bonding type  atomic arrangement

white

Sn

Tetragonal a = b = c, � = � = � =90o

1.40

7.03

1.62

290.4

16.31

301.25

3.67/7.7

0.228

11.50 C

0.668

o

a

b

c � � �

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Photo by Will Wysong on Flickr.

Figure 12.4 Figure 12.4

7 Crystal Classes

4 Lattice Types

Bravais Lattice

Parameters

Triclinic

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31

Monoclinic

a1 = a2 = a3 �23 = �31 = 900 �12 = 900

Orthorhombic

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31 = 900

Tetragonal

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31 = 900

Trigonal

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31 < 1200

Cubic

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31 = 900

Hexagonal

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = 1200 �23= �31= 900

Simple (P)

Volume Centered (I)

Base Centered (C)

Face Centered (F)

a3 a2 a1

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Courtesy of National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. Used with permission. Source: Caspar, Donald L. D., and Eric Fontano. "Five-fold Symmetry in Crystalline Quasicrystal Lattices." PNAS 93 (December 1996): 14271-14278. Copyright © 1996 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.

Figure 12.5

Averill, B., and P. Eldredge. Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications. Flat World Knowledge, 2011. ISBN: 9781453331224.

Figure 12.5c

Averill, B., and P. Eldredge. Chemistry: Principles, Patterns,and Applications. Flat WorldKnowledge, 2011. ISBN: 9781453331224.

Figure 12.10

Image by Eloy at Wikipedia.

© Pearson. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Fig. 10.24 in McMurry, John, and Robert C. Fay. Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2004. ISBN: 0131402218.

© Pearson. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Fig. 10.24 in McMurry, John, and Robert C. Fay. Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2004. ISBN: 0131402218.

© Pearson. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Fig. 10.24 in McMurry, John, and Robert C. Fay. Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2004. ISBN: 0131402218.

© Pearson. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Fig. 10.24 in McMurry, John, and Robert C. Fay. Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2004. ISBN: 0131402218.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com.

Figure 12.5a

Averill, B., and P. Eldredge. Chemistry: Principles, Patterns,and Applications. Flat World Knowledge, 2011. ISBN: 9781453331224.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com

a = f(r) or 4r = packing density

2r √4 a √3 a

4r/√3

0.5

0.68

2√2r √2 a 0.74

3 1

2 2

1 4

1 8 x = 1

8

3

FCC

1 6 x = 3

2

= 4 lattice

points/unit cell

Averill, B., and P. Eldredge. Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications. Flat World Knowledge, 2011. ISBN: 9781453331224.

a = 407 pm

4r

a Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from Fig. 5 in Aquaro, Donato. "Thermal Mechanical Analysis of a Solid Breeding Blanket."

Fusion Engineering and Design 69 (2003): 511-518. Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.

Houses at L’Estaque

Georges Braque

1908

Courtesy of Rod Nave/HyperPhysics. Used with permission.

Courtesy of Rod Nave/HyperPhysics. Used with permission.

Colored Golds:

FCC with zest

pure Au

yellow

Cu(low)

yellow

Cu(high)

pink

Ni

white

Al

purple

In

blue

Cr

green

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Fall 2009

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