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Performance Optimization in Taekwondo: From Laboratory to Field Edited by: Dr. Haddad Monoem ISBN: 978-1-63278-038-6 DOI: 10.4172/978-1-63278-038-6-039 Published Date: August, 2014 Printed version: March 2015 Published by OMICS Group eBooks 731 Gull Ave, Foster City. CA 94404, USA
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Preface This eBook presents a valuable guide for the reader to optimize performance and results by taking into account the recent scientific literature. Basic scientific information has been extracted from the most relevant research published on Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, Springer Link and Index Copernicus. The principal idea was to collect all related information in one volume and divulge the practical aspects of Taekwondo training for Taekwondo masters (beginners, advanced and professionals), fitness coaches and supporting technical staff (medicine doctors, physiologists and dieticians). Through each chapter, invaluable information related to Taekwondo training and competitions are detailed with practical recommendations. This high quality eBook provides a specific Taekwondo training guide from laboratory (theory) to field (practice). I hope you get pleasure and good use from it.
Dr.Haddad Monoem
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About Editor
Dr. Monoem Haddad is a faculty at the Sport Science Program, in the College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University. Academically, he received his PhD in Exercise Physiology from Carthage University-Tunisia in 2013 and earned the Outstanding-Award of the University of Manouba-Tunisia for his MSc thesis in 2010. As a scientific researcher, Dr Monoem has authored or co-authored several articles published in peer-reviewed journals. He is a reviewer and an editorial board member of numerous scientific journals and conferences. As an educator, he has taught many lectures for graduate and undergraduate students. Professionally, Dr Monoem is a fitness coach certified from the University of Greenwich (United Kingdom), the University of Palermo (Italia), the Italian Football Federation and the Italian Olympic Committee (Award: First Class with Merit). In Taekwondo, after having been member of the Tunisian national team as athlete, he became a ‘’Master-Coach’’ in 2008, certified from ISSEP Ksar-Said, Manouba University-Tunisia and has trained different Taekwondo teams since 2004. Dr Monoem is currently a professional member of the National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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Acknowledgement We are intensely grateful to all authors and reviewers of the chapters for investing their valuable time in writing their contributions and participating in the review process in order to make the eBook valuable for all readers. We would like to especially thank Catalin Paùnescu, PhD, Mihael Paùnescu, PhD, and Ibrahim Ouergui, MS, who have contributed in important ways. We are also appreciative of Professors David Behm and Karim Chamari who have supported this work and whose absence would have dulled the level of quality that this eBook provides for readers. Thankfully, we had the assistance of Gracia S Oliver and the other staff members of OMICS Group International - eBooks who have excellent organization and editing abilities. To them, we give special thanks Above all, we thank our family members, who scarified time and attention and provided us with patience, support, and love. We dedicate this eBook to them.
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Introduction Performance Optimization in Taekwondo: From Laboratory to Field provides the latest and most comprehensive information related to Taekwondo training and competition. Its accuracy and reliability make it a reference for both Taekwondo coaches and researchers. The eBook contains 15 chapters. The first chapter explains the physiological responses to different forms of taekwondo competition (i.e., poomsae and combat) and specific training. The second chapter presents the biomechanical and kinesiological data in Taekwondo obtained from various instruments (i.e., force platforms, contact platforms, electromyography, high velocity cameras and accelerometers). The third chapter develops Psychological Momentum as a force that must be channeled to turn it to our own advantage or against the opponent. The next chapterpresents a model for analyzing Taekwondo competitions and describes the temporal, technical and tactical profile of Taekwondo competitions taking into account several variables (e.g., combat stage, weight categories, tournaments level and gender). The chapter of didactics in Taekwondo approaches concepts specific to the instructiveeducative process in Taekwondosupported by practical examples. The next chapter provides researchers, coaches and athletes with relevant information for understanding the evaluation and assessment concepts specific to Taekwondo. After proposing a model for monitoring training load, overtraining, recovery and upper respiratory infection in Taekwondo with simple and practical methods in the seventh chapter, the next chapter details the specific and generic physical training of Taekwondo modalities performed in competition form. In the same context of training, stretching during the warm-up and to increase flexibility for Taekwondo was considered and then practical applications were developed. To prevent and/or to decrease injury rates in Taekwondo, after detailing the characteristics (i.e., injury rates, location, and severity) and the risk factors of injuries, the most relevant countermeasures were suggested in the next chapter. The chapter of nutrition and dietetic recommendations in Taekwondo couples the current scientific knowledge about the interrelation between the utilization of the main energy sources and sports performance with practical recommendations. The next chapters present relevant factors that might significantly influence performance in Taekwondo such as methods used by Taekwondo athletes to reduce body mass and the potential effects of rapid weight-loss upon them, sleep loss and Ramadan fasting. Last and not least, the chapter of doping in Taekwondo presents the effects of using banned substances on the body health and the main preventive measures against doping.
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Table of Contents S. No
Page No.
1
Physiological Responses to Taekwondo Competition and Specific Training
2
Biomechanics in Taekwondo: practical applications
10-30
3
Psychological Momentum: From Theory to Practical Application in Taekwondo
31-37
4
Time motion and technical and tactical analysis during Taekwondo competition
38-45
5
Didactic of Taekwondo
46-60
6
Evaluation & Assessment in Taekwondo
61-71
7
Monitoring Training Load, Recovery, Overtraining and Upper respiratory Infection in Taekwondo
72-84
8
Physical Training in Taekwondo: Generic and Specific Training
85-93
9
Stretching during the Warm-up and to Increase Flexibility for Taekwondo
1-9
94-105
10
Injuries in Taekwondo
106-118
11
Nutrition and Dietetic Recommendations in Taekwondo
119-130
12
Weight Reduction Cycles and Effects in Taekwondo
131-136
13
Sleep, Sleep Loss and Performance in Taekwondo Competition
137-146
14
Martial Arts and Ramadan Fasting with Special Reference to Taekwondo
147-156
15
Doping in Taekwondo
157-164
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Physiological Responses to Taekwondo Competition and Specific Training Ouergui I1, Haddad M1*, Padulo J2, Gmada N1, Bouhlel E3,4, and Behm DG5 High Institute of Sports and Physical Education (ISSEP) Kef, University of Jendouba, Tunisia 2 CONI - Italian Olympic Committee, Sardinia, Italy 3 Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia 4 High Institute of Sports and Physical Education (ISSEP) Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia 5 School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s Newfoundland, Canada 1
Corresponding author: Monoem Haddad, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education (ISSEP) Kef, University of Jendouba, Tunisia, Tel: +21623194808; E-mail:
[email protected] *
Keywords: Fatigue; Martial art; Metabolic demand; Sport combat; Taekwondo Abstract Taekwondo (TKD) is one of the martial arts and combat sports, which is gaining popularity around the world. In order to prescribe a specific training program, which can elucidate the metabolic demands during the competition, it is paramount to investigate the physiological responses of different forms of competitions (i.e., poomsae and combat). Moreover, it is important to know the physiological stresses associated with a variety of training forms to better orient the training program for enhanced physical performance. Thus, the objective of the present chapter is to present and explain the physiological responses of both specific forms of training and competition, and then to recommend practical applications for the prescription of TKD training programs.
Introduction Understanding competition physiological demands is a major factor for prescribing a sport specific training program [1]. In intermittent sports, such as combat sports, the physiological demands imposed on the athletes during competition are difficult to simulate in laboratory and therefore are more readily determined during actual competitions [2]. Taking into account the growing interest toward Taekwondo (TKD), it is important to define the physiological demands of the competition (combat and poomsae) of this sport in order to provide effective guidelines for physical conditioning of TKD athletes. Direct evaluations of the physiological responses of simulated and real competitions may provide a more effective tool for determining the acute physiological demands of the competition [3]. Data occurring from the studies that focused on studying the physiological profile of TKD athletes do not
1
accurately represent the demands of TKD [3] and can only reflect the effect of the current training practices [4]. In the same context, it seems very important to establish whether specific training activities in TKD can elicit effective physiological stimuli to attain the desired adaptations and similar physiological strain of competition with the goal of improving athletic physical performance. In fact, greater understanding of the physiological responses during specific training will assist coaches in the optimization of sport specific training programs. Moreover, traditional TKD training (i.e., typical training without additional physical conditioning sessions) may result in some physiological benefits. Thus, the objective of the present chapter is to present a) the physiological demands of official and simulated TKD competition (Combat and poomsae) b) the physiological responses to different forms of specific TKD training and c) the effect of typical TKD training on physiological parameters.
Physiological Responses to TKD Competition It is very important to understand the physiological demands of an activity. There are many methods used to study the physiological responses in sports (e.g., measuring lactate, heart rate, gas exchange methods). Concerning combat sports and precisely TKD, there are some methods, which can be applied during competitions (lactate measurement and heart rate) and others (e.g., using portable gas analyzer) that cannot be used in both simulated and real combat. Restrictions on equipment use may be related to equipment expense, risk of damage and injury. In official TKD combats, experimental monitoring devices are restricted by TKD rules [5]. Since these restrictions during official TKD combat limit the measurement of physiological parameters, researchers have tried to simulate combat in order to obtain more realistic data. Blood lactate concentration is a common simple method for the determination of the role of glycolytic metabolism during exercise. Data from the scientific literature reported that mean values of blood lactate during TKD combats ranged from 2.9 ± 2.1 mmol·L-1 to 12.2 ± 4.6 mmol·L-1 [1,6]. To better address data, dissociation between the values of simulated and official combats seems to be important. Although combat simulations are perceived to provide lower physiological strain, there was no scientific evidence to confirm these perceptions. More research is needed to clarify this point [7]. A large variability of blood lactate concentration have been reported after simulated combat with mean values ranging from 2.9 ± 2.1 mmol·L-1 to 12.2 ± 4.6 mmol·L-1 among male competitors (Table 1). In the same context, Markovic et al. [2] reported a mean value of blood lactate concentration of 11.7 ± 1.8 mmol·L-1 after 3 minutes of simulated TKD combat with female athletes. The variability among studies in blood lactate concentration may be due to the characteristics of the type of competition (e.g., the duration) used in the combat simulation (Table 1). For actual competitions, data regarding blood lactate kinetics are limited (only 3 studies) and values ranged from 7.0 ± 2.6 mmol·L-1 [8] to 12.2 ± 4.6 mmol·L -1 [6]. It was found that blood lactate increases significantly in comparison to rest and among combat stages (i.e., from round 1 to 3) [3,9,10]. This can denote a large anaerobic lactic metabolism contribution with a higher exercise intensity which increased throughout the duration of TKD combat [10]. Study Butios & Tasika [1]
Bouhlel et al. [9] Campos et al. [7]
2
Participants and Combat duration
Round1
Round2
Round3
24 elite male athletes 3 × 3 min,1min in between
- 68 kg: 2.15 ± 1.70 - 80kg: 2.75 ± 1.13 + 80kg: 2.54 ± 0.62
2.98 ± 1.51 2.14 ± 1.33 2.66 ± 1.03
2.90 ± 2.11 3.40 ± 0.78 2.66 ± 1.03
-
8 male Tunisian elite TKD athletes 3 × 3 min, 1 min in between
--
--
10.2 ± 1.2
- -
10 Elite male TKD athletes 3 × 2 min, 1 min in between
4.2 ± 0.7
5.9 ± 1.2
6.6 ± 1.1
- -
-
-
11 male and 12 female elite TKD athletes (Czech national team) 2 × 2 min, 1 min in between
--
11.4 ± 3.2 for male
--
-
7 international women TKD athletes 3 × 2 min, 1 min in between
--
--
11.7 ± 1.8 3min after combat
-
- 14 men subjects 3 × 2 min,1 min in between
--
--
7.5 ± 3.8 A range of 2.012.7
Heller et al. [11] - Markovic et al. [2]
Matsushigue et al. [10]
-
Table 1: Blood lactate concentration Levels (mmol/l) during simulated combats (Mean ± SD).
Moreover, during TKD combats, blood lactate concentration presented, relatively to combat stages, have peak values (i.e., highest post-round blood lactate) of 4.2 ± 0.7 during round 1 to attain 5.9 ± 1.2 during round 2 and 7.0 ± 1.5 mmol·L-1 during round 3 [7] while Heller et al. [11] reported a peak blood lactate value of approximately 14.1 mmol·L-1 [82% of Maximal Blood Lactate concentration (Lamax)] for male and 15.8 for female [117% of Maximal Blood Lactate concentration (Lamax)] 3 minutes after the combat. Another important physiological and cardiovascular parameter is Heart Rate (HR). Many researchers have tried to study the progression of heart rate during simulated ([1,2,7,9-11] and official combats. However the data are limited from actual competitions [3,6,8]. Data from the literature report a range of mean HR after simulated TKD combat from 148 ± 2 beats/min (b·min-1) [1] to 197 ± 2 b·min-1 [9] (Table 2). Likewise, HR peak values during simulated TKD competitions varied from 181 ± 9 [7] to 191.7 ± 9 b·min-1 [1]. Furthermore, combat intensity (expressed on percentage of HRmax) varied from 86% [1] to 100% of HRmax [11]. It is important to show that mean and peak HR values differed across rounds and remained lower in round 1 in comparison to round 2 and 3 [3]. This finding denotes an increase of the combat intensity whereas Butios &Tasika [1] reported no significant changes for both mean and maximal HR levels did not differ between rounds and competition bouts. For real competitions, data are limited and studies [3,6,8] reported mean HR values ranging from 176 ± 10 b·min-1 [8] to 188 ± 8 b·min-1 [3] (Table 2). For peak values, Chiodo et al. [8] reported that peak HR ranged from 180 to 201 b·min-1. Moreover, data showed that the intensity of official TKD combat was approximately 93% HRmax [3,8] and Bridge et al. [6] reported a mean value of 96 ± 1 % of HR peak. As reported during simulated combats, significant differences in HR values were found across rounds which can be explained by the fact that athletes tried to obtain points toward the latter stages [3]. It is very important to note that the HRmax determined from laboratory-based treadmill tests was lower than that obtained during TKD competition [3], thus a specific test is needed to assess specific physiological responses to this combat sport. Study
Round1
Round2
Round3
Bridge et al. [6]
- -
Participants and Combat duration 10 male international TKD athletes 3 × 2 min,1min in between (official competition)
185 ± 7
189 ± 8
190 ± 9
Bridge et al. [3]
- -
8 international male TKD black belts. 3 × 3 min,1min in between (official competition)
175 ± 15
183 ± 12
187 ± 8
24 elite male athletes 3 × 3 min,1min in between
- 68 kg: 139.1 ± 29.5 -80kg: 154 ± 24.7 +80kg: 166.8 ± 8.5
160.2 ± 20.8 159.9 ± 19.5 166.9 ± 10.3
160.6 ± 26.8 155.4 ± 15.2 161.3 ± 5.2
8 male Tunisian elite TKD athletes 3 × 3minutes,1min in between
--
--
197 ± 2
Butios&Tasika [1]
Bouhlel et al. [9]
- -
-
-
3
-
Campos et al. [7]
Chiodo et al. [8] Markovic et al. [2]
Matsushigue et al. [10]
-
- -
10 elite male TKD athletes (official competition) - 3 × 2 min,1min in between
156 ± 9
169 ± 9
175 ± 10
4 women and 11 men elite TKD athletes. 3 × 2 min,1min in between (official competition)
175 ± 10
175 ± 10
178 ± 9
-
-
7 international women TKD athletes 3 × 2 min, 1 min in between - 14 men subjects 3 × 2minutes,1min in between
A mean value of 186.6 ± 2.5 during the whole of the fight
NR
NR
183 ± 9 A range of 166-193
Table 2: Mean heart rate (beats/minute) values during simulated and official Taekwondo combats (Mean ± SD).
On the other hand, it is very important from a diagnostic point of view to establish a profile of physiological responses of winners and losers during TKD competition. Consulting the scientific literature, data are limited and only one study [10] reported a blood lactate profile and HR post combat of winners and losers after TKD combat. Values did not differ significantly between winners and losers (Blood lactate: 7.8 ± 4.4 vs. 7.2 ± 3.4 mmol·L-1, HR: 181 ± 11 vs. 185 ± 7 b·min-1 for winners and losers respectively). For a better understanding of energy system contributions (i.e., aerobic, anaerobic alactic and lactic systems) during TKD combats, studies used methods of energy system determination, based on the calculation of the oxygen consumption by the use of breath by breath method using portable gas analyzer (K4b2) [7]. Other studies have quantified the time spent in 4 different intensity zones identified by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) [3,12]. Five different activity categories expressed as a percentage of HRmax were used in the study of Chiodo et al. [8] : (1) maximal effort (>95% HRmax); (2) high-intensity (86-95% HRmax); (3) low intensity (76-85% HRmax); (4) active recovery (65-75% HRmax); and (5) passive recovery (85% HRmax and
