Mapping the field of virtual work 1 MAPPING THE FIELD OF VIRTUAL WORK: A CO-CITATION ANALYSIS – Online Supplement –
Sumita Raghuram Pennsylvania State University 125 Willard Hall, University Park State College, PA 16803
[email protected] Philipp Tuertscher Vienna University of Economics and Business Institute for Entrepreneurship and Innovation 1090 Vienna, Austria
[email protected] Raghu Garud Pennsylvania State University Smeal School of Business, University Park State College, PA 16803
[email protected]
The study was funded in part by a grant from Society for Human Resource Management. The conclusions, interpretations and recommendations, however, are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the foundation. We thank three anonymous reviewers and the Associate Editor of ISR for their inputs.
Mapping the field of virtual work 2 Appendix A Complete list of references included in each cluster (arranged in order of number of citations received within the cluster) Cluster 1: Urban Planning and transportation Mokhtarian, P. L. & Salomon, I. 1994. Modeling the Choice of Telecommuting - Setting the Context. Environment and Planning A, 26(5): 749-766. Mokhtarian, P. L. 1991. Telecommuting and Travel - State of the Practice, State-of-the-Art. Transportation, 18(4): 319-342. Nilles, J. M. 1988. Traffic Reduction by Telecommuting: A Status Review and Selected Bibliography. Transportation Resources, 22(4): 301-317. Mokhtarian, P. L. & Salomon, I. 1997. Modeling the Desire to Telecommute: The importance of attitudinal factors in behavioral models. Transportation Research Part a-Policy and Practice, 31(1): 35-50. Mokhtarian, P. I. & Salomon, I. 1996. Modeling the Choice of Telecommuting: Identifying the Choice Set and Binary Choice Models for Technology-based Alternatives. Environment and Planning A, 28(10): 1877-1894. Handy, S. L. & Mokhtarian, P. L. 1995. Planning for Telecommuting - Measurement and Policy Issues. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(1): 99-111. Mokhtarian, P. L. 1991. Defining Telecommuting. Transportation Research Record, 1305: 273281. Mokhtarian, P. L., Handy, S. L. & Salomon, I. 1995. Methodological Issues in the Estimation of the Travel, Energy, and Air-quality Impacts of Telecommuting. Transportation Research Part a-Policy and Practice, 29(4): 283-302. Pendyala, R. M., Goulias, K. G. & Kitamura, R. 1991. Impact of Telecommuting on Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Household Travel. Transportation, 18(4): 383-409. Nilles, J. M. 1991. Telecommuting and Urban Sprawl - Mitigator or Inciter. Transportation, 18(4): 411-432. Mokhtarian, P. L. 1998. A Synthetic Approach to Estimating the Impacts of Telecommuting on Travel. Urban Studies, 35(2): 215-241. Bernardino, A. T., Ben-Akiva, M., and Salomon, I. 1993. Stated Preference Approach to Modeling the Adoption of Telecommuting. Transportation Research Record. 1413, D.C., 22– 30.
Mapping the field of virtual work 3 Hamer, R., Kroes, E. & Vanooststroom, H. 1991. Teleworking in the Netherlands - an Evaluation of Changes in Travel Behavior. Transportation, 18(4): 365-382. Sullivan, M.A., Mahmassani, H.S. & Yen, J. 1993. Choice Model of Employee Participation in Telecommuting under a Cost-Neutral Scenario. Transportation Research Record, 1413, 4248. Salomon, I. 1985. Telecommuting and Travel: Substitution or Modified Mobility? Transport Economics and Policy, (1), 219 -235 Mahmassani, H. S., Yen, J.-R., Herman, R. & Sullivan, M. 1993. Employee Attitudes and Stated Preferences Towards Telecommuting: An Exploratory Analysis. Transportation Research Record, 1413: 31-41. Stanek, D. M. & Mokhtarian, P. L. 1998. Developing Models of Preference for Home-Based and Center-Based Telecommuting: Findings and Forecasts. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 57(1-2): 53-74. Cluster 2: Early theory Olson, M. H. & Primps, S. B. 1984. Working at Home with Computers: Work and Nonwork Issues. Journal of Social Issues, 40(3): 97-112. Kraut, R. E. 1989. Telecommuting - the Trade-Offs of Home Work. Journal of Communication, 39(3): 19-47. Salomon, I. & Salomon, M. 1984. Telecommuting - the Employees Perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 25(1): 15-28. Shamir, B. & Salomon, I. 1985. Work-at-Home and the Quality of Working Life. Academy of Management Review, 10(3): 455-464. Venkatesh, A. & Vitalari, N. P. 1992. An Emerging Distributed Work Arrangement - an Investigation of Computer-Based Supplemental Work at Home. Management Science, 38(12): 1687-1706. Yap, C. S. & Tng, H. 1990. Factors Associated with Attitudes Towards Telecommuting. Information and Management, 19, 227-235. Ramsower, R.M. 1985. Telecommuting: The Organizational and Behavioral Effects of Working at Home. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press. Duxbury, L. E., Higgins, C. A. & Irving, R. H. 1987. Attitudes of Managers and Employees to Telecommuting. Infor, 25(3): 273-285. DeSanctis, G. 1984. Attitudes Toward Telecommuting: Implications for Work-at-home Programs. Information & Management, 7(3): 133-139.
Mapping the field of virtual work 4 Pratt, J. H. 1984. Home Teleworking - a Study of Its Pioneers. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 25(1): 1-14. Duxbury, L.E., C.A. Higgins, and S. Mills. 1992. After-Hours Telecommuting and Work Family Conflict: A Comparative Analysis. Information Systems Research, (3)2, pp. 173-196. Goodrich, J. N. 1990. Telecommuting in America. Business Horizons, 33(4): 31-37. Chapman, A.J., Sheehy, N.P., Heywood, S. & Dooley, SC. 1995. The Organizational Implications of Teleworking. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 10, 229-248, John Wiley & Sons. Olson, M. H., Ives, B., & Baroudi, J. L. 1983. The Measurement of User Information Satisfaction. Communications of the ACM, (26), 182. Kinsman, F. 1987. The Telecommuters. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, New York: NY. Cluster 3: Computer mediated communications Daft, R. L. & Lengel, R. H. 1986. Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness and Structural Design. Management Science, 32(5): 554-571. McGrath, J. E. 1984. Groups: Interaction and Performance. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Markus, M. L. 1994. Electronic Mail as the Medium of Managerial Choice. Organization Science, 5(4): 502-527. Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. 1986. Reducing Social Context Cues: The Case of Email. Management Science, 32, 1492 – 1512. Chidambaram, L. 1996. Relational Development in Computer-Supported Groups. MIS Quarterly, 20(2): 143-165. Straus, S.G. 1996. Getting a clue: The Effects of Communication Media and Information Distribution on Participation and Performance in Computer-Mediated and Face-to- Face Groups. Small Group Research. 27: pp 115-142. Zack, M. H.1993. Interactivity and Communication Mode Choice in Ongoing Management Groups. Information Systems Research, 4, pp. 207-239. Straus, S.G. 1996. Getting a Clue: The Effects of Communication Media and Information Distribution on Participation and Performance in Computer- Mediated and Face-to- Face Groups. Small Group Research, 27, 115-142. James, L.R., DeMaree, R.G. & Wolf, G. 1984. Estimating Within Group Interrater Reliability with and Without Response Bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 85-98.
Mapping the field of virtual work 5 Walther, J. B. 1992. Relational Communication in Computer-mediated Interaction. Human Communication Research, 19 (1), 50-88. Hollingshead, A. B., McGrath, J. E., & O'Connor, K. M. 1993. Group Task Performance and Communication Technology: A Longitudinal Study of Computer Mediated vs. Face-to-Face Work Groups. Small Group Research, 24, 307-333. Siegel, J., Dubrovsky, V., Kiesler, S. & McGuire, T. W. 1986. Group Processes in Computermediated Communication. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37(2), 157-187. Kiesler, S., & Sproull, L. 1992. Group Decision Making and Communication Technology. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 52, 96-123. Hiltz, S. R., Johnson, K. & Turoff, M. 1986. Experiments in Group Decision Making. Communication Process and Outcome in Face-to-face versus Computerized Conferences. Human Communication Research, 13(2): 225-252. Cluster 4: Virtual teams Townsend, A. M., DeMarie, S. M. & Hendrickson, A. P. 1998. Virtual Teams: Technology and Workplace of the Future. Academy of Management Executive, 12(3): 17-29. Jarvenpaa, S. L. & Leidner, D. E. 1999. Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Organization Science, 10(6): 791-815. Maznevski, M. L. & Chudoba, K. M. 2000. Bridging Space over Time: Global Virtual Team Dynamics and Effectiveness. Organization Science, 11(5): 473-492. Jarvenpaa, S. L., Knoll, K. & Leidner, D. E. 1998. Is Anybody Out There? Antecedents of Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 14(4): 29-64. Lipnack, J. & Stamps, J. 1997. Virtual teams: Reaching across space, time and organizations with technology. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. O'Hara-Devereaux, M., & Johansen, R. 1994. Global Work: Bridging Distance, Culture and Time. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Cramton, C. D. 2001. The Mutual Knowledge Problem and Its Consequences for Dispersed Collaboration. Organization Science, 12(3): 346-371. DeSanctis, G. & Poole, M.S. 1994. Capturing the Complexity in Advanced Technology UseAdaptive Structuration Theory. Organization Science, 5, 121-147. McGrath, J. E. & Hollingshead, A. B. 1994. Groups Interacting with Technology. Newbury Park: Sage.
Mapping the field of virtual work 6 Warkentin, M. E., Sayeed, L. & Hightower, R. 1997. Virtual Teams versus Face-to-face Teams: An Exploratory Study of a Web-based Conference System. Decision Sciences, 28(4): 975996. Short, J., Williams, E. & Christie, B. 1976. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. Wiley, London. McGrath, J. E. 1991. Time, Interaction, and Performance (TIP): A Theory of Groups. Small Group Research, 22, (2), 147-174. Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Hawthorne: Aldine de Gruyter. Walther, J. B. 1992. Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction Communication Research, 19(1): 52-90. Daft, R.L., Lengel, R.H., & Trevino, L.K. 1987. Message Equivocality, Media Selection, and Manager Performance. Implications for Information Systems. MIS Quarterly,11, 355-366. Duarte D. L., & Snyder, N. T. 1999. Mastering Virtual teams: Strategies, tools, and techniques that succeed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass, Inc. Walther, J. B. 1995. Relational Aspects of Computer-Mediated Communication: Experimental Observations over Time. Organization Science, 6(2) 186-203. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Carlson, J.R., & Zmud R.W. 1999. Channel Expansion Theory and the Experiential Nature of Media Richness Perceptions. Academy of Management Journal, 42 (2) 153-170. Grenier, R., and Metes, G. 1995. Going Virtual: Moving Your Organization in the 21st Century, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Fulk, J., & DeSanctis, G. 1995. Electronic Communication and Changing Organizational Forms. Organization Science, 6, 337-349 Walther, J.B. 1997. Group and Interpersonal Effects in International Computer-Mediated Collaboration. Human Communication Research, 23, 342-369. Boutellier, R., Gassmann, O., Macho, H., Roux, M. 1998. Management of Dispersed R&D Teams. R&D Management, Vol. 28, No. 1, 13-25. Cluster 5: European research/ definitional Hochschild, A. R. 1997. The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Henry Holt.
Mapping the field of virtual work 7 Gray, M., Hodson, N. & Gordon, G. 1993. Teleworking Explained. Chichester: Wiley & Sons. Nilles, J. M. 1998. Managing Telework: Strategies for Managing the Virtual Workforce. New York: Wiley. Baruch, Y. & Nicholson, N. 1997. Home, Sweet Work: Requirements for Effective Home Working. Journal of General Management, 23(2): 15-30. Jackson, P. J. & Van der Wielen, J. M. (Eds.). 1998. Teleworking: International Perspectives. London: Routledge. Daniels, K., Lamond, D. & Standen, P. 2001. Teleworking: Frameworks for Organizational Research. Journal of Management Studies, 38: 1151-1186. Qvortrup, L. 1998. From Teleworking to Networking: Definitions and Trends. In P. J. Jackson (Ed.), Teleworking: International Perspectives: 21-39. London: Routledge. Cluster 6: Work-family Kurland, N. B. & Bailey, D. B. 1999. Telework: The Advantages and Challenges of Working Here, There, Anywhere, and Anytime. Organization Dynamics, 28, 2, 53-69. Hill, E. J., Miller, B. C., Weiner, S. P. & Colihan, J. 1998. Influences of the Virtual Office on Aspects of Work and Work/Life Balance. Personnel Psychology, 51(3): 667-684. Hill, E. J., Hawkins, A. J. & Miller, B. C. 1996. Work and Family in the Virtual Office: Perceived Influences of Mobile Telework. Family Relations, 45(3): 293-301. Apgar, M. 1998. The Alternative Workplace: Changing Where and How People Work. Harvard Business Review, 76(3): 121-139. Ellison, N. B. 1999. Social Impacts: New Perspectives on Telework. Social Science Computer Review, 17(3): 338-356. Cluster 7: Literature review Huws, U., Korte, W., & Robinson, S. 1990. Telework: Towards the Elusive Office. Chichester: Wiley. Bailey, D. E. & Kurland, N. B. 2002. A Review of Telework Research: Findings, New Directions, and Lessons for the Study of Modern Work Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23: 383-400. Baruch, Y. 2000. Teleworking Benefits and Pitfalls as Perceived by Professionals and Managers. New Technology Work and Employment, 15(1): 34-49.
Mapping the field of virtual work 8 Kurland, N. B. & Egan, T. B. 1999. Telecommuting: Justice and Control in the Virtual Organization. Organization Science, 10(4): 500-513. Cluster 8: IT and theoretical modeling on teams Montoya-Weiss, M. M., Massey, A. P. & Song, M. 2001. Getting it Together: Temporal Coordination and Conflict Management in Global Virtual Teams. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6): 1251-1262. Kayworth, T. R. & Leidner, D. E. 2002. Leadership Effectiveness in Global Virtual Teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(3): 7-40. Lurey, J. S. & Raisinghani, M. S. 2001. An Empirical Study of Best Practices in Virtual Teams. Information & Management, 38(8): 523-544. Nunnally, J. C. (Ed.). 1978. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cohen, S. G. & Bailey, D. E. 1997. What Makes Teams Work: Group Effectiveness Research from the Shop Floor to the Executive Suite. Journal of Management, 23(3): 239-290. Turoff, M., Hiltz, S. R. & Bhagat, A. N. F. 1993. Distributed Group Support Systems. MIS Quarterly, 17(4): 399-417. Furst, S., Blackburn, R. & Rosen, B. 1999. Virtual Team Effectiveness: A Proposed Research Agenda. Information Systems Journal, 9(4): 249-269. Cluster 9: Theory base for remote work Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H. & Schoorman, F. D. 1995. An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3): 709-734. Ngwenyama, O. K. & Lee, A. S. 1997. Communication Richness in Electronic Mail: Critical Social Theory and the Contextuality of Meaning. MIS Quarterly, 21(2): 145-167. Meyerson, D., Weick, K. E. & Kramer, R. M. 1996. Swift Trust and Temporary Groups. In D. Meyerson & K. E. Weick & R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. 1995. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davenport, T. H. & Prusak, L. 1998. Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press. Cluster 10: Practitioner focus Handy, C. 1995. Trust and the Virtual Organization. Harvard Business Review, 73(3): 40.
Mapping the field of virtual work 9 Cascio, W. F. 2000. Managing a Virtual Workplace. Academy of Management Executive, 14(3): 81-90. Bell, B. S. & Kozlowski, S. W. J. 2002. A Typology of Virtual Teams - Implications for Effective Leadership. Group & Organization Management, 27(1): 14-49. Cluster 11: Distributed teams and information technology Majchrzak, A., Rice, R. E., Malhotra, A., King, N. & Ba, S. L. 2000. Technology Adaptation: The Case of a Computer-Supported Inter-Organizational Virtual Team. MIS Quarterly, 24(4): 569-600. Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. 1986. The Moderator Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research - Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6): 1173-1182. Hinds, P. J. & Bailey, D. E. 2003. Out of Sight, Out of Sync: Understanding Conflict in Distributed Teams. Organization Science, 14(6): 615-632. Griffith, T. L., Sawyer, J. E. & Neale, M. A. 2003. Virtualness and Knowledge in Teams: Managing the Love Triangle of Organizations, Individuals, and Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 27(2): 265-287. Gibson, C. B. & Cohen, S. G. 2003. Virtual Teams that Work: Creating Conditions for Virtual Team Effectiveness. New York: John Wiley. Cluster 12: Definitional Nilles, J. M. 1976. Telecommunications-Transportation Tradeoff: Options for Tomorrow. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Toffler, A. 1980. The Third Wave. New York: Bantam Gillespie, A., Richardson, R. & Cornford, J. 1995. Review of Telework in Britain: Implications for Public Policy, Report to the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology/ESRC 1995. Newcastle. Cluster 13: Initial empirical evidence Nilles, J. M. 1994. Making Telecommuting Happen: A Guide for Telemanagers and Telecommuters. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Olson, M. H. 1988. Organizational Barriers to Telework. In W. B. Korte & S. Robinson & W. J. Steinle (Eds.), Telework: Present Situation and Future Development of a New Form of Work Organization: 77-100. North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Mapping the field of virtual work 10 Hartman, R. I., Stoner, C. R. & Arora, R. 1991. An Investigation of Selected Variables Affecting Telecommuting Productivity and Satisfaction. Journal of Business and Psychology, 6(2): 207-225. Cluster 14: Virtual organization Davidow, W. H. & Malone, M. S. 1992. The Virtual Corporation. New York: Harper Business. Davenport, T. H. & Pearlson, K. 1998. Two Cheers for the Virtual Office. Sloan Management Review, 39(4): 51-66. Cluster 15: Cross cultural teams Gersick, C. J. G. 1988. Time and Transition in Work Teams - Toward a New Model of Group Development. Academy of Management Journal, 31(1): 9-41. Hofstede, G. H. 1980. Culture's Consequences. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Cluster 16: Organizational structures Daft, R. L. & Lengel, R. H. 1984. Information Richness - A New Approach to Managerial Behavior and Organization Design. Research in Organizational Behavior, 6: 191-233. Nohria, N. 1992. Is a Network Perspective a Useful Way of Studying Organizations? In N. Nohria & R. G. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Mapping the field of virtual work 11 Appendix B Enlarged maps of the four main clusters (Figure 2a-d)
Mapping the field of virtual work 12
FIGURE 2 a. Co-citation network of the research cluster on urban planning and transportation $'55",)9*%#'%$)-5+"$@'#($)-5%$$)%+/00A
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Legend: Size and thickness
Shape
Shade
Size of symbol = number of citations Line thickness = co-citation
cluster references related references
first cited in (or before) 1990 first cited in (or before) 1995
first cited in (or before) 2000 first cited in (or before) 2006
