Methods Discussion Introduction ... - University of South Carolina
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Methods Discussion Introduction ... - University of South Carolina
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Speech Neuroscience Lab, Department of Communication Disorders, University of South Carolina, 2 Department of Neurology, University of South Carolina, 3 Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Iowa
Results
Methods
Background:
Experimental task:
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative neurological disorder resulting from progressive cell death of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia1. A hallmark of PD is demonstrated by patients’ impairment in processing the temporal aspects of sensory stimuli for movement, which can have detremental effects on their speech and limb motor function capabilities2-5. However, the underlying neural bases of such motor timing impairment in PD has remained poorly understood.
The experiment consisted of two random-order tasks of speech production and hand movement. Subjects prepared to perform one of the motor tasks following the onset of a relevant visual cue on the screen (Fig. 1). During each task, subjects were instructed to prepare for the cued movement and start vocalizing the speech vowel /a/ or pressing a button after a circle (GO signal) appeared on the screen and stop after the circle disappeared (STOP signal). We designed two counterbalanced blocks within which the subjects performed the tasks in response to temporally predictable and unpredictable visual stimuli.
Evidence from previous studies suggests that the temporal aspects of extrernally presented sensory stimuli can modulate motor reaction time during tasks involving starting6,7 and stpping8,9 movement. These studies have indicated faster motor reaction time in response to temporally predictable vs. unpredictable sensory stimuli. This finding was discussed in the context of a predictive coding model in which an internal representation of timing is established to facilitate movement.
Objective: The present study was a systematic investigation toward understanding the effects of PD on temporal processing mechanisms of movement in speech and hand motor systems. Our goal was to use objective measures of motor reaction time in response to external sensory stimuli with temporally predictable and unpredictable intervals to address the following questions: 1– How the temporal aspects of sensory stimuli affect motor response reaction time during initiation and inhibition of speech and hand movement in PD patients? 2– What are the neurophysiological correlates of temporal processing modulation in response to predictable and unpredictable sensory stimuli in patients with PD?
A) Prepare
Speak
Prepare
Press
Behavioral responses: Results indicated slower reaction times in PD vs. control. Both groups showed faster responses for stopping vs. starting movement (Fig. 2). A)
speech reaction time
Inter Trial Interval (ITI) (2000-3000 ms)
Fixed Interval (T1) (1500 ms)
Predictable Block B) Prepare
Speak
Random Interval (T2) (1000-2000 ms)
Prepare
Inter Trial Interval (ITI) (2000-3000 ms)
Press
Random Interval (T2) (1000-2000 ms)
Unpredictable Block Figure 1. Experimental design of the motor reaction time task for A) temporally predictable and B) unpredictable blocks. In each block, subjects were presented with a task-relevant visual cue (hand or speech) and were instructed to prepare to press a button or vocalize the vowel /a/ after a circle (go signal) appeared on the screen and stop after it disappeared. In this figure, T indicates the time interval between “Preparation” and “Go” in either button press or vocalization task. For the predictable block, the time interval (T1) was fixed at 1500 ms, whereas for the unpredictable block, the time interval (T2) was randomized between 1000-2000 ms. ITI represents the intertrial-interval which was about 2-3 seconds for both predictable and unpredictable conditions.
B)
p < 0.05
hand reaction time
600
p < 0.05
p < 0.05
PD Control
600 p < 0.05
400
200
0
Fixed Interval (T1) (1500 ms)
Discussion
Reaction time [ms]
Introduction
Start
400
200
0
Stop
Start
Stop
Figure 2. Behavioral measures of motor reaction time for the start and stop of A) speech production and B) hand movement in PD patients vs. neurologically intact control subjects.
There was no difference between PD and control in response to unpredictable stimuli. However, when stimulus timing was predictable, control subjects exhibited faster reaction times. No such effect was observed for PD patients (Fig. 3).
p < 0.05
600
p < 0.05
PD Control
500
Reaction Time [ms]
1
Reaction time [ms]
Speech Neuroscience Lab
Neural correlates of impaired motor timing processing during speech production and hand movement in Parkinson’s disease
400 300 200
Figure 3. Behavioral measures of motor reaction time in response to unpredictable vs. predictable stimuli in PD vs. control.
