3rd International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems – 2013 (ICRIIS’13)
Mobile Applications Using Augmented Reality To Support Older People
Sofianiza Abd Malik, Lili Marziana Abdullah, Murni Mahmud and Muna Azuddin Department of Information Systems International Islamic University Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia {sofianiza, lmarziana, murni}@iium.edu.my
[email protected] Abstract— Increasing trends in using augmented reality applications on mobile devices among older people have been observed. It is well recognized that some problems are faced by older people in adopting mobile devices. It is vital to understand the problems in order to design better mobile devices that suit older people since they will make up the highest proportion of the population in later years. The paper highlights literatures conducted in investigating mobile applications and augmented reality applications developed for older people that can enhance the mobile device usage among them. The new trends of augmented reality applications allow older people to achieve more benefits from use of mobile devices. Keywords-mobile device; augmented reality; older people
I.
INTRODUCTION
Mobile computing devices are now perceived as ubiquitous computing that serves community in many platforms through various mobile applications such as social, finance, health, productivity, entertainment, dining, travel and etc. Islam et al. mentioned that mobile applications consist of software or program that runs on a mobile device and perform certain tasks for the user [1]. Mobile applications run on a small hand held mobile device which is moveable, easy to use and accessible from anywhere and anyplace. It allows users to contact friends, browse internet, manage file content management, create and handle document, be entertained etc. Figure 1 shows the rapid growth of mobile applications market in Asia which is increasing yearly [1]. It reflects that people are moving toward using mobile devices such as smart phones, tablets and feature phones that operate mobile applications.
Figure 1. Global Mobile Apps Market [1].
However older people population may find the advent of mobile device and applications developments are not appropriate for them. Older people are also known as ‘digital immigrants’ [2] or not ‘digital natives’ [3]; meaning that they are born before the technological age. Participation of older people population in mobile devices development has been neglected; they are not given priority to be involved in the mobile design process [4]. The consequences are apparent when they are struggling to adapt and adopt the mobile devices that are not centrally designed for them. However, they have no other alternative but to use the technology in order to stay connected with their family members and community. Refusing to use mobile devices could affect older people social life, leading to isolation and depression. Despite the issues of adopting mobile devices, older people also have benefited from the technology in many ways. Using mobile devices help them to prevent isolation and depression [5] where they can easily communicate with their family members and community to stay socially active. Mobile devices allow older people to live independently and give them a sense of autonomy to manage their routine life [6]. Mobile devices also act as emergency tool where they can simply ask for help from others when they are lost; and unwell [7, 9] and fear for their safety [6]. Several common features in mobile devices such as calendar, alarm and memo can be used as memory aid and reminder tool for older
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3rd International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems – 2013 (ICRIIS’13) people especially in managing medication and appointments [7, 8, 10]. II.
PROBLEMS WITH MOBILE DEVICES
Older people are facing several issues and problems when using mobile devices in term of mobile design, cognitive decline, motivational issues and physical impairment. A. Mobile Design Most older people are experiencing problem with mobile interface design [5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14]. They can be categorized into two; interface design and interaction design. Interface design refers to design of menus, image, icon, text and colour. Abascal et al. [15] claimed that older people frequently reject technology due to low quality of interface design rather than a lack of acceptance. Kurniawan [4] also reported that older people find the interface of mobile devices is difficult to learn and to use. Interface complexity that requires too many efforts and learning skills for older people to use may hinder them from using the mobile applications [16]. Older people prefer a simple mobile interface design that is clear and easy for them to use without making so much effort to learn. Meanwhile, mobile interaction design refers to the input and output mechanism uses by older people to accomplish task such as buttons, gestures, display, haptic and audio. Usually, older people have difficulties in using buttons design because of small size buttons and characters [7, 8, 11, 14]. In addition, small size of mobile displays also may affect their intention to use mobile applications [5, 17]. Touch-based or slide gestures also incur dilemma among older people to perform task using mobile devices [5] due to poor physical coordination. These issues mostly related as they are aging and decreasing health status such as sensory motor skills, eyesight and hearing, and cognitive ability that limited their performance to operate mobile devices. B. Cognitive Decline Cognitive capabilities generally can be defined as mental abilities that use to give attention to the world, interpret the information, learn and remember, solve problems and make decisions [18]. Declining in cognitive abilities as part of aging process is related to decrease speed of information processing, working memory function, inhibitory function and sensory function [19]. As older people experience aging process, they may find difficulties to remember sequences to use mobile applications, moreover the applications requires more learning efforts and complex interaction [5]. This wills result to lower cognitive performance especially in navigating the mobile devices. C. Motivational Issues Motivational factors in the context of mobile usage are people belief, attitude, anxiety, fear, computer literacy, acceptability [5, 6, 12], confidence and support [6, 17, 20]. The rapid development of mobile devices has placed a belief and attitude among older people that this technology is develop for younger generation. Fear committing mistakes to
explore mobile applications also hinder them from comfortably using the technology. Low of confidence level and knowledge has affected their ability to use and explore mobile applications [21]. Lack of circle support from community in coaching older people to use mobile application affects their perception towards mobile devices. Reduced usage rate of mobile applications among older people is because of poor understanding the benefits of mobile applications as well as reluctant to learn a skill [5, 12, 21]. Many older people unwilling to invest to use mobile devices unless they perceive the benefits offered clearly outweigh the costs and disadvantages. For example, most of them prefer to use basic calling function instead of using other mobile applications [11, 17]. This happens due to lack of confidence and low benefit and relevance perception towards other applications. D. Physical Impairment Understanding age-related capability impairment is important for mobile communication system design for older people. As they are aging, they may suffer for physical impairment such as slower response time, coordination reduction, loss of flexibility, vision and deafness [5]. However, these impairments may vary individually. Declining in eyesight and hearing may cause restriction [12] for older people to access mobile applications since these are the main output mechanism of mobile devices. Besides physical impairment, physiological factors like isolation and depression also can hinders them from using technological innovation [5]. III.
MOBILE APPLICATIONS AND OLDER PEOPLE
Massimi et al. reported scopes of mobile applications that interest older people to use are calendar, address book, notebook, guide to use the mobile device, reminder, alarm, games and emergency [8]. These are basic mobile functions that can assist them to live independently with minimal support from others. However, they also found that older people have desire to a variety of applications beyond simply mobile functions. They have proposed a ‘senior-friendly’ mobile device with decrease sensory motor skills and reduce function complexity. Lesner and Klinger listed three mobile applications that are suitable for older people to use such as amplifier, visual and telecommunication applications [12]. They highlighted a major challenge in mobile applications is associated with lack of information provided for older people to use the applications. With limited knowledge and no guidance from other people, this may lead to negative perception towards mobile applications. Attitude or motivational factors among older people in experiencing mobile devices and applications can contribute to older people emotion, practical insights and behaviors about mobile technology [22]. Majority of older people are reluctant to accept unfamiliar technology [6] and multifunctional mobile devices in which they perceived as difficult to operate and require more effort to learn. Wang also [22] reported that urban older people are more significant in using mobile devices compared to rural older
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3rd International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems – 2013 (ICRIIS’13) people in term of memory ability where urban older people manage to remember emergency and children mobile numbers. In order to maintain the use of mobile applications among older people especially with declining eyesight, there are several guidelines have been proposed by Ahmad et al.,[13] such as (i) use contrast colour for text and background of mobile application such as, black colour for text and white colour for background, (ii) use large and readable font such as Arial font type, (iii) use the number keypad or button as shortcut, (iv) maintain consistency in mobile application design and (v) design a simple navigation mobile application. Meanwhile, Leung et al. [16] discussed different approaches for improving mobile applications learnability: (i) improving the characteristics of graphical icons that presence concreteness and icon usability, (ii) using multilayered interfaces to reduce complexity and allowing older people to develop a stronger mental model and (iii) augmenting the mobile interface with a larger display that provides real-time guidance and feedback. Augmented mobile applications are latest trend of mobile applications that able to enhance the use of mobile usage among older people especially for declining cognitive ability [23]. A. Mobile Applications and Older People in Malaysia According to Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) statistics in year 2013 [31], mobile device users are increasing yearly with more than 42 thousands for the first quarter. More than half (56.5 %) are male mobile users and 43.5% are female users. Figure 2 [32] shows the most dominated handphone users are adult with 73.3% (aged from 20 - 49). The number of handphone users dropped for older people by 13.5% (aged from 50 – and above). However, comparing to year 2011, there is a slight increasing percentage among older people handphone users by 0.01%.
Figure 2. Handphone Users in Year 2012 [32].
Karim et al. investigated the use of mobile devices and appropriation among Malaysian cohorts; age and gender [25]. Later the investigation of mobile usage has been
extended in higher education institution [26, 27] context. They found that the common purposes of mobile devices were to facilitate social communication among family members and friends, schedule purposes, personal safety (emergency contact) [7, 9, 17], and education purposes. Besides, the most used services in mobile devices were SMS, video calls and music, and the widely used mobile features were alarm clock, address book, calendar and camera. These findings were similar as reported by [8]. Nasir et al. investigated the use of mobile phone among older people and found that they have problems in mobile application design such as button, menus, function, display, size and colour [7]. However, their perception toward mobile device was positive as they found mobile was useful for social factor and able to provide assurance in emergency situation. Interestingly, older people in Malaysia also reported that mobile design should not necessary limited to old-style or supporting very basic calling functions only [8]. According to Kurniawan older people are quite vocal in specifying functions they would like to have in mobile devices [4]. Sulaiman and Sohaimi reported that complex features and interface design caused problems for older people to use mobile devices [17]. They found Malaysian older people preferred a larger display, a touched screen, labeled icons and larger fonts of mobile applications. These factors would increase the usability factor of mobile applications. Meanwhile, according to Zulkifli [10] User Centered Design (UCD) is the suitable interface design for elderly especially in developing features like contact, message, alarm and calendar. IV.
AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS FOR OLDER PEOPLE
Augmented reality (AR) is a new developed technology enhanced by virtual reality computer graphics and visualization of technology [23]. AR enhances the user’s perception and interaction such as vision, hearing, touch and smell [24] with the combination of real world. AR technology augments the sense of reality by superimposing virtual objects and cues upon the real world in real time [28]. Azuma proposed there are three criteria that can determine the augmented reality application [34]; (i) combination of real and virtual objects in a real environment, (ii) alignment of real and virtual objects with each other; and (iii) the application runs interactively, in 3 dimension (3D) and in real time. The development of mobile devices has enabled AR technology to run on its machine. The new generation of mobile devices that contains more powerful processing machine and higher resolution screen, make a perfect environment for AR to be used in mobile devices [23]. Kim and Dey investigated the use of augmented reality in vehicle windshield display for supporting cognitive mapping aid for older driver [29]. Their findings reported a significant reduction in navigation errors and distraction compared to typical vehicle navigation display for older people. Older people attitude such as shy away from the web and fear in making mistakes have triggered a research on voice
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3rd International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems – 2013 (ICRIIS’13) augmentation. Sato et al. [20] developed a technique called voice augmentation to support older people in reducing cognitive load. The voice augmentation was used in web applications to assist older people in filling forms. The results showed the voice augmentation manage to increase confidence level of older people. Zhou et al. implemented augmented reality in radio function in mobile device since older people were having difficulties in interface design [23]. They developed augmented reality of mobile radio function similar to traditional radio interface in order to make older people feel comfortable and provide real usage experience. They reported that it was easier for older people to change channel when using mobile radio function. A. Augmented Reality in Malaysia The emerging technologies of augmented reality the in global market has also influence Malaysia to implement AR in certain areas. With the increase usage of smart phones users in Asia, offers the opportunity to business companies to implement augmented reality application in mobile devices to attract customers such as IKEA [43], Mercedes [44] and Malaysia Airline Systems (MAS) [45]. However, the development of augmented reality applications in Malaysia mostly focuses to general users such as kids, teenagers and adult. In Malaysia, AR applications are commonly used as educational tools for enhancing students’ learning [39] because of the interactivity which is not available in the conventional learning tools. Noh et al. applied AR for virtual heritage system where it can enhance, motivate and stimulate students’ understanding of certain historical events and culture [35]. The AR model in the virtual heritage systems has increased the speeds of the rendering process due adding a small virtual object to real environment. Rambli et al. developed an interactive augmented reality edutainment storybook (Sang Kancil and Crocodiles) for preschool to enhance story reading and learning experience [40]. They found that users were interested to use the storybook but it required more interactivity and animation. Similarly, Parhizkar et al. developed mobile AR application for visual translator (Bahasa Malaysia) in real time [41]. The mobile AR translator was able to assist people in understanding and subsequently provide meanings to writings displayed in real environment. The implementation of AR application in various platforms such as in the field of education requires user acceptance evaluation. Sumadio and Rambli conducted usability evaluation of AR educational tool among students, teachers and industrial practitioners [38]. The result indicated that AR application was well and positively accepted even though most of participants have never experienced to use AR application before. Meanwhile in marine ecology area, Shamsuddin et al. introduced AR application in the context of underwater habitat for assisting scuba divers to explore and gain experience before they have up-coming journey to dive into the real underwater [42]. The AR application provides
information and visualization for the chosen underwater habitat for the scuba divers to prepare themselves. Besides the use of AR in educational and supporting tool, there are few studies have investigated the technical aspect of AR application. In making the virtual objects look realistic and harmoniously mix with real environment, Noh [36] and Kolivand et al. [37] implemented shadows to enhance images in the AR environment. By producing realistic soft shadows to the image or object, it improves the realism of AR environment. V.
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
There has been very limited research conducted to investigate the appropriation or mobile usage among Malaysian community [27] especially focusing on older people in Malaysia. Many investigations have been performed to understand mobile devices usage among younger generation [10, 24, 25, 26, 30] since currently younger generation population contribute to largest community [33] and highest mobile devices user rate [32] in Malaysia. However, according to United Nation statistics [33], older generation population is gradually increased yearly, especially for developing country like Malaysia (in the South-East Asia region) that triple the older population and reaching an aging society by year 2050 as shown in Figure 3. This indicates that there is a need to understand the usage pattern of older people in using mobile devices as this population later will become the larger group of mobile user.
Figure 3. Older People population statistics from United Nation [32].
Augmented reality studies in Malaysia are mostly focusing on the effectiveness of AR as an educational tool especially for students [35, 38, 39, 40, 41]. AR as learning tool can enhance the interactivity and experience among students compared to traditional learning method. The use of AR as supporting tool for educational purposes can attract students to actively engage in class and create encouraging environment for them to gain knowledge. With the increase of AR technologies for mobile devices, there is a need to investigate the user acceptance and usability factors.
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3rd International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems – 2013 (ICRIIS’13) [8] TABLE I.
RESAERCH ON AUGMENTED REALITY IN MALAYSIA [9]
Author /Year
Area
Noh, 2009 [35]
Educational
Noh, 2009 [36]
Technical
Not stated
Sumadio, 2010 [38]
Evaluation
Students, teachers, industrial
Maqableh, 2010 [39]
Educational
Not stated
Rambli, 2012 [40]
Educational
Preschool students
Educational
Not stated
Parhizkar, 2013 [41] Shamsuddin, [42]
2013
Kolivand, 2013 [37]
Marine Technical
Users Preschool students
Scuba divers
[10] [11] [12]
[13]
Not stated [14]
With the improvement of mobile devices computing performance, AR can be used in various areas, platforms, users and purposes. However, based on the previous studies in listed Table 1, it is reasonable to say that there is a lack of research done to investigate the use of AR applications in mobile devices for older people. The use of AR applications will be able to transform the interface into senior-friendly mobile devices [23] and able to support mobile usage among older people. Implementing AR technologies in mobile devices could support older people to independence and quality of life. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was funded through Research Acculturation Grant Scheme (RAGS12-052-0052) supported by International Islamic University Malaysia. REFERENCES [1]
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