Neofelis nebulosa, Clouded Leopard - IUCN Red List

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T14519A97215090

Neofelis nebulosa, Clouded Leopard Assessment by: Grassman, L., Lynam, A., Mohamad, S., Duckworth, J.W., Bora, J., Wilcox, D., Ghimirey, Y., Reza, A. & Rahman, H.

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Citation: Grassman, L., Lynam, A., Mohamad, S., Duckworth, J.W., Bora, J., Wilcox, D., Ghimirey, Y., Reza, A. & Rahman, H. 2016. Neofelis nebulosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T14519A97215090. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

Taxonomy Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Taxon Name:  Neofelis nebulosa (Griffith, 1821) Common Name(s): • English: • French: • Spanish:

Clouded Leopard Panthère longibande, Panthère Nébuleuse Pantera del Himalaya, Pantera Longibanda, Pantera Nebulosa

Taxonomic Notes: Classically considered a single species, the Clouded Leopard has recently been split into two species. Based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA, microsatellites and morphology, Neofelis nebulosa is restricted to mainland Southeast Asia, and N. diardi is found on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo (BuckleyBeason et al. 2006, Kitchener et al. 2006, Wilting et al. 2007).

Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria:

Vulnerable A2cd+3cd ver 3.1

Year Published:

2016

Date Assessed:

January 20, 2016

Justification: Clouded Leopard are less abundant range wide than when last accessed in 2007. Some range countries have maintained status quo Clouded Leopard abundance, however, the majority of range countries have experienced moderate declines, with serious declines noted for Myanmar, Viet Nam and China. The causes of Clouded Leopard declines are attributed primarily to (1) direct exploitation, (2) range fragmentation, and (3) reduction in habitat quality. Clouded Leopard exploitation for pelts is well documented in several countries, including the infamous Tachilek market along the Thai–Myanmar border. The frequency of Clouded Leopard parts available at market indicates increased pressure from hunting (Oswell 2010). Ongoing deforestation in countries such as Myanmar and Cambodia is also leading to increased fragmentation and reduction of optimal habitat for Clouded Leopard. A reduction of at least 30% in the number of mature individuals over the last three generations (GL of 7 years [Pacifici et al. 2013] x 3 = 21 years, 1993–2014) is suspected due to direct exploitation and habitat loss. The pattern of decline is not well understood given a lack of data on sub-population sizes and trend, and the rate of decline has probably varied. In a small part of the range we assume Clouded Leopard numbers to be roughly stable: Bhutan, Malaysia and Thailand, comprising roughly 12% of 2007 EOO and an assumed 12% of the 1993 population). We find it plausible that numbers in the remainder of its range declined at a mean annual rate of at least 1.63%, resulting in a minimum population reduction of 30% (a zero % decline in 12% of the population and a nearly 35% decline in the remaining 88%). As these threats are viewed as unlikely to cease and in some cases may not be reversible, an

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis nebulosa – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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equivalent future decline is also suspected (a minimum future reduction in the number of mature individuals of 30% from 2015–2036). We take a precautionary attitude toward uncertainty in this assessment. We are certain of relatively steep declines due to habitat loss and direct exploitation, however, the rate is not known and we assume a threshold rate that meets the A criterion for Vulnerable. Generation length could be lower: for example Yamada and Durrant (1989) reported that few Clouded Leopards in captivity were reproductively successful after five (F) or six (M) years of age, but we suspect these are dated observations given improvements in captive breeding. Also, generation length may be shortened in declining wild populations if mortality results in reduced longevity. If a shorter GL is used, and if we did not change our assumptions about the rate of decline, the suspected reduction would be less than 30% thus qualifying the species as Near Threatened. However, because we are even more uncertain about the total number of mature individuals than we are about the likelihood of decline, it is possible that they could number less than 10,000, and the species could also qualify as Vulnerable under C1.

Previously Published Red List Assessments 2015 – Vulnerable (VU) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T14519A50656369.en 2008 – Vulnerable (VU) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14519A4440819.en 2002 – Vulnerable (VU) 1996 – Vulnerable (VU) 1994 – Vulnerable (V) 1990 – Vulnerable (V) 1988 – Vulnerable (V) 1986 – Vulnerable (V)

Geographic Range Range Description: The Clouded Leopard is found from the Himalayan foothills in Nepal through mainland Southeast Asia into China (Nowell and Jackson 1996). The Clouded Leopard historically had a wide distribution in China, south of the Yangtze, but recent records are few, habitat is fast disappearing, illegal hunting of this species has been prolific and its current distribution in China is poorly known (Wozencraft et al. 2008, P. Riordan pers. comm.) Clouded leopard occurs in parts of southeast Bangladesh (or Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT)) in suitable mountainous habitat. The Clouded Leopard is extinct on the island of Taiwan (Anon. 1996). The Clouded Leopards of Sumatra and Borneo are considered a separate species Neofelis diardi (Buckley-Beason et al. 2006, Kitchener et al. 2006, Eizirik et al. submitted), the Sundaland Clouded Leopard. Clouded Leopards do not occur on Java.

Country Occurrence: Native: Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis nebulosa – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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(Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar; Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam Regionally extinct: Taiwan, Province of China

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis nebulosa – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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Distribution Map Neofelis nebulosa

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis nebulosa – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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Population The Clouded Leopard is most strongly associated with primary tropical forest which is rapidly disappearing across its range (Hunter 2011, Nowell and Jackson 1996), and Clouded Leopard skins have been observed in large numbers in illegal wildlife trade in Southeast Asia (Nowell 2007). Increasing use of camera traps has helped to better document its distribution and recent research efforts should help improve understanding of its population status (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007). Current Population Trend:  Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) The Clouded Leopard is intermediate in size between large and small cats, with wild females from Thailand weighing 11.5 (Austin and Tewes 1999) to 13.5 kg (Grassman et al. 2005), and males 16 (Grassman et al. 2005) to 18 kg (Austin and Tewes 1999). Its coat is patterned with distinctive large cloud shaped markings, its canines are exceptionally elongated, as is its tail - for a large cat, the Clouded Leopard is highly arboreal (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002). They are strongly associated with forest habitat, particularly primary evergreen tropical rainforest, but there are also records from dry and deciduous forest, as well as secondary and logged forests. They have been recorded in the Himalayas up to 2,500 m and possibly as high as 3,000 m. Less frequently, they have been found in grassland and scrub, dry tropical forests and mangrove swamps (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Radio-tracking studies in Thailand have showed a preference for forest over more open habitats (Austin et al. 2007, Grassman et al. 2005). A study in Thailand's Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary found that Clouded Leopards preyed upon a variety of arboreal and terrestrial prey, including Hog Deer, Slow Loris, Bush-tailed Porcupine, Malayan Pangolin and Indochinese Ground Squirrel (Grassman et al. 2005). Other observations include mainly primate prey, but also Muntjac and Argus Pheasant (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Clouded Leopards are primarily nocturnal, with crepuscular activity peaks (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007). Two radio-telemetry studies in different parks in Thailand found that adult male and female Clouded Leopards had similar home range sizes between 30-40 km² in size (95% fixed kernel estimators), with smaller intensively used core areas of 3-5 km² (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007). While both studies found substantial home range overlap between males and females, as is typical of most felids, Grassman et al. (2005) also found that the ranges of their two radio-collared males overlapped by a significant amount (39%). Although both studies found similar home ranges, clouded leopards in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary travelled approximately twice the average daily distance (average 2 km) than Clouded Leopards in Khao Yai National Park (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007). Clouded Leopards may occur at higher densities when densities of the larger cats, Tigers and Leopards, are lower (Lynam et al. 2001, Grassman et al. 2005, Rao et al. 2005).

Systems:  Terrestrial

Use and Trade Clouded Leopard exploitation for pelts are well documented in several countries, including the infamous Tachilek market along the Thai–Myanmar border. The frequency of Clouded Leopard parts available at © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis nebulosa – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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market indicates increased pressure from hunting (Oswell 2010). Data from Tachilek on the Myanmar–Thailand border (19 surveys, 1991–2013) and Mong La on the Myanmar–China border (7 surveys, 2001–2014) show that the most common species in trade was the Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa (482 individuals; observed in 22/24 surveys. However, the trade of cat parts from Myanmar into Thailand has diminished and reaffirms the role of China in the trade of cats out of Myanmar (Nijman and Shepherd 2015).

Threats (see Appendix for additional information) Clouded Leopards prefer closed forest (Grassman et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2007), and their habitat in Southeast Asia is undergoing the world's fastest deforestation rate (1.2-1.3% a year since 1990: FAO 2007). The Clouded Leopard is hunted for the illegal wildlife trade – large numbers of skins have been seen in market surveys, and there is also trade in bones for medicines, meat for exotic dishes and live animals for the pet trade (Hunter 2011). Wild animals are likely to be the primary source, but there is also some illegal trade from captive animals (Nowell 2007). Clouded Leopard exploitation for pelts are well documented in several countries, including the infamous Tachilek market along the Thai–Myanmar border. The frequency of Clouded Leopard parts available at market indicates increased pressure from hunting (Oswell 2010). Data from Tachilek on the Myanmar–Thailand border (19 surveys, 1991–2013) and Mong La on the Myanmar–China border (seven surveys, 2001–2014) show that the most common species in trade was the Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa (482 individuals, observed in 22/24 surveys. However, the trade of cat parts from Myanmar into Thailand has diminished and reaffirms the role of China in the trade of cats out of Myanmar (Nijman and Shepherd 2015).

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Included on CITES Appendix I and protected by national legislation over most of its range (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Hunting is banned in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Viet Nam; hunting regulations apply in Lao PDR, and there is no legal protection outside of protected areas in Bhutan (Nowell and Jackson 1996). It occurs in many protected areas, although direct exploitation, range fragmentation, and reduction in habitat quality have caused Clouded Leopard declines in some countries such as Myanmar, Viet Nam, China and Bangladesh.

Credits Assessor(s):

Grassman, L., Lynam, A., Mohamad, S., Duckworth, J.W., Bora, J., Wilcox, D., Ghimirey, Y., Reza, A. & Rahman, H.

Reviewer(s):

Nowell, K., Hunter, L., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Lanz, T. & Breitenmoser, U.

Contributor(s):

Crouthers, R., Brook, S.M., Hendrie, D., Riordan, P., Rasphone, A., Wang, S.W., Dhakal, M., Sanderson, J. & Mallon, D.

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Bibliography Anonymous. 1996. The mystery of the Formosan clouded leopard. Cat News 24: 16. Austin, S.C. and Tewes, M.E. 1999. Ecology of the clouded leopard in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Cat News/IUCN SSC 31. Austin, S.C., Tewes, M.E., Grassman Jr., L.I. and Silvy, N.J. 2007. Ecology and conservation of the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis and clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Acta Zoologica Sinica 53: 1-14. Buckley-Beason, V. 2004. Reclassification and genetic variation of the clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa. Biosciences, Hood College. Buckley-Beason, V.A., Johnson, W.E., Nash, W.G., Stanyon, R., Menninger, J.C., Driscoll, C.A., Howard, J., Bush, M., Page, J. E., Roelke, M. E., Stone, G., Martelli, P. P., Wen, C., Ling, L., Duraisingam, R.K., Lam, P.V. and O'Brien, S.J. 2006. Molecular Evidence for Species-Level Distinctions in Clouded Leopards. Current Biology 16: 2371-2376. Eizirik, E., Johnson, W.E. and O'Brien, S.J. Submitted. Molecular systematics and revised classification of the family Felidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). Journal of Mammalogy. [see http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS636%20Eizirik%20Felid%20Taxonomy.pdf] FAO. 2007. State of the world's forests. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. Grassman Jr., L.I.,Tewes, M.E., Silvy, N.J. and Kreetiyutanont, K. 2005. Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in North-central Thailand. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 29-38. Hunter, L. 2011. Carnivores of the World. Princeton Univ Press. IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 30 June 2016). Kitchener, A.C., Beaumont, M.A. and Richardson, D. 2006. Geographical Variation in the Clouded Leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, Reveals Two Species. Current Biology 16: 2377-2383. Lynam, A.J., Kreetiyutanont, K. and Mather, R. 2001. Conservation status and distribution of the Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) and other large mammals in a forest complex in northeastern Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 49: 61-75. Nijman, V. and Shepherd, C.R. 2015. Trade in tigers and other wild cats in Mong La and Tachilek, Myanmar – A tale of two border towns. Biological Conservation 182: 1-7. Nowell,K. 2007. Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK. Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Oswell, A. 2010. The Big Cat Trade in Myanmar and Thailand. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Bangkok. Pacifici, M., Santini, L., Di Marco, M., Baisero, D., Francucci, L., Grottolo Marasini, G., Visconti, P. and Rondinini, C. 2013. Generation length for mammals. Nature Conservation 5: 87–94. Rao, M., Myint, T., Zaw, T. and Htun, S. 2005. Hunting patterns in tropical forests adjoining the Hkakaborazi National Park, north Myanmar. Oryx 39(3): 292-300.

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Sunquist, M. and Sunquist, F. 2002. Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press. Wilting A., Buckley-Beason, V.A., Feldhaar, H., Gadau, J., O’Brien, S.J. and Linsenmair, S.E. 2007. Clouded leopard phylogeny revisited: support for species and subspecies recognition. Frontiers in Zoology 4: 15. Wozencraft, W.C. 2008. Order Carnivora. In: A.T. Smith and Y. Xie (eds), A Guide to the Mammals of China, pp. 576. Princeton University Press. Yamada, J.K. and Durrant, B.S. 1989. Reproductive parameters of clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa). Zoo Biology 8: 223–231.

Citation Grassman, L., Lynam, A., Mohamad, S., Duckworth, J.W., Bora, J., Wilcox, D., Ghimirey, Y., Reza, A. & Rahman, H. 2016. Neofelis nebulosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T14519A97215090. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.

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Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat

Season

Suitability

Major Importance?

1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry

-

Suitable

Yes

1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

-

Suitable

Yes

1. Forest -> 1.7. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level

-

Marginal

-

1. Forest -> 1.8. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp

-

Marginal

-

1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane

-

Suitable

Yes

3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry

-

Marginal

-

3. Shrubland -> 3.6. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist

-

Marginal

-

3. Shrubland -> 3.7. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude

-

Marginal

-

Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact Score

1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1. Housing & urban areas

Ongoing

-

-

-

Stresses:

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Ongoing

-

Stresses:

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Ongoing

-

Stresses:

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Ongoing

-

Stresses:

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Ongoing

-

Stresses:

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion

1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.2. Commercial & industrial areas

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shifting agriculture

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder farming

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry farming

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis nebulosa – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

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1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp plantations -> 2.2.1. Small-holder plantations

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming & ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is the target) 5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -> 5.1.2. Unintentional effects (species is not the target) 5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood harvesting -> 5.3.5. Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded 6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.2. War, civil unrest & military exercises

Ongoing

-

-

Stresses:

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Ongoing

-

Stresses:

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Ongoing

-

Stresses:

2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

Ongoing

-

Stresses:

2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

Ongoing

-

Stresses:

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Ongoing

-

Stresses:

2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: Unknown Systematic monitoring scheme: Unknown In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Occur in at least one PA: Yes Area based regional management plan: Unknown In-Place Species Management Harvest management plan: No Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes In-Place Education

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis nebulosa – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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Conservation Actions in Place Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Unknown Included in international legislation: Yes Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection 1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection 2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.2. Benign introduction 4. Education & awareness -> 4.2. Training 4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications 5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.1. International level 5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level 5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level

Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends 1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology 1. Research -> 1.5. Threats 1. Research -> 1.6. Actions 2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends 3. Monitoring -> 3.3. Trade trends

Additional Data Fields © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis nebulosa – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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Distribution Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 6172455 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Yes Lower elevation limit (m): 0 Upper elevation limit (m): 3000

Population Population severely fragmented: Yes

Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes Generation Length (years): 7 Movement patterns: Not a Migrant Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Neofelis nebulosa – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™