Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Differential Equations Volume 2016, Article ID 7246027, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7246027
Research Article On Fuzzy Improper Integral and Its Application for Fuzzy Partial Differential Equations ElHassan ElJaoui and Said Melliani Department of Mathematics, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, P.O. Box 523, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco Correspondence should be addressed to ElHassan ElJaoui;
[email protected] Received 31 October 2015; Revised 20 December 2015; Accepted 3 January 2016 Academic Editor: Najeeb A. Khan Copyright © 2016 E. ElJaoui and S. Melliani. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We establish some important results about improper fuzzy Riemann integrals; we prove some properties of fuzzy Laplace transforms, which we apply for solving some fuzzy linear partial differential equations of first order, under generalized Hukuhara differentiability.
1. Introduction Wu introduced in [1] the improper fuzzy Riemann integral and presented some of its elementary properties; then he studied numerically this kind of integrals. This notion was exploited by certain researchers to study fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) of first or second order utilizing fuzzy Laplace transform, namely, by Allahviranloo and Ahmadi in [2], then by Salahshour et al. (see [3, 4]), and by ElJaoui et al. in [5]. The objective of this paper is to study the improper fuzzy Riemann integrals by establishing some important results about the continuity and the differentiability of a fuzzy improper integral depending on a given parameter. These results are then employed to prove some fuzzy Laplace transform’s properties, which we use to solve fuzzy partial differential equations (FPDEs). The organization of the remainder of this work is as follows. Section 2 is reserved for preliminaries. In Section 3, the main results are proved and new properties of fuzzy Laplace transform are investigated. Then, in Section 4, the procedure for solving first-order FPDEs by fuzzy Laplace transform is proposed. Section 5 deals with some numerical examples. In Section 6, we present conclusion and a further research topic.
2. Preliminaries By 𝑃𝑐 (R) we meant the set of all nonempty compact convex subsets of R, which is endowed with the usual addition and scalar multiplication. Denote (see [6]) 𝐸 = {𝜇 : R → [0, 1] | 𝜇 verifies (1) – (4) below} ,
(1)
where (1) 𝜇 is normal; that is, ∃𝑡 ∈ R for which 𝜇(𝑡) = 1, (2) 𝜇 is convex in the fuzzy sense, (3) 𝜇 is upper semicontinuous, (4) the closure of its support supp 𝜇 = {𝑡 ∈ R | 𝜇(𝑡) > 0} is compact. For 0 < 𝛼 ≤ 1, [𝜇]𝛼 = {𝑡 ∈ R | 𝜇(𝑡) ≥ 𝛼} denotes the 𝛼-level set of 𝜇 ∈ 𝐸. Then, it is obvious that [𝜇]𝛼 ∈ 𝑃𝑐 (R) for all 𝜇 ∈ 𝐸, 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 1, and 𝛼
𝛼
𝛼
[𝜇1 + 𝜇2 ] = [𝜇1 ] + [𝜇2 ] , 𝛼
(2)
𝛼
[𝑘𝜇] = 𝑘 [𝜇] .
Let 𝐷 : 𝐸 × 𝐸 → [0, ∞) be a function which is defined by the identity 𝛼
𝛼
𝐷 (𝜇1 , 𝜇2 ) = sup 𝑑 ([𝜇1 ] , [𝜇2 ] ) , 0≤𝛼≤1
(3)
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where 𝑑 is the Hausdorff distance defined in 𝑃𝑐 (R). Then, it is clear that (𝐸, 𝐷) is a complete metric space (for more details about the metric 𝐷 see [7]). Definition 1 (see [2]). One defines a fuzzy number V in parametric form as a couple (V, V) of mappings V(𝛼) and V(𝛼), 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 1, verifying the following properties: (1) V(𝛼) is bounded increasing left continuous in ]0, 1] and right continuous at 0. (2) V(𝛼) is bounded decreasing left continuous in ]0, 1] and right continuous at 0. (3) V(𝛼) ≤ V(𝛼) for all 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 1.
(4)
𝑏
𝑏
𝐾(𝛼) and ∫𝑎 |𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼)|𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝐾(𝛼) for every 𝑏 ≥ 𝑎. Then 𝐹(𝑥) is fuzzy Riemann integrable (in the sense of Wu) on [𝑎, ∞[, its ∞ improper fuzzy integral ∫𝑎 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∈ 𝐸, and ∞
∞
𝑎
𝑎
𝑎
(5)
For 𝜇1 , 𝜇2 ∈ 𝐸, if there exists an element 𝜇3 ∈ 𝐸 such that 𝜇3 = 𝜇1 + 𝜇2 , then 𝜇3 is called the Hukuhara difference of 𝜇1 and 𝜇2 , which we denote by 𝜇1 ⊖ 𝜇2 . Definition 3 (see [2]). A mapping 𝐹 : (𝑎, 𝑏) → 𝐸 is said to be strongly generalized differentiable at 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏), if there exists 𝐹 (𝑥) ∈ 𝐸, such that (i) for all ℎ > 0 being very small, there exist 𝐹(𝑥 + ℎ) ⊖ 𝐹(𝑥); 𝐹(𝑥) ⊖ 𝐹(𝑥 − ℎ); and the limits 𝐹 (𝑥 + ℎ) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥) 𝐹 (𝑥) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥 − ℎ) = lim+ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ
or (iv) for all ℎ > 0 being very small, there exist 𝐹(𝑥) ⊖ 𝐹(𝑥 + ℎ); 𝐹(𝑥) ⊖ 𝐹(𝑥 − ℎ); and the limits
(6)
= 𝐹 (𝑥) ,
(9)
The next theorem permits us to consider only case (i) or case (ii) of Definition 3 almost everywhere in the domain of the mappings studied. Theorem 4 (see [9]). If 𝐹 : (𝑎, 𝑏) → 𝐸 is a strongly generalized differentiable function on (𝑎, 𝑏) in the sense of Definition 3, (iii) or (iv), then 𝐹 (𝑥) ∈ R for each 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏). Theorem 5 (see, e.g., [10]). We consider a fuzzy function 𝐹 : R → 𝐸 which is represented by 𝐹(𝑥) = (𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼), 𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼)), for all 𝛼 ∈ [0, 1]: (1) If 𝐹 is (i)-differentiable, then the crisp 𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼) and 𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼) are differentiable and (𝐹 (𝑥, 𝛼), 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝛼)). (2) If 𝐹 is (ii)-differentiable, then the crisp 𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼) and 𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼) are differentiable and (𝐹 (𝑥, 𝛼), 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝛼)).
functions 𝐹 (𝑥) = functions 𝐹 (𝑥) =
Definition 6 (see [2]). If 𝐹 : [0, ∞[→ 𝐸 is a continuous mapping such that 𝑒−𝑠𝑥 𝐹(𝑥) is fuzzy Riemann integrable ∞ on [0, ∞[ then ∫0 𝑒−𝑠𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is called the fuzzy Laplace transform of 𝐹 which one denotes by ∞
L [𝐹 (𝑥)] = ∫ 𝑒−𝑠𝑥 𝐹 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑠 > 0. 0
(10)
L [𝐹 (𝑥)] = (L (𝐹 (𝑥, 𝛼)) , L (𝐹 (𝑥, 𝛼))) .
(11)
Theorem 7 (see [2]). Let 𝐹 : [0, ∞[→ 𝐸 be a fuzzy valued function and 𝐹 its derivative on [0, ∞[. Then, if 𝐹 is (i)differentiable
or (ii) for all ℎ > 0 being very small, there exist 𝐹(𝑥) ⊖ 𝐹(𝑥 + ℎ); 𝐹(𝑥 − ℎ) ⊖ 𝐹(𝑥); and the limits 𝐹 (𝑥) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥 + ℎ) 𝐹 (𝑥 − ℎ) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥) lim = lim+ ℎ→0+ ℎ→0 (−ℎ) (−ℎ)
𝐹 (𝑥) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥 + ℎ) 𝐹 (𝑥) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥 − ℎ) = lim+ ℎ→0 ℎ (−ℎ)
Denote by L(𝑘(𝑥)) the classical Laplace transform of a crisp function 𝑘(𝑥), and then
= 𝐹 (𝑥)
= 𝐹 (𝑥) ,
= 𝐹 (𝑥) .
positive constants 𝐾(𝛼) and 𝐾(𝛼) such that ∫𝑎 |𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼)|𝑑𝑥 ≤
∞
(8)
Theorem 2 (see [1]). One considers a fuzzy valued function 𝐹(𝑥) = (𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼), 𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼)) defined on [𝑎, ∞[. Suppose that, for all fixed 𝛼 ∈ [0, 1], the crisp functions 𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼), 𝐹(𝑥, 𝛼) are integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏], for every 𝑏 ≥ 𝑎, and that there exist two
∫ 𝐹 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (∫ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥) .
𝐹 (𝑥 + ℎ) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥) 𝐹 (𝑥 − ℎ) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥) = lim+ ℎ→0 ℎ (−ℎ)
lim
𝐷 (𝜇1 , 𝜇2 ) = sup max {𝜇𝛼 − 𝜇𝛼 , 𝜇𝛼1 − 𝜇𝛼2 } . 1 2 0≤𝛼≤1
ℎ→0
lim
ℎ→0+
ℎ→0+
The following identity holds true (see [8]):
lim+
or (iii) for all ℎ > 0 being very small, there exist 𝐹(𝑥 + ℎ) ⊖ 𝐹(𝑥); 𝐹(𝑥 − ℎ) ⊖ 𝐹(𝑥); and the limits
L [𝐹 (𝑥)] = 𝑠L [𝐹 (𝑥)] ⊖ 𝐹 (0)
(12)
or if 𝐹 is (ii)-differentiable (7)
L [𝐹 (𝑥)] = (−𝐹 (0)) ⊖ (−𝑠) L [𝐹 (𝑥)] provided that the Laplace transforms of 𝐹 and 𝐹 exist.
(13)
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3 (see [1]), such that the real function 𝐷(𝑓1 (𝑡), 𝑓2 (𝑡)) is integrable on 𝐼, and then
3. Continuity and Differentiability of Fuzzy Improper Integral In this section, 𝐼 denotes one of the intervals, ] − ∞, 𝑏] or [𝑏, ∞[ or ] − ∞, ∞[, where 𝑏 ∈ R, 𝐽 denotes another interval, and 𝐴 is a nonempty subset of R. Lemma 8. Let 𝑓1 (𝑡), 𝑓2 (𝑡) be two fuzzy valued functions, which are fuzzy Riemann integrable on 𝐼, in the sense of Wu
𝐷 (∫ 𝑓1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡) ≤ ∫ 𝐷 (𝑓1 (𝑡) , 𝑓2 (𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡. (14) 𝐼
𝐼
𝐼
Proof. From identity (4), we have
𝐷 (∫ 𝑓1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡) = sup max {∫ 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 , ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑓2 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡} 2 𝐼 1 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 0≤𝛼≤1 ≤ sup max {∫ 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡, ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝑓2 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡} 1 2 𝐼 𝐼 0≤𝛼≤1
(15)
≤ sup ∫ max {𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) , 𝑓1 (𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝑓2 (𝑡, 𝛼)} 𝑑𝑡 1 2 0≤𝛼≤1 𝐼 ≤ ∫ sup max {𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) , 𝑓1 (𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝑓2 (𝑡, 𝛼)} 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝐷 (𝑓1 (𝑡) , 𝑓2 (𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡. 1 2 𝐼 0≤𝛼≤1 𝐼
Theorem 9. Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) : 𝐴 × 𝐼 → 𝐸 be a fuzzy function, satisfying the following conditions:
By tending 𝑘 → ∞ and using assumption (𝐻2 ), we obtain 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ max {𝜑0 (𝑡) , 𝜑1 (𝑡)} = 𝑔 (𝑡) , 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ max {𝜓0 (𝑡) , 𝜓1 (𝑡)} = ℎ (𝑡) .
(𝐻1 ) For all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑡 → 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) is continuous on 𝐼. (𝐻2 ) For each 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑥 → 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) is continuous on 𝐴 ⊂ R. (𝐻3 ) For all 𝛼 ∈ [0, 1] there exist a couple of nonnegative, continuous crisp functions 𝜑𝛼 (𝑡) and 𝜓𝛼 (𝑡), which are integrable on 𝐼 verifying, for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼: 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ 𝜑𝛼 (𝑡) , 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ 𝜓𝛼 (𝑡) .
𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 1) ≤ 𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ 𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 0) .
𝐷 (𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡) , 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡)) = sup max {𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) , 0≤𝛼≤1
𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼)} ,
Proof. Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and let {𝑥𝑘 }∞ 𝑘=1 be a sequence of elements of 𝐴, which converges to 𝑥 as 𝑘 → ∞. For 𝑘 ∈ N, 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, and 𝛼 ∈ [0, 1], we have 𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 0) ≤ 𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ 𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 1) ,
Therefore
(16)
Therefore, the fuzzy mapping 𝜙(𝑥) = ∫𝐼 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 is continuous on 𝐴.
(19)
(20)
𝐷 (𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡) , 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡)) ≤ 2 (𝑔 (𝑡) + ℎ (𝑡)) . From (𝐻1 ) and (𝐻3 ), we deduce that the mappings 𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡), and 𝐷(𝐹(𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡), 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡)) are all integrable on 𝐼. On the other hand, we get the following inequality from Lemma 8: 𝐷 (∫ 𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥)
(17)
𝐼
𝐼
(21)
≤ ∫ 𝐷 (𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡) , 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡)) 𝑑𝑥.
Thus
𝐼
𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ max {𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 1) , 𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 0)} ≤ max {𝜑0 (𝑡) , 𝜑1 (𝑡)} = 𝑔 (𝑡) , 𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ max {𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 1) , 𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡, 0)} ≤ max {𝜓0 (𝑡) , 𝜓1 (𝑡)} = ℎ (𝑡) .
That is, (18)
𝐷 (𝜙 (𝑥𝑘 ) , 𝜙 (𝑥)) ≤ ∫ 𝐷 (𝐹 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡) , 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡)) 𝑑𝑥. 𝐼
(22)
By assumption (𝐻2 ), we have 𝐷(𝐹(𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡), 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡)) → 0 as 𝑘 → ∞.
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So, by the dominated convergence theorem, ∫𝐼 𝐷(𝐹(𝑥𝑘 , 𝑡), 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡))𝑑𝑥 → 0 as 𝑘 → ∞. From inequality (22), we deduce that 𝜙(𝑥𝑘 ) → 𝜙(𝑥) as 𝑘 → ∞. Consequently, 𝜙 is continuous on 𝐴. Lemma 10. One considers two fuzzy valued functions 𝑓1 (𝑡), 𝑓2 (𝑡) : 𝐼 → 𝐸, which are fuzzy Riemann integrable on 𝐼 (in the sense of Wu), such that 𝑓1 (𝑡) ⊖ 𝑓2 (𝑡) exists for all 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, then 𝑓1 (𝑡) ⊖ 𝑓2 (𝑡) is fuzzy Riemann integrable on 𝐼, the Hukuhara difference ∫𝐼 𝑓1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ⊖ ∫𝐼 𝑓2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 is well defined, and ∫ (𝑓1 (𝑡) ⊖ 𝑓2 (𝑡)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ⊖ ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡. 𝐼
𝐼
𝐼
(23)
Proof. Let 𝑘(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) ⊖ 𝑓2 (𝑡); that is, 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑓2 (𝑡) + 𝑘(𝑡). It is clear that there exist positive constants 𝐾(𝛼, 𝑓1 ), 𝐾(𝛼, 𝑓1 ), 𝐾(𝛼, 𝑓2 ), and 𝐾(𝛼, 𝑓2 ) such that, for all 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 in 𝐼, we have 𝑏 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝐾 (𝛼, 𝑓1 ) , 1 𝑎 𝑏 ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝐾 (𝛼, 𝑓1 ) , 𝑎
∫ 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝐾 (𝛼, 𝑓2 ) , 𝑎 2 𝑏
∫
𝑏
𝑎
𝑏
𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 1 2
(24)
(25)
(26)
≤ 𝐾 (𝛼, 𝑓1 ) + 𝐾 (𝛼, 𝑓2 ) . Then from Theorem 2, 𝑘(𝑡) is fuzzy Riemann integrable on 𝐼. By “linearity” of the fuzzy integral, we get 𝐼
𝐼
𝐼
(28)
Therefore, the fuzzy mapping 𝜙(𝑥) = ∫𝐼 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 is (i)-differentiable on 𝐽 and 𝜙 (𝑥) = ∫
𝐼
𝜕𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, 𝜕𝑥
∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐽.
(29)
then the fuzzy function 𝜙(𝑥) is (ii)-differentiable on 𝐽 and (29) remains true.
𝐹 (𝑥 + 𝜉, 𝑡) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡) { , 𝜉 ∈ ]0, 𝜉0 ] { 𝜉 𝑔1 (𝜉, 𝑡) = { { 𝜕𝐹 𝜉 = 0, (𝑥, 𝑡) , { 𝜕𝑥 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥 − 𝜉, 𝑡) { , 𝜉 ∈ ]0, 𝜉0 ] { 𝜉 𝑔2 (𝜉, 𝑡) = { { 𝜕𝐹 𝜉 = 0. (𝑥, 𝑡) , { 𝜕𝑥
and similarly
∫ 𝑓1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡.
𝜕𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ 𝜑𝛼 (𝑡) , 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝐹 ≤ 𝜓𝛼 (𝑡) . 𝑡, 𝛼) (𝑥, 𝜕𝑥
Proof. Assume that (𝐴 1 )–(𝐴 5 ) hold true. Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐽, 𝜉0 > 0 being very small, and define the auxiliary functions
≤ 𝐾 (𝛼, 𝑓1 ) + 𝐾 (𝛼, 𝑓2 )
𝑏 𝑏 ∫ 𝑘 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝑓2 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑎
(𝐴 5 ) For all 𝛼 ∈ [0, 1] there exist a couple of continuous crisp functions 𝜑𝛼 (𝑡) and 𝜓𝛼 (𝑡), which are integrable on 𝐼 verifying, for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐽, 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼:
(𝐴2 ) for all 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑥 → 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) is (ii)-differentiable on 𝐽,
Hence 𝑏
(𝐴 4 ) For all 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑥 → (𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑥)(𝑥, 𝑡) is continuous on 𝐽.
Moreover, if one replaces assumption (𝐴 2 ) by the alternative condition
𝑓2 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝐾 (𝛼, 𝑓2 ) .
∫ 𝑘 (𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑎
(𝐴 3 ) For all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐽, 𝑡 → (𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑥)(𝑥, 𝑡) is continuous on 𝐼.
(27)
Thus, ∫𝐼 𝑓1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡⊖∫𝐼 𝑓2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 exists and ∫𝐼 𝑓1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡⊖∫𝐼 𝑓2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝐼 𝑘(𝑡)𝑑𝑡. Theorem 11. One considers a fuzzy valued function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) : 𝐽 × 𝐼 → 𝐸, verifying the following assumptions: (𝐴 1 ) For all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐽, 𝑡 → 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) is continuous and fuzzy Riemann integrable on 𝐼. (𝐴 2 ) For all 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑥 → 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) is (i)-differentiable on the interval 𝐽.
(30)
For fixed 𝜉 ∈]0, 𝜉0 ], we have 𝜙 (𝑥 + 𝜉) ⊖ 𝜙 (𝑥) 𝜉 =
1 (∫ 𝐹 (𝑥 + 𝜉, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ⊖ ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡) 𝜉 𝐼 𝐼
=∫
𝐼
(31)
𝐹 (𝑥 + 𝜉, 𝑡) ⊖ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑔1 (𝜉, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, 𝜉 𝐼
where the existence of the Hukuhara differences is ensured by the (i)-differentiability of 𝑥 → 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) and by Lemma 10. Analogously, we get 𝜙 (𝑥) ⊖ 𝜙 (𝑥 − 𝜉) = ∫ 𝑔2 (𝜉, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡. 𝜉 𝐼
(32)
From assumptions (𝐴 1 )–(𝐴 4 ), we deduce that 𝑔1 and 𝑔2 satisfy conditions (𝐻1 )-(𝐻2 ) of Theorem 9.
International Journal of Differential Equations
5
On the other hand, using the finite increments theorem, we obtain 𝑔 (𝜉, 𝑡, 𝛼) = 𝐹 (𝑥 + 𝜉, 𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) 1 𝜉
L𝜏 [𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏)] =
𝜕𝐹 ≤ sup (𝑥 + V, 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ 𝜑𝛼 (𝑡) , 0≤V≤𝜉0 𝜕𝑥
𝐹 (𝑥 + 𝜉, 𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑔1 (𝜉, 𝑡, 𝛼) = 𝜉 𝜕𝐹 ≤ sup (𝑥 + V, 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ 𝜓𝛼 (𝑡) . 0≤V≤𝜉0 𝜕𝑥
(33)
∞
=
𝜕𝐹 ≤ sup (𝑥 − V, 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ 𝜑𝛼 (𝑡) , 𝜕𝑥 0≤V≤𝜉0 (34)
𝜙 (𝑥) ⊖ 𝜙 (𝑥 − 𝜉) lim+ = ∫ 𝑔2 (0, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝜉→0 𝜉 𝐼 =∫
𝐼
(35)
𝐼
Theorem 13. Let 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏) be a fuzzy valued function on [0, ∞[×[0, ∞[ into 𝐸. Suppose that the mappings 𝜏 → 𝐹(𝜉, 𝜏) = 𝑒−𝑠𝜏 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏) and 𝜏 → 𝐺(𝜉, 𝜏) = 𝑒−𝑠𝜏 𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏) are fuzzy Riemann integrable on [0, ∞[, for all 𝑠 ≥ 𝑠0 for some 𝑠0 > 0. Consider the following:
(39)
L𝜏 [𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏)] = (−𝑢 (𝜉, 0)) ⊖ (−𝑠) L𝜏 [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏)] .
(40)
Proof. This is a direct result of Theorem 12, by fixing 𝜉 ≥ 0 and taking the Laplace transforms with respect to 𝜏.
Our aim now is to solve the following first-order FPDE using the fuzzy Laplace transform method under strongly generalized differentiability: 𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏) + 𝑎𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏) = 𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏)) , 𝑢 (𝜉, 0) = 𝑔 (𝜉) ,
Therefore, 𝜙 is (i)-differentiable at 𝑥 and 𝜕𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡. 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏)]) . 𝜕𝜉 𝜏
4. Fuzzy Laplace Transform Algorithm for First-Order Fuzzy Partial Differential Equations
𝜕𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡. 𝜕𝑥
𝜙 (𝑥) = ∫
(38)
(b) If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝜏) is (ii)-differentiable with respect to 𝜏, then
𝜙 (𝑥 + 𝜉) ⊖ 𝜙 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑔1 (0, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝜉 𝐼
𝐼
𝜕 (∫ 𝐹 (𝜉, 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏) , 𝜕𝜉 0
L𝜏 [𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏)] = 𝑠L𝜏 [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏)] ⊖ 𝑢 (𝜉, 0) ,
Inequalities (33) and (34), which are obviously also true for 𝜉 = 0, ensure that 𝑔1 and 𝑔2 satisfy condition (𝐻3 ) of Theorem 9. Applying the latter theorem, we get
𝜕𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, 𝜕𝑥
0
∞
(a) If 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏) is (i)-differentiable with respect to 𝜏, then
𝜕𝐹 ≤ sup (𝑥 − V, 𝑡, 𝛼) ≤ 𝜓𝛼 (𝑡) . 𝜕𝑥 0≤V≤𝜉0
=∫
∞
0
𝑔 (𝜉, 𝑡, 𝛼) = 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝐹 (𝑥 − 𝜉, 𝑡, 𝛼) 2 ℎ
𝜉→0
(37)
L𝜏 [𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏)] = ∫ 𝑒−𝑠𝜏 𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏 = ∫ 𝐹𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
L𝜏 [𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏)] =
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝛼) − 𝐹 (𝑥 − 𝜉, 𝑡, 𝛼) 𝑔2 (𝜉, 𝑡, 𝛼) = ℎ
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏)]) . 𝜕𝜉 𝜏
Proof. For fixed 𝑠 ≥ 𝑠0 , then using Theorem 11 we have
Similarly, we have
lim+
Let L𝜏 [𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏)] or L[𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏)] (for short) denote the fuzzy Laplace transform of 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏) with respect to the time variable 𝜏. Then
(41)
𝑢 (0, 𝜏) = ℎ (𝜏) , (36)
The proof under assumption (𝐴2 ) instead of (𝐴 2 ) is similar to the first case. Theorem 12. One considers a fuzzy function 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏) : [0, ∞[×[0, ∞[→ 𝐸. Suppose that the mapping 𝐹(𝜉, 𝜏) = 𝑒−𝑠𝜏 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏) satisfies assumptions (𝐴 1 )–(𝐴 5 ) above, for all 𝑠 ≥ 𝑠0 for some 𝑠0 > 0.
where 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏) is a fuzzy function of 𝜉 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 0, 𝑎 is a real constant, and 𝑓(𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢), 𝑔(𝜉), and ℎ(𝜏) are fuzzy valued functions, such that 𝑓(𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢) is linear with respect to 𝑢. For short, assume that 𝑎 ≥ 0 (case 𝑎 < 0 is similar). By using fuzzy Laplace transform with respect to 𝜏, we get L𝜏 [𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏)] + 𝑎L𝜏 [𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏)] = L𝜏 [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] . (42)
Therefore, we have to distinguish the following cases for solving (42):
6
International Journal of Differential Equations (a) Case 1: If 𝑢 is (i)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and 𝜏, then by Laplace transform L [𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] + 𝑎L [𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] (43)
= L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] ,
𝜏, 𝛼), 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼))} and 𝑓(𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏), 𝛼) = max{𝑓(𝜉, 𝜏, V)/V ∈ (𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼), 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼))}. Using Theorems 12 and 13 we get the following differential system: 𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) + 𝑎𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] 𝜕𝜉 (44)
(45)
L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = 𝐻3 (𝑠, 𝛼) , L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = 𝐾3 (𝑠, 𝛼) ,
Assume that this leads to (46)
where (𝐻1 (𝑠, 𝛼), 𝐾1 (𝑠, 𝛼)) is solution of system (44) under (45). By the inverse Laplace transform we get
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = L−1 [𝐾1 (𝑠, 𝛼)] .
(47)
(b) Case 2: If 𝑢 is (i)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and (ii)-differentiable with respect to 𝜏, then by Theorems 12 and 13 we get the following differential system, satisfying the initial conditions (45):
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = L−1 [𝐻3 (𝑠, 𝛼)] , 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = L−1 [𝐾3 (𝑠, 𝛼)] .
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) + 𝑎𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] 𝜕𝜉 = 𝑎𝑔 (𝜉) + L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] ,
= 𝑎𝑔 (𝜉) + L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] ,
= 𝑎𝑔 (𝜉) + L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] .
= 𝑎𝑔 (𝜉) + L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] .
(53)
(d) Case 4: If 𝑢 is (ii)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and 𝜏, then we get the following differential system, satisfying the initial conditions (45):
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) + 𝑎𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] 𝜕𝜉
(48)
(52)
where (𝐻3 (𝑠, 𝛼), 𝐾3 (𝑠, 𝛼)) is solution of system (51) under (45). Therefore
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) + 𝑎𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] 𝜕𝜉
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) + 𝑎𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] 𝜕𝜉
(51)
Assume that this implies
L [𝑢 (0, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = L [ℎ (𝜏, 𝛼)] ,
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = L−1 [𝐻1 (𝑠, 𝛼)] ,
= 𝑎𝑔 (𝜉) + L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] ,
= 𝑎𝑔 (𝜉) + L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] .
satisfying the following initial conditions:
L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = 𝐾1 (𝑠, 𝛼) ,
(50)
(c) Case 3: If 𝑢 is (ii)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and (i)-differentiable with respect to 𝜏, then we get the following differential system, satisfying the initial conditions (45):
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) + 𝑎𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] 𝜕𝜉
= 𝑎𝑔 (𝜉) + L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))]
L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = 𝐻1 (𝑠, 𝛼) ,
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = L−1 [𝐾2 (𝑠, 𝛼)] .
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) + 𝑎𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] 𝜕𝜉
= 𝑎𝑔 (𝜉) + L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] ,
L [𝑢 (0, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = L [ℎ (𝜏, 𝛼)] .
(49)
where (𝐻2 (𝑠, 𝛼), 𝐾2 (𝑠, 𝛼)) is solution of system (48) under (45). Thus 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = L−1 [𝐻2 (𝑠, 𝛼)] ,
where 𝑓(𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢(𝜉, 𝜏), 𝛼) = min{𝑓(𝜉, 𝜏, V)/V ∈ (𝑢(𝜉,
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) + 𝑎𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] 𝜕𝜉
L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = 𝐻2 (𝑠, 𝛼) , L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = 𝐾2 (𝑠, 𝛼) ,
= L [𝑓 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏))] , L [𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] + 𝑎L [𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]
Assume that this implies
(54)
Assume that this leads to L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = 𝐻4 (𝑠, 𝛼) , L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = 𝐾4 (𝑠, 𝛼) ,
(55)
International Journal of Differential Equations
7
where (𝐻4 (𝑝, 𝛼), 𝐾4 (𝑝, 𝛼)) is solution of system (54) under (45). Hence
The lengths of 𝑢, 𝑢𝜉 , and 𝑢𝜏 are, respectively, given by len (𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)) = 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) − 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 2 (1 − 𝛼) (3𝜉 + 𝜏) ≥ 0,
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = L−1 [𝐻4 (𝑠, 𝛼)] ,
(56)
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = L−1 [𝐾4 (𝑠, 𝛼)] .
len (𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)) = 𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) − 𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 6 (1 − 𝛼) ≥ 0,
5. Numerical Examples
len (𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)) = 𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) − 𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)
Example 1. Consider
= 2 (1 − 𝛼) ≥ 0.
𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏) = 3𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏) + 𝜉, 𝑢 (𝜉, 0, 𝛼) = 3𝜉 ⋅ (𝛼, 2 − 𝛼) +
So, this solution is valid for all 𝜉 ≥ 0 and 𝜏 ≥ 0. Case 2. If 𝑢 is (i)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and (ii)differentiable with respect to 𝜏, then analogously
𝜉2 , 2
(57)
𝑢 (0, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 𝜏 ⋅ (𝛼, 2 − 𝛼) ,
Case 1. If 𝑢 is (i)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and 𝜏, then by Laplace transform we get 3𝜉 𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) = 3𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] − 9𝛼𝜉 − 𝜕𝜉 2
𝜕 (L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)]) = 3𝑠L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] + 9 (𝛼 − 2) 𝜉 𝜕𝜉
(58)
This differential system satisfies the following initial conditions:
(2 − 𝛼) . L [𝑢 (0, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = L [(2 − 𝛼) 𝜏] = 𝑠2
(59)
L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] =
𝑠
{1 𝐻 (𝜁) = { 0 {
𝛼 , 𝑠2
((6 − 3𝛼) 𝜉 + 𝜉2 /2) 𝑠
(60) +
2−𝛼 . 𝑠2
+ (2 − 𝛼) 𝜏 +
𝜉2 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = (2 − 𝛼) (3𝜉 + 𝜏) + . 2
𝜉2 , 2
(61)
(65)
𝜉2 . 2
As in Case 2, one can verify that this solution is valid only over Δ = {(𝜉, 𝜏) | 𝜉 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 3𝜉}. Case 4. If 𝑢 is (ii)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and 𝜏, then 𝜉2 , 2
𝜉2 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = (2 − 𝛼) (3𝜉 + 𝜏) + . 2
2
𝜉 , 2
(64)
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 2 (𝛼 − 1) (𝜏 − 3𝜉) 𝐻 (𝜏 − 3𝜉) + 3𝛼𝜉
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 𝛼 (3𝜉 + 𝜏) +
By the inverse Laplace transform we deduce 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 𝛼 (3𝜉 + 𝜏) +
𝜁 < 0.
Case 3. If 𝑢 is (ii)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and (i)differentiable with respect to 𝜏, then similarly
+ 𝛼𝜏 + +
𝜁≥0
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 2 (1 − 𝛼) (𝜏 − 3𝜉) 𝐻 (𝜏 − 3𝜉) + 3 (2 − 𝛼) 𝜉
Solving (58) under (59), we get (3𝛼𝜉 + 𝜉2 /2)
𝜉2 , 2
Therefore, this solution 𝑢 is valid only over Δ = {(𝜉, 𝜏) | 𝜉 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≤ 3𝜉}.
3𝜉 𝜉 + . 2 𝑠
𝛼 , 𝑠2
(63)
where 𝐻 is the unit step function or the Heaviside function:
2
L [𝑢 (0, 𝜏, 𝛼)] = L [𝛼𝜏] =
𝜉2 , 2
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 2 (1 − 𝛼) (𝜏 − 3𝜉) 𝐻 (𝜏 − 3𝜉) + 3 (2 − 𝛼) 𝜉 + 𝛼𝜏 +
2
𝜉 + , 𝑠
−
𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 2 (𝛼 − 1) (𝜏 − 3𝜉) 𝐻 (𝜏 − 3𝜉) + 3𝛼𝜉 + (2 − 𝛼) 𝜏 +
𝜉 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 0.
L [𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)] =
(62)
(66)
One can verify that function 𝑢 is not (ii)-differentiable with respect to either 𝜉 or 𝜏. So, no solution exists in this case.
8
International Journal of Differential Equations
Conflict of Interests
Example 2. Consider 𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏) = 𝑢𝜏 (𝜉, 𝜏) ,
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
𝑢 (𝜉, 0, 𝛼) = cos (𝜉) ⋅ (𝛼, 2 − 𝛼) , 𝑢 (0, 𝜏, 𝛼) = cos (𝜏) ⋅ (𝛼, 2 − 𝛼) ,
(67)
References
𝜉 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 0. Case 1. If 𝑢 is (i)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and 𝜏, then, by application of the algorithm above, one obtains 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 𝛼 cos (𝜉 + 𝜏) , 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = (2 − 𝛼) cos (𝜉 + 𝜏) .
(68)
The lengths of 𝑢, 𝑢𝜉 , and 𝑢𝜏 are, respectively, given by len (𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)) = 2 (1 − 𝛼) cos (𝜉 + 𝜏) , len (𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)) = −2 (1 − 𝛼) sin (𝜉 + 𝜏) ,
(69)
len (𝑢𝜉 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼)) = −2 (1 − 𝛼) sin (𝜉 + 𝜏) . So, this solution is valid for all 𝜉 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 0: 𝜉 + 𝜏 ∈ [3𝜋/2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 2𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋], 𝑘 ∈ Z. Case 2. If 𝑢 is (i)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and (ii)differentiable with respect to 𝜏, therefore 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = (𝛼 − 1) cos (𝜉 − 𝜏) + cos (𝜉 + 𝜏) , 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = (1 − 𝛼) cos (𝜉 − 𝜏) + cos (𝜉 + 𝜏) .
(70)
Then, this solution is valid for all 𝜉 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 0: 𝜉 − 𝜏 ∈ [3𝜋/2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 2𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋], 𝑘 ∈ Z. Case 3. If 𝑢 is (ii)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and (i)differentiable with respect to 𝜏, then analogously 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = (𝛼 − 1) cos (𝜉 − 𝜏) + cos (𝜉 + 𝜏) , 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = (1 − 𝛼) cos (𝜉 − 𝜏) + cos (𝜉 + 𝜏) .
(71)
Hence, this solution is valid for all 𝜉 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 0: 𝜉 − 𝜏 ∈ [2𝑘𝜋, 𝜋/2 + 2𝑘𝜋], 𝑘 ∈ Z. Case 4. If 𝑢 is (ii)-differentiable with respect to 𝜉 and 𝜏, then similarly 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = 𝛼 cos (𝜉 + 𝜏) , 𝑢 (𝜉, 𝜏, 𝛼) = (2 − 𝛼) cos (𝜉 + 𝜏) .
(72)
So, this solution is valid for all 𝜉 ≥ 0, 𝜏 ≥ 0: 𝜉 + 𝜏 ∈ [2𝑘𝜋, 𝜋/2 + 2𝑘𝜋], 𝑘 ∈ Z.
6. Conclusion Theorems of continuity and differentiability for a fuzzy function defined via a fuzzy improper Riemann integral are proved which are used to prove some results concerning fuzzy Laplace transform. Then, using Laplace transform method, the solutions for some linear fuzzy partial differential equations (FPDEs) of first order are given. For future research, one can apply this method to solve FPDEs of high order.
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