1208 Vol 04, Special Issue 01, 2013
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ISSN: 2230-8504; e-ISSN-2230-8512
Real Time paddy crop field monitoring using Zigbee Network M.A.EUNICE 1
M.Tech, Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, SE&T, SPMVV, Tirupati, India.
[email protected]
ABSTRACT This paper explains about using sensors in the paddy crop field area with the help of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Zigbee network. The aim of the project is monitoring the crop field area without man power or human interaction. The fundamental concept is to provide a highly enabled monitoring of crop field which focuses on the giving various sensing analysis about the paddy crop field. The system architecture has several types of nodes deployed in the crop field area. It captures the physical phenomenon such as temperature, pressure, humidity and water level that can be monitored in a paddy crop field. The data that is sensed from various places of crop field area is transmitted to the central Global System of Mobile (GSM) node or coordinator node which will send the data to the personal computer through gateway. A server is connected to the database, which has minimum and maximum threshold value of temperature, humidity and water level. If the sensed data attains maximum or minimum threshold level stored in the data base, the alarm unit produces an alarm sound so as to get the attention of the farmer regarding the crop field. In paddy crop field where the land has to be fully irrigated regardless of ups and downs of the soil, there is a need to locate the places where irrigation is needed. In this paper, zigbee wireless sensor network is used for monitoring the crop field area by deploying water sensors in the land to detect the water level so that the area that has to be irrigated can be selected. Humidity sensor is used to sense the weather. By this the farmer gets an idea about the climate regarding any chances of rainfall, so that he can conserve water as well as power as he need not turn on the motors. Keywords: Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), Sensors, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) Controller, PC (Personal Computer). 1. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor network [1] is a network in which several types of sensor nodes are deployed. Wireless sensor network is scalable, consumes very little power, fast data acquisition and software programmable. A WSN (wireless sensor network) generally consists of base station (or) gateway that can communicate with a number of wireless sensors via a radio links. WSN [2] can eliminate the cost of installation, maintenance and eliminates connectors. ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. The sensing technologies allow the identification of pests in the crops, drought or increased moisture. Zigbee [3] technology can be applied for wireless applications in agriculture sector. In this crop field monitoring, mesh topology is used and the data that is sensed from various sensors goes to the central Global System for Mobile (GSM) node which will send the information to the personal computer used by the farmer. This paper shows the model for perfect real time monitoring of crop field by using zigbee network and it even displays the experimental results when the nodes are deployed in real time. Physical and MAC (Medium Access Control) layers of zigbee are supported by IEEE 802.15.4. The functionality of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device known as transceivers. The fundamental concept is to provide a highly enabled monitoring of crop field by focusing on the data that is received from various sensors in the paddy crop field. ARM is abbreviated as Advanced RISC Machines. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small and highly-optimized set of instructions. In this project, ARM controller (LPC2148) plays a major role. ARM controllers were originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. Because of their small size and low price they are also used in regulators for individual control loops. The LPC2148 microcontrollers are based on a 32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support that combine microcontrollers with embedded high-speed flash memory ranging from 32 KB to 512 KB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate. In this project, ARM controller (LPC2148) plays a major role. ARM controllers were originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. Because of their small size and low price, ARM controllers are now being used in regulators for individual control loops. We use two ARM controllers one at the transmitter section and the other at the receiver. Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2148 are ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement. Serial communications interfaces make these devices well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power.
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1209 Vol 04, Special Issue 01, 2013
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GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)[4] is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard.GSM Modem is a data oriented GSM transceiver system that uses a network provider to connect and transfer data. Usage of network provider infrastructure has several advantages like low cost, reliability, easy to use and has wide coverage. Both data and voice services can be used for control applications. GSM uses simple AT-Commands to communicate with the external device (PC). Minimum commands are required to make communication between a microcontroller and GSM Modem which makes it simple for data transmission. GSM interfacing with a microcontroller is easy and effective. Its instant messaging makes the GSM modem used in numerous applications. These messages can be received and sent in GSM network faster than an email network. 2. CASE STUDY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Khalid el-darymli, Faisal khan, Mohamed h. Ahmed described that a part of extensive network of pipelines carrying oil and gas is an integral part of any country’s energy management plan. As oil and gas are characterized as highly hazardous, their transportation through pipelines warrants proactive continuous monitoring. Unfortunately, there has been limited continuous monitoring of this crucial infrastructure, which causes financial losses to the industry. Alka Kalra, Rajiv Chechi described that Sensors are the essential devices to industrial applications, particularly for chemical industries where varieties of sensors are being used for different applications. In present era, only few sensors are used for chemical applications such as ground water monitoring, chemical identifiers and so on. His paper concentrates on implementing efficient monitoring by sensors in and around the chemical industrial environment. The main objective is to provide infrastructural ideas to the researchers, regarding sensor monitoring and merging of sensors from various area of applications to chemical industry applications. Nader Mohamed , Imad Jawhar worked on the standards that address low to high data rates for voice, PC LANs, video, etc. However, there hasn’t been a wireless network standard that meets the unique needs of sensors and control devices till now. Sensors and controls don’t need high bandwidth but they do need low latency and very low energy consumption for long battery lives and for large device arrays. Jameela Al-Jaroodi and Liren Zhang worked on Oil and Gas industry which represents more than 40% of Saudi Arabia’s GDP and more than 90% of the country’s revenue. To distribute this source of energy on land, oil companies utilize massive networks of pipelines. In order to avoid environmental, economical and health catastrophists, the structural health of these pipelines should be monitored continuously. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) appear as a viable and cost-effective solution for continuous monitoring applications. Studies showed that the developed reliability algorithms and protocols enhanced the reliability at a certain level while ignoring the global and cross layer effect. Fawaz Alsaade worked on combined approach to enhance the security of oil and water supply pipeline infrastructures. His study highlighted that by deploying a combination of wireless sensor network in conjunction with the conventional trends and microwave network, the time of reporting any leakage to the control room can be reduced considerably. This in turn provides ability to protect the oil pipelines from further loss or damage and discontinuation of operation. His paper presents the motivation for and the potential advantages of the proposed WSN system for enhancing the security of oil and water supply pipelines. Bonny B. N. Umeadi ,K. G. Jones [5] worked on monitoring the integrity of large-scale oil transmission pipelines to ensure maximum operating efficiency and reduce damage which is a major challenge in the petrochemical industry. Traditional approaches are both expensive and time consuming and prone to miss imminent failures. What is needed is a continuous, low cost, monitoring solution that can provide early warning of imminent failure. Zigbee [6] is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard used in many applications such as oil field monitoring, industrial monitoring and mine safety. The usage of zigbee wireless sensor network in agricultural field is very low. Low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. This paper shows the model for perfect real time monitoring of crop field using zigbee network and displays the experimental results of the model when deployed in real time. This technology can be used in wireless applications for agricultural sectors. The fundamental concept of the proposed system is to provide a highly enabled monitoring of crop field which senses and monitors the crop field area without human interaction. 3. PURPOSE AND MOTIVATION Sometimes when the farmers are busy with the other works, there will be a need to monitor the crop field area without human interaction. There is also a need to observe the minimum and maximum threshold values of temperature, water level and humidity and alarming the farmer to get his attention so as to take necessary
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1210 Vol 04, Special Issue 01, 2013
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measures in preventing adverse conditions. In paddy crop field we have to irrigate the land fully regardless of the ups and downs in the soil. In the present era, there is no mechanism to locate the water level of the land and to detect the places where irrigation is needed. If the farmer can sense the weather, he can get an idea about the chances of rainfall so that he can conserve both water and power. In this paper, a highly enabled monitoring of crop field is proposed which focuses on sensing and monitoring of the crop field. The proposed system architecture uses zigbee wireless sensor network in monitoring the crop field area by deploying temperature, humidity and water sensors in the crop field area. These sensors detect the places where the water level is high and low so that the farmer can select the area that has to be irrigated. Humidity sensor is used to sense the weather. If there is any chance for rainfall, the farmer need not irrigate the crop field. Due to this we can conserve water and power since he need not turn on the motors. The various sensed data from various places of crop field area is transmitted to the central Global System of Mobile (GSM) node .Whenever the sensed data attains maximum or minimum threshold level stored in the data base, the alarm unit will alarm the farmer to get his attention. There are many standards that address mid to high data rates but, till now there hasn’t been a wireless network standard that meets the unique needs of sensors and control devices. Though there are many wireless systems but many systems don’t provide high data rates with low cost. ZIGBEE is the only wireless standards-based technology that addresses the unique needs of remote monitoring, control and sensor network applications. Sensors and controls doest need high bandwidth but they do need low latency and very low energy consumption for long battery lives and for large device arrays. 4. MODULES OF THE DESIGN The design of ‘Real Time Paddy Crop Field Monitoring System’ has been divided into six modules. 1. Power supply circuit 2. LPC2148 (ARM7) microcontroller 3. GSM 4. LCfD 5. Sensors 6. Zigbee Transceiver 4.1 Power supply circuit This section is meant for supplying power to all the parts of the circuit. Generally we get 230V of power supply but as we need only 3.3V and 5V for the micro controller, instead of directly connecting the power supply to the microcontroller we use a transformer, capacitive filters and generators to convert 230V of power supply to the voltage that is required for the micro controller. The operating voltages for transmitter and receiver sections are 3.3v and 5v. 4.2 LPC2148 (ARM7) microcontroller In this project, ARM controller (LPC2148) plays a major role and is ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement as it offers high performance, low power consumption and is small in size. We use two ARM controllers [7] one at the transmitter section and other at the receiver end. The data that is received by the Zigbee transceiver from the field section is sent to the ARM controller which will in turn send the information to GSM modem. 4.3 GSM A GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) [8] modem is a data oriented GSM transceiver system that uses a network provider to connect and transfer data. The data that is received by the Zigbee transceiver from the field section is sent to the ARM board which will in turn send the information to GSM modem. The GSM modem sends the data to the receiver section. 4.4 LCD LCD is used to display the output. LCD is connected to ARM [9] so as to transfer the data from the micro controller and to display it on LCD. To enable the LCD we set the enable pin and to display the data on the LCD we use IOSET (Input Output Set). We can also set read and write pins by enabling them using IOSET. 4.5 Sensors The sensors [10] that are deployed in the crop field area focus on monitoring and capturing the physical phenomenon such as temperature, pressure, humidity and water level. The three types of sensors that are used in this project are temperature sensor, water level sensor and humidity sensors. 4.5.1 Temperature Sensor: This sensor is used to sense the temperature. A server is connected to the database, which has minimum and maximum threshold value of temperature. If the sensed data attains maximum or minimum threshold level stored in the data base, the alarm unit will give an alarm sound to the farmer. 4.5.2 Water level Sensor: Water sensors are deployed in the crop field area to detect the places where the water level is high so that we can select the area that has to be irrigated.
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4.5.3 Humidity Sensor: Humidity sensor is used to sense the weather. By this the farmer can get idea about the climate. If there is any chance for rainfall, the farmer need not irrigate the crop field. Due to this we can conserve both water and power as we need not turn on motors. 4.6 Zigbee Transceiver ZIGBEE is the only wireless standards-based technology that addresses the unique needs of remote monitoring, control and sensor network applications. Zigbee network meets the unique needs of sensors and control devices. In order to acquire the data from the field section, a Zigbee transceiver module is connected to the ARM board. The data that is received by the Zigbee transceiver from the field section is sent to the ARM board. 4.7 Block Diagram
Fig 2: Block Diagram of Receiver 4.8 Working Principle: The power supply to the board is given under the well biased circuit conditions. Transmitter and receiver sections are connected to the power supply. GSM modem is initialized for activation. Temperature, humidity and water level sensors are deployed in the crop field area. These sensors monitor and capture the temperature, pressure, humidity and water level in a paddy crop field. When the changes in the readings from the sensors are detected, the sensed data from various places of crop field area is transmitted to the central Global System of Mobile (GSM) node or coordinator node which will send the data to the personal computer through gateway. A Gateway is the device which can be used to connect two networks of different protocols. A server is connected to the database, which has minimum and maximum threshold value of temperature, humidity and water level. If the sensed data attains maximum or minimum threshold level stored in the data base, the alarm unit will produces an alarm sound so as to get the attention of the farmer regarding the crop field. The received data is displayed on the LCD attached to the micro controller. The changes that have occurred in the paddy crop field area are sent by the GSM modem as sms (short message service) to the farmer’s mobile. 4.9 Flow Chart of the proposed system The following flow charts give a functional description of the transmitter and the receiver. 5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The hardware that is used for the implementation of the project is ARM Controller (LPC2148), Power supply, Sensors, GSM modem, LCD Display, Switches and Zigbee Transceiver. STEP 1: Initializing the ARM Controller and connecting GSM modem to the ARM board The RESET button in the ARM controller of both the transmitter and receiver sections is pressed for initialization. Figure 5 displays the ARM7 board with LCD screen. GSM modem which is used to send SMS to the receiver section is connected to the ARM board as shown in Figure 6.
Fig 5: ARM Board with power supply
Fig 6: Connecting GSM modem to the ARM board
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Fig 3: Flow chart for Transmitter Section STEP 2: Connection of Zigbee module In order to acquire the data from the field section, a Zigbee transceiver module which is shown in Figure 7 is connected to the ARM board. The data that is received by the Zigbee transceiver from the field section is sent to the ARM board which will in turn send the information to GSM modem so that the data can be sent to the receiver section. Figure 8 displays the connection of connection of GSM modules to the ARM board with given power supply.
Fig 7: Zigbee transceiver Fig 8: Transmitter section with GSM modem STEP 3: Initializing and sending information to the GSM modules The ARM board first initializes the GSM modules as shown in Figure 9.
Fig 9: Display of initializing the GSM modem
Fig 10: Sending the information
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After initializing the GSM modem the ARM kit waits for the key to be pressed. When the key is pressed the receiver receives the data, later the information is sent through GSM module to the receiver section. This process is shown below. At the receiver section the information that is received is displayed on the LCD screen. This is seen in various outputs on LCD display.
Fig 11: Completing the sending process
Fig 12: Receiving the information at receiver section
CONCLUSIONS A new architecture for the real time paddy crop field monitoring system with zigbee wireless sensor network has been designed and different ways of utilizing the sensors in the paddy crop field area are proposed and elaborated. Different readings from the temperature, water level and humidity sensors are deployed and analyzed in real time. The proposed work which uses zigbee wireless sensor network gives efficient monitoring of paddy crop field. To obtain better applications on agriculture we can implement more number of nodes in the paddy field environment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper is dedicated to my parents, Head of the department of ECE, SPMVV. REFERENCES [1] Wang, N, N. Zhang, and M., Wang (2004), “Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry – Recent development and future perspective”, Proceedings of the 2004 CIGR Conference, October 11-14, 2004, Beijing, P.R. China. [2] Khalid EL-Darymli, Faisal Khan, Mohamed H. Ahmed (2009), “Reliability Modeling of Wireless Sensor Network for Oil and Gas Pipelines Monitoring”, Sensor & Transducers Journal, (ISSN 1726-5479) Vol.106, Issue 7, July 2009, pp. 6-26. [3] Umar Farooq, Tanveer ul Haq, Muhammad Amar, Muhammad Usman Asad, Asim Iqbal (2010) “Real time Paddy crop field monitoring using Zigbee network”, IEEE 2010. [4] Mohamad, I, M.M. Alil and M. Ismail (2009) - “Availability, reliability and accuracy of GSM Signal in Bandar Baru Bangi for the determination of vehicle position and speed”. International Conference on Space Science and Communication, Malaysia, 26-27 October 2009, pp. 224-229. [5] Bonny B. N. Umeadi, K. G. Jones, “Integrated Wireless Sensors In Oil Pipeline Integrity Monitoring”, University of Greenwich UK. [6] Drew Gislason (2008), ‘ZIGBEE Wireless Networking’, Elsevier Inc, Burlington, USA. [7] Steve Furber (2000), ‘ARM Sytem On Chip Architecture’, 2nd edition, Pearson Education Limited. [8] Michel Mouly and Marie-Bernadette Pautet(1992), “The GSM System for Mobile Communications”, Telcom Publishing. [9]Andrew N.SLOSS, Domenic SYMES and Chris WRIGHT (2004), ‘ARM System Developer’s Guide’, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco,CA. [10] Theodore S. Rappaport (2009), ‘Wireless Communications’, Pearson Education Inc, South Asia. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Mrs.M.A.Eunice received her B.Tech(ECE) from Dr.Paul Raj Engineering College, Badrachalam, JNTU Hyderabad, India, in 2005 and M.Tech(Embedded Systems) from Vidya Vikas Institute of Technology Hyderabad, JNTU Hyderabad, India, in 2012. She received Academic Excellence Award in M.tech. Handled many projects for B.Tech students. Organized Technical Symposiums & various workshops. She worked as Assistant Professor, ECE dept. in Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad for 4 ½ years and is currently working as a Assistant Professor in School of Engineering and Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila ViswaVidyalayam, Tirupati, India. She has been active in research for more than 2 years and published papers in 2 journals, 2 national conferences, 1 international conference in the field of Communications and Digital Image Processing. Her research interests include Ad Hoc networks, Embedded Systems and Mobile Cellular Systems.
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