Mining sector in Russia. Yesterday Today and Tomorrow

Mining sector in Russia. Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Dmitri Zhirov Deputy director of economics GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE KSC RAS

 Part 1) History, current status and general tendencies of the mining industries in Russia     

Common data Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Ferrous metals Industrial minerals Fuel (hydrocarbons) complex

 Part 2) Mining and geology in Murmansk region (Kola peninsula, Northeast of Fennoscandian Shield)  Mining sector and geology  New players and investment opportunities

Common data Role of mining sector for economy of Russia

 ~ 50 % of the incomes of the Budget of Russia  75-77 % of the Russian export  Russia is the key global mineral producer Volume of mineral production, 2004, billion USD

Common data Mining and Processing in Gross Domestic Product 2002

2003

2004

2005

Minerals production, billion USD

21,6

26,2

49,7

69,0

Processing, billion USD

56,36

65,9

91,1

114,5

All Gross Domestic Product, billion USD

361,0

441,4

586,5

747,1

Export, January 2006, million USD, including: fuel-energy produce, from them: petroleum ferrous metals base metals

20 501

14 659 7 162 1 306 966

Common data CONCENTRATION IN THE SECTOR Weight of industrial production of large companies, % 3 companies

6 companies

8 companies

1995

2000

2003

2004

1995

2000

2003

2004

1995

2000

2003

2004

Petroleum producing

29,8

42,9

41,7

38,8

51,0

54,5

57,8

56,1

59,6

59,9

64,0

63,7

Oil-processing

37,7

36,5

30,0

24,5

57,5

57,8

48,9

38,2

69,0

67,7

56,8

44,9

Ferrous metallurgy

32,5

38,0

34,8

33,8

49,3

51,3

47,9

47,6

57,0

57,5

52,9

53,1

Non-ferrous metallurgy

31,8

37,6

27,0

28,7

43,6

45,1

33,5

37,7

49,1

48,6

36,5

40,2

Covering of own requirements in raw material

Rate of use, kg of standard coal on 1 USD of Gross Domestic Product Италия Франция Великобритания Германия Индия Япония Китай США Россия 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Investment in Geology, all sources, billion RUB

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 necessary investment

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Ni Main mineral areas

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Ni

Mineral areas:  Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk reg.), Ural, Murmansk reg., Tyva (Siberia) Principal players of market:  JSC “GMK Norilskii Nikel” including JSC “Kolskaya GMK” (Murmansk reg.) - 69 +18,4 % of Russian reserves of Ni (proved and probable reserves ~ 6,02 mln. t)  Ural: JSC “Kombinat Uzhuralnikel” and JSC “Ufaleinikel” – 9,6% Russian reserves of Ni Annual production:  JSC “GMK Norilskii Nikel” – 230 -250 th. t of Ni (243 th. t in 2004)  The rest – about 10-12 th. t of Ni (4% of Russian production)  Aggregate output of Ni – 240-260 thousand t

Structure and logistics

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Cu Main mineral areas

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Cu Mineral areas:  Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk reg.), Ural, Murmansk reg., Tyva (Siberia), Chitinskaya oblast’ – Udokan, Karachaevo-Cherkesskaya Rep. and Bashkiria Principal players of market:  JSC “GMK Norilskii Nikel” including JSC “Kolskaya GMK” (Murmansk reg.) - 40-45 % of Russian reserves of Cu (proved and probable reserves ~ 9,02 mln. t), 430-460 th. t of refined Cu per year, 447 th. t in 2004 (Russian aggregate output of Cu is 750-800 th.t); JSC “UGMK” (Ural’skaya gorno-metallurgicheskaya kompania) – Ural, Karachaevo-Cherkesskaya Rep. and Bashkiria – 15-20 % reserves of Cu, 280-310 th. t of refined Cu per year;  JSC “Russkaya mednaya kompania” (KMEZ), Ural and Bashkiria, – 5-8% reserves of Cu 75-85 th. t of refined Cu per year; undistributed reserves (Udokan) – 23 % of Russian reserves of Cu

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Pb

Zn

Main mineral areas

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Pb Zn Mineral areas:  Buryatia and Altai (Siberia), Ural, Rep. Alaniya (Northern Caucasia), Novaya Zemlya the Far East and others; Russian aggregate output of primary Pb is 35-40 thousand t, primary Zn - 290-320 thousand t. Principal players of market:  JSC “UGMK” (Ural’skaya gorno-metallurgicheskaya kompania) – Ural, Rep. Alaniya and Bashkiria extract 90 % (260-270 th. t ) of Znconcentrate of Russia  JSC “GMK Dal’polimetall” - 43 % production of primary Pb;  JSK “Ormet” - 27 % production of primary Pb;  JSC “Gorevskii GOK” – 20 % production of primary Pb;  JSC “Sibir’-Polimetall” – 5 % Russian reserves of Zn;  JSK “Chelyabinskii tsinkovyi zavod” produce 70 % of refined Zn;

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Al Main mineral areas

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Al Mineral areas:  Krasnoyarskii Krai, Magadan, Rep. Sakha, Khabarovskii Krai, Irkutskaya and Amurskaya Oblasti Russian aggregate output of primary Al: 3350 - 3500 thousand t per year, Principal players of market:  JSC “Russkii aluyminii” – 34 % of alumina & 74 % of primary Al aluminium;  JSC “SUAL” – 80-82 % of Russian bauxite, 65 % of alumina & 26 % of primary Al  JSC “APATIT” – 80-90 % of Russian nepheline ores

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Au

Ag

Main mineral areas

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Au Ag Mineral areas:  Krasnoyarskii Krai, Magadan, Rep. Sakha, Khabarovskii Krai, Irkutskaya and Amurskaya Oblasti Russian aggregate output of Au: 190-220 t per year, Ag – 1300-1500 t per year Principal players of market:  JSC “Polus” (subsidiary of JSC “GMK Norilskii Nikel”) – 23-25% production of Au (36 – 40 t);  JSC “MNPO Polimetall” – producer of 60-70 % (770-850 t) of Russian output of Ag and 2-3 % of Au (4-4,5 t);  New foreign players: Bema Gold, Highland Gold Mining, Barric Gold (?)

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds Principal producers of gold in 2003, t per year

82.3

4

4.3

4.9

4.8

5.5

5.8

6 6

36.3

ОАО ГМК «Норильский никель» ЗАО «Амур» ООО «Многовершинное» ОАО «Сусуманзолото» ОАО «Омолонская ЗРК» ОАО «Алданзолото» ОАО «Бурятзолото» ОАО «НПО «Полиметалл» ЗАО «Южуралзолото» прочие

Non-ferrous (base metals) & precious metals, diamonds PGE Main mineral areas

PGE Mineral areas:  Krasnoyarskii Krai, Kola Peninsula, Ural, Khabarovski Krai, Kokyakskoe nagor’e (Chukotka), Rep. Karelia Russian aggregate output of PGE: 145-170 t per year, Principal players of market:  JSC “GMK Norilskii Nikel” including JSC “Kolskaya GMK” (Murmansk reg.) - 98-99 % of Russian reserves of PGE (proved and probable reserves); aggregate output: 35003800 th. oz of Pd, 670-750 th. oz of Pt and 6-8 t of rest PGE;  JSC “Artel’ staratelei AMUR” and JSK ‘Koryakdobycha” – 1-1,5% Russian proved and probable reserves of PGE (in alluvial deposit); aggregate output 4-6 t of PGE per year.  New players: Puma, Bema, JSC “UGMK” in Kola Peninsula.

Diamonds Main mineral areas

Mineral areas: Diamonds  Rep. Sakha , Permskaya and Arkhangel’skaya oblasti, Kola Peninsula and Karelia Russian aggregate output of Diamonds: ~ 1500-1648,5 million USD per year (19-21% of world output, ~ 20 million carat, including 10,5-11,5 million carat of gem diamond) Principal players of market:  JSC “ALROSA” including daughter enterprises - 94-95 % of Russian proved and probable reserves of Diamonds; ~ 98-99 % aggregate output:  JSK “Priisk Uralalmaz”(Permskaya oblast’) ~ 1 % of Russian output  New mineral & mining area - Arkhangel’skaya oblast’: Lomonosovskaya & im.Griba pipes

TR&REE Main mineral areas

Mineral areas:

TR&REE

Kola Peninsula, Rep. Sakha, Rep. Tyva (Siberia), Rep. Komi, Chitinskaya and Irkutskaya oblasti (Siberia) Russian reserves of TR&REE – 28 million t in oxide forms, aggregate output : 150-250 th. t of ore per year, 300-400 t of primary metals Principal players of market:  JSC “Lovozerskii GOK” - 70 % of Russian proved and probable reserves of ; ~ 85-90 % aggregate output;  JSC “Solikamskii magnievyi kombinat” – 75-85% of primary metals and oxides;  “TVEL” – plant in Chitinskaya oblast’: planned production capacity 40 t of Ta and 60 t of Nb per year.  JSC “Metahim” (Pikalevskii Glinozem”) produce 6-8 t of Gallium from nepheline ore (Khibiny)  JSK “Kovdorskii GOK” (Evrokhim group) mine 4-6 th.t of baddeleite concentrate (brazilite) –ZrO2

Ferrous metals Fe Main mineral areas and production centers

Ferrous metals Fe

Principal players and structure of market:

Ferrous metals Cr

Ferrous metals Cr Mineral areas: Kola Peninsula, Rep. Kareliya, Yamalo-Nenetskii Okrug, Ural (Chelyabinskaya, Permskaya and Sverdlovskaya oblasti), Rep. Komi, Rep.Bashkortostan and Chitinskaya oblast’ Russian proved and probable reserves of Chromite ~ 49.5 million t, aggregate output : 160-180 thousand t of raw ore & 170-200 thousand t of concentrate; 270-340 thousand t of ferrochromium Principal players of market:  JSC “Saranovskaya shahta Rudnaya” – 90-100 th. t of concentrate; JSC “Chelyabinskii elektrometallurgicheskii kombinat” – 80-90 th. t of concentrate, 140-170 th. t of ferrochromium; JSC “Serodskii zavod ferrosplavov” – 125-145 th. t of ferrochromium; the rest – 10-20 th. t of ferrochromium.

Ferrous metals Mn

Ferrous metals Mn

Mineral areas: Kemerovskaya oblast’, Sverdlovskaya oblast’ (Ural), Rep. Komi, Chitinskaya & Irkutskaya oblasti, Leningradskaya oblast’ and Evreiskaya oblast’ Russian proved and probable reserves of Mn ores ~ 159 million t, aggregate output : 60-130 thousand t of Mn ores & 50-110 thousand t of silicomanganese & ferromanganese; import quota: 90% of concentrate, 70-75 % of alloys Principal players of market:  JSC “Marganets Komi” - 40-50 th.t of Mn ore, JSK “Nedra Sibiri” - 5-8 th.t of Mn ore, JSC Priargunskoe PGHO” – 15-20 th.t of Mn ore, JSC “Serodskii zavod ferrosplavov” – 30-50 th.t of silicomanganese

Ti

Ti Mineral areas: Rep. Komi, Kola Peninsula, Chitinskaya oblast’ (Siberia), Chelyabinskaya oblast’ (Ural) Russian consumption: TiO2 - 50-55 thousand t, Ti – 5 thousand t Principal players of market:  JSC “Yaregskaya neftetitanovaya kompaniya”; JSC AVISMA titano-magnievyi kombinat”- 26 thousand t of spongy titanium; JSC “Solikamskii magnievyi kombinat” - 1-5 thousand t of spongy titanium & pigmental titanium dioxide JSC “Verhnesaldinskoe metallurgicheskoe ob’edinenie – VSMPO” - 15 thousand t of finished commodity from Ti.  In 2004-2005 AVISMA and VSMPO were consolidated in JSC “Korporatsiya VSMPO – AVISMA”

Industrial minerals P2O5

Main mineral areas

Industrial minerals P2O5 Mineral areas: Murmanskaya (Kola Peninsula), Leningradskaya, Kirovskaya oblasti’, Rep. Sakha, Rep.Buryatiya, Bryanskaya, Kemerovskaya and Irkutskaya oblasti’ Russian proved and probable reserves of Р2О5 ~ 1.3 billion t (in Р2О5), aggregate output: 4,9-5,2 million t Р2О5, 2,5-2,8 mln t of phosphatic manure (in Р2О5); export ~ 3-3,5 million t of apatite concentrate and ~ 2,0-2,3 mln t of phosphatic manure (in Р2О5); Principal players of market: JSC “APATITE” (Group FOSAGRO) – 8-9,5 mln. t of apatite concentrate;  JSC “Kovdorskii GOK” (Group EVROKHIM) – 1,7-2 mln. t of apatite concentrate;  JSC “Fosforit-Portstroi” (Group EVROKHIM) – 1,5-2,5 mln. t of phosphorite ore (0,15-0,17 mln. t in Р2О5) from Kingisepskoe deposite

Industrial minerals Main mineral areas

K

Industrial minerals K

Mineral areas: Permskaya (Ural), Irkutskaya, Astrakhanskaya, Samarskaya and Kaliningradskaya oblasti’ Russian of K (potassium salts) ~ 19.4 billion t (in К2О), aggregate output: 5,9-6,2 million t of potassium salts (in К2О), 4,7-4,9 mln. t of potash fertilizer (in К2О); export ~ 3,5-4 million t of potash fertilizer (in К2О) Principal players of market:  JSC “Uralkalii” – 21,5 % of proved and probable reserves, 53 % of aggregate output (ores) & 55,8% of potash fertilizer  JSC “Sil’vinit” – 21,3% of proved and probable reserves, 47 % of aggregate output (ores) & 44.2 % of potash fertilizer

Baltic direction of export of the Russian hydrocarbons

Part II

Mining and geology in Murmansk region (Kola peninsula, Northeast of Fennoscandian Shield)

History of mining in the Kola Peninsula Peter 1 laid the foundation of the Russian mining legislation. In 1700 he subscribed to the name decree, which name was “About the order of The Large Treasury and About the order of The Mining businesses”

Именной указ Петра «О Приказе Большой Казны и Приказе Рудокопных дел» 1700 года августа 24 дня

Запись в книге Приказа рудных дел о поисках по указу царя Петра I серебряной руды на о.Медвежий (примерно апрель 1701 года)

MINERALS RESOURCES Murmansk region – the oldest and richest in minerals region in Russia:  The first mine began to extract silver on island Medvezhi (Bear) in 1731.  During XX century about 400 different ore deposits and occurrences were found.  64 chemical elements and 52 industrial minerals are found out in economic concentration

MINERAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MURMANSK REGION

Linakhamari Pechenga

Apatity- town of Murmansk region Nickel

Zapolyarny Polyarny

Teriberka

Severomorsk

Murmansk

Olenegorsk Lovozero Revda

- Main road - Other road - Railway - Main power network - Other power network - Transport corridor for oil pipe - Mining or dressing company

Gremikha

Monchegorsk

Apatity Kovdor

Kirovsk Kirovsk Ponoy

Polyarnye Zori Kandalaksha

Alakurtti Umba

Republic of Karelia

Chupa Designed by Dmitriy Zhirov

69° 20’

MINERAL DEPOSITS - Fe ores - Cu-Ni ores - Cu-Mo ores - Cr ores - Ti-Fe-V ores - PGM ores - Diamonds - Gold - Apatite - Muscovite - Phlogopite - Vermiculite - Barite - Kyanite - Quartz & quartzite - Ceramic pegmatite - Ta-Nb ores - Zr ores - TR - REE - Graphite - Olivinite - Facing stone - Amethist

reserves

%

production

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Feores

Cu-Ni - ores

PGM

zirconium

TR

apatite nepheline vermiculite

phlogopite

kyanite

WEIGHT OF THE MURMANSK REGION IN THE RUSSIAN NATIONAL MINERAL RESERVES (green column) AND PRODUCTION (red column)

2002-2004

По материалам АРКТИКЦЕНТРА, Финляндия

ГОРНАЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ И СМЕЖНЫЕ ОТРАСЛИ

MINING AND CONNECTED INDUSTRIES MINING INDUSTRY: • Gross Product – 1,6-1,7 billion USD • More than 40 thousand of workplace • 9 towns with about 300 000 inhabitants • 60-65 % incomes of the Budget of Murmansk region and 90-95% incomes of the Municipal Budgets

CONNECTED INDUSTRIES – multiplicative action: • Load of the regional rail transport - 7585% & the sea transport - 25-40 % • Electric power consumption - 70-75 % • Building - 40-50 % of aggregate output

MINING INDUSTRY of Murmansk region: 6 large mining companies, 3 metallurgical works, 7-9 large geological companies

JSC «KOLA MINING & METALLURGICAL COMPANY»

«ПЕЧЕНГАНИКЕЛЬ» – 3 рудника, обогатительная фабрика, цех обжига и металлургическая фабрика «СЕВЕРОНИКЕЛЬ» - металлургическая фабрика и рудник Хромитовый (?)

JSC «KOLA MINING & METALLURGICAL COMPANY»

Общая выручка (2004) / revenue > 470 млн. USD including from ores of Pechenga deposites: 36 thousand t of Ni & 16 thousand t of Cu Nickel Copper Gold

СТРУКТУРА ПРОДАЖ ПРОДУКЦИИ

PGE The rest

88%

0%

8% 3%

1%

JSC «KOLA MINING & METALLURGICAL COMPANY» Priority lines of the company: 1. Construction underground mine “Severnyi – Glubokii” with capacity 4 mln. t of Cu-Ni ores in 2010 and 6 mln. t of Cu-Ni ores in 2015. 2. Prospecting the Ti – deposit “Ugo-Vostochnaya Gremyakha” 3. Prospecting project close-out of the Sopcheozerskoe Cr - deposit 4. PGE direction: exploration in General’skaya, Volchetundrovskii & Tsaginskii massifs and Ulitozersko-Anistundrovskaya & Monchegorskaya areas. 5. Gold direction: exploration in framing of Pechenga structure, Irinegorskaya structure

ОАО АПАТИТ - JSC APATITE

ОАО АПАТИТ – 6 разрабатываемых месторождений, 4 рудника, 2 обогатительные фабрики

ОАО АПАТИТ - JSC APATITE Общая выручка (2004) / revenue > 700 млн. USD 8,852 mln.t of of apatite concentrate & >1,1 mln.t of of nepheline concentrate СТРУКТУРА ВЫ РУЧКИ ОАО АПАТИТ Apatite

91%

Nepheline The rest

1%

8%

ОАО АПАТИТ - JSC APATITE Priority lines of the company: 1. Development of underground mines: 18-19 mln. t of ore (70-75% of aggregate output) 2. Prospecting the Rasvumchorr deposite & prospecting project close-out of the “Olenii Ruchei” deposite. 3. The end contours of open-pits optimization in large deposits (investigation of Mining & Geological institutes KSC RAS for JSC Apatite and JSC Kovdorskii GOK)

Rational & Effective use of entrails А

В

Касаясь только месторождений Хибин, увеличение генеральных углов наклона бортов с 30-35° (существующий регламент) до 65-70° (проектируемый регламент) эквивалентно "открытию" нового среднегокрупного месторождения с запасами не менее 20 - 25 млн. т. P2O5.

ОАО ОЛКОН - JSC OLKON

ОАО ОЛКОН - 5 карьеров, 1 подземный рудник и ГОК

ОАО ОЛКОН - JSC OLKON Общая выручка (2004) / revenue – 93,172 млн. USD Произведено: железорудного концентрата - 3619.7 тыс.т, щебня - 2056.1 тыс.м3, ферритовых стронциевых порошков - 1388.7 т, кислорода - 9067 балл. Fe-ores Сrushed stone 94%

Ferrite powder

2%

4%

ОАО ОЛКОН - JSC OLKON Priority lines of the company:

1. Construction underground mine on the Olenegorskoe deposit with capacity in 2009 2,5 mln t or iron ore 2. Construction new underground mines on the deposits: “15 let Oktyabrya” – 2009, “Kirovogorskoe” – 2011, “Komsomol’skoe” – 2021 with aggregate output 14 million t of iron ore. 3. Development and mining of small deposits

ОАО Ковдорский ГОК - JSC Kovdorskii GOK

tailing dump – new deposite

ОАО Ковдорский ГОК - JSC Kovdorskii GOK Общая выручка (2004) / revenue > 260 млн. USD Структура в ы ручки ОАО Ков дорский ГОК 6% 35%

Fe-ores Apatite Baddeleite

59%

ОАО Ковдорский ГОК - JSC Kovdorskii GOK Priority lines of the company:

1. The end contours of quarry “Zheleznyi” optimization for prolongation open-pit over 20-25 years. 2. Prospecting & technological test of ores of apatiteshtaffelite deposite 3. Developing the man-caused deposits in 1 & 2 tailing dumps .

ОАО Ковдорский ГОК - JSC Kovdorskii GOK

ГЕОЛОГИЯ / GEOLOGY Мурманская ГРЭ / JSC Murmanskaya GRE Центрально-Кольская ПСЭ / JSC TSKE Печенгская ГРЭ / JSC Pechengskaya GRE Геологический институт КНЦ РАН / Geological Institute KSC RAS ОАО «Пана» / JSC “Pana” ОАО «КГИЛЦ» / JSC “KGILC” about 10 companies – operators of geological explorations

GEOLOGY Budget pr ovisions into geological investigations

400,0 375,2

368,4

340,8

350,0

319,2 308,8 291,9

300,0

mln.rub

250,0 204,0 200,0

177,5

171,5 149,8

150,0 117,3 101,3

99,5 85,3

100,0

65,0 54,9

67,8 57,5 44,1 37,4

50,0

0,0

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001 Ye ar s

Without VAT

With VAT

2002

2003

2004

2005

Distribution of financing by sources 2500,0

2000,0

mln.rub

1500,0

1000,0

500,0

0,0 1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001 Years

Budget

Own funds and investments

Investments

Total amount

2002

2003

2004

2005

TOTAL VOLUME OF INVESTMENTS (FORECAST) IN GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPLORATION TILL 2010 (2003-2010) - 240-270 million USD 5% 1%

1%

93% Federal budget Budget of the Murmansk region Budget of the municipality's Private investment

THE COMPANIES WHICH INVEST (or INVESTED) IN GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS JSC NORILSKI NIKEL (JSC KOLA MINING COMPANY) JSC LUKOIL JSC SEVERSTAL’ JSC ALROSA FINANCIAL GROUP MDM BANK – (EUROKHIM) FINANCIAL GROUP MENATEP (JSC APATITE) BHP-BILLITON BARRICK BEMA PUMA DE BIRS others …

СОВРЕМЕЕНЫЕ ПРОЕКТЫ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ / CURRENT PROJECTS AND DIRECTIONS

1. МПГ / Platinum-Palladium 2. Золото / Gold 3. Алмазы / Diamonds 4. Титан / Ti 5. Углеводороды / Oil 6. Барит / Barite 7. Гранат / Garnet 8. Подземные воды для питьевого снабжения/ Underground Water

New perspective directions 1. Кианиты 2. Эвдиалит 3. Керамическое сырье 4. Титанит (сфен) 5. Кварц 6. Графит 7. Редкие и редкоземельные 8. Редкие и уникальные виды природнокаменного сырья

Platinum-Palladium

GOLD

0

С

10 км

Оленинское (Au , Ag)

I’

I

II’

Няльм-1 (Au) Няльм-2 (Au)

II

III’

III

IV’ V’ IV VI’ 70

85

V

VI

OIL & GAS

TITAN

BARITE

QUARTZ

UNDERGROUND WATER

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ НАПРАЛЕНИЯ

Месторождение Ловчорр The Lovchorr deposit (quarry) •

Хибинит (Khibinite)

Средняя плотность (Average density), kg/m3 - 26002740(2640) Истинная плотность (Density), g/cm3 - 2,67-2,80(2,70) Водопоглощение (Water absorption), % - 0,1-0,9 (0,2) Предел прочности на сжатие (Compressive strength), MPa - 96-310 (215) Модуль Юнга (Yuong’s modulus), GPa - 42 Эффективная удельная активность (Efficient specific activity) PQ / g 7,4 Mineral composition: Амфибол (Amfibole), % 3-6 Апатит (Apatite), % 0-2 Альбит (Albite),% 15-30 КПШ (K-Feldspate), % 16-35 Эгирин (Egirine),% 8-12 Эвдиалит (Eudialite),% 0-4 Магнетит (Magnetite),% 0-1

Месторождение (карьер) Мончетундровское Quarry MonchetundraГаббро (Gabbro)

Средняя плотность (Average density), kg/m3 - 27402970(2840) Истинная плотность (Density), g/cm3 - 2,82-2,08 (1,24) Водопоглощение (Water absorption), % - 0,1-0,3 (0,2) Предел прочности на сжатие (Compressive strength), MPa - 155-390 (272) Модуль Юнга (Yuong’s modulus), GPa - 40,8-80,8 (62,3) Mineral composition: Апатит (Apatite), % + Биотит (Biotite), % 0-2 Гранат (Garnete),% 0-5 Диопсид (Diopside),% 0-25 Плагиоклаз (Plagioklase),% 40-70 Роговая обманка (Hornblende),% 10-25 Кварц (Quartz),% 0-1,5 Эпидот (Epidote),% 0-12

Проявление анортозитов Колвицкое The Kolvitskoe occurrence of anortosite

Проявление анортозитов Колвицкое The Kolvitskoe occurrence of anortosite

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