QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS - ONLINE

J. Peeters et al. / QSR - Online Suppl. Mat. / 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.015

QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS - ONLINE SUPPLEMENTARY DATA DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.015

Sedimentary architecture and chronostratigraphy of a late Quaternary incised-valley fill: a case study of the late Middle and Late Pleistocene Rhine system in the Netherlands Jan Peeters, Freek S. Busschers, Esther Stouthamer, Aleid J. Bosch, Meindert W. van den Berg, Jakob Wallinga, Alice J. Versendaal, Frans P. Bunnik, Hans Middelkoop

LUMINESCENCE DATING

The age control for this research is largely based on luminescence dating. In this supplementary information we provide information on the methods and procedures used. We focus on the samples for which results were not previously published; for additional information on the methods used for the other samples we refer to the original publications (Busschers et al., 2007; Kars et al., 2012). Sampling Samples were obtained from sediment cores obtained through mechanical coring. Sediment cores were split under subdued red-light conditions, and for each sample, 400-800 grams (ca. 10-15 cm of inner part of core) of sediment was collected from the split core and stored in opaque black plastic bags. This sample size provided sufficient material for both the dose-rate and the equivalent-dose measurements. To prevent any possible disturbances, samples were preferentially taken from homogenous intervals with clear sedimentological structures. Sampling close to bounding surfaces was avoided to prevent mixture of sediments from different sedimentary units; material adjacent to the core tube was not included in the sample to avoid contamination due to coring. Sample bags were transported to the laboratory of the Netherlands Centre for Luminescence dating (NCL) for further preparation and analysis. At the NCL laboratory, material from each of the bags is split in two parts under orange/amber safelights. One part is

prepared for dose rate analysis and the other part for equivalent dose estimation. Dose rate For dose-rate determination bulk samples were ashed for 24 hours at 500 °C, homogenized by grinding and subsequently cast in wax to ensure radon retention. The specific activities of K-40 and several radionuclides in the Uranium and Thorium decay chains were measured using a gammaspectrometer. The measured activities were attenuated for organic and water content (Aitken, 1985; Madsen et al., 2005) and converted into dose rate (Guérin et al., 2011). Complete water saturation was assumed for all samples for the full burial period; for sandy samples a water content of 20% by weight was assumed based on a porosity of about 34% (Weerts, 1996). A contribution of cosmic rays attenuated for depth was included in the total dose rate, assuming gradual burial (Prescott and Hutton, 1994). When using feldspar extracts for equivalent dose determination an additional dose rate contribution from internal K (12.5%; Huntley and Baril, 1997) and Rb (400 ppm; Huntley and Hancock, 2001) was taken into account. For those feldspar separates where we did not apply etching, a small contribution from external alpha radiation was included. Dose rates range from 0.62 to 2.28 Gy/ka for quartz separates (average 1.33 Gy/ka) and from 1.31 to 2.64 Gy/ka for K-feldspar separates (average 1.97 Gy/ka). All sample dose rates are provided in Table S.1. Equivalent dose Depending on the age of the sample, luminescence dating was applied to the quartz or


feldspar fraction. For 33 samples both fractions were prepared and analysed to allow a comparison of results (presented in Fig. 3 of the paper). Sample preparation To obtain purified quartz and K-feldspar separates, samples were prepared by sieving and chemical treatment. The exact grain size used varied depending on the lithology of the sample, when possible the 180 to 212 µm fraction was prepared, but in some cases finer (90-125 µm) or coarser (250-300 µm) fractions were used. Sieved samples were treated with HCl (10%) and H2O2 (30%) to remove carbonates and organic material. Heavy liquid (ρ= 2.58 g/cm3) density separation was applied to obtain the K-rich feldspar extracts (light fraction) when needed. The quartz fraction was treated with concentrated HF (40%) to dissolve remaining feldspar grains and etch the alpha-exposed outer rim of the quartz grains. Afterwards, quartz separates were washed with diluted HCl and water, and then sieved again to remove those grains that were severely affected by the HF treatment. Purity of the quartz separates was checked by monitoring the response to infrared stimulation; if needed HF etching was repeated. K-feldspar separates are obtained from the light fraction (ρ < 2.58 g/cm3); most of these were lightly etched with diluted HF (10%), but in some earlier prepared samples such etching was not applied. For each sample, small subsamples (aliquots) were prepared with a mono-layer of grains on a thin stainless-steel disc sprayed with a thin layer of silicon spray. To allow the detection of incomplete resetting and avoid increased scatter due to heterogeneous beta sources (Ballarini et al., 2006) we mounted prepared grains only on the centre 2 or 3 mm of the sample discs. Measurements were performed in Risø TL/OSLDA-15/20 readers equipped with internal 90Sr/90Y beta sources and blue (470 nm) and infrared (860 nm) LEDs (Bøtter-Jensen et al., 2003). Quartz methods For equivalent-dose determination of both quartz and feldspar fractions we used single-aliquot regenerative-dose procedures (SAR; Murray and Wintle, 2000). The exact measurement protocol

2

varied slightly between samples; important measurement parameters are outlined in Table S.1. For quartz separates, a 10 second preheat of 240 °C or 260 °C was used, in combination with a 200 °C or 220 °C cutheat. The SAR procedure included a ‘hot bleach’ at a temperature 20 °C above the preheat temperature used at the end of each SAR cycle. For part of the samples, an infrared exposure (40 s at 160 °C) was inserted prior to each OSL measurement to further reduce possible contributions of feldspar grains to the OSL signal (Wallinga et al., 2002). To optimize the contribution of the light-sensitive fast OSL component in the signal used, we applied an early background subtraction (Ballarini et al., 2007; Cunningham and Wallinga, 2010). For samples measured at an earlier stage, signal and background intervals were identical, whereas for later measurements we followed the suggestion of Cunningham and Wallinga, (2010) to take the background interval 2.5 times the signal integration interval (signal integration 0 – 0.5 s, minus normalized background between 0.5 and 1.75 s). Dose response curves were fitted with a saturating exp (−

D D0

exponential

function:

Li Ti

= LS (1 −

)). For samples where the data could not

be satisfactorily fitted with this function, an additional linear component was included: LS (1 − exp (−

D D0

Li Ti

=

)) + cD. In these equations, Li/Ti

is the sensitivity-corrected luminescence signal, Ls is the saturation level of the exponential function, D is the absorbed dose (Gy), D0 (Gy) is a shape parameter indicative of the onset of saturation, and c is a constant. Aliquots were accepted for equivalent-dose calculation if the recycling ratio was within 10% of unity. Aliquots that showed a significant IR test dose response (>20% of the (post-IR) blue response) and more than 10% depletion of the (post-IR) blue test dose response due to IR exposure were rejected to avoid bias of results due to feldspar contamination (Duller, 2003). Dose-recovery tests were performed on most samples, and indicate that a laboratory dose could be accurately determined using the adopted measurement procedures (dose recovery ratio: 1.00 ± 0.01, n=92; Fig. S.1A).


To determine the sample average equivalent dose the unweighted mean of single aliquot results was used, after iteratively removing single-aliquot equivalent-dose estimates removed more than 2.5 standard deviations from the sample mean as these aliquots were regarded as outliers. We prefer the unweighted mean as weighting results based on their precision may induce a bias towards low equivalent doses that plot on the steeper part of the dose response curve and are therefore on average known with better precision. If the sample mean De was greater than two times D0, the results was regarded unreliable (following Wintle and Murray, 2006) and hence not used for the chronological framework. Table S.1 indicates which data was accepted, and which rejected, and provides additional information on the reasons for rejection. Feldspar methods Equivalent doses for the K-feldspar separates were determined with SAR methods using pIRIR signals. The measurement parameters differ between samples, reflecting the development of pIRIR methods over recent years. For a few samples (n=6) a procedure was adopted with IR exposure for 100 s at 100 °C, followed by measurement of the pIRIR signal at 230 °C (pIRIR230; Kars et al., 2012). For all other samples (n=27), IR exposure for 100 s at 50 °C was followed by pIRIR measurement at 290 °C (pIRIR290; Thiel et al., 2011). The latter procedure was adopted as the signal has been shown to be stable, and hence no fading correction is needed (Thiel et al., 2011; Buylaert et al., 2012; Kars et al., 2012). For the samples where the pIRIR230 signal was used, we were not sure whether a fading correction should be applied. We therefor took a conservative approach to report the mean of the uncorrected and fading corrected equivalent dose, with the uncertainty indicating the full range from uncorrected minus 1-sigma error to the corrected plus 1-sigma error. For this reasons, reported uncertainties on these samples are much larger than for the samples measured using the pIRIR290 signal. A limited number of aliquots were measured for each sample, given the time consuming nature of these measurements in the high dose region.

3

For the K-feldspar measurements a conventional late background subtraction was used to obtain a net signal, with the background signal integrated over a period five times the initial signal integration length. Fitting of dose response curves, determining the sample equivalent dose from the single-aliquot estimates, and validity judgement followed the same procedures as outlined for quartz. The adopted methods were checked using a dose recovery experiment. For this experiment, six aliquots of each sample were bleached for at least 4 hours in a SOL2 solar simulator. The remnant dose after laboratory bleach was measured on three of the discs, whereas the other discs received a laboratory dose, which was then determined using the adopted protocol. The average remnant dose was subtracted from the equivalent doses, prior to calculating the dose-recovery ratio. The overall dose recovery ratio was 1.08 ± 0.02, n=101 (Fig. S.1B), reflecting that the adopted protocol can accurately determine a given dose.


A.

4

B.

Figure S1. Dose recovery results for quartz OSL (A) and feldspar pIRIR (B) indicate that the adopted protocols can accurately recover a known dose. Each data point represents the dose recovery ratio of one single aliquot. Solid data points fall within the shaded area and agree with unity at the 2-σ confidence level.


A.

1,000

—Natural OSL signal Natural —Regenerative dose (114 Gy) OSL1200ß signal

OSL (cts per 0.02 s)

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0

2

4

6

8

10 12 Time (s)

14

16

18

20

B.

Figure S2. Visualisation of quartz OSL properties, showing results for a single disc of sample NCL6412189 (disc 1, sequence n13tr015e). A) OSL shine down curve; integration intervals are indicated with red and green vertical lines, for the signal and background respectively. The early background integration interval (0.8 – 1.8 s) immediately follows signal integration interval (0.0 – 0.8 s). Natural and regenerative dose OSL signals are identical in shape. B) OSL dose response curve, data fitted with an exponential (D0 = 43 ± 9 Gy) plus linear component. The natural signal is shown by the horizontal red line; projecting the signal on the measured dose-response curve yields a De of 141 ± 11 Gy (indicated by the vertical red line).

5


A. 200,000

—Natural PIRIR290 signal Natural 2000ß —Regenerative dose (190 Gy) PIRIR 290 signal

IRSL (cts per 0.40 s)

180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 0

10 20

30 40 50 60 70 Time (s)

80 90 100

B.

Figure S3. Visualisation of feldspar PIRIR290 properties, showing results for a single disc of sample NCL6412189 (disc 15, sequence n12aj136e). A) PIRIR290 shine down curve; integration intervals are indicated with red and green vertical lines, for the signal and background, respectively. Natural and regenerative dose PIRIR290 signals are identical in shape. B) PIRIR290 dose response curve, data fitted with an exponential (D0 = 142 ± 55 Gy) plus linear component. The natural signal is shown by the horizontal red line; projecting the signal on the measured dose-response curve yields a De of 182 ± 6 Gy (indicated by the vertical red line).

6


7

Table S1. Luminescence dating overview NCL labcode

Sedimentary unit

Equivalent dose (Gy)

Dose rate (Gy/ka)

Age (ka)

Method

Validity

Borehole no. research core

Coordinates (X)

(Y)

Surface elevation (m m.s.l)

Sample depth (m)

Figure Reference

NCL-3208134 NCL-3208135 NCL-3208135 NCL-3208136 NCL-3208137 NCL-3208138 NCL-3208138 NCL-3208139 NCL-3208139 NCL-3208140 NCL-3208140

local fluvial local fluvial local fluvial local fluvial A4 A4 A4 shallow-marine shallow-marine shallow-marine shallow-marine

11 42 67 87 68 65 104 117 221 123 214

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0 1 15* 5 3 3 22* 5 69* 6 51*

1.05 1.81 2.64 1.50 1.21 1.12 1.94 1.54 2.16 1.75 2.37

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.03 0.06 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.09

10 23 25 58 56 57 54 75 102 70 90

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

1 1 6* 4 3 3 11* 4 32* 5 22*

OSL OSL pIRIR 230 OSL OSL OSL pIRIR 230 OSL pIRIR 230 OSL pIRIR 230

Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted

B25E0913 B25E0913 B25E0913 B25E0913 B25E0913 B25E0913 B25E0913 B25E0913 B25E0913 B25E0913 B25E0913

122780 122780 122780 122780 122780 122780 122780 122780 122780 122780 122780

487920 487920 487920 487920 487920 487920 487920 487920 487920 487920 487920

1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45

14.27 16.66 16.66 20.18 24.38 28.85 28.85 32.96 32.96 33.50 33.50

S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A

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NCL-3411043 NCL-3411043 NCL-3411093 NCL-3411093

S6 S6 S6 S6

122 501 121 448

± ± ± ±

17 61 27 71

0.70 1.48 0.75 1.52

± ± ± ±

0.30 0.08 0.03 0.09

173 339 162 295

± ± ± ±

25 46 37 50

OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290

Rejected Rejected Rejected Rejected

B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211

169094 169094 169094 169094

528440 528440 528440 528440

-3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98

41.72 41.72 44.70 44.70

S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B

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NCL-3510067 NCL-3510067 NCL-3510068 NCL-3510068 NCL-3510069 NCL-3510069 NCL-3510070 NCL-3510070 NCL-3510071 NCL-3510071

A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3

56 94 138 228 160 240 122 218 158 223

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

5 5 13 26 11 16 5 34 10 17

0.62 1.39 1.63 2.40 1.54 2.31 1.46 2.23 1.42 2.19

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.02 0.08 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.09

90 68 85 95 104 104 83 97 112 102

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

8 6 9 12 8 8 4 16 8 9

OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290

Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted

B14A0090 B14A0090 B14A0090 B14A0090 B14A0090 B14A0090 B14A0090 B14A0090 B14A0090 B14A0090

109835 109835 109835 109835 109835 109835 109835 109835 109835 109835

544197 544197 544197 544197 544197 544197 544197 544197 544197 544197

1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10

14.93 14.93 25.88 25.88 28.73 28.73 31.58 31.58 31.83 31.83

S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B

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local fluvial A4 shallow-marine shallow-marine shallow-marine shallow-marine glaciolacustrine glaciolacustrine glaciolacustrine glaciolacustrine

63 104 91 172 111 176 103 232 87 215

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

3 7 3 9 7 11 4 12 4 14

1.40 2.22 0.81 1.63 0.87 1.69 1.11 1.93 0.76 1.58

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.05 0.10 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.09

45 47 113 105 127 104 93 120 114 136

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

2 4 6 8 9 9 5 8 7 12

OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290

Rejected Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Accepted

B27A0369 B27A0369 B27A0369 B27A0369 B27A0369 B27A0369 B27A0369 B27A0369 B27A0369 B27A0369

189050 189050 189050 189050 189050 189050 189050 189050 189050 189050

499207 499207 499207 499207 499207 499207 499207 499207 499207 499207

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

17.83 17.83 18.62 18.62 18.87 18.87 21.72 21.72 24.70 24.70

S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A S.6A

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NCL-3710077 NCL-3710078 NCL-3710079 NCL-3710080 NCL-3710081

A4 shallow-marine glaciolacustrine glaciolacustrine glaciolacustrine

81 141 183 312 208

± ± ± ± ±

5 6 13 24 12

1.32 1.66 1.95 2.22 2.28

± ± ± ± ±

0.06 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.11

62 85 94 141 91

± ± ± ± ±

5 5 8 13 7

OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL

Accepted Accepted Rejected Rejected Rejected

B25E0907 B25E0907 B25E0907 B25E0907 B25E0907

122500 122500 122500 122500 122500

488590 488590 488590 488590 488590

0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35

26.80 30.57 53.22 56.31 59.57

S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B

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NCL-4111009 NCL-4111010 NCL-4111010 NCL-4111011 NCL-4111011 NCL-4111012 NCL-4111012

A2 A2 A2 A3 A3 A1 A1

125 129 232 147 221 128 218

± ± ± ± ± ± ±

10 10 11 10 8 10 9

1.38 1.21 1.98 1.50 2.27 1.18 1.95

± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.06 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.05 0.10

91 107 117 98 97 109 112

± ± ± ± ± ± ±

8 9 8 8 6 9 7

OSL OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290

Rejected Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Accepted

B16D0069 B16C0043 B16C0043 B21G0547 B21G0547 B21G0547 B21G0547

190310 180460 180460 209410 209410 209410 209410

527539 526270 526270 510950 510950 510950 510950

-2.50 -3.50 -3.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

17.32 19.05 18.95 10.55 10.45 16.65 16.55

S.6B A.1 A.1 S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B

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NCL-4311074 NCL-4311074 NCL-4311075 NCL-4311075 NCL-4311076 NCL-4311076 NCL-4311077 NCL-4311077 NCL-4311078 NCL-4311078 NCL-4311079 NCL-4311079 NCL-4311080 NCL-4311080

A5 A5 A5 A5 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 A2 A1 A1 S6 S6

42 71 48 121 154 230 122 243 149 241 92 249 134 233

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

6 13 5 20 10 11 27 12 25 12 16 18 12 12

1.11 1.88 1.52 2.29 1.02 1.79 1.56 2.33 1.31 2.08 1.35 2.12 1.13 1.90

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.04 0.09 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.09 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.04 0.09

38 38 31 53 151 129 78 104 114 116 68 117 119 122

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

6 7 4 9 11 9 18 7 19 8 12 10 12 8

OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290

Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted

B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211 B15G0211

169094 169094 169094 169094 169094 169094 169094 169094 169094 169094 169094 169094 169094 169094

528440 528440 528440 528440 528440 528440 528440 528440 528440 528440 528440 528440 528440 528440

-3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98 -3.98

8.70 8.70 12.70 12.70 18.70 18.70 25.70 25.70 26.65 26.65 30.55 30.55 34.65 34.65

S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B S.6B

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NCL-6412185 NCL-6412185 NCL-6412186 NCL-6412187 NCL-6412188 NCL-6412188 NCL-6412189 NCL-6412189 NCL-6412190 NCL-6412191 NCL-6412192 NCL-6412192 NCL-6412193 NCL-6412193 NCL-6412194 NCL-6412195 NCL-6412196 NCL-6412197

A5 A5 A1 S6 A5 A5 A3 A3 A1 S6 A5 A5 A3 A3 A2 A1 A1 Mid. Pleist.

45 72 227 251 44 97 136 193 205 242 40 96 122 223 392 248 216 461

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

2 5 7 15 3 18 10 11 15 11 2 11 8 8 17 16 16 17

1.09 1.85 1.93 1.81 0.97 1.74 1.62 2.40 1.89 1.82 1.03 1.81 1.09 1.98 2.48 2.05 1.73 1.67

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.05 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09

42 39 118 139 45 55 84 81 109 132 39 53 112 112 158 121 125 276

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

3 3 7 11 4 11 7 6 10 9 3 7 9 7 10 10 12 18

OSL pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 OSL pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290

Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Rejected

B15G0212 B15G0212 B15G0212 B15G0212 B15G0213 B15G0213 B15G0213 B15G0213 B15G0213 B15G0213 B15G0214 B15G0214 B15G0214 B15G0214 B15G0214 B15G0214 B15G0214 B15G0214

163007 163007 163007 163007 162994 162994 162994 162994 162994 162994 162996 162996 162996 162996 162996 162996 162996 162996

525550 525550 525550 525550 528494 528494 528494 528494 528494 528494 531917 531917 531917 531917 531917 531917 531917 531917

-5.38 -5.38 -5.38 -5.38 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -4.96 -4.96 -4.96 -4.96 -4.96 -4.96 -4.96 -4.96

11.75 11.75 25.75 32.50 11.60 11.60 17.70 17.70 24.75 31.75 10.70 10.70 15.65 15.65 20.75 24.70 27.70 33.70

A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.3

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local fluvial M1 M1 A1 A1

76 265 231 211 700

± ± ± ± ±

3 22 9 12 32

1.76 2.38 2.11 1.31 1.66

± ± ± ± ±

0.09 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.09

43 112 109 161 421

± ± ± ± ±

3 11 6 14 29

pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290 pIRIR 290

Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected

B15F1501 B15F1501 B15F1501 B15F1501 B15F1501

175986 175986 175986 175986 175986

537656 537656 537656 537656 537656

-3.62 -3.62 -3.62 -3.62 -3.62

8.90 11.50 15.55 20.41 21.55

A.2 A.2 A.2 A.2 A.2

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NCL-3108014 NCL-3108014 NCL-3108015 NCL-3108015

A3 A3 A3 A3

131 243 127 165

± ± ± ±

11 108* 18 68*

0.99 1.95 1.13 1.81

± ± ± ±

0.05 0.10 0.06 0.10

133 125 113 91

± ± ± ±

13 56* 17 38*

OSL pIRIR 230 OSL pIRIR 230

Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted

B16A1292 B16A1292 B16A1292 B16A1292

181789 181789 181789 181789

537618 537618 537618 537618

0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

14.90 14.90 12.60 12.60

S.1 in S.1 in S.1 in S.1 in

Kars et al. (2012) Kars et al. (2012) Kars et al. (2012) Kars et al. (2012)


local fluvial local fluvial local fluvial local fluvial local fluvial A5 A5 A5 A5 A2 A1 local fluvial A5 A5

18 29 30 48 51 49 42 45 51 203 194 18 86 111

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 12 8 1 5 6

1.29 1.37 1.32 2.03 1.58 1.11 0.96 1.06 1.14 1.81 1.76 1.24 1.61 1.69

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.20 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.06

14 21 23 24 32 44 44 43 45 112 111 15 53 66

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

1 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 8 6 1 4 4

OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL OSL

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

B27H0282 B27H0282 B27H0282 B27H0282 B27H0282 B27H0282 B27H0282 B27H0282 B27H0282 B27H0282 B27H0282 B33E0313 B33E0313 B33E0313

210605 210605 210605 210605 210605 210605 210605 210605 210605 210605 210605 202610 202610 202610

477650 477650 477650 477650 477650 477650 477650 477650 477650 477650 477650 474355 474355 474355

5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.10 5.10 5.10

1.35 1.75 2.75 3.75 4.85 5.87 6.85 7.85 8.45 10.93 14.90 1.33 8.07 8.37

5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in 5 in

Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007) Busschers et al. (2007)

For equivalent doses and ages denoted with ‘*’, results are the mean for fading corrected and non-fading corrected results. Uncertainties indicate the range from uncorrected minus 1-sigma error to corrected plus 1-sigma error. Coordinates are in Dutch RD system. Additional information on the luminescence dating results is available online in the http://www.Lumid.nl database.


8

Table S1. Luminescence dating overview - continued NCL labcode

Quartz IR-Wash

Signal integration

DRC fit

NCL-3208134 NCL-3208135 NCL-3208135 NCL-3208136 NCL-3208137 NCL-3208138 NCL-3208138 NCL-3208139 NCL-3208139 NCL-3208140 NCL-3208140

NO NO

EBG Ratio 1:1 EBG Ratio 1:1

EXP EXP

NO

EBG Ratio 1:1

EXP

NCL-3411043 NCL-3411043 NCL-3411093 NCL-3411093

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

nd

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

nd


40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

1.05 ± 0.22

Dose recovery Feldspar DRC fit

EBG Ratio 1:1 EBG Ratio 1:1 EBG Ratio 1:1

EXP EXP EXP

1.10 ± 0.02 1.03 ± 0.04 1.06 ± 0.06

NO

EBG Ratio 1:1

EXP

0.99 ± 0.01

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

1.21 ± 0.03

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

1.06 ± 0.04

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

0.98 ± 0.14

EXP+Lin

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP

1.00 ± 0.04

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP

0.99 ± 0.07

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP

1.00 ± 0.02

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP

1.08 ± 0.09

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP

0.91 ± 0.00


40s @ 160C 40s @ 160C 40s @ 160C 40s @ 160C 40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5 EBG Ratio 1:2.5 EBG Ratio 1:2.5 EBG Ratio 1:2.5 EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+LIN EXP+LIN EXP+LIN EXP+LIN EXP+LIN

1.31 1.18 0.88 1.02 0.93

NCL-4111009 NCL-4111010 NCL-4111010 NCL-4111011 NCL-4111011 NCL-4111012 NCL-4111012

40s @ 160C 40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5 EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP EXP

1.00 ± 0.06 0.90 ± 0.11


± ± ± ± ±

nd

EXP

nd

EXP+LIN

0.99

±

0.18

EXP+LIN

1.06

±

0.10

EXP+LIN

0.74

±

0.03

EXP+LIN

1.82

±

0.96

EXP+LIN

0.90

±

0.02

EXP+LIN

0.79

±

0.14

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP

1.06 ± 0.06

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP

1.03 ± 0.07

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

40s @ 160C 40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5 EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin EXP+Lin

nd

EXP+LIN

1.10

±

0.03

EXP+LIN

1.19

±

0.03

EXP+LIN

1.14

±

0.01

EXP+LIN

1.18

±

0.03

EXP+LIN

1.11

±

0.05

EXP+LIN

1.05

±

0.02

EXP+LIN

0.96

±

0.05

EXP+LIN

1.08

±

0.07

EXP+LIN

1.06

±

0.05

EXP+LIN

1.18

±

0.03

nd nd nd EXP+LIN

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

nd

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

nd

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

nd

EXP+LIN

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

nd

NO

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

0.98 ± 0.04

NO

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

0.96 ± 0.03

NO

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

1.07 ± 0.06

NO

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

0.92 ± 0.04

NO

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP+Lin

0.86 ± 0.05

40s @ 160C 40s @ 160C

EBG 1:2.5 EBG 1:2.5

Exp+Lin Exp+Lin

nd 0.94

±

0.03

EXP+LIN

1.01

±

nd

EXP+LIN

0.99

±

nd

Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Accepted

Rejected Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted

EXP+LIN

1.14

±

0.16

EXP+LIN EXP+LIN EXP+LIN

1.09 1.08 1.11

± ± ±

0.05 0.01 0.05

EXP+LIN

1.26

±

0.17

EXP+LIN EXP+LIN EXP+LIN

1.22 1.33 1.16

± ± ±

0.07 0.19 0.18

EXP+LIN

0.98

±

0.14


1.02 1.08 1.11 1.16 0.98

± ± ± ± ±

0.07 0.00 0.13 0.04 0.00

Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Rejected


0.99 1.05 1.03 1.12 1.23

± ± ± ± ±

0.02 0.14 0.07 0.02 0.17

Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected

EXP

0.98

±

0.01

EXP

0.98

±

0.01

1.04 ± 0.04 1.04 ± 0.04

Rejected Rejected Rejected Rejected

Accepted Accepted Rejected Rejected Rejected

0.08 0.10 0.15 0.07 0.04



nd

EXP

EXP+LIN 40s @ 160C

NCL-3108014 NCL-3108014 NCL-3108015 NCL-3108015

EXP

0.96 ± 0.09


NCL-6412185 NCL-6412185 NCL-6412186 NCL-6412187 NCL-6412188 NCL-6412188 NCL-6412189 NCL-6412189 NCL-6412190 NCL-6412191 NCL-6412192 NCL-6412192 NCL-6412193 NCL-6412193 NCL-6412194 NCL-6412195 NCL-6412196 NCL-6412197

nd

1.02 ± 0.08

40s @ 160C

EBG Ratio 1:2.5

EXP

Validity

Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted Rejected Accepted

0.92 ± 0.02 1.00 ± 0.05

NO NO NO

40s @ 160C

Dose recovery

Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Comment regarding validity

Judged questionable based on inconsistency with results above and below

De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De far above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date De close to 2*D0 threshold; validity of pIRIR signals in this range is uncertain De far above 2*D0 threshold with many aliquots returing natural OSL signals above laboratory saturation level; OSL signal too close to saturation to d De close to 2*D0 threshold; validity of pIRIR signals in this range is uncertain

De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably Large spread in single-aliquot De results; overdispersion 41%

Rejecteded based on inconsistency with pIRIR results, in combination with De above 100 Gy Rejecteded based on inconsistency with pIRIR results, in combination with De above 100 Gy

De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably

De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably

Rejecteded based on inconsistency with OSL result; likely affected by poor bleaching Rejecteded based on inconsistency with OSL result; likely affected by poor bleaching De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De far above 2*D0 threshold with many aliquots returing natural OSL signals above laboratory saturation level; OSL signal too close to saturation to d De above 2*D0 threshold; OSL signal too close to saturation to date reliably De far above 2*D0 threshold with many aliquots returing natural OSL signals above laboratory saturation level; OSL signal too close to saturation to d De far above 2*D0 threshold with many aliquots returing natural OSL signals above laboratory saturation level; OSL signal too close to saturation to d

Rejecteded based on inconsistency with OSL result; likely affected by poor bleaching

De above 2*D0 threshold; pIRIR signal too close to saturation to date reliably




9

PALAEOBIOLOGICAL ANALYSES

Table S2. Overview with all new acquired and archived research cores and their associated analyses and references. Borehole no. research core

Coordinates (X)

Coordinates (Y)

Elevation Lenght Analysis (m m.s.l.) (m)

Reference

Author(s)

Year

Transect A B27A0369

189050

499207

0.15

40.0

PALY OSL pIRIR

TNO-034-UT-2010-01576/B this publication this publication

Kloos Peeters et al. Peeters et al.

2010 -

Transect B B16A1292

181789

537618

0.04

25.0

B16C0043

180460

526270

-3.50

66.0

PALY OSL + pIRIR OSL pIRIR

TNO-060-UT-2011-00698/B QG 12, 74-86 this publication this publication

Bunnik Kars et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al.

2011 2012 -

Transect C B15F1501

175986

537656

-3.62

25.0

B15H0056 B15H0057 B20F0067 B20F0175

176000 175480 174950 174640

536000 532040 523180 521840

-3.50 -4.00 -4.30 -4.70

20.0 23.5 22.8 22.6

PALY DIAT pIRIR PALY PALY DIAT PALY DIAT

this publication this publication this publication this publication this publication RGD Diatom Lab. report 490 this publication RGD Diatom Lab. report 603

Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. De Wolf Peeters et al. De Wolf

1987 1996

Transect D B15G0214

162996

531917

-4.96

36.0

B15G0213

162994

528494

-5.00

36.0

B15G0212

163007

525550

-5.38

35.0

B20E0063

162000

523000

-5.00

50.0

PALY OSL + pIRIR PALY OSL + pIRIR PALY OSL + pIRIR PALY

this publication this publication this publication this publication this publication this publication RGD Paleobotany Lab. 385

Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. De Jong

1964

Transect E B20B0010

155300

521800

-3.90

50.0

PALY

RGD Paleobotany Lab. 381

De Jong

1964

Transect F B14G0973 B25E0913

128553 122780

529557 487920

-2.43 1.45

35.0 78.8

PALY PALY + DIAT OSL + pIRIR U-Th

TNO-060-UT-2011-00696/B NJG 79 (2/3), 161-196 this publication NJG 79 (2/3), 161-196

Bunnik Van Leeuwen et al. Peeters et al. Van Leeuwen et al.

2011 2000 2000

Figure S.6 B25E0907

122500

488590

0.35

64.9

B14A0090

109835

544197

1.10

34.0

B16D0069

190310

527539

-2.50

70.5

B21G0547

209410

510950

0.50

20.2

B15G0211

169094

528440

-3.98

52.0

OSL PALY + DIAT OSL pIRIR PALY + DIAT OSL pIRIR OSL pIRIR PALY OSL + pIRIR

this publication TNO-034-UT-2010-02015-A this publication this publication TNO-034-UT-2010-00977-A this publication this publication this publication this publication 034-060-UT-2011-00697/B this publication

Peeters et al. Bunnik and Cremer Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Cremer et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Peeters et al. Bunnik Peeters et al.

2010 2010 2011 -

IJssel basin transect B27H0282 210605 B33E0313 202610

477650 474355

5.70 5.10

32.0 20.4

OSL + PALY OSL

QSR 26, 3216-3248 QSR 26, 3216-3248

Busschers et al. Busschers et al.

2007 2007

PALY = Pollen analysis; DIAT = Diatom analysis; OSL = Optically Stimulated Luminescence; pIRIR = post-InfraRed InfraRed Stimulated Luminescence. Coordinates in Dutch RD system. Additional information on the palaeobiological data and reports is available online at http://www.dinoloket.nl.

Figure S4A. Pollen percentage diagram and associated regional Pollen Assemblage Zones (PAZ) cf. Zagwijn (1961, 1996) of core B15F1501. 21.0m

20.5m

20.0m

19.5m

19.0m

18.5m

18.0m

17.5m

17.0m

16.5m

16.0m

15.5m

15.0m

14.5m

14.0m

13.5m

13.0m

12.5m

12.0m

11.5m

11.0m

10.5m

9.0m

9.5m

8.00

8.0m

8.5m

7.51

STAQUA_5Herbs

STAQUA_6Heathland

STAQUA_4Treesindifferent

STAQUA_3Treeswet

STAQUA_1Prequartair

STAQUA_2Treesdry

Pollen sum

7.5m

7.0m

6.5m

6.0m

5.5m

5.0m

10.0m

Depth

x: 175986 y: 537656 z: -3.62m

B15F1501

100

20.66

20.78

20.90

20.98

20.66

20.78

20.90

20.98

19.34

18.23

18.98 19.04

17.97

18.23

17.97

18.80 18.83

17.71

17.71

18.58 18.60

17.43

17.43

18.40

17.21

17.21

16.85

15.33

16.30

14.94

15.33

14.94

15.97

14.57

14.57

14.15

13.87

13.54

13.18

12.30

11.80

11.18

10.42

10.89

10.71

10.16

10.42

9.86

10.16

9.47

9.86

9.47

7.25

5.35

Samples Prequartair

Sciadopitys . Tasmanites . Trilete sporen Abies . Acer . Carpinus . Carpinus 3p Corylus .

Trees dry

Fagus . Hedera . Hippophae . Ilex . Lonicera . Quercus .

Taxus . Tilia . Ulmus . Viscum . STAQUA_3Treeswet

Alnus . Frangula alnus Fraxinus . Myrica . Betula .

Picea .

Trees indifferent

Pinus .

Salix . Anthemis Type Anthoceros . Apiaceae . Armeria Type Artemisia . Asteraceae Liguliflorae Asteraceae Tubuliflorae Brassicaceae . Caryophyllaceae . Chenopodiaceae . Cirsium type Cyperaceae .

Herbs

Rutten Gemaalweg B15F1501

Filipendula . Galium . Helianthemum . Lycopodium clavatum Mentha . Plantago lanceolata Plantago maritima type Poaceae .

Poaceae >40 µ Polygonum bistorta Polygonum persicaria type Polypodium . Ranunculus acris type

Rosaceae . Sanguisorba minor Selaginella selaginoides Succisa . Thalictrum . Valeriana officinalis Calluna . Heathland

Empetrum . Ericales . Drosera spec. Dryopteris type

Local taxa

Equisetum . Ophioglossum vulgatum Osmunda . Sphagnum . Thelipteris Type Alisma . Azolla massulae Azolla/Salvinia fragm. Botryococcus .

Ceratophyllum spines Cladium sp. Eu-Rumex . Menyanthes trifoliata Myriophyllum verticilatum Nuphar . Nymph. -slijmcel-

Aquatics taxa

Nymph. -sterhaar-

Nymphaea alba Pediastrum .

Non-pollen taxa

LS

E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

E6

W

PAZ

19.34

18.98 19.04

18.40

18.80 18.83

18.58 18.60

16.30

16.85

15.97

14.15

13.54

13.87

13.18

12.30

11.80

10.71

11.18

10.89

8.00

7.51

7.25

5.35

Geological Survey of the Netherlands

Riccia . Sparganium type Spirogyra . Stratiotes . Trapa natans . Typha latifolia Dinoflagellaten . Diporotheca . Filinia . Foraminifera .

Samples


10

Figure S4B. Pollen percentage diagram and associated regional Pollen Assemblage Zones (PAZ) cf. Zagwijn (1961, 1996) of core B15G0212. Depth

x: 163007 y: 525550 z: -5.38m

24.5m

24.0m

23.5m

23.0m

22.5m

22.0m

21.5m

21.0m

20.5m

20.0m

19.5m

19.0m

18.5m

18.0m

17.5m

17.0m

16.5m

16.0m

15.5m

15.0m

14.5m

14.0m

B15G0212

STAQUA_6Heathland

STAQUA_5Herbs


STAQUA_3Treeswet

STAQUA_2Treesdry

STAQUA_1Prequartair

Pollen sum

21.45

21.60

21.76

21.93

22.06

22.26

22.47

21.60

21.76

21.93

22.06

22.26

22.47

23.30

21.29

21.45

20.67

20.67

21.29

20.47

20.47

20.87

20.31

20.31

19.71

19.28

18.75

18.35

17.78

17.35

16.80

16.35

15.39

15.39

15.77

15.10

14.87

14.87

15.10

14.67

14.67

Samples Prequartair

Classopollis . Liquidambar . Nyssa . OUDE TRILETE SPOREN Sciadopitys . Symplocos . T. spec. Tasmanites . Trilete sporen Abies . Acer . Carpinus .

% of STAQUA_Pollensom (75mm=100%)

Carpinus 3p Carya . Corylus .

Trees dry

Fagus . Hedera . Hippophae . Ilex . Juglans . Juniperus type

Quercus .

Taxus . Taxus cf. . Tilia . Ulmus .

STAQUA_3Treeswet Trees indifferent

% of STAQUA_Pollensom (75mm=100%) % of STAQUA_Pollensom (75mm=100%)

Lake IJssel B15G0212

Viburnum opulus Viscum . Alnus .

Fraxinus . Myrica . Betula . Picea .

Picea omorika type Pinus .


Salix . Tsuga . Althaea officinalis Anthemis . Apiaceae . Artemisia . Asteraceae Liguliflorae Asteraceae Tubuliflorae Brassicaceae . Caryophyllaceae .

Chenopodiaceae . Comp.Liguliflorae . Cyperaceae .

Herbs

Euphorbia palustris Filipendula . Galium . Gramineae . Lycopodium clavatum Lythrum . Plantago lanceolata Poaceae . Poaceae >40 µ Polygonum persicaria Polypodium . Pteridium . Ranunculus acris type Rosaceae . Rumex acetosa/acetosella Thalictrum . Calluna . Empetrum . Ericales . Dryopteris type

Local taxa

Equisetum . Ophioglossum vulgatum Osmunda . Sphagnum .

Aquatics taxa


Azolla/Salvinia fragm. Botryococcus . Butomus . Ceratophyllum spines Cladium sp. Eu-Rumex . Mougeotia . Myriophyllum verticilatum Nuphar . Nymph. -slijmcelNymph. -sterhaar-

Non-pollen taxa

E2

E3

E4a

E4b

E5

PAZ

23.30

20.87

19.71

19.28

18.75

18.35

17.78

17.35

16.80

16.35

15.77

Samples


Nymphaea alba Pediastrum . Potamogeton . Salvinia . Sparganium . Sparganium type Spirogyra . Typha latifolia Dinoflagellaten .

Diporotheca . Foraminifera .


11

Figure S4C. Pollen percentage diagram and associated regional Pollen Assemblage Zones (PAZ) cf. Zagwijn (1961, 1996) of core B15G0213. Depth

x: 162994 y: 528494 z: -5.00m

22.0m

21.8m

21.6m

21.4m

21.2m

21.0m

20.8m

20.6m

20.4m

B15G0213

STAQUA_6Heathland

STAQUA_5Herbs


STAQUA_3Treeswet

STAQUA_2Treesdry

STAQUA_1Prequartair

Pollen sum

21.94

21.76

21.62

21.54

21.31

21.14

20.94

20.73

20.43

Samples % of STAQUA_Pollensom (75mm=100%)

Classopollis . OUDE TRILETE SPOREN Tasmanites . Trilete sporen Acer . Carpinus . Carpinus 3p Corylus .

Trees dry

Hedera . Hippophae . Humulus type Juniperus type Quercus .

Tilia . Ulmus . Alnus . Fraxinus .


Trees indifferent



Myrica . Betula . Picea . Pinus .

Salix . Tsuga . Apiaceae . Artemisia . Asteraceae Liguliflorae Asteraceae Tubuliflorae Brassicaceae . Caryophyllaceae . Chenopodiaceae . Cyperaceae .

Herbs

Ephedra distachya type Filipendula . Lythrum . Papaver rhoeas type Plantago lanceolata Plantago maritima type Poaceae .

Local taxa


Poaceae >40 µ Pteridium . Ranunculus acris type Rumex acetosa/acetosella Selaginella selaginoides Thalictrum . Calluna . Ericales . Dryopteris type


Equisetum . Ophioglossum vulgatum Osmunda . Sphagnum . Azolla/Salvinia fragm.

Aquatics taxa

Botryococcus . Ceratophyllum spines Mougeotia . Nuphar . Nymph. -slijmcelNymphaea alba Pediastrum . Potamogeton . Riccia . Sparganium type


Spirogyra . Dinoflagellaten .

E2

E3

E4a

PAZ

21.94

21.76

21.62

21.54

21.31

21.14

20.94

20.73

20.43

Samples


12

Figure S4D. Pollen percentage diagram and associated regional Pollen Assemblage Zones (PAZ) cf. Zagwijn (1961, 1996) of core B15G0214. Depth

22.0m

21.5m

21.0m

20.5m

20.0m

19.5m

19.0m

18.5m

18.0m

17.5m

17.0m

16.5m

16.0m

15.5m

x: 162996 y: 531917 z: -4.96m

B15G0214

STAQUA_6Heathland

STAQUA_5Herbs


STAQUA_3Treeswet

STAQUA_2Treesdry

STAQUA_1Prequartair

Pollen sum

21.64

21.93

21.64

21.93

20.86

21.37

20.59

20.31 20.36 20.40

20.86

20.21

20.31 20.36 20.40

20.59

19.97

19.70

19.70

20.21

19.45

19.45

19.97

19.24

19.24

18.31

18.31

18.96

17.98

17.98

18.76

17.70

17.70

18.96

17.48

17.48

18.76

17.30

17.30

18.56

17.13

17.13

Samples Prequartair


Classopollis . Leiotriletes . Liquidambar . Nyssa . OUDE TRILETE SPOREN Sciadopitys . Sequoia type T. spec. T. villensis T.Megaexactus bruhlensis T.Pseudocingulum . Tasmanites .


Taxodium type Trilete sporen Abies . Acer . Celtis . Corylus .

Trees dry

Fagus . Hedera . Hippophae . Humulus type Ilex . Juniperus type Quercus .

Taxus . Tilia . Ulmus . STAQUA_3Treeswet

Alnus .

Cupressaceae . Fraxinus .


Trees indifferent



Myrica . Solanum dulcamara Betula . Picea . Pinus .

Salix . Tsuga . Anthoceros . Apiaceae . Artemisia . Brassicaceae . Caryophyllaceae . Chenopodiaceae . Cyperaceae .

Herbs

Filipendula . Galium . Helianthemum . Lythrum . Mentha . Plantago lanceolata Poaceae .

Local taxa


Poaceae >40 µ Polypodium . Pteridium . Ranunculus acris type Rosaceae . Rumex acetosa/acetosella Selaginella selaginoides Thalictrum . Calluna . Empetrum . Ericales . Dryopteris type

Equisetum . Ophioglossum vulgatum Osmunda . Sphagnum .


Azolla/Salvinia fragm.

Aquatics taxa

Botryococcus . Ceratophyllum sp. spines Cladium Menyanthes trifoliata Mougeotia . Myriophyllum spicatum Myriophyllum verticilatum Nuphar . Nymph. -slijmcel-

Non-pollen taxa

E2

E3

E4a

E4b

PAZ

21.37

18.56

Samples


Nymph. -sterhaarNymphaea alba Pediastrum .

Potamogeton . Riccia . Sparganium type Spirogyra . Typha latifolia Dinoflagellaten .

Diporotheca .


13

Figure S4E. Pollen percentage diagram and associated regional Pollen Assemblage Zones (PAZ) cf. Zagwijn (1961, 1996) of core B15H0056. Depth

x: 176000 y: 536000 z: -3.50m

20.0m

19.5m

19.0m

18.5m

18.0m

17.5m

17.0m

16.5m

16.0m

15.5m

15.0m

14.5m

14.0m

13.0m

13.5m

12.5m

12.0m

11.5m

11.0m

10.5m

10.0m

9.5m

9.0m

8.5m

7.5m

8.0m

7.0m

6.5m

5.5m

6.0m

5.0m

4.5m

4.0m

B15H0056

STAQUA_6Heathland

STAQUA_5Herbs


STAQUA_3Treeswet

STAQUA_2Treesdry

STAQUA_1Prequartair

Pollen sum

100

19.67

19.85

19.67


19.85

19.18 19.27 19.31

18.10 18.20 18.30 18.40 18.50 18.60 18.70 18.75 18.80 18.90 19.00

17.80

17.50

17.20

16.90

16.60

16.30

15.75 15.80 15.90 16.00

7.90

7.60

7.30

7.00

6.70

6.40

6.10 6.20

4.88

4.37

Samples Prequartair


Cerebropollenites . Classopollis . Mes.Con.Vesiculates . OUDE coniferen OUDE TRILETE SPOREN Parthenocissus . Sequoia-T. . T. villensis T.Megaexactus bruhlensis Taxodium-T. . Trilete sporen Trudopollis . Abies . Acer . Carpinus . Carya . Corylus .

Trees dry

Eucommia . Fagus . Hedera . Hippophae . Humulus . Quercus .

Taxus .

Tilia . Ulmus .

STAQUA_3Treeswet


Viburnum . Alnus .

Trees indifferent


Cupressaceae . Fraxinus . Myricaceae . Vitis . Betula .

Juniperus . Picea . Pinus .

B15H0056

Pinus hapl.t.(cathaya) Salix .


Tsuga . Artemisia . Botrychium . Caryophyllaceae . Cerealia . Chenopodiaceae . Comp.Liguliflorae . Comp.Tubuliflorae . CRUCIFERAE . Cyperaceae .

Filipendula . Gentiana pneumonanthe-t. Gramineae .

Herbs

Gramineae >40 µm Helianthemum spec. Jasione . Lycopodium SPEC. Lythrum . Plantago spec. Polygonum spec. Polypodium . Potentilla-T. . Pteridium .

Heathland

Ranunculus . Rosaceae . Rubiaceae . Rumex . Selaginella selaginoides Thalictrum . Umbelliferae . Urtica spec. Bruckenthalia . Calluna . Ericales varia Dryopteris thelypteris-t.

Local taxa % of STAQUA_Pollensom (75mm=100%)

Equisetum . Ophioglossum . Osmunda . Sphagnum . Alisma . Azolla filicul.massulae Azolla/Salvinia fragm. Botryococcus .

Menyanthes . Mougeotia . Myriophyllum alterniflorum Myriophyllum spicatum Myriophyllum verticilatum Nuphar . Nymphaea . Pediastrum .

Aquatics taxa Non-pollen taxa


Varia

E2

E3

E4a

E4b

PAZ

19.18 19.27 19.31

17.80

18.10 18.20 18.30 18.40 18.50 18.60 18.70 18.75 18.80 18.90 19.00

17.20

17.50

16.90

16.30

16.60

15.75 15.80 15.90 16.00

7.90

7.60

7.00

7.30

6.70

6.40

6.10 6.20

4.88

4.37

Samples


Potamogeton . Salvinia . Spirogyra . Sterharen van nymphaea Typha latifolia Typhaceae . Zygnemataceae . Dinoflagellaten . Hystrichosphaeridae .

Tilletia . Varia .


14

Figure S4F. Pollen percentage diagram and associated regional Pollen Assemblage Zones (PAZ) cf. Zagwijn (1961, 1996) of core B15H0057. 23.0m

22.5m

21.5m

22.0m

21.0m

20.5m

20.0m

19.5m

19.0m

18.5m

18.0m

17.5m

17.0m

16.5m

16.0m

15.5m

14.5m

15.0m

13.5m

14.0m

13.0m

12.5m

12.0m

11.5m

11.0m

10.5m

9.5m

10.0m

8.5m

9.0m

8.0m

7.5m

7.0m

6.5m

6.0m

5.5m

5.0m

x: 175480 y: 532040 z: -4.00m

STAQUA_5Herbs

STAQUA_6Heathland


STAQUA_1Prequartair

STAQUA_2Treesdry

Pollen sum

STAQUA_3Treeswet

B15H0057

Depth

100

22.50

22.28

21.00

21.40 21.50

21.40 21.50

20.80

21.20

21.20

20.60

20.60

21.00

20.80

19.00

19.20 19.30 19.40 19.50 19.70 19.78 19.84

19.20 19.30 19.40 19.50 19.70 19.78 19.84

18.60

19.00

18.20

17.40

17.40

17.80

17.00

16.60

17.00

16.20

15.40

15.80

15.00

15.40


15.00

14.60

11.10

7.40

7.20

5.52

Samples Prequartair


Classopollis . Engelhardtia . Nyssa . OUDE TRILETE SPOREN Sciadopitys . Sequoia type T.Megaexactus bruhlensis T.Megaexactus exactus T.Pseudocingulum . Taxodium type Abies . Acer . Acer negundo type Buxus . Carpinus . Carya . Corylus .

Trees dry

Hedera . Hippophae . Humulus . Ilex . Pterocarya . Quercus .

Taxus .

STAQUA_3Treeswet


Tilia . Ulmus . Viburnum . Viscum . Alnus .

Cupressaceae . Fraxinus .


Myrica . Betula .

Juniperus .


Creil - B15H0057

Trees indifferent

Picea . Pinus .

Pinus hapl. Type Salix .

Tsuga . Apiaceae .

Artemisia . Asteraceae Liguliflorae Asteraceae Tubuliflorae Campanula . Caryophyllaceae . Cerealia type Chenopodiaceae . Cyperaceae .

Herbs

Ephedra distachya type Fabaceae . Filipendula . Galium . Gentiana pneumonanthe type Helianthemum . Lamiaceae . Lycopodium SPEC. Mentha . Plantago lanceolata Plantago maritima Plantago spec. Poaceae .

Heathland

Polygonum persicaria Polypodium . Potentilla type Pteridium . Ranunculus acris type Rosaceae . Rumex . Secale . Selaginella selaginoides Thalictrum . Bruckenthalia . Calluna . Ericales . Dryopteris type

Local taxa % of STAQUA_Pollensom (75mm=100%)

Equisetum . Ophioglossum vulgatum Osmunda . Sphagnum . Alisma . Botryococcus . Butomus . Menyanthes trifoliata Mougeotia . Myriophyllum alterniflorum Myriophyllum spicatum Myriophyllum verticilatum Nuphar . Nymph. -sterhaarNymphaea . Pediastrum .

Aquatics taxa Varia

E2/ E1

E3

E4a

E4b

PAZ

22.28

22.50

18.60

17.80

18.20

16.60

15.80

16.20

14.60

11.10

7.20

7.40

5.52

Samples


Potamogeton . Sagittaria . Salvinia . Spirogyra . Typha latifolia Typhaceae .

Zygnemataceae . Varia .


15

Figure S4G. Pollen percentage diagram and associated regional Pollen Assemblage Zones (PAZ) cf. Zagwijn (1961, 1996) of core B20F0175. Depth

x: 174640 y: 521840 z: -4.70m

21.5m

21.0m

20.5m

20.0m

19.5m

19.0m

18.5m

18.0m

17.5m

17.0m

16.5m

16.0m

15.5m

15.0m

14.5m

14.0m

13.5m

13.0m

12.5m

11.5m

12.0m

10.5m

11.0m

9.5m

10.0m

9.0m

8.5m

8.0m

7.5m

6.5m

7.0m

6.0m

5.5m

5.0m

4.5m

4.0m

3.5m

3.0m

2.5m

2.0m

1.5m

1.0m

0.5m

B20F0175

STAQUA_6Heathland

STAQUA_5Herbs

STAQUA_1Prequartair


STAQUA_3Treeswet

STAQUA_2Treesdry

Pollen sum

100

20.20

20.40

20.60

20.80

20.60

20.80

21.30 21.40

19.80 19.87 20.00

20.20

20.40

21.00

19.60

19.80 19.87 20.00

21.30 21.40

19.40

19.40

19.60

21.00

19.20

19.20

18.80

19.00

19.00

% of STAQUA_Pollensom (75mm=100%) % of STAQUA_Pollensom (75mm=100%)

Trees indifferent

18.60

Trees dry STAQUA_3Treeswet

18.60


18.80

18.40

18.00

17.85

18.20

17.00 17.10 17.20 17.30 17.40 17.50

16.80

16.60

16.45

15.80

16.25

16.00

15.60

15.40

15.20

15.00

14.80

14.60

14.46

13.72

8.00

7.68 7.80

7.55

4.30 4.45 4.49 4.51 4.54 4.57 4.60

4.10

3.50

3.70 3.80 3.90

3.10

3.30

2.90

2.70

2.50

2.30

2.10

1.90

1.70

1.00

1.20 1.33 1.40 1.50

0.20

0.40

0.80

0.60

Samples Prequartair


Cicatricosisporites . Classopollis . Engelhardia . Liquidambar . Mes.Con.Vesiculates . OUDE coniferen

OUDE TRILETE SPOREN Platycarya . Sciadopitys . Symplocos . T.Pseudocingulum . Taxodium-T. . Trilete sporen Abies . Acer . Carpinus . Corylus .

Fagus . Hedera . Hippophae . Humulus . Ilex . Pterocarya . Quercus .

Rhamnus . Taxus . Tilia . Ulmus . Viburnum . Viscum . Alnus .

Cupressaceae . Frangula alnus Fraxinus . Myricaceae . Betula .

Juniperus . Larix . Picea . Pinus .

Pinus hapl.t.(cathaya) Salix .


Tsuga . Anthoceros . Artemisia .

Boraginaceae . Calystegia . Campanula . Caryophyllaceae . Chenopodiaceae .

Herbs

Tollebeek - B20F0175

Comp.Liguliflorae . Comp.Tubuliflorae . CRUCIFERAE . Cyperaceae .

Filipendula . Gentiana pneumonanthe-t. Gramineae .

Heathland

Gramineae >40 µm Helianthemum spec. Knautia . Lycopodium SPEC. Lysimachia . Lythrum . Plantago lanceolata Plantago maritima Plantago media/major Plantago spec. Polygonum aviculare Polygonum bistorta Polygonum persicaria Polygonum spec. Polypodium . Potentilla-T. . Pteridium . Ranunculus . Rosaceae . Rubiaceae . Rumex . Sanguisorba minor Sanguisorba officinalis Secale . Selaginella selaginoides Thalictrum . Umbelliferae . Urtica spec. Valeriana . Bruckenthalia . Calluna . Empetrum . Ericales varia


Dryopteris thelypteris-t.

Local taxa

Equisetum . Ophioglossum . Osmunda . Sphagnum .


Alisma . Azolla FILICUL.FRAGMENTEN Azolla filicul.massulae

Botryococcus .

Butomus . Cladium sp. Eu-Rumex . Menyanthes . Mougeotia . Myriophyllum alterniflorum Myriophyllum verticilatum Nuphar . Nymphaea .

Aquatics taxa

Nymphoides . Pediastrum .

Non-pollen taxa Varia

PAZ

HOLOCENE

18.40

17.85

18.20

18.00

16.80

16.60

17.00 17.10 17.20 17.30 17.40 17.50

16.45

16.25

16.00

15.80

15.20

15.60

15.40

14.80

15.00

14.60

14.46

13.72

8.00

7.68 7.80

7.55

4.10

4.30 4.45 4.49 4.51 4.54 4.57 4.60

3.10

3.50

3.70 3.80 3.90

2.90

3.30

2.50

2.30

2.70

2.10

1.90

1.70

1.00

1.20 1.33 1.40 1.50

0.40

0.80

0.60

0.20

Samples


Potamogeton . Ruppia . Sagittaria . Salvinia . Spirogyra . Sterharen van nymphaea

Typha latifolia Typhaceae .

Zygnemataceae . Dinoflagellaten . Hystrichosphaeridae . Tilletia . Varia .

HOLSTEINIAN


16

J. Peeters et al. / QSR - Online Suppl. Mat. / 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.015 CORE PHOTOS

Figure S5A. Photo of research core B15F1501: 0-13 metre below surface (-3.62 m below m.s.l.), see Fig. 1B for location and Fig. A.2 for sedimentary log.

17


Figure S5B. Photo of research-core B15F1501: 13-25 metre below surface (-3.62 m below m.s.l.), see Fig. 1B for location and Fig. A.2 for sedimentary log.

18


19

Figure S5C. Photo of research-core B15G0212: 0-13 metre below surface (-5.38 m below m.s.l.), see Fig. 1B for location and Fig. A.3 for sedimentary log.


Figure S5D. Photo of research-core B15G0212: 13-26 metre below surface (-5.38 m below m.s.l.), see Fig. 1B for location and Fig. A.3 for sedimentary log.

20


Figure S5E. Photo of research-core B15G0212: 26-35 metre below surface (-5.38 m below m.s.l.), see Fig. 1B for location and Fig. A.3 for sedimentary log.

21


Figure S5F. Photo of research-core B15G0214: 0-13 metre below surface (-4.96 m below m.s.l.), see Fig. 1B for location and Fig. A.3 for sedimentary log.

22


Figure S5G. Photo of research-core B15G0214: 13-26 metre below surface (-4.96 m below m.s.l.), see Fig. 1B for location and Fig. A.3 for sedimentary log.

23


Figure S5H. Photo of research-core B15G0214: 26-36 metre below surface (-4.96 m below m.s.l.), see Fig. 1B for location and Fig. A.3 for sedimentary log.

24


25

B20B0010

B25E0913

B14G0973

B27A0369

STAND-ALONE RESEARCH CORES

2

2

local fluvial & aeolian Hol.

-36

Unit A5 Unit A4?

Unit A5

-16

• 47±4; • 105±8; 113±6 • 104±9; E6

E2/3

LS

(glaciolacustrine) slump

E5

• 120±8;

• 136±12; 114±7

-24

-32 -34 -36

E5

-38

lagoonal

-40

-40 -42 -44

Unit S6

-44

-22

-30

-38

-42

-20

-28

A2 • 102±32; • 99±22;

-18

-26

E4

* 118±6

Unit A1

-34

LS/E1 E2/E3/E4a E5

Unit M1

-32

barrier?

-14

marine

• n/a; 56±3

• 54±11; 57±3

-28

Unit A1

depth (m below m.s.l.)

-26

-30

• n/a;

E6b/EW

-24

• 25±6; 23±1

Unit A4

-22

Unit A3

-20

-10 -12

Unit M1

-18

-8

• n/a; 10±1

E6a

-16

local fluvial

-14

-4 -6

-10 -12

-2

glaciolacustrine

-8

Holocene

Antropocene

-6

Holocene

-4

0

aeolian Hol.

0 -2

-46

-46 -48

-50

-50

E4b

-48

-52

-52

MP

-54

-54

Legend E4a

-56 -58

E1/ E2/ E3

-62

-78

-64

Medium sand (210-300 µm)

-66

Coarse sand (420-2000 µm) Gravel (>2000 µm) Mollusc concentrate

CaCO3

Diatomite

till MP

No core recovery

-68 -70 -72 -74

high

-74 -76

-62

Fine sand (63-210 µm)

none/ns

-72

LS

glaciolacustrine

-70

-60

Loam

185

-64

-68

-58

Clay

-60

-66

-56 Peat

-76 -78

Figure S6A. Compilation of research cores with their sedimentary logs, sedimentary units, biostratigraphy and luminescence ages (feldspar pIRIR: left; quartz OSL: right) for geological transects A, E and F. Luminescence dating results with validity-label ‘ok’ and ‘likely ok’ are presented only (see luminescence-dating section above), solely the sample position of datings with a lower validity-label are indicated with ‘’ for feldspar pIRIR and ‘’ for quartz OSL. ‘n/a’ indicates the absence of the respective luminescence measurement. In core B25E0913 (at a depth of 28.4 m below m.s.l. the U-Th dating of Van Leeuwen et al. (2000) is indicated with a ‘*’. Core locations are plotted in Fig. 1B and are indicated in their corresponding geological transects A, E and F.

26

B25E0907

B16D0069

B15G0211

B14A0090

B21G0547


2

2 4

0

0 11 13 14

-10

60

• 97±6;

• 68±6; 90±8

A3?

Holocene

-8

E6

-12

• ; 31±4

• 112±7; 109±9

-14 78

-16 -18

22 25

-20 93

Unit A4

Unit A1

• 95±12;

-22

• 129±9;

Unit A3

129

Brørup (EW IVb)

Unit A3

-22

-24

-26

• n/a; 62±16

-26

• 104±8;

-28

-28 -30

• 97±16; • 102±9;

• 116±8;

A2

-32 -34

barrier?

• 104±7;

Unit A1

depth (m below m.s.l.)

41

• n/a;

-20

-24

• ; 38±6 45

Unit A2

-18

Unit A1

105

-16

Brørup (EW IVc)

94

-6

-10

Unit A5

-14

23

E4a

46

E3

-12

Unit A2

64

7 12

local fluvial & aeolian

51

-4


-8

Unit A3

Holocene

36

Unit A3/A5

Holocene

Holocene

Unit A5

-4 -6

-2

23


-2

• n/a; 85±5

-30 -32

119

128

-34

• 117±10;

-36

Unit S6

-38

• 122±8;

Unit S6

-36

-38

153

-40

-40 164

-42

-42

-44

Clay -48

Diatomite

-62

No core recovery

E4a

E2 • n/a;

-52 -54

• n/a;

-56 -58

• n/a; Late Saalian

-60

-50

glaciolacustrine

Gravel (>2000 µm) Mollusc concentrate

CaCO3 none/ns

Coarse sand (420-2000 µm)

-48

high

-56

Middle Pleistocene

Fine sand (63-210 µm)

-54

-58

Middle Pleistocene ?

-50

Medium sand (210-300 µm)

-46 155

• ;

Loam

-52

• ;

lagoonal

Peat

Middle Pleistocene

-46

Legend Unit S6 ?

-44

-60 -62

202

-64

MP

206

-64

-66

-66

-68

-68

Figure S6B. Compilation of research-cores with their sedimentary logs, sedimentary units, biostratigraphy and luminescence ages (feldspar pIRIR: left; quartz OSL: right) for research cores which are not incorporated in the geological transects. Luminescence dating results with validity-label ‘ok’ and ‘likely ok’ are presented only (see luminescence-dating section above), solely the sample position of datings with a lower validity-label are indicated with ‘’ for feldspar pIRIR and ‘’ for quartz OSL. ‘n/a’ indicates the absence of the respective luminescence measurement. Core locations are plotted in Fig. 1B.


REFERENCES Aitken, M.J., 1985. Thermoluminescence dating. Academic Press, London. Ballarini, M., Wintle, A.G., Wallinga, J. 2006. Spatial variation of dose rate from beta sources as measured using single grains. Ancient TL 24, 1-7. Ballarini, M., Wallinga, J., Wintle, A.G., Bos, A.J.J., 2007. A modified SAR protocol for optical dating of individual grains from young quartz samples. Radiation Measurements 42, 360-369. Bøtter-Jensen, L., Andersen, C.E., Duller, G.A.T., Murray, A.S., 2003. Developments in radiation, stimulation and observation facilities in luminescence measurement. Radiation Measurements 37, 535-541. Bunnik, F.P.M., Cremer, H., 2010. Pollen- en diatomeeënanalyses van de boring Amsterdam Willemsluizen (B25E0907). TNO Bouw en Ondergrond, TNO-034-UT-2010-02015-A. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Bunnik, F.P.M., 2011. Pollenanalyses van boring Middenmeer (B14G0973). TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, TNO-060UT-2011-00696/B. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Bunnik, F.P.M., 2011. Pollenanalyses van de boring Lichtmis (B21G0547). TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, 034-060UT-2011-00697/B. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Bunnik, F.P.M., 2011. Pollenanalyses van de Formatie van Boxtel uit de boring Bantega (B16A1292). TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, TNO-060-UT-2011-00698/B. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Busschers, F.S., Kasse, C., Van Balen, R.T., Vandenberghe, J., Cohen, K.M., Weerts, H.J.T., Wallinga, J., Johns, C., Cleveringa, P., Bunnik, F.P.M., 2007. Late Pleistocene evolution of the Rhine-Meuse system in the southern North Sea basin: imprints of climate change, sea-level oscillation and glacioisostasy. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 32163248. Buylaert, J.-P., Jain, M., Murray, A.S., Thomsen, K.J., Thiel, C., Sohbati, R., 2012. A robust feldspar luminescence dating method for Middle and Late Pleistocene sediments. Boreas 41, 435–451. Cremer, H., Bunnik, F.P.M., Koolmees, H., Greaves, H., 2010. Diatomeeën- en pollenanalyses van de boring Julianadorp (B14A0090). TNO Bouw en Ondergrond, TNO-034-UT-2010-00977-A. Utrecht, The Netherlands.

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Cunningham, A.C., Wallinga, J., 2010. Selection of integration time-intervals for quartz OSL decay curves. Quaternary Geochronology 5, 657-666. De Jong, J., 1964. Pollenanalytisch onderzoek van een aantal boringen uit de omgeving van het Enkhuizerzand en het aangrenzende vaste land. Stichting Geologische Dienst, RGD Paleobotany Laboratory report 381. Haarlem, The Netherlands. De Jong, J., 1964. Palynologisch onderzoek van een aantal monsters afkomstig uit boringen van het Enkhuizerzand. Stichting Geologische Dienst, RGD Paleobotany Laboratory report 385. Haarlem, The Netherlands. De Wolf, H., 1987. Diatomeeënonderzoek van NO Polder. Rijks Geologische Dienst, RGD Diatom Laboratory report 490. Haarlem, The Netherlands. De Wolf, H., 1996. Diatomeeënonderzoek van de boring Tollebeek 20F175. Rijks Geologische Dienst, RGD Diatom Laboratory report 603. Haarlem, The Netherlands. Duller, G.A.T., 2003. Distinguishing quartz and feldspar in single grain luminescence measurements. Radiation Measurements 37, 161-165. Guérin, G., Mercier, N., Adamiec, G., 2011. Doserate conversion factors: update. Ancient TL 29, 5-8. Huntley, D.J., Baril, M.R., 1997. The K content of the K-feldspars being measured in optical dating or in thermoluminescence dating. Ancient TL 15, 11-13. Huntley, D.J., Hancock, R.G.V., 2001. The Rb contents of the K-feldspar grains being measured in optical dating. Ancient TL 19, 4346. Kars, R.H., Busschers, F.S., Wallinga, J., 2012. Validating post IR-IRSL dating on K-feldspars through comparison with quartz OSL ages. Quaternary Geochronology 12, 74-86. Kloos, M., 2010. Time control on the Eemian Rhine evolution in the IJssel Valley: a biostratigraphical and environmental reconstruction. TNO Bouw en Ondergrond, TNO-034-UT-2010-01576/B. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Madsen, A.T., Murray, A.S., Andersen, T.J., Pejrup, M., Breuning-Madsen, H., 2005. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of young estuarine sediments: a comparison with 210Pb and 137Cs dating. Marine Geology 214, 251268. Murray, A.S., Wintle, A.G., 2000. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-


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