Rapid Serial Visual Presentation: A space-time ... - Semantic Scholar

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation: A space-time trade-off in information presentation Oscar de Bruijn

Robert Spence

Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BT +44 2075946330

Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BT +44 2075946259

[email protected]

[email protected] HIIHFWLYHDVVLPXOWDQHRXVSUHVHQWDWLRQV>DOWKRXJKVHH@

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¶VYLVXDOV\VWHP8VHUV¶ UHDGLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ ZLWK 5693 RI WH[W KDV EHHQ VWXGLHG H[WHQVLYHO\ 7KH WUDQVIHU RI LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLWK 5693 RI LPDJHV KRZHYHU KDV UHFHLYHG UHODWLYHO\ OLWWOH DWWHQWLRQ 7KLV SDSHU H[DPLQHV VRPH RI WKH SUREOHPV ZLWK DSSO\LQJ 5693 IRU LPDJH EURZVLQJDQGVHDUFK

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

.H\ZRUGV

PLJKWEHIRULQIRUPDWLRQWUDQVIHU

,PDJH EURZVLQJ UDSLG VHULDO YLVXDO SUHVHQWDWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ QDYLJDWLRQYLVXDOLVDWLRQVSDFHWLPHWUDGHRII

 ,1752'8&7,21  DQG @ $V D

RYHUDOO UDWH H[SRVXUH GXUDWLRQ SHULWHPVL]HRISUHVHQWDWLRQHWF

FRQVHTXHQFH

LV RXW RI WKH TXHVWLRQ EHFDXVH RI WKH GLPHQVLRQDOLW\ RI SDUDPHWHU

LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHWDUJHWLWHPPD\RFFXUDWIUDPHWLPHVWRRUDSLG

VSDFH :H WKHUHIRUH KDYH WR ILQG D ZD\ RI ERRWVWUDSSLQJ RXU

IRUDOOSUHVHQWHGLWHPVWREHIXOO\SURFHVVHG>DQG@

LQYHVWLJDWLRQV E\ VRPHKRZ LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH SDUDPHWHUV WKDW DUH PRVWOLNHO\WRDIIHFWWKHXVDELOLW\RI56936LQFHWKHUDSLGGLVSOD\ RI LPDJHV DQG WH[W LV ZHOO ZLWKLQ WKH FDSDELOLWLHV RI FXUUHQW GHVNWRS FRPSXWHU WHFKQRORJ\ DQG HYHQ RI FXUUHQW RU QHDU IXWXUH PRELOHFRPSXWHUWHFKQRORJ\WKHOLPLWLQJIDFWRULQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ RI 5693 KDV WKHUHIRUH WR EH WKH OLPLWHG FDSDELOLW\ RI WKH XVHU¶V YLVXDOLQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJV\VWHP ,QGHHG

ZKHQHYHU

DQ

DSSOLFDWLRQ

RI

DWWHQWLRQDO

VHOHFWLRQ

RI

WKH

WDUJHW

LWHP

7KH VXFFHVV RI WKLV DWWHQWLRQDO VHOHFWLRQ RI WDUJHW LWHPV GHSHQGV RQ KRZ VSHFLILF D JRDO WKH XVHU KDV IRUPXODWHG )RU H[DPSOH WKH XVHU PLJKW EH ORRNLQJ IRU DQ LPDJH RI ZKLFK WKH DSSHDUDQFH LV NQRZQ 2U WKH XVHU PD\ EH VHDUFKLQJ IRU LPDJHV RI ZKLFK VKH RQO\ KDV D GHVFULSWLRQ E\ QDPH HJ ³D SLFWXUH RI D GRJ´  ,QWKH ILUVW FDVH DWWHQWLRQDO VHOHFWLRQ PD\ WDNH SODFH EDVHG RQ D YLVXDO FXH VXFK DV D GLVWLQFWLYH YLVXDO IHDWXUH SUHVHQW LQ WKH WDUJHW

GHVLJQHU

RSWV

WR

SUHVHQW

LPDJH ZKHUHDV LQ WKH ODWWHU FDVH VHOHFWLRQ PD\ WDNH SODFH EDVHG

LQIRUPDWLRQWHPSRUDOO\UDWKHUWKDQVSDWLDOO\LWKDVWREHWDNHQLQWR

RQDFDWHJRULFDOFXH$OWKRXJKDWWHQWLRQDOVHOHFWLRQFDQWDNHSODFH

DFFRXQWWKDWWKHKXPDQYLVXDOV\VWHP¶VWHPSRUDOUHVROXWLRQLVORZ

XVLQJ

UHODWLYH WR LWV VSDWLDO UHVROXWLRQ WKLV LV D FRQVHTXHQFH RI WKH ZD\

FDWHJRULFDO FXHV HJ ³DQ LPDJH WKDW GRHV QRW EHORQJ WR WKH

YLVXDO

RU

FDWHJRULFDO

FXHV

DQG

HYHQ

XVLQJ

QHJDWLYH

LQ ZKLFK WKH YLVXDO ZRUOG LV SURMHFWHG RQWR WKH H\H¶V UHWLQD  7KH

FDWHJRU\WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ´ LWDSSHDUVWKDWVHOHFWLRQEDVHGRQYLVXDO

H\H

FXHVFDQRFFXUDWKLJKHUSUHVHQWDWLRQUDWHVWKDQVHOHFWLRQEDVHGRQ

PDNHV

FRQVWDQW

VPDOO

PRYHPHQWV

DQG

IUHTXHQW

ODUJH

PRYHPHQWVWKHODWWHUFDOOHGVDFFDGLFH\HPRYHPHQWV FDXVLQJWKH

FDWHJRULFDO FXHV >HJ  DQG @ +RZHYHU ZKHWKHU KLJKHU

YLVXDO ILHOG WR EH SURMHFWHG RQWR GLIIHUHQW DUHDVRIWKHH\H¶VUHWLQD

SUHVHQWDWLRQ UDWHV ZLWK YLVXDO FXHV FDQ DOVR EH DFKLHYHG LQ DQ

DIWHUHDFKH\HPRYHPHQW,QRUGHUWREXLOGDVWDEOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ

DSSOLHG

RI WKH YLVXDO ZRUOG LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR LQWHJUDWH DOO WKHVH GLIIHUHQW

FRQILUPHGE\IXWXUHLQYHVWLJDWLRQV

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³PDVNLQJ´ >HJ @  ,Q WKH QH[W VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOO H[SORUH ZKDW WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV RI PDVNLQJ PD\ EH IRU LQIRUPDWLRQEURZVLQJPRGHOOLQJDQGVHDUFKLQJ

 %52:6,1*&217(1702'(//,1* $1'6($5&+,1*

FRQWH[W

RI

LQIRUPDWLRQ

VHDUFKLQJ

ZLOO

QHHG

WR

EH

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

 %URZVLQJDQG&RQWHQW0RGHOOLQJ 1H[W ZH WU\ WR HVWDEOLVK WKH UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH XVDELOLW\ RI 5693 IRU EURZVLQJDQGFRQWHQWPRGHOOLQJ%URZVLQJ

'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH QXPEHU RI LWHPV WR EH H[SORUHG HDFK LWHP FDQ

LV GHILQHG DV WKH UHJLVWUDWLRQ RI FRQWHQW $ W\SLFDO VLWXDWLRQ

EH GLVSOD\HG RQO\ IRU VD\  ±  PV LQ RUGHU IRU WKH ZKROH

GHPDQGLQJ EURZVLQJ DFWLYLW\ LV RQH LQ ZKLFK WKH XVHU DVNV

DFWLYLW\WREHFRPSOHWHGZLWKLQDQDFFHSWDEO\VKRUWOHQJWKRIWLPH

³:KDW¶V WKHUH"´ 7KXV VRPHRQH ZKR KDV ILOHG D QXPEHU RI LWHPV

$WVXFKIDVWUDWHVRISUHVHQWDWLRQPDVNLQJPD\VHULRXVO\OLPLWWKH

HJ LPDJH ILOHV  PD\ FRPH DFURVV D SUHYLRXVO\ FRPSRVHG ILOH

DPRXQW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVVHG IRU HDFK LWHP LQ WKH 5693

ZKRVH DSSHDUDQFH FRQYH\V OLWWOH DERXW LWV FRQWHQW DQG PD\ ZLVK

VWUHDP +RZHYHU LW KDV UHSHDWHGO\ EHHQ VKRZQ WKDW WKH FULWLFDO

WR H[SORUH WKDW FRQWHQW ,Q WKLV W\SH RI VLWXDWLRQ WKH XVHU LV QRW

UDWH DW ZKLFK SHUIRUPDQFH LQ D WDVN EUHDNV GRZQ GHSHQGV KXJHO\

VHDUFKLQJ IRU D SDUWLFXODU LWHP EXW ZLVKHV WR EURZVH LQ RUGHU WR

RQ WKH QDWXUH RI WKH WDVN DV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV PD\

GHYHORSDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHFRQWHQWVRIWKHILOHLHDPRGHORIWKH

GLIIHUEHWZHHQWDVNVDQGGLIIHUHQWWDVNVPD\SXWGLIIHUHQWGHPDQGV

FRQWHQWV  7KH PRGHO RI WKH FRQWHQWV FDQ VXEVHTXHQWO\ EH

RQWKHLQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJV\VWHP

LQWHUSUHWHG DQG WKLV PD\ OHDG WRWKHIRUPXODWLRQRIDQHZVWUDWHJ\

IRU IXUWKHU EURZVLQJ RU VHDUFKLQJ 7KXV IRU 5693 WR VXSSRUW

PDWWHU HYHQ ZKHQ WKHVH SLFWXUHV DUH SUHVHQWHG DW 5693 UDWHV WKDW

EURZVLQJ LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WKDW WKH XVHU EH DEOH WR SURFHVV DQG VWRUH

GR QRW DOORZ WKH REVHUYHU WR UHFDOO RU UHFRJQLVH HDFK LQGLYLGXDO

HQRXJK LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW HDFK LWHP WR EXLOG D PRGHO RI WKH

SLFWXUH VXEVHTXHQWO\ 7KLV VXJJHVWLRQ LV VXSSRUWHG E\ 7VH HW DO

FRQWHQWV

>@ ZKR IRXQG WKDW REVHUYHUV ZHUH DEOH WR GHWHUPLQH WKH JLVW RI

$Q LQGLFDWLRQ RI WKH VXLWDELOLW\ RI 5693 IRU FRQWHQW PRGHOOLQJ PD\ EH JOHDQHGIURPWKHDELOLW\RIXVHUVWRPHPRULVHLQIRUPDWLRQ SUHVHQWHG DV SDUW RI DQ 5693 VWUHDP 7KH DELOLW\ WR PHPRULVH LWHPV SUHVHQWHG LQ 5693 VWUHDPV KDV EHHQ WHVWHG PRVWO\ XVLQJ D UHFRJQLWLRQ PHPRU\ WDVN LQ ZKLFK SDUWLFLSDQWV DUH WHVWHG RQ WKHLU DELOLW\WRVHSDUDWHSUHYLRXVO\SUHVHQWHGLWHPVIURPLWHPVWKDWKDYH QRWEHHQSUHVHQWHG6WLPXOXVIDFWRUVVXFKDVSUHVHQWDWLRQUDWHDQG YLVXDO VLPLODULW\ RI VWLPXOL KDYH DOO EHHQ VKRZQ WR DIIHFW UHFRJQLWLRQ PHPRU\ IRU LWHPV LQ WKH 5693 VWUHDP >@ ,QGHHG UHFRJQLWLRQ PHPRU\ VXIIHUV GUDPDWLFDOO\ ZKHQ WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ GXUDWLRQ IRU HDFK IUDPH LV GHFUHDVHG )RU H[DPSOH ,QWUDXE >@ VKRZHG

WKDW

UHFRJQLWLRQ

PHPRU\ IRU VHTXHQWLDOO\ SUHVHQWHG

SLFWXUHV GHFUHDVHG IURP YHU\ JRRG ZKHQ WKH WLPH EHWZHHQ VWLPXOXV RQVHWV 6WLPXOXV 2QVHW $V\QFKURQ\ 62$  ZDV  VHFRQGV WR YHU\ SRRU ZKHQ 62$ ZDV RQO\  PLOOLVHFRQGV )LJXUH   7KLV ZRXOG VXJJHVW WKDW 5693 GRHV QRW VXSSRUW WKH PRGHOOLQJ RI FRQWHQW DW UDWHV LH DSSUR[LPDWHO\  LWHPV SHU VHFRQG  IDVW HQRXJK WR DOORZ D VXEVWDQWLDO QXPEHU RI LWHPV WR EH EURZVHG



EURZVLQJ

DQG

VHDUFK

,Q

GLVSOD\ DUHD LV OLPLWHG LW LV HVSHFLDOO\ YDOXDEOH LQ YLHZ RI WKH

YLVXDO LQIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVVLQJ V\VWHP VR PDQ\ LVVXHV VRPH RI ZKLFK DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ WKLV SDSHU UHPDLQ WR EH XQGHUVWRRG DQG UHVROYHG EHIRUH WKH WHFKQLTXH FDQ EH ZLGHO\ DQG UREXVWO\

3URMHFW

IXQGHG

XQGHU



WKH

(XURSHDQ

1HWZRUN

IRU

>@ %UHLWPH\HU%* *DQ]/,PSOLFDWLRQVRIVXVWDLQHG DQG WUDQVLHQW FKDQQHOV IRU WKHRULHV RI YLVXDO PDVNLQJ



LQGLFDWLRQV

LQIRUPDWLRQ

 5()(5(1&(6



RI

VXSSRUW

VSDFHWLPH WUDGHRII LW RIIHUV ,WV XVH LV OLPLWHG E\ WKH KXPDQ

0HPRU\

REWDLQHGE\,QWUDXE>@ QXPEHU

WR

,QWHOOLJHQW,QIRUPDWLRQ,QWHUIDFHV, 

GLIIHUHQWOHQJWKVRIWLPHEHWZHHQVWLPXOXVRQVHWV62$ 

D

WHFKQLTXH

DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV 3'$V PRELOH GHYLFHV DQG ZHDUDEOHV ZKHUH

 $&.12:/('*(0(176

)LJXUH$FFXUDF\LQDUHFRJQLWLRQPHPRU\WDVNZLWK

KRZHYHU

5DSLG 6HULDO 9LVXDO 3UHVHQWDWLRQ DSSHDUV WR RIIHU D YDOXDEOH

7KLVZRUNZDVFDUULHGRXWDVSDUWRIRXUFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKH/LYLQJ

62$PV

DUH

 &21&/86,216

UHFRQFLOH LW ZLWK FXUUHQW NQRZOHGJH UHJDUGLQJ KXPDQ SHUFHSWLRQ




7KHUH

LQWRWKHDSSOLFDELOLW\RI5693

DQGFRJQLWLRQ






VHDUFKLQJ WKURXJK WKH IRUPXODWLRQ RI D EURZVLQJ RU VHDUFKLQJ VWUDWHJ\ 7KLV ZLOO EH D IRFXV SRLQW LQ RXU IXWXUH LQYHVWLJDWLRQV

DOUHDG\ LGHQWLILHG XQH[SHFWHG DVSHFWV RI 5693 PRUH VWXGLHV DUH






ZKLFK ZH QHHG WR GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU PRGHOV RI WKH FRQWHQWV REWDLQHG IURP 5693 DUH VXIILFLHQWWRVXSSRUWIXUWKHUEURZVLQJRU

QHHGHG ERWK WR FKDUDFWHULVH WKH 5693 SKHQRPHQRQ DQG WR




 

UHFDOO RI REMHFWV LQ WKH IUDPHV ZDV YHU\ SRRU LQGHHG +RZHYHU LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR YHULI\ WKHVH UHVXOWV RI 0DVVRQ DQG 7VH HW DO DIWHU

HPSOR\HG LQ SUDFWLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV 6LPSOH H[SHULPHQWV KDYH

$FFXUDF\



YLGHRV DIWHU REVHUYLQJ DQ 5693 GLVSOD\ RI NH\ IUDPHV DW UDWHV RI XSWRIUDPHVSHUVHFRQGZKLOHDWWKDWUDWHRISUHVHQWDWLRQWKHLU

VDFFDGLF

VXSSUHVVLRQ

DQG

LQIRUPDWLRQ

SURFHVVLQJ

3V\FKRORJLFDO5HYLHZ  >@ %URDGEHQW '(  %URDGEHQW 0 +   )URP

WKDW

PRUH

GHWHFWLRQWRLGHQWLILFDWLRQ5HVSRQVHWRPXOWLSOHWDUJHWV

LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW LQGLYLGXDO LWHPV LQ DQ 5693 VWUHDP LV EHLQJ

LQ

SURFHVVHG WKDQ LV DSSDUHQW IURP SHUIRUPDQFH LQ D UHFRJQLWLRQ

3V\FKRSK\VLFV

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

UDSLG

VHULDO

YLVXDO

SUHVHQWDWLRQ

3HUFHSWLRQ



>@ &DUPHO(&UDZIRUG6 &KHQ+ %URZVLQJ LQ K\SHUWH[W D FRJQLWLYH VWXG\ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 6\VWHPV0DQDQG&\EHUQHWLFV >@ 'DUNHQ 53   $ VLPSOH PRGHO RI QDYLJDWLRQ LQ ODUJHVFDOH YLUWXDO VSDFHV $&0 6,*&+, %XOOHWLQ   >@ (OOLRW (  'DYHQSRUW *   9LGHR 6WUHDPHU &+,¶&RPSDQLRQ3URFHHGLQJV$&0 >@ )XUQDV *:   (IIHFWLYH YLHZ QDYLJDWLRQ ,Q

UHFDOO VSHFLILF ZRUGV >@ 0RUHRYHU WHVWV RI LPSOLFLW SHUFHSWLRQ

&+,¶

KDYH VKRZQ WKDW RIWHQ PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWDEULHIO\SUHVHQWHG

$WODQWD *$ 86$ 0DUFK   $&0 3UHVV 

YLVXDO VWLPXOXV LV DYDLODEOH WKDQ FDQ EH UHSRUWHG E\ WKH REVHUYHU



>HJ @ 7KLV VXJJHVWV WKDW LW PD\ EH VLPLODUO\ SRVVLEOH WR GHYHORSDPRGHOWKDWGHVFULEHVDVHWRISLFWXUHVLQWHUPVRIVXEMHFW

+XPDQ

)DFWRUV

LQ

&RPSXWLQJ

6\VWHPV

>@ +HQGHUVRQ -0   7ZR UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDO V\VWHPV LQ

G\QDPLF

YLVXDO

LGHQWLILFDWLRQ

-RXUQDO

RI

+

 

3UHVHQWDWLRQ

UDWH

DQG

WKH

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI EULHIO\ JOLPSVHG SLFWXUHV LQ PHPRU\ -RXUQDO RI ([SHULPHQWDO 3V\FKRORJ\ +XPDQ /HDUQLQJ DQG0HPRU\

SUHVHQWHG

([SHULPHQWDO

3V\FKRORJ\

SLFWXUHV +XPDQ

-RXUQDO 3HUFHSWLRQ

RI DQG

3HUIRUPDQFH

WUDGHRII

+XPDQ&RPSXWHU

,QWHUDFWLRQ

,17(5$&7¶&KDSPDQ +DOO

IRU ZRUG WDUJHWV ZLWK FRQWUROOHG UDWHV RI SUHVHQWDWLRQ

7

  RI

>@5DKPDQ

7

&RQVFLRXV

SRO\VHPRXV

DQG

ZRUGV

WR

 

5HFRJQLWLRQ



0XWHU

RSWLPLVH

3

 

UHDGLQJ

ZLWK

'HVLJQLQJ VPDOO

DQ

GLVSOD\

ZLQGRZV+XPDQ)DFWRUV >@5D\PRQG-(6KDSLUR./ $UQHOO.0  7HPSRUDU\ VXSSUHVVLRQ RI YLVXDO SURFHVVLQJ LQ DQ WDVN

([SHULPHQWDO

$Q

DWWHQWLRQDO

3V\FKRORJ\

EOLQN"

+XPDQ

-RXUQDO

3HUFHSWLRQ

RI DQG

3HUIRUPDQFH

DOORFDWLRQ

SUHFRQVFLRXV /RFDWLQJ

WKH

RI

YLVXDO

DWWHQWLRQ

,QKLELWLRQ

RU

LQWHUIHUHQFH" ,Q ' 'DJHQEDFK  7+ &DUU (GV  ,QKLELWRU\

3HUFHSWLRQ 3V\FKRSK\VLFV

UHFRJQLWLRQ

(,

>@6KDSLUR ./  5D\PRQG -(   7HPSRUDO

>@/DZUHQFH '+   7ZR VWXGLHV RI YLVXDO VHDUFK

>@0DUFHO

/HY\

WKH$&0

5693

>@/DP .  6SHQFH 5   ,PDJH EURZVLQJ $ VSDFHWLPH



>@3UHVV /   7KH SRVW3& HUD &RPPXQLFDWLRQV RI

LQWHUIDFH

>@ ,QWUDXE +   5DSLG FRQFHSWXDO LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI VHTXHQWLDOO\

0&

PHPRU\ IRU D UDSLG VHTXHQFH RI SLFWXUHV -RXUQDO RI ([SHULPHQWDO3V\FKRORJ\

([SHULPHQWDO3V\FKRORJ\*HQHUDO >@ ,QWUDXE

>@3RWWHU

PHFKDQLVPV

LQ

DWWHQWLRQ

PHPRU\

DQG

ODQJXDJH%RVWRQ$FDGHPLF3UHVV >@6SHQFH 5   $ &RQWHQW ([SORUHU ,QIRUPDWLRQ

VHOHFWLYH HIIHFWV RI SULRU YHUEDO FRQWH[W ,Q 56

(QJLQHHULQJ 6HFWLRQ 5HSRUW  ,PSHULDO &ROOHJH

1LFNHUVRQ (G  $WWHQWLRQ DQG SHUIRUPDQFH 9,,,

/RQGRQ0D\

+LOOVGDOH1-/($

>@6SHQFH

>@0DVVRQ 0(-   &RQFHSWXDO SURFHVVLQJ RI WH[W GXULQJVNLPPLQJDQGUDSLGVHTXHQWLDOUHDGLQJ0HPRU\ &RJQLWLRQ

ZLWK

VHULDO

DQG

VLPXOWDQHRXV

 

$

IUDPHZRUN

IRU

QDYLJDWLRQ

 >@7VH 7 0DUFKLRQLQL * 'LQJ : 6ODXJKWHU / 

>@0DWLQ (  %RII .5   ,QIRUPDWLRQ WUDQVIHU UDWH

5

,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI +XPDQ&RPSXWHU 6WXGLHV 

YLVXDO

GLVSOD\

.RPORGL $   '\QDPLF NH\ IUDPH SUHVHQWDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHVIRUDXJPHQWHGYLGHREURZVLQJ3URFHHGLQJV RI $GYDQFHG 9LVXDO ,QWHUIDFHV $9,¶ /¶$TXLOD

IRUPDWV+XPDQ)DFWRUV >@0DWLQ ( %RII .5  'RQRYDQ 5   5DLVLQJ FRQWUROGLVSOD\ HIILFLHQF\ ZLWK UDSLG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ

,WDO\0D\ $&0 >@8KODULN - -RVHSK .0  5HQIUR 0'  

GLVSOD\ WHFKQRORJ\ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH +XPDQ )DFWRUV

(IIHFWV RI FRQFXUUHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ ORDG RQ VHULDO DQG

6RFLHW\ VW $QQXDO 0HHWLQJ 6DQWD 0RQLFD &$ 7KH

VLPXOWDQHRXVYLVXDOGLVSOD\IRUPDWV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH

+XPDQ)DFWRUV6RFLHW\

+XPDQ )DFWRUV 6RFLHW\ 




>@0DWLQ ( 6KDR .&  %RII .5   6DFFDGLF RYHUKHDG

±

,QIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJ

WLPH

ZLWK

DQG

>@:HLFKVHOJDUWQHU (  6SHUOLQJ *   '\QDPLFV

ZLWKRXW VDFFDGHV 3HUFHSWLRQ  3V\FKRSK\VLFV  

RI DXWRPDWLF DQG FRQWUROOHG YLVXDO DWWHQWLRQ 6FLHQFH





>@3D\QH '*  /DQJ 9$   9LVXDO PRQLWRULQJ

>@:LWWHQEXUJ . $OL$KPHG : /D/LEHUWH ' 

ZLWK VSDWLDOO\ YHUVXV WHPSRUDOO\ GLVWULEXWHG GLVSOD\V

/DQQLQJ 7   5DSLGILUH LPDJH SUHYLHZV IRU

+XPDQ)DFWRUV

LQIRUPDWLRQ

>@3RWWHU0& 0HDQLQJLQYLVXDOVHDUFK6FLHQFH  

 $QQXDO 0HHWLQJ 6DQWD

0RQLFD&$7KH+XPDQ)DFWRUV6RFLHW\

QDYLJDWLRQ

3URFHHGLQJV

RI

$GYDQFHG

9LVXDO ,QWHUIDFHV $9,¶ /¶$TXLOD ,WDO\ 0D\   $&0