Realization of PMUs. â« Power System Stability. â« Standard IEEE C37.118. â« Structure of Wide Area. Monitoring System. â« Application and references of WAM.
Wide Area Monitoring with Phasor Measurement Data
Dr. Markus Wache Siemens E D EA, Nuremberg, Germany © Siemens AG 2010 Energy Sector
Content
Content Basics of Phasor Measurement Realization of PMUs Power System Stability Standard IEEE C37.118 Structure of Wide Area Monitoring System Application and references of WAM Summary Page 2
March 2010
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processor Why should we measure phasors? Xs
U 1 ⋅U 2 P2 = sin(δ ) Xs
U1
U2
This equation means that active power flow is proportional to the phase angle difference between U1 and U2. Thus it is possible to measure power flow without complicated algorithms as state estimator, power flow etc.
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PMU Calculation of Total Vector Error
Both amplitude and phase angle error have to be considered for synchrophasor accuracy.
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Influence of CT accuracy on TVE TVE = Abs Value of Vdiff CT accuracy is defined in IEC 60044-1 CT 0,5S: Angle error ϕ = max 0,5 deg Amplitude error = max 0,5% Abs(Vdiff) = 0,010038
Æ TVE = 1% CT 10P
CT 5P
Angle error ϕ = max 3 deg Amplitude error = max 3% Abs(Vdiff) = 0,05234
Angle error ϕ = max 1 deg Amplitude error = max. 1% Abs(Vdiff) = 0,02004
Æ TVE > 5%
Æ TVE = 2%
Conclusion: To fulfill TVE requirements of standard IEEE C37.118, measurement current transducer should be used. Page 5
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processor How to measure phasors GPS Signal
IEEE C37.118
V, I, f ,
df dt
Requirement time accuracy: at 60Hz: 1ms means 21,7° ! required: < 10μs Æ GPS-Sync. necessary © Siemens AG 2010 Page 6
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Content
Content Basics of Phasor Measurement Realization of PMUs Power System Stability Standard IEEE C37.118 Structure of Wide Area Monitoring System Application and references of WAM Summary Page 7
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© Siemens AG 2010 Energy Sector
Realization types of PMUs Currently, three different realizations of PMUs are offered: 1) Standalone PMU Mainly based on protection relay technology 2) PMU functionality integrated in fault recorders Æ reasonable for transmission systems 3) PMU functionality integrated in protection devices Æ reasonable for distribution systems
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Content Basics of Phasor Measurement Realization of PMUs Power System Stability Standard IEEE C37.118 Structure of Wide Area Monitoring System Application and references of WAM Summary Page 9
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Why Phasor Measurement Units? V1
Heavy Load
V2
Loss of Synchronization
Local Oscillations Inter - Area Oscillations
Reactive power shortage
V
Line Trip
Voltage collapse
Transmission corridor congestion
Loss of Generation Cascading outages
Frequency deviation f t
P
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Overview: Power System Security and Blackout Prevention Results Met. Values Operat. Instructions WAMS WAPC
Expertsystem
Expertsystem
SiGuard®
Analysis, Location SIMEAS SAFIR
Evaluation locally
Measuring
Metered Values of Relays / Recoders 1-100ms
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Phasor Data Processing System
Results Met. Values Operat. Instructions Results Operator-Training IAP
Predicting
State estimator Short-Circuit Loadflow Contingency .......
Scalable DSA – PSSTMNETOMAC Acc. to no. Of PMUs TM
PSA – PSS
SINCAL
Relay Settings Switching State
Monitoring
Fault Records Fault Protocols
IEEE C37.118, 2006
Metered Values of PMUs 20ms-200ms
Energy Automation
Metered Values of Transducers Signal-
1-5sec
Transmission Steps
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Content
Content Basics of Phasor Measurement Realization of PMUs Power System Stability Standard IEEE C37.118 Structure of Wide Area Monitoring System Application and references of WAM Summary Page 12
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PMU The standard IEEE C37.118 At present, IEEE C37.118 is worldwide the only standard in electric energy systems for the measurement of synchrophasors. Specifications for the measurement and assignment of synchrophasors: Time reference= UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) Angle reference = cos (0° if maximum at PPS-puls) Reporting rate = 10Hz or 25Hz for nominal frequenzy 50Hz Measuring error max. 1% TVE (Total Vector Error) Communication model (structure of telegramms)
No specification for: Speed of measuring Measuring accuracy under transient conditions Hardware / software of meter Algorithm of measuring The fixed specifications make a simple processing of synchrophasors of different measuring systems possible, both in real time and offline.
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PMU The standard IEEE C37.118 Future development of the standard Dynamic requirements for measuring in PMU Harmonization with IEC61850
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Content
Content Basics of Phasor Measurement Realization of PMUs Power System Stability Standard IEEE C37.118 Structure of Wide Area Monitoring System Application and references of WAM Summary Page 15
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Possible structure of Wide Area Monitoring System (1/2) 1) Decentralized Structure
One PDC in each substation
Central PDC at Control Center
PDC
PDC
Pro: • Local PDC as data storage in case of telecomm. Fault Con: • Recall of information after telecomm.fault is not standardized Æ proprietary solutions only • Only few PMUs per substation (mostly one is sufficient) Æ High amount of PDCs required
Control Center Level SCADA
PDC
PDC ….
PMU1
PMU2
Substation 1 Page 16
PMU1
PMU1
Substation n
Substation 2 March 2010
PMU2
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Possible structure of Wide Area Monitoring System (2/2) Pro: • Better balance betwen number of PDCs and number of PMUs Æ Less Costs • Flexible Concept: PDCs to be placed where Phasor information is needed
2) Centralized Structure
PDC on control center level only
Regional control center may have own PDC
PDC
PDC
Con: • No storage for telecomm. fault below „lowest“ PDC
Main Control Center
Regional Control Center
Remark: Local fault recorder functionality may serve as independent archive.
…. PMU1
PMU2
Substation 1 Page 17
PMU1
PMU1
Substation n
Substation 2 March 2010
PMU2
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Interfaces of a Wide Area Phasor Measurement System SCADA Phase Angle, Voltage, Frequency, Alarms Æ State Estimation
DISPLAY Phase Angle, Stability Analysis, Monitoring
CONTROL Real Time Controls WACS
PROTECTION Protection Schemes WAPS
Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC), System Monitor (PMU Errors, Communications, PDC Operations)
Phasor Data Applications
Data Collection
IEEE C37.118
PDC
IEEE C37.118 IEEE C37.118
PMU
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PMU
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PMU
PMU
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PMU
Scope of SIGUARD Phasor Data Processing System Substation Measurements
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Content
Content Basics of Phasor Measurement Realization of PMUs Power System Stability Standard IEEE C37.118 Structure of Wide Area Monitoring System Application and references of WAM Summary Page 19
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Application of Wide Area Monitoring Support analysis of critical system status by control center experts During disturbance: Fast and precise measurement display After disturbance: Use PMU measurements to understand the dynamic behaviour of the system to be able to improve it; create report. Load monitoring (stress) of lines based on angle differences Synchrophasors give a clear picture without the need of using system topology data Reference Phasor provides the view for the relevant difference Clear indication of system separation Example disturbance Nov 4th 2006, Europe: System separation was not recognised by all TSOs immediately Optimal loading of transmission corridors with Voltage-Power-Curve Gives an actual picture of load situation and reserves Check results of state estimation with real measurements Page 20
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Future applications Synchrophasors as base for Wide Area Control System Control of HVDC, FACTS as fast reaction to power swings based on synchrophasor measurement Algorithms will have a strong project specific component Synchrophasors as base for Wide Area Protection System Direct transmission of phasors between protection devices Could improve reaction of protection device PDC will probably not be involved
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Reference: transpower stromübertragungs gmbh (TPS) (former E.ON Netz TSO), Germany Description: 9 7 SIMEAS-R PMUs on 400kV Level in all parts of TPS-grid in Germany 9 One central SIGUARD PDP Monitoring system in Bayreuth 9 PMU-data sent via existing fast communication network from transpower 9 Running in a test-configuration since March 2009 9 Reporting rate 10/s, nominal frequency = 50 Hz
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Reference: transpower stromübertragungs gmbh (TPS) (former E.ON Netz TSO), Germany Experiences: ¾ Several power swings could be observed in real time with damping and frequency ¾ Monitoring of change of power flow, caused by wind power infeed, in real time without using any topology information. Changing phase angles between different parts of the grid could be observed.
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Reference: transpower stromübertragungs gmbh (TPS) (former E.ON Netz TSO), Germany Example: Generation loss in southern europe Frequency PMU North PMU South
Voltage PMU North PMU South
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Reference: transpower stromübertragungs gmbh (TPS) (former E.ON Netz TSO), Germany Example: Strong Windpower in the North Voltage Phasor PMU North1 PMU North 2 PMU South (reference)
Phase Angle reaches 60 Degree
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Application: ewz (city supplier of Zurich), switzerland Description: 9 18 SIMEAS-R PMUs on distribution and transmission level in greater Zurich area 9 One central SIGUARD PDP Monitoring system in ewz office 9 PMU-data sent via existing fast communication network from ewz 9 Running since May 2009 9 Reporting rate 25/s, nominal frequency = 50 Hz 9 PDP server functionality to SAFIR (data aquisition tool) Goals: 9 Fast Fault location in distribution network 9 Synchrophasors used as additional information source for disturbance location 9 Monitoring of the complete distribution network, especially at the interfaces to transmission network Experiences: ¾ PDP server functionality (sending out PMU data in IEEE C37.118 protocol) is implemented for the first time
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Content
Content Basics of Phasor Measurement Realization of PMUs Power System Stability Standard IEEE C37.118 Structure of Wide Area Monitoring System Application and references of WAM Summary Page 27
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© Siemens AG 2010 Energy Sector
Wide Area Monitoring with Synchrophasors Summary Increased network load, thus it is necessary to understand the mid term dynamics (100ms…10s) by online observation and offline disturbance analysis of Voltage stability Frequency stability Power oscillations Loadability
Phasor measurement is base technology for future smart grid features System integrity protection schemes (SIPS) Power oscillation damping devices (FACTS, fast valving) Real time state estimator
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Wide Area Monitoring with Synchrophasors Summary Using the complete capacity of transmission lines without loosing stability Æ Transmission corridor supervision with „nose curve“ (U-P-curve) Support for Blackout Prevention Fast Analysis of Power Swings Æ Reports after disturbances can be quickly prepared Closes the gap between fast, local measurements (protection) and slow, large area measurements (control center)
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Thank you!
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Content
Content
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Overview User Interface Application Roadmap Online Demo
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processor Monitoring of - Online view or Power System Status Curve - Historic view (selectable)
Geographical View (Google Earth based)
Phasor diagrams
Time charts
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processor
Voltage stability curve Calculation with Formulas Page 33
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processor
Online limit editing
Measurement system health
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processing System User Interface / Example Limits Editor
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Content
Content
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Overview User Interface Application Roadmap Online Demo
© Siemens AG 2010 Energy Sector
SIGUARD Phasor Data Processing System Application Phasor Data Concentrator: Collecting Phasor Measurement Data via IEEE C37.118 Protocol. PDP-Server: IEEE C37.118 Data Provider for other PDCs Monitoring - Online View or - View of history (selectable) - Phasor View or Time-based diagram Calculating and displaying of Status Value for the Power System Indication of measurement system health Geographical View (Google Earth based) Charts View and Measurement List (CSV-Export, configurable), for reporting Formula Editor for specific analysis Limits Editor for online adaptation of limits Transmission Corridor monitoring (Voltage-Power-Curve) Page 37
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Content
Content
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Overview User Interface Application Roadmap Online Demo
© Siemens AG 2010 Energy Sector
Thank you!
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