SEISMIC RETROFITTING MANUAL FOR HIGHWAY STRUCTURES : PART 1-BRIDGES
By Ian G. Buckle (Lead Author), Ian Friedland, John Mander, Geoffrey Martin, Richard Nutt and Maurice Power
PART 2-RETAINING STRUCTURES, SLOPES, TUNNELS, CULVERTS AND ROADWAYS By Maurice Power (Lead Author), Kenneth Fishman, Faiz Makdisi, Samuel Musser, Rowland Richards and T. Leslie Youd April 14, 2008
MCEER-08-SP02
This research was supported by the Federal Highway Administration under contract number DTFH61-92-C-00106. This publication was produced by MCEER for the Federal Highway Administration under contr contract act number DTFH61-92-C-00106.
MCEER is a national center of excellence in advanced technology applications that is dedicated to the reduction of earthquake losses nationwide. Headquartered at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, the Center was originally established by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1986, as the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER). Comprising a consortium of researchers from numerous disciplines and institutions throughout the United States, the Center’s mission is to reduce earthquake losses through research and the application of advanced technologies that improve engineering, pre-earthquake planning and post-earthquake recovery strategies. Toward this end, the Center coordinates a nationwide program of multidisciplinary team research, education and outreach activities. Funded principally by NSF, the State of New York and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Center derives additional support from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), other state governments, academic institutions, foreign governments and private industry.
Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures Part 1 - Bridges Ian G. Buckle (Lead Author), Ian Friedland, John Mander, Geoffrey Martin, Richard Nutt and Maurice Power
Part 2 - Retaining Structures, Slopes, Tunnels, Culverts and Roadways Maurice Power (Lead Author), Kenneth Fishman, Faiz Makdisi, Samuel Musser, Rowland Richards and T. Leslie Youd
April 14, 2008 MCEER-08-SP02
This CD includes U.S. Geological Survey open file report 01-436, “Seismic Hazard Curves and Uniform Hazard Response Spectra for the United States,” by A.D. Frankel and E.V. Leyendecker, published by USGS in 1996. Alternatively, spectral ordinates and peak ground accelerations for upper level ground motions are available from the USGS website at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/.
MCEER’s Highway Project Improving the seismic performance and reliability of the nations' highway system is the overall aim of MCEER's Highway Project. The project was initiated in the fall of 1992 with two Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) contracts totaling more than $14 million. In 1998, MCEER received an additional 6-year, $10.8 million FHWA contract to expand on work begun in 1992. Research has been augmented by additional contracts from FHWA and other agencies.
Accelerated bridge construction and innovative seismic protection technologies such as segmental construction (shown here) are current topics of study.
The project uniquely examines the impact of earthquakes on the highway system as an integrated network, rather than a collection of individual roads, bridges, etc. Projects seek to ensure the usability of highways following earthquakes, by improving performance of all interconnected components.
Similar bridge span collapses following the Nigata earthquake (inset) and Hurricane Katrina suggest that seismic design and retrofit strategies may offer protection against multiple hazards.
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Goals are to improve understanding of the seismic hazards to highways and to improve and develop analysis methods, screening procedures and additional tools, retrofit technologies, design criteria, and other approaches to reduce seismic vulnerability of existing and future highway infrastructure.
Studies examine: •
seismic hazards and ground motion
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soils and foundations
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structural systems and components
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performance criteria
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analysis and design issues
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intelligent and protective systems
Investigators developed and tested a new roller seismic isolation bearing for use in highway bridges.
In all, MCEER highway research has involved more than 40 investigators from over 20 institutions throughout the United States. For more information, visit: http://mceer.buffalo.edu/research/HighwayPrj/default.asp.
Lessons learned from observation and analysis of bridge damage following major earthquakes were incorporated in the 2006 edition of the Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures. REDARS™, software for the Seismic Risk Analysis of Highway Systems, estimates earthquake-induced roadway system damage and its effect on post-earthquake traffic flows.
Workshops and conferences, such as the Second U.S.-Taiwan Bridge Engineering Workshop where this group photo was taken, provide a mechanism for technology transfer and collaborative research opportunities.
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Overview of the Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures The Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures is a major revision of the Federal Highway Administration publication ‘Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges,’ which was published in 1995 as report FHWA/RD-94-052. This edition expands the previous publication by including procedures for evaluating and retrofitting retaining structures, slopes, tunnels, culverts, and pavements, in addition to bridges. It is published in two parts: Part 1: Bridges, and Part 2: Retaining Structures, Slopes, Tunnels, Culverts, and Pavements. Whereas Part 1 maintains the basic format of the retrofitting process described in the 1995 report, major changes have been made to include current advances in earthquake engineering, field experience with retrofitting highway bridges, and the performance of bridges in recent earthquakes in California and elsewhere. It is the result of several years of research with contributions from a multidisciplinary team of researchers and practitioners. In particular, a performance-based retrofit philosophy is introduced similar to that used for the performance-based design of new buildings and bridges. Performance criteria are given for two earthquake ground motions with different return periods, 100 and 1000 years. A higher level of performance is required for the event with the shorter return period (the lower level earthquake ground motion) than for the longer return period (the upper level earthquake ground motion). Criteria are recommended according to bridge importance and anticipated service life, with more rigorous performance being required for important, relatively new bridges, and a lesser level for standard bridges nearing the end of their useful life. Minimum recommendations are made for screening, evaluation and retrofitting according to an assigned Seismic Retrofit Category. Bridges in Category A need not be retrofitted whereas those in Category B may be assessed without a detailed evaluation, provided certain requirements are satisfied. Bridges in Categories C and D require more rigorous evaluation and retrofitting, as required. Various retrofit strategies are described and
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related retrofit measures are explained in detail, including restrainers, seat extensions, column jackets, footing overlays, and soil remediation. Part I comprises 11 chapters and six appendices. Chapter 1 gives a complete overview of the retrofitting process, including the philosophy of performance-based retrofitting, characterization of seismic and geotechnical hazards, assignment of Seismic Retrofit Categories, and summaries of recommended screening methods, evaluation tools, and retrofit strategies. Topics in this chapter are described in greater detail in the following 10 chapters. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the characterization of seismic and geotechnical hazards. Chapter 4 presents two screening and prioritization methods, with examples of each method. Chapters 5, 6 and 7 describe six evaluation methods, of increasing rigor, for the detailed assessment of demand and capacity, using either a component-by-component approach, or a system approach for a complete bridge. Chapters 8, 9, 10 and 11 describe retrofitting measures for bearings, seats, columns, piers, cap beams, column-to-cap joints, abutments, and foundations. Remedial techniques for hazardous sites are also addressed. Appendices A through D provide supplementary material on conducting site-specific geotechnical investigations, the evaluation of geotechnical hazards, fragility curve theory, and the calculation of capacity/demand ratios for bridge components. Appendices E and F present two examples illustrating the application of the component capacity/demand method to multi-span concrete and steel highway bridges, respectively. Part 2 focuses on seismic vulnerability screening, evaluation and retrofitting of the following highway system components: retaining structures, slopes, tunnels, culverts, and pavements. It is the first known effort to capture, in a formal and consistent manner, the important aspects of seismic performance and retrofitting intended to improve performance of highway system structural components other than bridges.
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Bridge and Highway-Related MCEER Reports Special Reports Seismic Retrofitting Guidelines for Complex Steel Truss Highway Bridges, by T. Ho, R. Donikian, T. Ingham, C. Seim and A. Pan (MCEER-06-SP05), presents the state of the practice, through 2005, for retrofitting steel truss bridges in the US. A performance-based seismic retrofit philosophy is used. The guidelines cover all major aspects pertinent to the seismic retrofitting of steel truss bridges, with a focus on superstructure retrofit. Case studies are provided. These guidelines are a supplement to the 2006 FHWA Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures for “unusual or “long span” steel trusses. Seismic Isolation of Highway Bridges, by I.G. Buckle, M. Constantinou, M. Dicleli and H. Ghasemi (MCEER-06-SP07), presents the principles of isolation for bridges, develops step by step methods of analysis, explains material and design issues for elastomeric and sliding isolators, and gives detailed examples of their application to standard highway bridges. The manual is a supplement to the Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design published by AASHTO in 1999. REDARS 2: Methodology and Software for Seismic Risk Analysis of Highway Systems, by S.D. Werner, C.E. Taylor, S. Cho, J-P. Lavoie, C. Huyck, C. Eitzel, H. Chung and R.T. Eguchi (MCEER-06-SP08), provides the basic framework and a demonstration application of the Seismic Risk Analysis (SRA) methodology and its modules. The main modules of the REDARS 2 SRA methodology include hazards, components, system and economic. The northern Los Angeles, California highway system is used as a demonstration application of the SRA methodology.
Reconnaissance Reports Damage to the Highway System from the Pisco, Perú Earthquake of August 15, 2007, by J.S. O’Connor, L. Mesa and M. Nykamp, MCEER-07-0021 is the product of a field investigation undertaken in September 2007 after the M 8.0 August 15, 2007 Pisco, Perú earthquake. It provides a brief description of the event and the consequential damage to the highway system. It relies heavily on government reports issued immediately after the event, including investigations from leaders in Perú’s academia, and the authors’ field observations. The report’s purpose is to document the performance of structures designed according to AASHTO specifications and to help assess the adequacy of the standards used at the time of construction.
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Order publications at http://mceer.buffalo.edu/publications/default.asp.
Synthesis Reports Fragility Considerations in Highway Bridge Design, by M. Shinozuka, S. Banerjee and S.H. Kim, MCEER-07-0023 Bridge Foundations: Modeling Large Pile Groups and Caissons for Seismic Design, by I. Po Lam, H. Law and G.R. Martin (Coordinating Author), MCEER-07-0018 Liquefaction Remediation in Silty Soils Using Dynamic Compaction and Stone Columns, by S. Thevanayagam, G.R. Martin, R. Nashed, T. Shenthan, T. Kanagalingam and N. Ecemis, MCEER-06-0009
Review of Current NDE Technologies for Post-Earthquake Assessment of Retrofitted Bridge Columns, by J.W. Song, Z. Liang and G.C. Lee, MCEER-06-0008 REDARS Validation Report, by S. Cho, C.K. Huyck, S. Ghosh and R.T. Eguchi, MCEER-06-0007
Technical Reports Centrifuge Modeling of Permeability and Pinning Reinforcement Effects on Pile Response to Lateral Spreading, by L.L Gonzalez-Lagos, T. Abdoun and R. Dobry, MCEER-07-0020 Modal Analysis of Generally Damped Linear Structures Subjected to Seismic Excitations, by J. Song, Y-L. Chu, Z. Liang and G.C. Lee, MCEER-08-0005
Principles and Performance of Roller Seismic Isolation Bearings for Highway Bridges, by G.C. Lee, Y.C. Ou, Z. Liang, T.C. Niu and J. Song, MCEER-07-0019
Analytical and Experimental Investigation of a Controlled Rocking Approach for Seismic Protection of Bridge Steel Truss Piers, by M. Pollino and M. Bruneau, MCEER-08-0003
Modeling of Seismic Wave Scattering on Pile Groups and Caissons, by I. Po Lam, H. Law and C.T. Yang, MCEER-07-0017
Seismic Performance of Steel Girder Bridge Superstructures with Ductile End Cross Frames with Seismic Isolators, by L.P. Carden, A.M. Itani and I.G. Buckle, MCEER-08-0002 Seismic Performance of Steel Girder Bridge Superstructures with Conventional Cross Frames, by L.P. Carden, A.M. Itani and I.G. Buckle, MCEER-08-0001 Performance Estimates for Seismically Isolated Bridges, by G.P. Warn and A.S. Whittaker, MCEER-07-0024
Statistical and Mechanistic Fragility Analysis of Concrete Bridges, by M. Shinozuka, S. Banerjee and S-H. Kim, MCEER-07-0015 Performance of Seismic Isolation Hardware Under Service and Seismic Loading, by M.C. Constantinou, A.S. Whittaker, Y. Kalpakidis, D.M. Fenz and G.P. Warn, MCEER-07-0012 Seismic Vulnerability of Timber Bridges and Timber Substructures, by A.A. Sharma, J.B. Mander, I.M. Friedland and D.R. Allicock, MCEER-07-0008
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Experimental Investigation of Blast Performance of Seismically Resistant Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Bridge Piers, by S. Fujikura, M. Bruneau and D. LopezGarcia, MCEER-07-0005
Further Development of Tubular Eccentrically Braced Frame Links for the Seismic Retrofit of Braced Steel Truss Bridge Piers, by J.W. Berman and M. Bruneau, MCEER-06-0006
Modeling Pile Behavior in Large Pile Groups Under Lateral Loading, by A.M. Dodds and G.R. Martin, MCEER-07-0004
Built-Up Shear Links as Energy Dissipators for Seismic Protection of Bridges, by P. Dusicka, A.M. Itani and I.G. Buckle, MCEER-06-0003
Seismic Behavior of Bidirectional-Resistant Ductile End Diaphragms with Unbonded Braces in Straight or Skewed Steel Bridges, by O. Celik and M. Bruneau, MCEER-07-0003 User Manual and Technical Documentation for the REDARSTM Import Wizard, by S. Cho, S. Ghosh, C.K. Huyck and S.D. Werner, MCEER-06-0015 Cyclic Response and Low Cycle Fatigue Characteristics of Plate Steels, by P. Dusicka, A.M. Itani and I.G. Buckle, MCEER-06-0013 A Study of the Coupled Horizontal-Vertical Behavior of Elastomeric and Lead-Rubber Seismic Isolation Bearings, by G.P. Warn and A.S. Whittaker, MCEER-06-0011
Seismic Retrofit of Bridge Steel Truss Piers Using a Controlled Rocking Approach by M. Pollino and M. Bruneau, MCEER-04-0011 Vulnerability Evaluation of Axially Loaded Steel Built-up Laced Members, K. Lee and M. Bruneau Seismic, MCEER-04-0007 Review of Energy Dissipation of Compression Members in Concentrically Braced Frames by K. Lee and M.Bruneau $35.00, MCEER-02-0005 Assessment of Performance of Bolu Viaduct in the 1999 Duzce Earthquake in Turkey by P.C.Roussis, M.C.Constantinou, M.Erdik, E.Durukal, M.Dicleli, MCEER-02-0001
Workshop and Conference Proceedings Proceedings of the Second US-Taiwan Bridge Engineering Workshop, edited by W.P. Yen, J. Shen, J-Y. Chen and M. Wang, MCEER-06-0014 Fourth PRC-US Workshop on Seismic Analysis and Design of Special Bridges: Advancing Bridge Technologies in Research, Design, Construction and Preservation, edited by L.C. Fan, G.C. Lee and L. Ziang, MCEER-06-0012 Also in the series: • Third Workshop: MCEER-05-0003 • Second Workshop: MCEER-04-0006 • First Workshop: MCEER-03-0004
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Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Seismic Design and Retrofit of Transportation Facilities, edited by K.C. Chang, K. Kawashima and I.G. Buckle, MCEER-06-SP03
Order publications at http://mceer.buffalo.edu/publications/default.asp.
This brochure was prepared by MCEER through a contract from the Federal Highway Administration. Neither MCEER, associates of MCEER, its sponsors, nor any person acting on their behalf makes any warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report or that such use may not infringe upon privately owned rights; or assumes any liabilities of whatsoever kind with respect to the use of, or the damage resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report. The material herein is based upon work supported in whole or in part by the Federal Highway Administration, New York State and other sponsors. Opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of these sponsors or the Research Foundation of the State of New York.
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[email protected] WWW Site http://mceer.buffalo.edu University at Buffalo The State University of New York
