(version 1.5; Miller et al., 1993). In addi- tion, we ..... George Miller, Richard Beckwith, Christiane. Fellbaum, Derek Gross, Katherine Miller, and. Randee Tengi.
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@A BC DEC E F D @G HIJ GK LKM N OG P Q OGR LS TDH E DU U VB
of cflajo_\m hbmf gl aof ^dcf bh _ ^fedc_^ fz]^fhj hbg\q
of t^_`fh hbe\bli fz_`aci g\f g``d^^f\`f gl _\ fcfkf\a gl aof `o_^_`af^ hfa _tt^fnb_afm ti aof hiktgc A pf _hhdkf of^f ao_a A _tt^fj nb_afh aof d]]f^ _\m cgpf^ `_hf cfaaf^h gl aof _cj ]o_tfaq
of \fza hiktgc C h]f`bvfh ao_a aof^f kdha tf _ hfwdf\`f gl g\f g^ kg^f `o_^_`af^hx f_`o tfcg\eb\e ag aof `o_^_`af^ hfa _tt^fnb_afm ti A q W gdtcf wdgafh b\mb`_af cbaf^_c `o_^_`af^ hiktgchq
of ^beoajo_\m hbmf gl aof ^dcf ebnfh aof `gmf ag tf fzf`dafm pof\ _\ b\]da ha^b\e k_a`ofh aof ^fedc_^ fz]^fhhbg\q rof\ aof cfz ^dcf k_a`ofh aof b\]da X ' x lg^ fz_kj ]cfx aof ld\`abg\ KM N OG P Q OGR ~mfv\fm fchfj pof^f b\ aof ef\f^_ag^ bh `_ccfm ag mfaf^kb\f aof pg^m lg^k `g^^fh]g\mb\e ag aof b\]das aof ld\`abg\ mfcfafh aof b\yf`abg\ ai]f _\m g c_j tfc h]f`bv`_abg\h _\m aof mfcbkbaf^hx ^fkgnfh aof c_ha `o_^_`af^ gl aof cfkk_x _\m v\_cci _aj a_`ofh aof `o_^_`af^h aof pg^m lg^k ef\f^j _afm bh aodh X q l `gd^hf \ga _cc ]cd^_c \gd\ b\yf`abg\h _^f `g^^f`aci ef\f^_afm ti aof ^dcf b\ ~ hb\`f aof^f _^f k_\i b^^fedc_^babfh _\m hdt^fedc_^j babfhq
ofhf _^f mf_ca pbao dhb\e _mmbabg\_cx kg^f h]f`bv`x ^dcfhq
of g^mf^ b\ pob`o aofhf ^dcfh _^f _]]cbfm ag aof b\]da lgccgph fz_`aci aof g^mf^ b\ pob`o aof ^dcfh _]]f_^ b\ aof cfz mfh`^b]abg\q
obh k_fh lg^ _ nf^i hbk]cf _\m ]f^h]b`dgdh p_i ag fz]^fhh ef\f^_cbY _abg\h _\m fz`f]abg\hq g^ b\ha_\`fx aof ^dcf b\ ~ ef\f^j _afh aof ]cd^_c lg^k gl k_\i u\ecbho \gd\h ao_a g^beb\_af l^gk _ab\x hd`o _h # Z Z q ~ @A BC DJ EC E F D @G HIJ GK LKM N OG P Q OGR L[ TD\ DUU VB
rbao aof b\]da # Z Z ' x aof gda]da bh # Z ^_aof^ ao_\ aof b\`g^^f`a ] # Z Z ao_a pgdcm lgccgp l^gk aof _]]cb`_abg\ gl aof kg^f ef\f^_c ^dcf b\ ~ q i f\hd^b\e ao_a aobh ^dcf ]^f`fmfh aof ^dcf b\ ~ b\ aof mfh`^b]abg\x \gd\h hd`o _h # Z Z efa aof `g^^f`a ]cd^_c lg^k b\yf`abg\q gkf gaof^ pg^mh b\ aobh `c_hhx aogdeox mg \ga o_nf aof _ab\_af ]cd^_c lg^k ~fqeq ] %$ _h _ ]cd^_c lg^k gl %$ Z b\ aofhf `_hfh aof ef\f^_ag^ `g\a_b\h ^dcfh h]f`blib\e aof `g^^f`a lg^kh _h fz`f]abg\hq
of ^dcfh `g\habadab\e aof ef\f^_ag^ mg \ga \f`j fhh_^bci o_nf ag tf kdad_cci fz`cdhbnfx hg aofi `_\ tf dhfm ag `_]ad^f aof b\yf`abg\_c kg^]ogcj gei gl cfkk_a_ ao_a o_nf kg^f ao_\ g\f ]ghj hbtcf b\yf`afm lg^k ebnf\ _ h]f`bv` g c_tfc _\m b\yf`abg\_c ai]fq \ fz_k]cf gl aobh bh aof kdcab]cf b\yf`abg\h gl aof \gd\ " "#Z x pob`o o_h \ga g\ci aof _ab\_af ]cd^_c lg^k " "# tda _chg aof u\ecbho ]cd^_c lg^k " "#Z q [\ _mmbj abg\x b\yf`abg\h gl hgkf pg^mh mbf^ _``g^mb\e ag mb_cf`aq g^ fz_k]cfx aof ]_ha ]_^ab`b]cf lg^k gl aof nf^t #$ % X bh %$X b\ ^babho u\ecbhox pof^f_h b\ kf^b`_\ u\ecbho aof ]^flf^^fm pg^m lg^k bh %$X q [\ `_hfh pof^f aof^f bh kg^f ao_\ g\f ]ghhbj tcf b\yf`abg\ lg^ _ ]_^ab`dc_^ b\]da cfkk_x aof g^mf^ gl aof ^dcfh b\ aof cfz mfh`^b]abg\ mfj af^kb\fh aof b\yf`abg\_c ]^flf^f\`fq g^ fz_kj ]cfx pbao aof \gd\ " "#Z x aof l_`a ao_a aof ^dcf b\ ~ ]^f`fmfh aof g\f b\ ~ `_dhfh aof ef\f^j _ag^ ag gda]da aof pg^m lg^k " "# ^_aof^ ao_\ " "#Z fnf\ aogdeo tgao ^dcfh _^f _]]cb`_tcfq [a bh bk]g^a_\a ag \gafx aogdeox ao_a aof ef\j f^_ag^ pbcc _cp_ih `ogghf tfapff\ kdcab]cf b\j yf`abg\hs aof^f bh \g p_i lg^ ba ag gda]da _cc ]ghhbtcf pg^m lg^kh lg^ _ ]_^ab`dc_^ b\]daq
lgccgpfm ti g\f `g\hg\_\a _\m aof c_ha ]_^a gl aof pg^m bh ha^fhhfmx b\ ef\f^_c aof `g\hg\_\a bh mgdtcfm ~ ^g`af^x q gpfnf^ aof^f _^f fz`f]abg\h ag aobhx _\m b\ _\i `_hf aof b\]da ag aof kg^]ogcgeb`_c ef\f^_ag^ mgfh \ga `g\a_b\ b\lg^k_abg\ _tgda ha^fhhq g\hbmf^ aof cfz ^dcf b\ ~ x pof^f aof hikj tgch _\m _tt^fnb_af aof `o_^_`af^ hfah `g\j hbhab\e gl ~d]]f^ _\m cgpf^ `_hf `g\hg\_\ah _\m ngpfchx ^fh]f`abnfciq ~ @A B @ B@ B DI C HP D !
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bnf\ aof b\]da Z % # aobh ^dcf `g^^f`aci ef\f^_afh Z % ## q gpfnf^x aof nf^t #$ %# mgfh \ga d\mf^eg `g\hg\_\a mgdtcb\e hg aobh ^dcf pbcc ef\f^_afx b\`g^^f`acix aof pg^m lg^k %## q [\ g^mf^ ag f\hd^f ao_a aof `g^^f`a b\yf`abg\ gl _ nf^t bh ef\f^_afmx aof kg^]ogcgeb`_c ef\f^j _ag^ dhfh _ cbha gl ~_^gd\m x cfkk_a_ ao_a _ccgp `g\hg\_\a mgdtcb\ex fza^_`afm _dagk_abj `_cci l^gk aof ^babho _abg\_c g^]dh ~ d^\_^mx q
of cbha bh `of`fm tflg^f b\j yf`ab\e nf^thq bnf\ aof l_`a ao_a aof^f _^f k_\i kg^f nf^th ao_a mg \ga _ccgp `g\hg\_\a mgdtcb\ex cbhab\e aof nf^th ao_a mg bh aof kgha f`g\gkb` hgcdabg\q \ _mmfm tf\fva bh ao_a bl _ cfkk_ $ _ccgp `g\hg\_\a mgdtcb\e tda bh \ga b\ aof cbha aof\ aof pg^m lg^k ef\f^j \ bk]g^a_\a bhhdf `g\`f^\b\e kg^]ogcgeb`_c b\`cdmfm _afm pbcc habcc tf `g^^f`a pbao ^fh]f`a ag kf^bj ef\f^_abg\ ao_a bh `cghfci ^fc_afm ag ao_a gl `_\ u\ecbhoq b\yf`abg\_c ]^flf^f\`f bh `g\hg\_\a mgdtcb\eq
obh ]of\gkf\g\x g``d^^b\e k_b\ci b\ ^babho u\ecbhox b\ngcnfh aof mgdtcb\e gl _ `g\hg\_\a
of kg^]ogcgeb`_c ef\f^_ag^ `gk]^bhfh _ hfa gl _a aof f\m gl _ cfkk_ pof\ aof cfkk_ bh b\j _]]^gzbk_afci x ^dcfh fz]^fhhb\e kg^j yf`afmq g^ fz_k]cfx aof ]_ha af\hf]_^ab`b]cf gl]ogcgeb`_c hdt^fedc_^babfhx _\m fzj b\yf`abg\ gl aof nf^t #$ #X bh #X b\ `f]abg\h lg^^fedc_^babfhx h]f`bv` pg^mh _chg _^gd\m cb\fh ^babho u\ecbhox pof^f aof v\_c `g\hg\_\a gl aof gl cfz `gmf lg^ ]^ge^_k b\bab_cbh_abg\ _\m cfkk_ bh mgdtcfm tflg^f aof hdz bh _aa_`ofmq aof ld\`abg\h `_ccfm ti aof ^dcf _`abg\hq [\ kf^b`_\ u\ecbho aof ]_ha af\hf]_^ab`b]cf mfv\b\e ^dcf hfa bh b\ l_`a gta_b\fm ti _dagk_abj b\yf`abg\ gl aof nf^t #$ #X bh dhd_cci h]fca
of `_cci ^fnf^hb\e _ kg^]ogcgeb`_c X q
obh #X q g\hg\_\a mgdtcb\e bh a^beef^fm g\ bh _ kd`o f\o_\`fm nf^hbg\ gl aof _\_cihf^ g^bej aof t_hbh gl tgao g^aoge^_]ob` _\m ]og\gcgebj b\_cci mfnfcg]fm
u hihafk ~ d\j `_c b\lg^k_abg\s pof\ _ pg^m f\mh b\ g\f ngpfc \b\eo_k fa _cqx lg^ qaof}b\\f\ _\m _^^gcc ~\j mf^ ^fnbfp mfh`^btf b\ mfa_bc ogp aof ^fnf^h_c bh 0 2* /> ,8/* = 79*+ ,- ,1+*18- 8- .> * +*9/186.8,- /7]f^lg^kfmq
of ef\f^_ag^ fzf`da_tcf g``d]bfh 8- ;7/. = * ,4*118+ +*- =3 7117- 8- ;,1 .> * 9*/,- + ,1 90=: 9* 0 *-. 5 7./> ., /,4*1 7 271 *1 6 71. ,; .>* 8-60. 9, .>7. _^gd\m & t g\ mbh`q .> * 2,- *9. 5 7./> >*0189.8/ 76 628*9 *48- * *. 72 ? ?
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_dagk_ab`_cci l^gk aof lgccgpb\e `g^]g^_ _\m k_`ob\f ^f_m_tcf mb`abg\_^bfhs aof `g^j ]dh ~ _^hbmf fa _cqx & x aof f\\
^ffj t_\ ~}_^`dh fa _cqx x aof u `g^j ]dh ~ _k]hg\x x aof ]gf\ u\ecbho g^j ]dh ~
_icg^ _\m \gpcfhx x aof zlg^m hi`ogcb\edbhab` W _a_t_hf ~ db\c_\x x _\m aof gk]daf^jh_tcf nf^hbg\ gl aof zlg^m mn_\`fm f_^\f^h W b`abg\_^i gl d^^f\a u\j ecbho ~ W u }baag\x q /
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obh ao^fp d] _ hk_cc \dktf^ gl f^^g^h pob`o pf o_nf \gp vzfmq rf o_nf ^f^d\ aof u u j t_hfm fn_cd_abg\s _e_b\ha aof ]_ha af\hfx ]_ha _\m ]^fhf\a ]_^ab`b]cfx _\m aob^m ]f^hg\ hb\edj c_^ ]^fhf\a af\hf b\yf`abg\h gl nf^thx _\m _cc ]cdj ^_c \gd\hq laf^ fz`cdmb\e kdcabjpg^m f\a^bfh ~]o^_h_c nf^thx fa`q pf pf^f cfla pbao x gda gl aof g^beb\_c x pg^m lg^khq g^ f_`o gl aofhf pg^m lg^kh pf lfm aof `g^^fh]g\mb\e b\]da ~mf^bnfm _dagk_ab`_cci l^gk aof cfkk_j abh_abg\ _\m b\yf`abg\ h]f`bv`_abg\ ]^gnbmfm ti u u ag aof ef\f^_ag^q rf `gk]_^fm aof ef\f^_ag^ gda]da pbao aof g^beb\_c u u pg^m lg^khx ]^gmd`b\e _ cbha gl kbha_fh _]]_^f\aci k_mf ti aof ef\f^_ag^x pob`o pf aof\ `of`fm ti o_\mq [\ _ \dktf^ gl `_hfh fbaof^ aof u u cfkk_abh_abg\ p_h p^g\e b\ ao_a ba mbh_e^ffm pbao aof ^fcfn_\a f\j a^i b\ aof %X #X #$ "#$ X $ ~ ^g`af^x x g^ aof gda]da gl aof ef\f^_ag^ p_h `g^^f`a fnf\ aogdeo ba p_h \ga bmf\ab`_c ag aof pg^m lg^k ebnf\ b\ u u q rf mbm \ga `gd\a aofhf `_hfh _h kbha_fhq rf _chg lgd\m ao_a u u bh b\`g\hbhaf\a pbao ^fj h]f`a ag `g\hg\_\a mgdtcb\eq g^ fz_k]cfx ba b\`cdmfh aof pg^m lg^k ## $ x pof^f_h ba gkbah k_\i `g\hg\_\a mgdtcfm pg^mh ao_a _^f kd`o kg^f `gkkg\ ~_``g^mb\e ag `gd\ah l^gk aof q g^ fz_k]cfx aof `g\j a_b\h _^gd\m g``d^^f\`fh gl aof pg^m lg^k X$ X a_eefm _h _ nf^tx tda aobh lg^k bh \ga ]^fhf\a b\ u u q
of lg^k X$ X mgfh g``d^ b\ u u x tda mgfh \ga b\ aof q .
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rf mbm \ga `gd\a aofhf `_hfh _h kbha_fh fbaof^q l aof ^fk_b\b\e kbha_fhx `g\`f^\fm pg^m lg^kh ao_a mg \ga g``d^ _a _cc b\ aof } pg^mh gl aof q rf `_afeg^bhfm aofhf _h b^^fcj fn_\a lg^ ]^_`ab`_c _]]cb`_abg\h _\m hg mbh`_^mfm aofkq
odh aof # _``d^_`i gl aof kg^]ogj cgeb`_c _\_cihf^ pbao ^fh]f`a ag aof u u cfzj b`_c m_a_t_hf bh q & q
of #$ _``d^_`i bh q pbao ^fh]f`a ag aof x x ^fcfn_\a agf\h b\ aof ~bqfq _ ^_af gl apg f^^g^h ]f^ af\ aogdh_\m pg^mh q rf afhafm aof ]^g`fhhb\e h]ffm gl aof ef\f^j _ag^ g\ _ d\ ca^_ pg^ha_abg\q [\ g^mf^ ag mbh`gd\a ]^ge^_k ha_^ad] abkfh ~pob`o _^f _\ip_i g\ci gl aof g^mf^ gl q hf`g\mh pf dhfm b\]da vcfh gl _\m agf\h _\m ^f`g^mfm aof mbf^f\`f b\ abkb\eh pf agg aof _nf^_efh gl ^d\hq W fh]baf bah pbmf `gnf^_ef aof kg^]ogcgeb`_c ef\f^_ag^ bh nf^i l_has ba ef\j f^_afh _a _ ^_af gl kg^f ao_\ x pg^mh ]f^ hf`g\mq ! Z! W " YZ .
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of kg^]ogcgeb`_c ef\f^_ag^ lg^kh ]_^a gl _ ]^gagai]f hihafk lg^ _dagk_ab` hbk]cbv`_abg\ gl u\ecbho \fph]_]f^ afza ~ _^^gcc fa _cqx q
of eg_c bh ag ofc] ]fg]cf pbao _]o_hb_ ~_ c_\j ed_ef bk]_b^kf\a ai]b`_cci g``d^^b\e _h _ ^fj hdca gl _ ha^gf g^ of_m b\ d^i ag tfaaf^ d\j mf^ha_\m u\ecbho \fph]_]f^ afzaq
of hihafk `gk]^bhfh apg k_b\ `gk]g\f\ahs _\ _\_cihbh kgmdcf pob`o mgp\cg_mh aof hgd^`f \fph]_]f^ afzah l^gk aof pft _\m `gk]dafh hi\a_`ab` _\_cj ihfh lg^ aof hf\af\`fh b\ aofkx _\m _ hbk]cbj v`_abg\ kgmdcf pob`o g]f^_afh g\ aof gda]da gl aof _\_cihf^ ag bk]^gnf aof `gk]^fof\hbtbcj bai gl aof afzaq i\a_`ab` hbk]cbv`_abg\ ~ _\j \b\e _\m
_bax g]f^_afh g\ aof hi\a_z a^ffh ]^gmd`fm b\ aof _\_cihbh ]o_hfx lg^ fz_kj ]cf `g\nf^ab\e hf\af\`fh b\ aof ]_hhbnf ngb`f ag _`abnfx _\m h]cbaab\e cg\e hf\af\`fh _a _]]^g]^bj _af ]gb\ahq hdthfwdf\a cfzb`_c hbk]cbv`_abg\ ha_ef ~W fncb\ _\m
_bax ^f]c_`fh mb`dca g^ ^_^f `g\af\a pg^mh pbao hbk]cf^ hi\g\ikhq
of _\_cihbh `gk]g\f\a `g\a_b\h _ kg^]ogj cgeb`_c _\_cihf^x _\m ba bh aof t_hf lg^kh gl . 89 28 *23 .> 7. 7 5 , +*9. 8-/1*79* 8- 96 **+ /,02+ = * ,=.78-*+ =3 96 */8;3 8- ,6.85 897.8,- 2*4*29 8- 2* 7-+ // .> 7. 71* >8 >*1 .> 7- .>* +*;702.9 ?
pg^mh ao_a _^f ]_hhfm ao^gdeo aof hihafk aobh f_hfh aof a_h gl aof cfzb`_c hbk]cbv`_abg\ kgmj dcfq
of v\_c ]^g`fhhb\e ha_ef b\ aof hihafk bh aof^flg^f kg^]ogcgeb`_c ef\f^_abg\x dhb\e aof ef\f^_ag^ mfh`^btfm b\ aof ]^fnbgdh hf`abg\q
rf _^f `d^^f\aci afhab\e aof `gk]g\f\ah gl aof hbk]cbv`_abg\ hihafk g\ _ `g^]dh gl \fph hag^bfh mgp\cg_mfm l^gk aof Z X " $ ~_ cg`_c \fph]_]f^ b\ g^aoju_ha u\ec_\m q [\ gd^ afhab\e pf o_nf lgd\m ao_a \fpci f\`gd\j af^fm ng`_tdc_^i g\ci ^_^fci \f`fhhba_afh _\i kgmbv`_abg\ ag aof ef\f^_ag^ ~g^ ^_aof^ aof _\_cihf^ hgd^`f bl aof pg^m o_h ^fedc_^ kg^j ]ogcgei aof\ ba bh o_\mcfm ti aof ^dcfh fz]^fhhj b\e ef\f^_cbh_abg\hq chgx _ hbmfjff`a gl aof l_`a ao_a aof ef\f^_ag^ bh mf^bnfm l^gk aof _\_cihf^ bh ao_a aof apg kgmdcfh o_nf fz_`aci aof h_kf `gnf^_ef _\m _^f ed_^_\affm ag ha_i b\ haf] pbao f_`o gaof^q
obh bh bk]g^a_\a b\ aof `g\afza gl _\ _]]cbfm hihafk q
of _``d^_`i gl aof ef\f^j _ag^ bh wdbaf hd`bf\a lg^ aobh _]]cb`_abg\ gd^ fz]f^bf\`f bh ao_a ai]ge^_]ob`_c kbha_fh b\ aof g^beb\_c \fph]_]f^ afza _^f kd`o kg^f `gkkg\ ao_\ f^^g^h b\ kg^]ogcgeb`_c ]^g`fhhb\eq +
gkf g^aoge^_]ob` ]of\gkf\_ h]_\ kg^f ao_\ g\f pg^mq
ofhf `_\\ga tf mf_ca pbao b\ kg^j ]ogcgeb`_c ef\f^_abg\ hb\`f aobh pg^h ha^b`aci _ pg^m _a _ abkfq rf o_nf aof^flg^f bk]cfkf\afm _ v\_c g^aoge^_]ob` ]gha]^g`fhhb\e ha_efq g\j hbmf^ aof hf\af\`fs ~ ] X $$ # ##X "#$ # +
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