Stephen Jose Hanson. Bell Communications Research. Abstract. This paper reports a machine induction program (WITT) which attempts to model human.
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Machine Learning, Clustering and Polymorphy
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Stephen Jose Hanson
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Bell Communications Research
I Abstract
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(WITT)
This paper reports a machine induction program prototypical
which attempts to model human
Properties of categories that human subjects are sensitive to include, best or
categorization.
members,
relative
contrasts
between
putative
categories,
and
polymorphy
(niether ne�ary or sufficient features). This approach represents an alternative to traditional
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches to generalization and conceptual clustering which tend
to focus on nec�ry and sufficient feature rules, equivalence classes, and search and match algorithms. The present approach is shown to be more consistent with human categorization
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while
potentially
including
results
produced
by
more
traditional
clustering
schemes.
Applications of this categorization approach are also discussed in the domains of Expert systems and Information retrieval.
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Introduction
Most
current
Intelligence
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assumptions are consistent with human categorization data.
on
work
done
machine
in
Artificial
learning
and
conceptual clustering--and for that matter
most generalization schemes that have been
proposed
in Al-typically rest on five false
premises:
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contrast,
psychological literature
results
are
in
the
inconsistent
with each of the five premises above. People
do not seem to try to form categories by determining the necessary and sufficient set
(1) that necessary and sufficient
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In
categorization
feature lists must be central to the categorization engine;
(2)
that categories equivalence classes;
are
of "defining features" (Michalski,
(5)
the
and
that
to
minimize while
"variance"
maximizing
The distinction drawn here is somewhat subtle and
sufficient features, that would imply that people could not use common features w hich is contrary to intuition. However, there are many Jn'SSible mechanisms for achieving necessar y & sufficient categories, as exemplified in the "contrast approach" advocated below. Nonetheless, such categories for the prt:5ent a pproac h are a special case rather then a central purpose of the categor ization engi ne.
symbolic
top
tend
clusters
does not imply that people and animals do not have or know about categories that possess necessary and
(4) that probability measures are to
people
within
polynwrphy (neither necessary or sufficient features) rules are either uninteresting or noise;
antagonistic manipulation;
for
relative "contrasts" between categories; that
is,
1.
(3) that
1980)
a set of objects.1 Rather people seem to form
four 117
I (2)
"variance" between clusters (Rosch & Lloyd. 1978; Smith & Medin. 1981 ). People also tend to have best or prototypical members of a category as oppa;ed to equivalence cl�s CHoma. 1978; Posner & Keele,1968). Many categories that people use (perhaps all natural categories) have all or at least some members that possess neither necessary nor sufficient features and can best described by a polymorphy rule ("m features out of n", mV 1979 Mar Vol 39(9-B) 4632�633
'I># 21800: GROU P PROBLEM SOLVING 'It# 23510: HUMAN SEX DIFFERENCES 'I># 55520: VERBAL CXJMMUNJCATION 'I># 57230: WRIJTEN LANGUAGE 'I># 26250: rNTERPERSONAL rNTERACTION 'I># I0970: CXJMPU TERS 'I,# 29350: MAN MACHINE SYSTEMS abstract 7
'1.. PA VJ7 N 5 (1982)- No. 52137
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'I>A Vi# 55515: VERBAL STIMUU
'I># 55990: V1SUAL STIMULATION 'I># 23480: HUMAN INFORMATION STORAGE '1.. PA V17 N 5 (1982)- No. 52142
abotract 6
'I>A Yio, Jun ll "'>T Visual recognition of words versus nonwords.. Cf.>J Disstrlltion Abstracts lnttnational
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'l>V 1979 Msr Vol 39(9-B) 4630
'I># 55981: VISUAL SEARCH
'I># 57020: WORDS (PHONETIC UNITS) 'I># 34340: NONSENSE SYLLABLE LEARNING 'I># 24420: ILLUMrNATION 'I># Jl.S60: CXJNnXTUAL ASSOClA TIONS 'I># 49220: SPELlrNG '1.. PA VJ7 N 5 (1982)- No. 52335
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abstract 4
'I>A Richt er, Grecory 'l>T The relatior15hip between individual and developmental di6erenc.. in ocanning behsvior and clV 1981 May Vol 4JCJJ-B) 4287 'I># 01360: AGE DJFFI:C :REN ES
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'I># 24 700: rNODENTAL LEARNING 'I># 55981: VISUAL SEARCH '1.. PA VJ7 N 5 ( 1982)- No. 52499 11\.A Korant. Leslie L 'I>T Elfects of t... o visual
trainin&
abstract 3
procrams upon automaticity of letter and "''Ot'd recoenition in urban Black kindercartners.
'I>J Dwertation Abstracts International
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'IV 1981 Jun Voi4HI2-A. Pt 1) 4959
'I># 27 370: KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS 'I># 43350: RECXJGNITION (LEARNrNG) 'I># 51020: WORDS (PHONETIC UNITS) 'I># 282JO: LETTERS (ALPHABET)
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'I># 54940: URBAN ENVIRONMENTS �# 06150: B L ACKS 'I># 16190: EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 'l># 55980: VISUAL PERCEPTION
'1.. PA VJ7 N 5 (1982)- No. 52613
abstract 5
'I>A Pushka.sh. Mark 'l>T Elfect of the content of visually presented subliminal stimulation on oemantic and igural learning taU performance. �J Oi:\Sertation Abstracts lnttrnational "V 1981 Jun Vo14H 12 A. P1 JJ 5036
