smaller pieces, a master problem and a set of subproblems. The master problem, which in this ... Energy Using Booth-Baleriaux Probabilistic Simulation," M.I.T..
F78 700-7
April 1982, p. 792
Communication Needs of the Nuclear Power Plant Operator J. L. Seminara Lockheed Missiles and Space Corp., Sunnyvale, CA R. W. Pack Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA
Nuclear power plant operators and trainers were interviewed to examine human factors considerations associated with control room operation. One part of this review dealt with communications. Over eighty percent of the interview sample reported problems and frustrations with existing communication systems. The nature of the problems uncovered and future research needs are the subjects of this paper.
81SM 304-5
April 1982, p. 797
Long-Range Generation Planning Using Decomposition and Probabilistic Simulation
Jeremy A. Bloom, Member IEEE School of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY The problem of planning long range generation capacity expansion has received considerable attention, and many formu¬ lations of the problem using mathematical programming have been proposed. This paper presents a new formulation which specifically includes reliability standards based on probabilistic measures. The problem to be considered is to determine a minimum cost capacity expansion plan which meets forecasted loads over a long range horizon (usually 20 or 30 years) with a specified level of reliability. Cost in this problem consists of two components.the initial capital cost of building the generating plants and the con¬ tinuing cost of operating the generating system to meet the de¬ mands of customers. Because of random load fluctuations and random plant outages, it is not possible to guarantee that customer demand will alway be met; hence, the standard of service must be defined in terms of a probabilistic measure of reliability. In this formulation, the expected unserved energy is used as the reliability measure. Because of the complex relationships between the plant capacities and expected system operating costs and reliability, this problem takes the form of a complex nonlinear program. The long range planning problem decomposes naturally into two parts. One consists of determining the optimal investments in new generating capacity, the other of determining the operating cost and reliability of the generating system. This natural decomposition can be exploited by mathematical programming decomposition tech¬ niques. Specifically, the algorithm proposed for solving the long range planning problem is the generalized Benders' decomposition of Geoffrion. Using decomposition, the problem is broken into smaller pieces, a master problem and a set of subproblems. The master problem, which in this case is a linear program, is used to generate trial solutions for the optimal capacity expansion plan. The subproblems are used to determine the minimum cost of operation and the reliability of the trial system in each period of the planning horizon. Though it has the form of a difficult nonlinear optimization problem, the subproblem can be solved, without resorting to nonlinear programming, by using a standard production costing technique, the probabilistic simulation of Baleriaux and Booth. Associated with the solution of the subproblem is a set of Lagrange
PER APRIL
multipliers which measure the changes in system operating costs reliability caused by marginal changes in the trial plant capacities. These multipliers are returned to the master problem, where they are used to construct new constraints, which can be regarded as pieces of piece-wise linear approximations to the cost function and reliability constraints in the problem. The master problem is then re-solved to determine a new trial capacity plan. The long range planning problem is solved iteratively, by alternately solving the master problem and the subproblems, until the optimum is found. In this way the complicated nonlinear program for long range planning is reduced to the iterative solution of a linear program and a set of production costing problems which do not require an explicit optimization algorithm. The model described above has been implemented by modifying the GEM model of Schweppe. GEM is a generation expansion planning model which uses both linear programming and prob¬ abilistic production costing, but in a way different from the gen¬ eralized Benders' decomposition proposed in this paper. The production costing model in GEM (See Finger) has been modified to compute Lagrange multipliers and the linear programming section in GEM has been modified to solve the master problem. and
References [1] H. Baleriaux, Jamoulle, E., and Linard de Guertechin, F., "Simulation de l'exploitation d'un parc de machines ther¬ miques de production d'electricite couple a des stations de pompage," Revue E, vol. V, no. 7, pp. 225-245,1967. ]2] J. A. Bloom, "Decompostion and Probabilistic Simulation in Electric Utility Planning Models," Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Mathematics, MIT, June 1978, Operations Research Center Technical Report No. 154. [3] R. R. Booth, "Power System Simulation Model Based on Probability Analysis," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-91, pp. 62-69, Jan./Feb 1972. [4] S. Finger, "Modeling Conventional and Pumped Hydro-Electric Energy Using Booth-Baleriaux Probabilistic Simulation," M.I.T.
Energy Laboratory Working Paper MIT-EL 75-009WP, Aug. 1975. [5] S. Finger, "Electric Utility System Generation (SYSGEN) User's Manual," Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., May, 1977. [6] A. M. Geoffrion, "Generalized Benders' Decomposition," Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 237-260,1972. [7] F. D. Schweppe, Marks, D. H., Farrar, D. L., Gruhl, J., Ruane, M. F., Shiers, P. F., and Woodruff, Jr., F. "Economic Environmental System Planning," IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, July, 1974.
81 SM 492-8
April 1982, p. 803
Influence of Wind and Conductor Potential on Distributions of Electric Field and Ion Current Density at Ground Level in DC High Voltage Line to Plane Geometry
Masanori Hara*, Member IEEE, Noriyuki Hayashi**, Keishi Shiotsuki* and Masanori Akazaki**, Senior Member IEEE ^Department of Electrical Engineering, **Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan
Lateral profiles of electric field and ¡on current density at ground level were measured precisely in a unipolar/bipolar line to plane geometry under different de voltages and different wind conditions.
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